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Journal articles on the topic 'Anti-Competitive practices'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Koç, A. Ali, Gulden Boluk, and Sureyya Kovaci. "Concentration of food retailing and anti-competitive practices in Turkey." Food Economics - Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section C 7, no. 2-4 (2010): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16507541.2010.531926.

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2

Erofeeva, Ekaterina V., Daria A. Kotova, and Anna E. Pozdnyakova. "The many faces of anti-competitive practices in digital markets." Pravovedenie 63, no. 4 (2019): 598–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2019.404.

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This article looks at some curious examples of restrictive practices typical for digital markets. Digital markets are a unique phenomenon for the new digital economy that is structurally based on and driven by digital platforms. The largest digital platforms such as Facebook or Amazon and large digital companies such as Google, Microsoft and Apple dominate the digital markets of today and thus have a huge potential to restrict competition in these dynamic markets. This article takes an analytical approach to several restrictive practices that have recently received attention from competition a
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Brown, Martin, and Peter Philips. "Competition, Racism, and Hiring Practices among California Manufacturers, 1860–1882." ILR Review 40, no. 1 (1986): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398604000105.

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This paper examines the participation of Chinese men in four California industries in the late 1800s to determine the relationship between product market structure and racist hiring practices. Because white women, a traditional source of cheap labor, were scarce in post-Gold Rush California, white employers hired Chinese men, despite widespread anti-Chinese racism. As white women became plentiful, the canning and woolen mills industries began to switch to them, whereas the more competitive shoe and cigar industries continued to employ Chinese men. Factors other than market structure, however,
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Zhevnyak, Oxana Viktorovna. "Anti-competitive practices of digital platforms and response measures in the Russian and foreign legislation." Право и политика, no. 5 (May 2021): 14–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2021.5.33888.

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The goal of this research is to determine whether the Russian legislation on protection of competition contains the norms that allow preventing anti-competitive practices of digital platforms, and whether it is necessary to make corresponding amendments. The subject of this research is the anti-competitive practice of digital platforms, response measures of the state, antimonopoly legislation,  and recommendations on its improvement. The research methodology is based on the analysis of relevant examples of anti-competitive behavior of digital platforms on the Russian and foreign marke
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Clarke, Julian L., Simon J. Evenett, and Krista Lucenti. "Anti-competitive Practices and Liberalising Markets in Latin America and the Caribbean." World Economy 28, no. 7 (2005): 1029–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00719.x.

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Matolli, Madivalappa. "Regulation of anti-competitive trade practices associated with IPRs under the competition act, 2002." International Journal of Social and Economic Research 4, no. 1 (2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2249-6270.4.1.009.

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Le Roy, Frédéric, Patrick Sentis, and Ariste Jerson. "The Impact of Conviction for Anti-Competitive Practices on Firm Valuation: A Contingency Approach." Managerial and Decision Economics 38, no. 4 (2016): 534–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.2801.

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Kostecka-Jurczyk, Daria. "Tying on the mobile apps market and competition rules." Ekonomia 25, no. 3 (2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.25.3.4.

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Tying on the mobile apps market and competition rulesThe dynamic growth of digital markets is conducive to the use of anti-competitive practices by companies in order to maintain or strengthen their market position. One example of such practices is the abuse of the dominant position occupied by Google, including by tying Android with applications available on Google Play. This tying means that Google imposes on the smartphone manufacturers a “set of applications” necessary to be installed, even if they were not interested in pre-installing some of them. The study analyzes the anti-competitive
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Svetlicinii, Alexandr. "The Judicial Review of the Standard of Proof in Cartel Cases: Raising the Bar for the Croatian Competition Authority Case comment to the Judgment of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia No. U-III-2791/2016 of 1 February 2018 (Sokol Marić d.o.o.)." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 11, no. 18 (2018): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2018.11.18.13.

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The Security agencies case represents another example of the procedural diversity among Member States in applying national competition rules that mirror Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. In its infringement decision the Croatian NCA specified that the presence at the meeting with competitors and participation in the discussion concerning minimum prices was sufficient to impute to the parties participation in an anti-competitive agreement prohibited under the national equivalent of Article 101 TFEU. As the Croatian NCA investigated an agreement ‘by object’, it considered itself relieved of the burden
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10

KWOK, Kelvin Hiu Fai. "Antitrust Enforcement and State Restraints at the Mainland China-Hong Kong Interface: The Importance of Bilateral Antitrust Co-operation." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 12, no. 2 (2017): 335–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2017.6.

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AbstractThis article argues that effective co-operation between the antitrust authorities of Mainland China and Hong Kong in antitrust enforcement and the removal of anti-competitive state restraints is essential to the promotion of market competition in, as well as free trade and economic integration between, the two regions. This entails the careful design and conclusion of a bilateral co-operation agreement embracing not only comity co-peration in antitrust enforcement, but also the adoption of a diplomatic solution of mutual self-restraint for the removal of anti-competitive state restrain
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11

Targański, Bartosz. "Antitrust Liability in the Context of Online Platforms. Case Comment to the Preliminary Ruling of the Court of Justice of 21 January 2016 ‘Eturas’ UAB v Lietuvos Respublikos konkurencijos taryba (Case C-74/14)." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 14 (2016): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.14.15.

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In its judgment of 21 January 2016 in Case C-74/14 (hereinafter, judgment), the Court of Justice (hereinafter, CJ) responded to a preliminary question submitted by the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania. The latter asked whether the mere dispatch of an email relating to the maximum level of rebates may constitute sufficient evidence to establish that its addressees can be found liable for illegal concerted practices within the meaning of Article 101(1) TFEU. The CJ judgment raises novel issues specific to antitrust enforcement in e-commerce in two areas: (i) can users of a third party o
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12

Banks, Jack. "Music video cartel: A survey of anti‐competitive practices by MTV and major record companies." Popular Music and Society 20, no. 2 (1996): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007769608591626.

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13

Mandrescu, Daniel. "Tying and bundling by online platforms – Distinguishing between lawful expansion strategies and anti-competitive practices." Computer Law & Security Review 40 (April 2021): 105499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105499.

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14

Collins, Paul, and Vicky Eatrides. "An Analysis of the Proposal to Decriminalize the Anti-competitive Pricing Practices Under The Competition Act." World Competition 26, Issue 3 (2003): 381–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2003021.

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On 23 April 2002, the Canadian Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology released a report containing twenty-nine recommendations for enhancing Canada's competition law regime, including, among other things, two significant proposals related to the criminal pricing practices under the Competition Act. One involves repealing the criminal offences of price discrimination, regional predatory pricing, predatory pricing and disproportionate advertising allowances and their replacement with amendments to the civil abuse of dominance provisions of the Competition Act. The Committee's sec
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15

Hutchinson, Christophe S., and Maria A. Egorova. "Potential Legal Challenges for Blockchain Technology in Competition Law." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 13, no. 1 (2020): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2020-0004.

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Abstract Since decentralized organizations such as blockchain are not recognized as legal persons, questions arise regarding the ability to detect anti-competitive practices and their perpetrators. Under certain circumstances, if a competitor is unreasonably refused in access to technology, it may well be interpreted as creating an obstacle to his/her entry into the market, which may constitute a violation of the legislation of a country on the protection of economic competition. The exchange of information between players of the same market can present antitrust risks if it helps to fix price
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16

Dasgupta, Lovely. "Costly Ride? A Consumer Perspective on the Anti-Competitive Practices of App-Based Cab ‘Aggregators’ in India." Journal of National Law University Delhi 4, no. 1 (2016): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277401720160103.

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17

Bakalinska, Olga, Olena Belianevych, and Olena Honcharenko. "Advocacy of Competition in the Mechanism of State Regulation of the Economy." International Journal of Financial Research 11, no. 1 (2019): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n1p425.

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The multifaceted competitive policy promotes awareness of the importance of competition by society, ensures maximum transparency of state regulation, reduces the level of corruption and increases public confidence within activities of the competition authorities, helps developing self-regulation of economic entities. At the same time the mechanism of state regulation and self-regulation has its own instruments for improving the efficiency of advocating competition. Research of their peculiarities, instruments, role and interaction are important directions of modern scientific investigations an
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18

Searing, Elizabeth A. M. "Charitable (Anti)Trust: The Role of Antitrust Regulation in the Nonprofit Sector." Nonprofit Policy Forum 5, no. 2 (2014): 261–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npf-2014-0006.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to address the ambiguities in the application of anti-trust regulations to the nonprofit sector. We first survey policy tools and their diverse historical usage in nonprofit and mixed markets, specifically in professional associations, hospitals, and education. This analysis informs the development of a typology of anti-competitive nonprofit markets which is used to classify the three historical examples into eight traits. Finally, this typology is applied to three new markets – animal shelters, thrift stores, and soup kitchens – which have less in common w
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19

Reddy Lokesh, Rhea. "The Anti-Competitive Effect of Price Controls: Study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry." World Competition 43, Issue 2 (2020): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2020014.

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The objective behind imposing price controls on essential medicines is to ensure that the masses have access to these essential goods and services without prejudice. However, the prices of these medicines have significantly increased under price controls, defeating the purpose of the ceilings’ implementation. In this article, the author examines the reasons behind these price increases. In particular, the article examines whether price ceilings facilitate collusion in the pharmaceutical market of India. The scope of examination considers the effect of the ceiling on prices both before and afte
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20

Mancero-Bucheli, Gabriela. "Anti-Competitive Practices by Private Undertakings in Ancom and Mercosur: An Analysis from the Perspective of EC Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 1 (1998): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300061595.

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The 1990s have been characterised by the globalisation of markets and the internationalisation of trade. Countries seem to be more interested than ever in creating new trading blocs and strengthening existing ones. As perhaps the most developed integration group in the world, the European Union has been used by framers of many other integration processes as a model on which to design their own institutional and legal structures.
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21

Abba, Bogale Anja, and Yared Kefyalew Demarso. "Critical Analysis of Prohibition of Anti-Competitive Trade Practices in Ethiopia: The Case of Arbaminch Town, Southern Ethiopia." Beijing Law Review 12, no. 01 (2021): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/blr.2021.121013.

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22

Bhagat, Garima. "Public Procurement: A Competition Perspective." Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, no. 2 (2017): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117699736.

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Public procurement of goods and services accounts for 25–30 percentage of GDP in developing countries. Since this involves public resources, it is important to optimise efficiency of procurement which in turn is positively correlated with the level of competition in the market. Paradoxically, various factors make public procurement especially vulnerable to a host of anti-competitive practices. The article examines various anti-competitive practices that may potentially affect the efficiency of public procurement as well as ‘red flags’ in various stages of the bidding process that could possibl
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23

Onto, Gustavo. "The market as lived experience: on the knowledge of markets in antitrust analysis." Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 11, no. 1 (2014): 159–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1809-43412014000100006.

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This article describes some of the reported thoughts, anecdotal observations and analytic practices of advisors and commissioners working at the Brazilian antitrust body (CADE) regarding the markets, industries, sectors - i.e. the economic world - which they aim to understand and regulate. The activity of these professionals primarily requires an evaluation of certain market characteristics in order to establish strategies for the investigation of allegations of anti-competitive market practice and for passing judgment on administrative cases filed before the antitrust tribunal. Based on inter
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24

Bindal, Saurabh. "The Quest for Appropriate Jurisdiction: Clash between Indian Patent and Competition Law." World Competition 35, Issue 4 (2012): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2012051.

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The Indian Patent Act, 1970 and the Indian Competition Act, 2002, both provide measures to curb anti-competitive practices.1 The Competition Act, 2002, provides a forum, which is quite dissimilar to that provided by the Indian Patent Act for the redressal of grievances pertaining to anti-competitive practices involved in exploitation of patents. Harmonious interpretation of different legislations is a fundamental tenet of the principle of interpretation of statutes. It has now been fairly established that the Laws dealing with intellectual property deal with establishment of rights whereas the
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25

Turktarhan, Gozde, David Aleong, and Chandra Aleong. "Re-architecting the firm for increased value: How business models are adapting to the new AI environment." Journal of Global Business Insights 7, no. 1 (2022): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2640-6489.7.1.1154.

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This paper is an examination of how technology, specifically artificial intelligence (AI), brings about changes in business models, with corresponding impacts on the fields of economics and business. Concepts such as value creation and competitive advantage have cascading effects on organizational culture and the functional framework of a firm. Data creation, management, and curation using media platforms enable enhanced scalability and logistics management such that the firm can be re-architected around a digital core. Organizational structure with functions such as marketing and human resour
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26

Wagner, Jennifer K. "The Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Protections for Mobile Health Apps." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, S1 (2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520917035.

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The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has an important role to play in the governmental oversight of mobile health apps, ensuring consumer protections from unfair and deceptive trade practices and curtailing anti-competitive methods. The FTC’s consumer protection structure and authority is outlined before reviewing the recent FTC enforcement activities taken on behalf of consumers and against developers of mhealth apps. The article concludes with identification of some challenges for the FTC and modest recommendations for strengthening the consumer protections it provides.
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Szmigielski, Artur. "Sector Inquiry into Cross-Border E-Commerce: Challenges and Practical Implications for European Union Completion Law." Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza 7 (December 15, 2017): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2017.7.14.

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The aim of this article is to show what the practical implications are regarding the Commission inquiry into e-commerce sector launched on 6 May 2015. Because of their specific and dynamic nature, the application of competition law to online markets may prove challenging. Therefore, the focus will be also directed to challenges that could be faced when anti-competitive practices in e-commerce sector are strictly enforced. The question is whether traditional competition analysis may be sufficiently able to reflect the way in which competition takes place on digital markets.
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Haffajee, Rebecca L., and Richard G. Frank. "Generic Drug Policy and Suboxone to Treat Opioid Use Disorder." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47, S4 (2019): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110519898042.

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Despite some improvements in access to evidence-based medications for opioid use disorder, treatment rates remain low at under a quarter of those with need. High costs for brand name products in these medication markets have limited the volume of drugs purchased, particularly through public health insurance and grant programs. Brand firm anti-competitive practices around the leading buprenorphine product Suboxone — including product hops, citizen petitions and Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy abuses — helped to maintain high prices by extending brand exclusivity periods and hindering ge
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Stockmann, Kurt. "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: The effects of anti-competitive business practices on developing countries and their development prospects." Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht 8, no. 1 (2010): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15375/zwer-2010-0106.

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30

Il Park, Byung, and Shufeng (Simon) Xiao. "Doing good by combating bad in the digital world: Institutional pressures, anti-corruption practices, and competitive implications of MNE foreign subsidiaries." Journal of Business Research 137 (December 2021): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.014.

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31

Aproskie, Jason, and Sha’ista Goga. "Administrative penalties: Impact and alternatives." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 4, no. 3 (2011): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v4i2.370.

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Administrative penalties are imposed in South Africa for a specified set of prohibited practices. These are typically the most egregious anti-competitive acts, and therefore the main purpose of administrative penalties is to act as a deterrent, both to the offending firm and to other firms that may consider engaging in similar behaviour. With a spate of high-profile cases resulting in fines, there has been much discussion over fines and their ultimate impact on businesses and consumers. We discuss three arguments that have been raised. Firstly, we consider whether companies simply pass the cos
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Montagnani, Maria Lillà. "Remedies to Exclusionary Innovation in the High-Tech Sector: Is there a Lesson from the Microsoft Saga?" World Competition 30, Issue 4 (2007): 623–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2007041.

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In the high-tech sector innovative behaviour may have exclusionary effects: In both the Microsoft III and IV cases exclusionary practices centred on innovation were deemed generating both anti- and pro-competitive effects—with the latter overcoming the former—to the extent of requiring an antitrust law intervention. Such intervention presents two problems though. Firstly, the question arises as to when innovation becomes detrimental to competition thereby requiring antitrust remedies to be applied. Secondly, it is to assess how antitrust remedies should be designed in order not to stifle the p
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Gupta, Manvi. "Abuse of Dominant Position by Google LLC – A Case Analysis." Journal of Business Management and Information Systems 7, no. 1 (2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/jbmis.2020.0701002.

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Abuse of dominant position is an imperative to protect the Indian markets from the enterprises within and outside the country. The competition Act, 2002 is a superior legislation that comprehensively defined the ambit of dominant position. We find that there are frequent instances of circumventing the various provisions of the Competition Act, 2002 thereby defeating the very aim of prevention of anti-competitive practices being practices by the firms and to maintain a fair competition and to regulate market control. We present the case of Google LLC, a technology company which has misused its
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Blizkovsky, Petr, and Vincent Berendes. "Economics of fairness within the food supply chain in context of the EU." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 10, no. 4-5 (2016): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2016/4-5/14.

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The paper broaches the issue of unfair trading practices (UTPs) at the expense of, economically spoken, weaker actors among the food supply chain in context of the EU. For illustrating the concept of UTPs and delivering a theoretical basis for scrutinizing the term of fairness in respective trading practices the paper suggests the three variables 1) bargaining power, 2) market power/anti competitive practices and 3) unequal gain distribution. Subsequently the article presents selected national food-specific legislative based reactions towards UTPs evolved in context of the three variables. Ult
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Çeku, Orhan M., and Mentor Q. Shaqiri. "Anti-Competitive Agreements according to Kosovo’s Law on the Protection of Competition – Case Study of the Insurance Market." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 13 (2016): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.13.11.

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Competition law is an area which links the economy with the law and is very important for the functioning of a free market economy. Anti-competitive agreements, along with the abuse of dominance and concentrations of undertakings, are the subject matter of the Law on the Protection of Competition (LPC) of the Republic of Kosovo. Anti-competitive agreements can be horizontal or vertical in nature. The following paper deals with agreements and other multilateral practices prohibited under Kosovo’s Law on the Protection of Competition. The LPC explicitly states also specific circumstances where t
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Gjika, Jonida. "Liberalization, Investment, and Regulation: The Key Factors for the Development of the Electronic Communications Market." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 1 (2016): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n1p480.

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The key factors for the development of the electronic communication market include partial liberalization; full, direct, or indirect investments; and competitive regulation based on transparency and non-discrimination. They are used efficiently in preventing anti-competitive practices through the use of appropriate basic instruments of transparency and non-discrimination. They are used in the proper selection of the “best practice” design and implementation of primary and secondary laws. It is an efficient regulatory framework; it creates adequate space; and they are together considered necess
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Rezana, Konomi Perolla, and Peto Zhaklina. "The anti-competitive agreements in the prospective of the law on competition protection - An inside in the Albanian practices and legal framework." Academicus International Scientific Journal 12 (July 2015): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2015.12.04.

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Munro, Alistair. "Monopolization and the regulation of genetically modified crops: an economic model." Environment and Development Economics 8, no. 1 (2003): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x03000093.

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Although genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have recently attracted a great deal of public attention, analysis of their economic impact has been far less common. This paper puts forward variants of a simple model of crop production, each one tailored to a particular aspect of transgenic food technology. The focus is on the possibility of monopolization and its consequential welfare costs. Risk factors identified include moderate cost savings from transgenic varieties, high seed storage costs, and high risks of crop loss. The paper also discusses some of the possible remedies including tight
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Palacin, Manuel, Miquel Oliver, Jorge Infante, Simon Oechsner, and Alex Bikfalvi. "The Impact of Content Delivery Networks on the Internet Ecosystem." Journal of Information Policy 3, no. 1 (2013): 304–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.3.1.304.

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Abstract Are Tier 1 ISPs and “hyper-giant” content providers using preferential interconnection agreements to create Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) that allow them to provide an improved Quality of User Experience inconsistent with network neutrality principles? Yes, say the authors, and they recommend that regulators address these possibly oligopolistic and anti-competitive practices. The effects arising from these CDNs, the authors show, are the same as those of regulated traffic prioritization. Using innovative models, original data, and analysis based on the experience of the Internet ec
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Choi, Yo Sop. "The Enforcement and Development of Korean Competition Law." World Competition 33, Issue 2 (2010): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2010022.

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Competition law and policy in the Republic of Korea (‘Korea’) have been developing since the first legislation in 1980, focusing on prohibiting unfair business practices. The Korean competition authority has heavily relied on legal provision on unfair business practices rather than unfair concerted practices, or abuse of market dominance in its enforcement. This provision is unique, giving the Korean competition authority full power in its implementation of law. However, implementation of this legal provision is very unclear, since it can be used as a catch-all provision. This article discusse
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Fels, Allan. "Competition and Consumers in Telecommunications: Industry-Specific Competition." Media International Australia 96, no. 1 (2000): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0009600108.

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With the introduction of telecommunications-specific competition regulation in July 1997, the Australian telecommunications industry began a transition which is transforming its structure and operations. Under amendments to the Trade Practices Act, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission was given responsibility for applying the regulation, which established an access regime and special powers in relation to anti-competitive conduct. In this article, the Commission's chairman, Professor Allan Fels, summarises the operation of the regime over the last three years and outlines the Com
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Ghaya, Kalyani, and Srikanth Hariharan. "Competition Law in the Energy Sector: The European Experience." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 20, Issue 5 (2011): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2011018.

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The article critically analyzes the evolution of competition law in the energy sector of the European Union. It highlights the efforts that are taken up by the European Commission to ensure that there is a single market for the energy sector. The article's scope spans from the natural monopoly days where the energy sector was controlled by the State to days of State-aid control. Inter alia, the paper mainly deals with the anti-competitive practices that the EU had to face in the energy sector and the measures that were adopted by the EC to see that there is free and fair competition in the ene
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Sukma, Ria Permata. "Price agreement and market provision between principal and distributor in the constitution no. 5, 1999." Jurnal Hukum Volkgeist 3, no. 2 (2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.121.

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Market structure is one of the things that determines potential occurance of price fixing. Market characteristics with large entry barriers for newcomers causing difficulties for competitors to enter so that there are no substitutes. Distributor is one of the business actors namely a national trading company that acts for and in its own name based on an agreement with the principal to make purchases, storage, sales and marketing of goods and/or services. There are pricing activities in business activities carried out by distributors with their networks in controlled markets, so the main issue
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Filatova, Olga, Yury Kabanov, and Yuri Misnikov. "Public Deliberation in Russia: Deliberative Quality, Rationality and Interactivity of the Online Media Discussions." Media and Communication 7, no. 3 (2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.1925.

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Deliberation research is now undergoing two emerging trends: deliberation is shifting from offline to online, as well as from an inherently democratic concept to the one applicable to less competitive regimes (He & Warren, 2011). The goal of this article is to study the peculiarities of deliberative practices in hybrid regimes, taking online discourse on the Russian anti-sanctions policy as a case. We use the Habermasian concept of basic validity claims to assess deliberation quality through the lens of argumentation and interactivity. Our findings suggest that deliberative practices c
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Zervos, Vasilis. "European Policies and the Space Industry Value Chain (Note 1)." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 4, no. 1 (2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v4n1p101.

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<p><em>The economics of contracting have received rather limited attention insofar as the implications for efficiency from the selection of types of contracts employed in the aerospace and defence sector are involved. The paper analyzes the challenges confronting the cost-plus/cost-reimbursement type of contracts of European Commission and intergovernmental organizations like the European Space Agency (ESA), who are involved in security and defence projects with significant multiplier effects within defence and security networks. The analysis indicates how institutional limitations
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46

Saushkina, Snezhana M. "ISSUES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF ENERGY COMPANIES DURING COMPETITIVE PROCUREMENT." Energy law forum 3 (October 8, 2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2312-4350-2020-3-57-62.

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As per Federal Law No. 223-ФЗ “On the Procurement of Goods, Works, Services by Certain Types of Legal Entities” dated July 18, 2011, energy companies may conduct procurement in accordance with the Procurement Regulation approved by the Customer. This Regulation shall comply with the basic principles of procurement activities, such as equality and fairness. The Procurement Regulation shall not contain any provisions limiting access to the bidding procedures, inter alia, by establishing unreasonable requirements for the bidders. As per the Code of Administrative Offenses and Federal Law No. 135-
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Saushkina, Snezhana M. "Issues of the Legal Regulation of Energy Companies During Competitive Procurement." Energy law forum 3 (October 8, 2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2410-4396-2020-3-108-112.

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As per Federal Law No. 223-ФЗ “On the Procurement of Goods, Works, Services by Certain Types of Legal Entities” dated July 18, 2011, energy companies may conduct procurement in accordance with the Procurement Regulation approved by the Customer. This Regulation shall comply with the basic principles of procurement activities, such as equality and fairness. The Procurement Regulation shall not contain any provisions limiting access to the bidding procedures, inter alia, by establishing unreasonable requirements for the bidders. As per the Code of Administrative Offenses and Federal Law No. 135-
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48

Boonzaaier, Catherine, and Joseph Chisasa. "The Impact Of The National Credit Act On Residential Mortgage Lending In South Africa." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 34, no. 3 (2018): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v34i3.10175.

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The purpose of the study reported in this article was to determine the impact of the National Credit Act on residential mortgage lending in South Africa. The National Credit Act (NCA) was promulgated and implemented on 1 June 2007. The purpose of the NCA was to remove the many unfair practices, inappropriate disclosure and anti-competitive practices from the market and to achieve honesty in the credit market. Low-income groups were held back because they could not gain access to formal finance to build or improve houses or supplement housing subsidies to get bigger houses. This study applied a
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Lee, Seungah S. "A Precarious Balancing Act." Contemporary Arab Affairs 14, no. 1 (2021): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2021.14.1.113.

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This paper explores the dynamics between globalization and local culture in analyzing how higher education (HE) has expanded in Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) through internationalization. It contends that HE expands through internationalization in part because these Arab Gulf states use higher education institutions (HEIs) to legitimate themselves and gain prominence as internationally competitive societies in a globalized world. At the same time, however, these Arab Gulf states face push back from their more conservative, traditional constituents who criticize the state for “Wester
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Ehiagwina, Frederick Ojiemhende, Alade Olaosebikan Fakolujo, Segun Akindele Afolabi, Yusuf Amuda Abdulraman, and Lateef Olashile Afolabi. "An Overview of Multi-Operator Global Systems for Mobile Communications Base Stations in the Context of Nigerian Telecommunication Sector." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 1, no. 1 (2018): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2016.1.1.135.

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The number of users of the Global System of Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) in the world is growing at an exponential rate; with more than 146 million users in Nigeria alone. There is a continuous need to install GSM supporting infrastructure to take care of increasing users in terms of service delivery. As at December 2013, the number of base transceiver stations (BTS) was 28,289; whereas by projection Nigeria needs additional 33,000 BTSs by 2018. However, there are serious technical challenges militating rapid installation of base stations, such as environmental congestion, high capital expe
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