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1
Pérez, Portilla K. N. "Redressing discrimination through expressive means : weaknesses and potential of anti-discrimination law." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1335906/.
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Using critical theory, feminist studies, interdisciplinary social science literature and a microcomparison of legislation from the UK and Mexico, including their international and regional sources, this thesis argues that there is no adequate analysis of the legal dimensions associated with the cultural aspects of discrimination such as demeaning stereotypical representation in the media. This is in spite of the fact that various social science disciplines; international instruments; media selfregulatory codes and indeed the targets of such practices through the organised civil society working against discrimination, have pointed out that demeaning and stereotypical images and messages can cause a harm and be discriminatory. Arguing that discrimination overall operates at interacting and overlapping levels; structural, institutional and personal levels as well as the cultural, the thesis is built on both the need for and potential of anti-discrimination law to protect targeted groups against ‘the printed and audiovisual production and reproduction of images and messages that use demeaning stereotypes, ridicule and denigrate people on the grounds of their belonging to a disadvantaged group’. The thesis proposes and explores the use of the analytical tool, ‘Discrimination through Expressive Means’ (DEM) as a vehicle with which to address and redress what it argues constitutes this form of discrimination. The comparison between Mexico and the UK is functional because both jurisdictions encounter and have addressed DEM although they have not recognised it as such. It is also profitable because these two jurisdictions have developed different ways of understanding and responding to the same harm which allows for an exploration of their respective underpinnings, advantages and disadvantages. The research provides elements with which to begin a theoretical analysis of the harm created through DEM and develops general principles useful for recognising DEM as a justiciable harm in order that bad speech may be combated with more speech.
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Currie, Eilidh. ""What's the Alternative?": Attitudes of Discrimination Investigators Toward the Efficacy of Anti-Discrimination Law." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108767.
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Thesis advisor: Sarah BabbAmerican discrimination law is a paradox: it attempts to eradicate discrimination – an inherently systemic problem impacting the most marginalized groups – using bureaucratic procedures. As a result, public servants tasked with investigating violations of discrimination law must pursue the fulfillment of such a sweeping goal through incremental means, adhering to laws that define discrimination narrowly. There is an extensive literature arguing that this misalignment between the law’s driving goals and its methods of enforcement renders it ineffective; there is also considerable research on the public servant’s unique position in this sense. Applying these literatures together to twelve discrimination investigators at three state-level commissions, it seems investigators are aware of the law’s limitations, but are able to close the gap between the bureaucratic nature of their work and its driving goals by rationalizing these limitations, allowing them to remain idealistic about the efficacy of the law
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Sociology
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Klinth, Sandra. "Intersecting housing discrimination : A socio-legal study on the limits of Swedish anti-discrimination law." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-153903.
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This qualitative socio-legal study critically examined the protection against housing discrimination found in chapter 2 § 12 of the Swedish Discrimination Act (SFS 2008:567), in light of United Nations, Council of Europe and European Union housing and non-discrimination (human rights) standards. As an applied socio-legal study it aimed to be critical towards the limits of law in context. By applying an intersectional approach as the theoretical framework for the study, it aimed to identify legal weaknesses from an intersectional point of view. The study made use of a descriptive doctrinal analysis method and a critical text analysis method. The material for analysis consisted of civil housing discrimination law: legislation, preparatory works and case law. The case law, anonymized for this study, consisted of three district court judgments and three appeal court judgments processed during the years 2007-2016. The first research question asked what, if any, forms of intersectional discrimination the housing discrimination law face and comprise. The descriptive doctrinal analysis revealed that all cases shared the discrimination ground ‘ethnicity’ and discrimination form ‘direct discrimination’. The critical text analysis resulted in three themes illustrating intersectional discriminating facing the law: “aggressive men” (the intersection of sex and ethnicity), “resourceless women” (the intersection of sex, socio-economic class and ethnicity) and “unsettled strangers” (the intersection of socio-economic class and ethnicity). The second research question asked what, if any, the limits of law are from an intersectional point of view. By discussing the three themes in relation to the legal landscape and previous research it was possible to identify several limits of law relating to intersectionality, such as the exhaustive list of discrimination grounds, absent discrimination grounds and an absence of intersectional awareness. The study concluded that Swedish housing discrimination law rely on formal equality, which renders intersectional discrimination invisible and the power of housing human rights disputable.
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Powers, Thomas. "Multiculturalism in America and the rise of anti-discrimination democracy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0019/NQ45773.pdf.
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Collins, Laura Jane. "Locating Sex: the Rhetorical Contours of Transgender Anti-Discrimination Law." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85364.
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Legislation and litigation aimed at ending discrimination against transgender people has been both critiqued as eliding the structural roots of discrimination and celebrated as an important visibility project that helps to highlight the struggles trans people face. Approaching law as an ongoing interaction where meaning unfolds, I investigate what is being made visible through transgender anti-discrimination law and how it might variously impact trans and gender justice movements in the future. I analyze three different articulations of transgender anti-discrimination law, attending to the rhetorical configurations of sex, identity, and discrimination that emerge in them and the political and ethical implications of those configurations. Ultimately, I argue that this rhetorical mapping complicates how we understand identity to function within anti-discrimination law and, more importantly, that it highlights the ethical possibilities that lurk beneath simple understandings of anti-discrimination law.Ph. D.
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Smith, Liam Hartley. "Inclusion, schools and anti-discrimination law : parents' experiences and inclusion." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61865/1/Liam_Smith_Thesis.pdf.
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With the increasing enrolment of students with disabilities in primary schools and the enactment of legislative protections for students with disabilities in Disability Discrimination legislation and the Disability Standards for Education, this study examines the experiences of parents of students with disabilities in Queensland State schools.
This study is concerned with the experiences that parents of children with disabilities have in relation to the concept and processes of inclusive classroom practice within the primary school. The experiences of parents in large metropolitan schools in Queensland, Australia are analysed in light of current anti-discrimination legislation operating within Australia.
Data were collected using a mixed methodology in which 50 parents from nine large metropolitan Queensland State schools responded to a Parent Questionnaire about their experiences in their child’s school. This was followed by two focus groups with a total of six parents who described their experiences in their child’s school. Together the qualitative and quantitative information complemented the other to provide a unique perspective on the impact of anti-discrimination legislation.
The findings from the study suggest that parents and their children continue to be discriminated against and that the legislation and associated standards have not eliminated this discrimination. Recommendations are made in the final chapter that propose an inclusive schooling framework for students with disabilities. This intends to ensure not only compliance with the ‘spirit’ of Anti-Discrimination legislation and the Disability Standards, but also a means by which schools may evolve to become inclusive and embracing of difference as part of overall richness of schools as opposed to deficiency.
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Valette, Delphine. "Protection against employment HIV-testing and HIV/AIDS related discrimination : the potential and limitations of UK anti-discrimination law." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391178.
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Rivlin, Lorraine Patricia. "Carers' Responsibility Discrimination Protections under the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) An Evaluation of the First Decade 2001-2011." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14054.
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Part 4B of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) provides that it is unlawful to discriminate on the ground of carers’ responsibilities in work. The Anti-Discrimination Board (‘ADB’) administers the AD Act and with the relevant Tribunal is responsible for a two-stage enforcement process. During the decade the ADB received more than 550 carers’ complaints, with only 12 heard at the Tribunal. This thesis uses a realist ‘law in action’ theoretical lens, looking at but also beyond an analysis of Tribunal jurisprudence to explains how Part 4B has been given meaning and applied, in practice, based upon empirical research of the ADB complaints and education functions. Two research questions are answered: 1) How do the ADB and the Tribunal apply Part 4B and does it give effect to its objectives? 2) Is the enforcement process capable of providing ‘good’ outcomes, such as compensation, reasonable accommodation and/or potentially broader systemic and normative outcomes? It is argued that the Tribunal has operated in a policy vacuum, emphasising a hostile, lengthy, adversarial process. Outcomes have been poor, with only two complaints upheld and inadequate compensation the remedy. Its decisions provide limited normative/precedential value. Accommodation is an unlikely and impractical remedy. In contrast, free of an adjudicative role, the ADB has taken a purposive holistic policy-driven approach. Its publications interpret Part 4B as implying a duty of reasonable accommodation which is likely to have had an important normative effect among employers and workers in NSW. The ADB provides an informal and timely complaints resolution process where complainants achieved remedies including compensation, accommodations, and systemic outcomes. It is concluded that properly funded discrimination agencies can encourage compliance with the law; prevent discrimination; achieve accommodation; and provide an accessible complaint mechanism for worker-carers.
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Ericson, Anna, and Sara Widmark. "Ethnic anti discrimination work in La Paz, Bolivia : A study of the perceptions and beliefs of the employees regarding the ethnic anti discrimination work at a public university." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-116166.
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This thesis is based on a qualitative research made on a public university in La Paz, Bolivia. The aim was to examine the beliefs and perceptions of the employees regarding the ethnic anti discrimination work at the university. As the Bolivian anti discrimination law and the constitution of 2009 has been made to improve the rights for the indigenous groups in Bolivia,we also wanted to hear if the laws have been implemented in their daily work.Seven interviews were done with the help of an interpreter, and a mix of goal oriented and snowball selection was used. Through the interviews, we found out that the ethnic anti discrimination work at the university is almost non-existing. It also showed that not much has been done to follow the law and the reforms of the constitution. This can be seen as nonperformative.Even though there are regulations about discrimination, the university is not actively working on the implementation of them. The opinion if an anti discrimination work was needed varied among the employees, as some respondents said that discrimination did not even exist at their faculty. To improve the ethnic anti discrimination work many of the respondents pointed on the need of a change in the culture. One important discussion has been about the lack of communication, information and education. These facts together with the change of culture can be seen as the most important factors to make progressions within the ethnic anti discrimination work at the university.
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Arshad, Rowena. "Teacher activism in equity and anti-discrimination in Scotland : an interpretive study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3267.
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Scots have long acknowledged that education has a central role in shaping a nation’s identity, culture and economic prosperity. Education is a key area within which values and attitudes are formed and perpetuated. Scotland has also held sacrosanct the concept of ‘education for all’, viewing education as a democratic enterprise which can assist the reduction of privilege and contribute to the development of the collective democratic intellect. Teachers are key within that process as they arbitrate on what is taught and how it is taught. Research has shown that teacher expectations can be pivotal in influencing pupil motivation and achievement. Scotland’s teaching workforce, just like that of all other countries in the Western world, is largely homogenous (white and middle class, female in the early years and primary sectors) and this profile is becoming increasingly mismatched to an increasingly diverse pupil population. In Scotland, confidence and competence in engaging with issues of diversity and discrimination are unlikely to be achieved through immersion in diverse communities or through peer-education. Other ways need to be identified to generate teachers of tomorrow who are ‘fit for purpose’ for a diverse population as well as being able to teach on issues which are necessary for a global citizen to negotiate the complexities and tensions of values, belief and ideological differences. This thesis adopts a life history approach to identify why some teachers in Scotland engage explicitly with equity and anti-discrimination issues as part of their approach to learning and teaching. Using interviews and narratives, the study explores particular factors that have prompted these teachers to develop an interest and activism in this area of work. Are the teachers influenced by particular theoretical frameworks? How has their commitment translated into practice? As a teacher education lecturer, I am interested to identify learning points that could assist those of us who select and prepare course content for such programmes. In particular, I am interested in models that can assist teachers to become more competent and confident in engaging explicitly with diversity and discrimination. The study discusses these issues within the specificity of the Scottish context. The impact of the belief of Scots in the efficacy of their education system, coupled with their intrinsic belief in the Scottish commitment to egalitarianism (equality of opportunity) is explored in relation to whether such beliefs are enabling or disabling of the equity and anti-discrimination agenda with respect to teacher beliefs and attitudes. The concepts of ‘teacher professionalism’ and ‘the activist teacher’ within a Scottish context are also analysed in the context of promoting equity and antidiscriminatory practice in schools. The narratives of the nine teachers (mixed in terms of age, gender, faith and belief, ethnicity, nationality and geography) in this study found that overall teacher beliefs and values are shaped prior to entering initial teacher education programmes. Key influences include parents and extended families, the church, peer groups in school, college or university and specific friendships. Teachers’ personal experiences of discrimination contributed to developing a ‘vested interest’ in the area of antidiscrimination work. Engagement with organisations external to the school, such as voluntary work with non-governmental organisations, activism within trade unions or political parties helped inform teachers of wider societal and global issues and added to teacher interest and confidence in working for a more socially just world. Teachers’ practices were in the main based more on an intuitive sense of fairness rather than being underpinned by any theories relating to equity, social justice, power or anti-discrimination. As a result, while all were swift to address aspects of personal and cultural inequalities, many were less able to articulate ideas that address institutional or structural discrimination. The study concludes by exploring possible ways that teacher education programmes and continuous professional development courses could assist teachers to ‘border cross’ and to develop more empirical reasoning and practical purpose for investing in pro-action on equity and anti-discrimination issues. Such crossings are particularly important to assist Scotland’s homogenous teaching workforce restructure pedagogical practice so that equity and anti-discrimination issues are embedded as part of professionalism and professional practice rather than being viewed as ‘bolton’ issues.
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Burk, Erika. "The influence of U.S. anti-discrimination laws abroad : with special reference to Germany /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00089775.pdf.
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Petricevic, Vanja. "Europe's Quest for E Pluribus Unum: Explaining Compliance with EU Anti-Discrimination Directives." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_diss/27.
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This dissertation proposes a multi-level explanatory framework that strengthens explanations of variation in European Union member states’ compliance with the Anti-Discrimination Directives, and offers novel approaches to testing relationships between key constructs situated at multiple levels of analysis. The framework entails three different yet inter-related levels: system structure, organizational design of public agencies, and the attitudinal and behavioral attributes of civil servants. The theoretical model, proposed in this dissertation, conceptualizes compliance from an integrative approach, and also enables more accurate explanations of the role of information in modifying compliance behavior. This dissertation relies on a multi-method empirical approach, and a combination of secondary and primary sources (i.e. surveys, interviews, observations, and primary documents) to provide answers to the research questions raised in this dissertation.
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Walsh, Gregory Bede. "The Regulation of the Employment Decisions of Religious Schools Under Anti-Discrimination Legislation." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/601.
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The thesis addresses the merits of different approaches to regulating the ability of religious schools to make employment decisions based on an employee’s compatibility with the school’s religion. The particular focus of the thesis is on the merits of the general exception approach adopted under the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) that allows religious schools to make employment decisions on grounds that would otherwise be prohibited under the Act.
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Walker, Valerie Irene. "The New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Act : a study of its institutions and implementation." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1985. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28795.
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When the anti—Discrimination Bill was introduced into
the New South Wales Legislative Assembly on 18th November,
1876, I had been employed in the N.S.W. Public Service for
two years and three months. Despite the fact that I was a
woman and no longer young, I had encountered no problems in
progressing through several positions and departments.
Therefore I was most interested to learn why this legislation
had been introduced and what it aimed to achieve, particularly
within the public sector.
During the ensuing years I met many people who felt
discriminated against but in most cases it was either for
reasons not included in the legislation or impossible to
prove.
Through my position as a business counsellor and a year
as a spokeswoman my interest in equal opportunity and anti-discrimination
has grown. The obvious outcome of my
interest in this area was to make anti-discrimination in
the N.S.W. Public Service the topic of this research paper.
The Department of Industrial Development and Decentralisation
which employs me granted two weeks study leave
in 1882 which enabled me to see first hand what was
happening in Britain in this area. Unfortunately most of
the information obtained overseas has had to be sacrificed
to keep within the required constraints.
Without the support of my long—suffering supervisor,
Ken Turner and my daughter who organised all of my
interviews in Britain, I may have fallen by the wayside.
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Linton, William. "Re-describing the limits of anti-discrimination law through a modern systems theory perspective." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/44692.
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This thesis adopts the methodology of systems theory to examine the limits of anti-discrimination law. The sociology of Niklas Luhmann, alongside extensions provided by Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, is applied to construct a versatile re-description of anti-discrimination law. This is an innovative approach because it articulates the social basis for discrimination alongside a legal picture of anti-discrimination within the same theoretical framework. By considering each side of this discrimination/anti-discrimination equation the capacity of law to address discrimination is put into question. The difficulty of providing a philosophically sound explanation for discrimination involves a legitimate academic question, but it also indicates its limitation. This thesis argues that this difficultly reflects a genuine divergence between the social meaning of discrimination and the ability of moral philosophy to comprehend this phenomenon. Racism is analyzed as a confluence of moral, artistic, and mass mediated communications; it is communicated through inconsistency and complex repetition. This confluence is described by tracing societal differentiations and self-descriptions, as developed by Luhmann, with an emphasis on the history of manners as a precursor to modern racism. The legal picture of anti-discrimination presented here is divided into argumentation and decision. Firstly, the description of direct and indirect discrimination in terms of justice is questioned through an examination of argumentative limits, with legal liability being re-interpreted in the light of how concepts and interests inform argumentation. Secondly, the validity of a decision is analyzed as a separate problem for anti-discrimination law. The jurisprudence of the positivist Joseph Raz is criticized from the perspective of a Luhmannian theorization of law as symbolically valid decisions. This thesis constructs an explanatory framework that redraws the limitations of anti-discrimination law by revealing [1] how racism is a protean social phenomenon, and [2] that separation of the legal understanding of anti-discrimination law into discrete streams exposes the concrete limitations available for engaging issues of justiciability.
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Solanke, Victoria Iyiola. "The evolution of anti-racial discrimination law in England, Germany and the European Union." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421866.
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Bradley, David F. "Sensitivity to Potential Anti-Atheist Discrimination Events: Psychological Correlates and Relationship with Psychological Well-Being." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1523896514509333.
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Smith, Olivia. "Constructs of disability and discrimination in anti-discrimination law : a comparative critique of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Ireland's Employment Equality Act." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25205.
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This thesis critiques particular aspects of the employment discrimination protection afforded in the United States’ Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 and Ireland’s Employment Equality Act 1998 as a normative conceptualisation of disability equality as informed by the social model’s theorising on disability. While it addresses specific problems that occur in the operation of the disability discrimination system, at a general level, it utilises the social model of disability to expose the limitations arising when non-discrimination is adopted as the primary principle of justice and inclusion. The work begins by tracing the historical development of the disability category as western society moved from feudal ties to a wage-labour capitalist economy and the concomitant establishment of a parallel universe for the majority of disabled individuals. Concepts of equality and non-discrimination adopted within legal discourse are discussed so as to provide a backdrop against which subsequent analysis of the disability system is undertaken. The analysis also extends to the constitutional plane, adopting an Irish-US comparative focus. An examination of each jurisdiction’s approach to the issue of proving disability for the purposes of statutory protection, illustrates how the non-discrimination paradigm continues to sustain and perpetuate the individual functional limitation approach to disability and the exclusion of disabled persons. Finally, the reasonable accommodation duty is examined, both as a form of legal equality and as a requirement and implementation of social model theorising. This thesis considers how traditional defects of anti-discrimination law appear exacerbated in the disability context; how discrimination norms can mask the real nature of the problems facing disabled people and; how such problems of oppression, domination and exclusion are immune from the contours of the non-discrimination norm.
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Gladwin, Maree. "Movements for equality : the nature of equality politics in Britain." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362811.
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Phan, Mai B. "Learning, conflict and change : The dynamics of policymaking in anti-discrimination legislations, Canada abd Britain." Thesis, University of Kent, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529410.
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Shim, Jaejin. "Equality or the right to work? : explanation and justification of anti-discrimination rights in employment." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2176/.
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This thesis explores the relationship between anti-discrimination rights in employment and equality, on the one hand, and the right to work, on the other hand, in an attempt to achieve a full understanding of this relationship, in terms of three different dimensions: the analytic, the moral and the socio-legal. Firstly, the thesis aims to examine analytically the relationship between anti-discrimination rights in employment and the two values. Secondly, the thesis considers whether such a relationship is morally desirable. Thirdly, it looks at how the current relationship between anti-discrimination rights in employment and equality was established. The thesis adopts three different kinds of methodology, corresponding to each of the three aspects of the relationship mentioned above: conceptual analysis, moral evaluation and socio-legal studies. In a methodological sense, the thesis will explore the conceptual and socio-legal explanation and the justification of anti-discrimination rights with reference to the two values. This thesis firstly concludes that the right to work approach to anti-discrimination in employment, as an alternative to the equality approach, would explain anti-discrimination rights in employment more clearly and consistently. Secondly, it shows that, with reservations in relation to some parts of the prohibition of indirect discrimination, the right to work approach would transform the prohibition of direct and indirect discrimination in a more justifiable way than the equality approach, as the former would solve the justifiability issues caused by the latter. Nonetheless, the socio-legal study of the anti-discrimination laws of the US and UK demonstrates that equality was established as their underlying value in a particular socio-legal context, where economic liberty was dominant in the regulation of the workplace and the social movements were separated from the trade unions, mainly reflecting male or white workers and neglecting the voices of those who were vulnerable to the then prevalent forms of discrimination.
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Ahmedin, Ahmedin Osman. "A socio-legal study of the Swedish anti-discrimination policy and its implementation in the labour market : Discrimination against immigrants in the labour market and its affect." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161012.
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Background: The point of departure for this study is that people with immigrant backgrounds are discriminated in the Swedish labour market and they are discriminated on several grounds. Discrimination is violation against human rights and it affects gender equality and integration policy negatively. Different studies show that immigrants hold the jobs which are lowest paid and not preferred by the swedes. The studies show also that immigrants from Africa and middle east are those who are discriminated most. This discrimination occurs despite the Swedish clear anti-discrimination policy and its regional and international obligations to combat discrimination. The Swedish discriminations act prohibits discrimination on the seven grounds mentioned in the act. This thesis analyses the Swedish discriminations act, its implementation and efficacy. It sheds some light on Sweden’s regional and international obligations in this regard. Finally, the impact of discrimination against immigrants on Swedish gender equality and integrations policy is discussed. Purpose: The purposes of this thesis are, based on the earlier studies, to highlight the ways in which immigrants are discriminated in the Swedish labour market and contributing to the improvement of the anti-discrimination policy in a long run. To accomplish this task, I have Scrutinized and analysed the efficacy of the Swedish discrimination policy, based on earlier studies, I have analysed different ways in which immigrants are discriminated in the Swedish labour market and discussed the impact of immigration on gender equality and integrations policy. Method: For conducting this research, qualitative method has been used. For accomplishing this study, both primary sources such as legal documents and legislations and secondary sources such as books, article, newspapers and internet websites have been used. To achieve this task, I have used intersectional analysis, and this is because immigrants are discriminated on multiple grounds and intersectional perspective is the best perspective in analysing such grounds. Conclusion: Based on earlier studies, the idea that people with immigrant background are discriminated in Swedish labour market is supported. They are discriminated in different ways such as recruitment process, in salaries, working conditions and promotion process. Discrimination can be due to different reasons and based on different grounds. According to the studies, though discrimination affects immigrants in general, immigrants from Middle east and Africa most discriminated. The same studies show that Muslim women who can be identified as Muslims due to headscarves, burqa or niqab are discriminated most and the face harassment in the public areas. Additional findings in this thesis are that discrimination in general is obstacle to gender equality and integrations policy given that it widens the already wide gap between women and men as well as between immigrants and swedes. Besides this, discrimination in the criminal system also leads to discrimination in the labour market. This is because prejudices based on the reports of biased police, judges, prosecutors etc. lead to discrimination against immigrants by relating them to crime. Therefore, though it is not deeply studied, there is a significant correlation between discrimination in the criminal legal system and discrimination in the labour market.
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Romaniak, Anna. "The problem of discrimination outside the workplace in the European Union." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2280.
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The European Union is the Community made on bases of multiculturalism, diversity and
equality between Members and its citizens. From the very beginning of being social actor, the European Union has wanted to fight with discrimination. In the July 2008 the Council Directive on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation was announced. This essay is about the problem of discrimination on the ground of ethnic origin, disability and sexual orientation in
the European Union. According to the Eurobarometer survey these types of discrimination are the most spread within the European Society. With help of this survey I set a hypothesis and I tested it. The question was if the “Old” Member States are more successful with the fight with the problem that “New” Member States. There are acts of law considering and protecting
citizens against discrimination. Most of the regulations include the unequal treatment in
employment, is why I wanted to make researches about the same problem outside the
employment. I checked what kind of minorities protection exist in legal framework of the EU and I concluded that the New Directive Proposal is actually answer for their problems and in the same time legislation changes are not enough.
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de, Plevitz Loretta R. "The failure of Australian legislation on indirect discrimination to detect the systemic racism which prevents Aboriginal people from fully participating in the workforce." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/29025/1/Loretta_de_Plevitz_Thesis.pdf.
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Government figures put the current indigenous unemployment rate at around 23%, 3 times the unemployment rate for other Australians. This thesis aims to assess whether Australian indirect discrimination legislation can provide a remedy for one of the causes of indigenous unemployment - the systemic discrimination which can result from the mere operation of established procedures of recruitment and hiring. The impact of those practices on indigenous people is examined in the context of an analysis of anti-discrimination legislation and cases from all Australian jurisdictions from the time of the passing of the Racial Discrimination Act by the Commonwealth in 1975 to the present. The thesis finds a number of reasons why the legislation fails to provide equality of opportunity for indigenous people seeking to enter the workforce. In nearly all jurisdictions it is obscurely drafted, used mainly by educated middle class white women, and provides remedies which tend to be compensatory damages rather than change to recruitment policy. White dominance of the legal process has produced legislative and judicial definitions of "race" and "Aboriginality" which focus on biology rather than cultural difference. In the commissions and tribunals complaints of racial discrimination are often rejected on the grounds of being "vexatious" or "frivolous", not reaching the required standard of proof, or not showing a causal connection between race and the conduct complained of. In all jurisdictions the cornerstone of liability is whether a particular employment term, condition or practice is reasonable. The thesis evaluates the approaches taken by appellate courts, including the High Court, and concludes that there is a trend towards an interpretation of reasonableness which favours employer arguments such as economic rationalism, the maintenance of good industrial relations, managerial prerogative to hire and fire, and the protection of majority rights. The thesis recommends that separate, clearly drafted legislation should be passed to address indigenous disadvantage and that indigenous people should be involved in all stages of the process.
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de, Plevitz Loretta R. "The failure of Australian legislation on indirect discrimination to detect the systemic racism which prevents Aboriginal people from fully participating in the workforce." Queensland University of Technology, 2000. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29025/.
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Government figures put the current indigenous unemployment rate at around 23%, 3 times the unemployment rate for other Australians. This thesis aims to assess whether Australian indirect discrimination legislation can provide a remedy for one of the causes of indigenous unemployment - the systemic discrimination which can result from the mere operation of established procedures of recruitment and hiring. The impact of those practices on indigenous people is examined in the context of an analysis of anti-discrimination legislation and cases from all Australian jurisdictions from the time of the passing of the Racial Discrimination Act by the Commonwealth in 1975 to the present. The thesis finds a number of reasons why the legislation fails to provide equality of opportunity for indigenous people seeking to enter the workforce. In nearly all jurisdictions it is obscurely drafted, used mainly by educated middle class white women, and provides remedies which tend to be compensatory damages rather than change to recruitment policy. White dominance of the legal process has produced legislative and judicial definitions of "race" and "Aboriginality" which focus on biology rather than cultural difference. In the commissions and tribunals complaints of racial discrimination are often rejected on the grounds of being "vexatious" or "frivolous", not reaching the required standard of proof, or not showing a causal connection between race and the conduct complained of. In all jurisdictions the cornerstone of liability is whether a particular employment term, condition or practice is reasonable. The thesis evaluates the approaches taken by appellate courts, including the High Court, and concludes that there is a trend towards an interpretation of reasonableness which favours employer arguments such as economic rationalism, the maintenance of good industrial relations, managerial prerogative to hire and fire, and the protection of majority rights. The thesis recommends that separate, clearly drafted legislation should be passed to address indigenous disadvantage and that indigenous people should be involved in all stages of the process.
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Strain, Megan L. "Effects of exposure to anti-homosexual humor on individuals' tolerance of and anticipated feelings of compunction about discrimination." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4024.
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Ivanova, Katya. "The life of norms : a critical assessment of the construction and diffusion of the race anti-discrimination norm." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3390/.
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This thesis examines the genesis and evolution of the anti-discrimination norm directed at race and ethnicity. The thesis seeks to answer: how is the antidiscrimination norm linked to race and ethnicity produced and diffused transnationally and how is it internalised in domestic institutions and government practices? The inquiry mainly assesses the constructivist model of the norm life cycle proposed by Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink. The model presents the development of international norms as a process that consists of three stages: emergence, cascading and domestic internalisation driven by three different sets of actors who employ different mechanisms to bring about normative change. The thesis investigates and ultimately challenges certain assumptions of the proposed model by examining the factors that account for the construction and domestic institutionalisation of the racial anti-discrimination norm in five contexts – the USA (First and Second Reconstruction periods, 1865-1877 and 1954-1975), the UK (1960s-1970s), the EU (1990s-2000s), the Czech Republic (1990s- present) and Hungary (1990s-present). It uses process tracing to re-consider and problematise the model’s claims about the primary agents that drive the production and the institutionalisation of the anti-discrimination norm in each of the five cases, their motives and the mechanisms they employ to facilitate normative change. The thesis disputes several of the main assumptions of Finnemore and Sikkink’s model. The findings demonstrate that national political elites are a key factor that determines the progress of the racial anti-discrimination norm in each stage of the norm life cycle model. They also problematise the ideational basis for the motives of norm entrepreneurs, which, in fact, consist of a complex mixture of ideational and instrumental considerations. The thesis further develops the stages of the norm life cycle model. It challenges the overall design of the model and its assumed linear progression of norm evolution.
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Herlitz, Gunnarsson Rebecka. "LGBT+ rights and the gender gap : A comparative study of LGBT+ anti-discrimination legislation in the United States." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-432117.
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This thesis seeks to examine if there is a connection between female representation among U.S. legislators at state level and support of legislation protecting LGBT+ people from discrimination in terms of adoption and foster care. Using the theories of substantive and descriptive representation, three hypotheses regarding female representation and partisanship were tested. In the analysis, it became clear that there is a positive significant correlation between female legislators and voting in favour of anti-discrimination legislation in terms of LGBT+ rights. In addition to this, the study found that partisanship also has a significant effect of the voting outcome, in fact one that is even greater than the effect of gender.
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Löfström, Åsa. "Diskriminering på svensk arbetsmarknad : en analys av löneskillnader mellan kvinnor och män." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 1989. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65869.
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The aim of this study is to examine whether, and to what extent, the differences in wages between women and men can be explained by discrimination against women in the labour market.The first part of the analysis is a cross-sectional analysis. Firstly, a model is estimated with wages as the dependent variable and with sex, individuals' qualifications, personal characteristics, occupation and the branch of industry in which they are employed as the independent variables. The results of this regression reveal that the hourly wage for a woman is about nine SEK lower than for a man. Separate wage functions for women and men show that women obtain a lower return from both education and work experience. A breakdown of the difference in wages reveals that most of the dissimilarity is explained by discrimination against women and very little by differences in men's and women's productivity. In the absence of discrimination, women's relative pay would be between 16 and 25 percent higher. The stability of the findings is checked by means of reverse regression. This resulted in discrimination against men in some cases and against women in others. Thus, different conclusions can be drawn from the two methods. In certain special cases the results produced by reverse regression are correct, whereas, in more general cases, the direct method shows itself to be more satisfactory. The study ends with an analysis of the effects of various laws and agreements on the development of women's wages and employment in Swedish industry. The introduction of equal pay, the removal of the ban on night work for women in industry and the wage solidarity policy have had a positive influence on the relative demand for women workers. The study's conclusions are, firstly, that the differences in pay between the sexes can partly be explained by discrimination against women. Secondly, within industry, wage discrimination against women has declined as a result of changes leading in an anti-discrimination direction.digitalisering@umu
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Bello, B. G. "LOOKING AT THE EU ANTI-DISCRIMINATION MEASURES TOWARDS THE ROMA PEOPLE THROUGH THE GLASS OF INTERSECTIONALITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/168210.
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This Ph.D. thesis consists in a qualitative impact evaluation of the EU anti- discrimination measures from the point of view of 60 Roma young respondents aged between 18 and 30 years and living in Germany and in Italy. The inquiry explores how the EU anti-discrimination measures work at the “shop floor” of the Roma participants, as well as whether and how the these measures foster the Roma young people’s social inclusion. The methodological background of the research is rooted in the Transformative Paradigm, which relies on a democratic and pluralistic conception of evaluation. Additionally, the critical theoretical background of intersectionality, an offspring of the Critical Race Theory, demands to place those more “invisible” within “visible minorities” at the centre of the evaluation, in order to let the evaluation itself become a tool for respondents’ emancipation. The thesis consists of eight chapters and is articulated in two parts, framed by Chapter I, which is the introductory Chapter, and Chapter VIII, which delineates the conclusions on the whole research work. Part One, consisting of Chapters II and Chapter III, provides with theoretical background information on the methodology adopted for accomplishing this research and with a detailed description of the object of the evaluation, i.e. the EU anti-discrimination measures generated by the art. 13 EC (Art. 19 TFEU). Part Two delves into the empirical research and reports the fieldwork. More in detail, Chapter 4 refines the methodology, details the sampling procedure, the hypothesis, the aims and objectives of this evaluation, the first steps on the field, and the decisions taken on how to present the data analysis and the data interpretation. Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 give a detailed Country-specific account of the evaluation of the EU anti-discrimination measures accomplished with Roma young men and women, respectively, in Germany and in Italy. Each Chapter presents the data collected on the field and explores how they shed light on the substantive object of the evaluation in the Country scenario. Part II ends with a comparative reflections on the findings collected in the two Countries (Chapter VII). Lastly, Chapter 8 delineates the general conclusions on the whole research.
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Vavlas, Belinda A. "Anti-Chinese Discrimination in Twentieth Century America: Perceptions of Chinese Americans During the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic in San Francisco, 1900-1908." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1299600446.
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MATTARELLA, Giorgio. "L'inclusione finanziaria come strumento di cittadinanza degli immigrati." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/464089.
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Alarcon-Henriquez, Alejandra. "Etre ou ne pas être cet Autre (exclu)? choisir d'ignorer ou de combattre le racisme à travers la loi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209780.
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Notre dissertation investigue les actions individuelles et légales de contestation des discriminations raciales ou ethniques par ses victimes, objet rarement étudié en psychologie sociale. Alors que les actions collectives s’inscrivent dans un cadre des relations intergroupes, nos études montrent que les actions individuelles restent plutôt dans le cadre de relations perçues endogroupales par les acteurs qui contestent les discriminations. Les implications en termes d’identité sociale dans ce type d’action sont différentes et nous postulons qu’une catégorisation à un niveau supra-ordonné (ex. comme membre de la société hôte ou être humain) facilite l’entreprise des actions individuelles de contestation des discriminations par la voie légale. L’égalitarisme qui rend saillant ce niveau de catégorisation supra-ordonné, et en tant que croyance qui délégitime le statut désavantagé des individus stigmatisés, faciliterait la remise en question du statu quo en augmentant la perception de la discrimination ainsi que la tendance à s’engager dans des actions de lutte contre les discriminations par la voie légale. De plus, motivés par des démarches qui rentabilisent le rapport coûts-bénéfices, les individus portés par l’égalitarisme et qui perçoivent la discrimination s’engageraient plus facilement dans des actions de contestation lorsqu’ils pensent qu’ils peuvent le faire au bénéfice de la collectivité plutôt que dans leur propre intérêt uniquement. D’autre part, l’entreprise d’actions contre les discriminations par la voie légale nécessite une connaissance relative de ces lois qui fonctionnent comme des normes injonctives indiquant aux individus ce qui est admis ou non en société (ex. caractère interdit de la discrimination). Une source experte (ex. organisme de lutte contre le racisme) qui véhicule ce type de normes injonctives anti-racistes serait particulièrement influente dans l’entreprise d’actions légales pour lutter contre les discriminations.Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
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Machado, Lúcia Helena de Assis. "Professores negros, experiências de discriminação, de racismo e pedagogias anti-racistas." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2569.
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-07The presente work has a objective the a analysis by the memory and telling of personal and professional experiences of discriminations and racism lived by eight black teachers, for through them to understand the position accepted by the same teachers up against the racial question, or in the school circle or out of it. It also analizes how the discriminatitory experiences contribute in bigger or smaller grade for these teachers build anti-racism strategies or educations with the object to finish with the racial discrimination and prejudice. The position of the teachers varied between a combative position of fight, silence, refuse, face in the personal circle till the build of strategies, even if in the individual fighter field of discrimination.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise, por meio da memória e narrativa das experiências pessoais e profissionais de discriminação e racismo vividos por sete professoras e um professor negro, para através delas entender o posicionamento assumido pelos mesmos diante da questão racial, seja no ambiente escolar ou fora dele. Analisa-se também de que maneira as experiências discriminatórias contribuem em maior ou menor grau para que esses professores construam estratégias ou pedagogias anti-racistas com o objetivo de acabar com a discriminação e o preconceito racial. O posicionamento das professoras e do professor oscilou entre uma postura combativa de luta, de silenciamento, de negação, de enfrentamento na esfera pessoal até a construção de estratégias, mesmo que no campo individual de combate a discriminação.
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Mehmeti, Valbone. "Jämställdhet för alla? - En fallstudie av jämställdhetsarbetet i Malmö stad utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21407.
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This is a case study on the gender mainstreaming work that has been done in the youth club of Västra Hamnen in the municipality of Malmö. I chose to focus on the activities in this specific youth club since it’s described as one of the more successful ones in the field of gender equality. I’m focusing on gender mainstreaming from an intersectional point of view because I want to find out if the activities that are being done lead to equal and equivalent results for all youths regardless of gender, ethnicity, appearance and other background variables. Through analysing municipal policy documents, interviewing staff and observing activities in the youth club, I’ve been able to conclude that the intersectional approach is absent. There’s a lack of intersectionality in both the policies that frame the municipal work in this field and the actual work that is done in the youth club. The gender mainstreaming work is primarily based on gender analyses focusing on the sex category: woman and man. Other aspects are excluded which leads to different consequences for those youths who are affected by more categories than only gender. Due to this the youth club is hindered from creating equivalent activities. In order to change this there’s a need to highlight how the variable sex interacts with other background variables and what kind of power structures are created when different categories are crossed in different ways. Only then it’s possible to get an overall picture of the complexity of the issue and to identify tools that are needed to create equality for all those different youths that the club is for.
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Andersson, Sofie. "Anti-terrorlagstiftning och mänskliga rättigheter : En studie av Frankrikes och Storbritanniens anti-terrorlagstiftning och hur den riskerar att kränka Europakonventionen för skydd av mänskliga rättigheter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-331550.
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2000-talet markerade födelsen av en ny sorts terrorism. Sedan dess har Europa fått utstå frekventa terrorattacker vilket resulterat i att länder antagit strängare lagar och kontrollåtgärder för att bekämpa terrorismen. Mot bakgrund av detta är uppsatsens syfte att försöka svara på om strängare anti-terrorlagstiftning i Frankrike och Storbritannien kan medföra omfattande begränsningar i människors grundläggande fri-och rättigheter. Genom att använda sig utav en rättsdogmatisk metod och en komparativ metod har uppsatsen kritiskt granskat internationella konventioner, lagstiftningar, rättsfall, vetenskapliga artiklar och doktrin i syfte att besvara följande frågeställningar; vad krävs för att länder ska kunna deklarera allmänt nödläge och således ha en lagstadgad rättighet att derogera från eller begränsa vissa mänskliga rättigheter? Vilka rättsliga åtgärder gällande preventiv häktning och andra kontrollåtgärder har Frankrike och Storbritannien tagit i syfte att bekämpa terrorism och riskerar dess inskränkningar att kränka artikel 5 EKMR? Hur regleras rätten till icke-diskriminering i artikel 14 EKMR? Uppsatsen har också försökt att svara på om de eventuella begränsningarna av människors rättigheter kan försvaras genom John Finnis rättsteori och tankar om mänskliga rättigheter. Den första slutsatsen som nås i uppsatsen är att terrorism kan utgöra ett accepterat allmänt nödläge enligt artikel 15 EKMR då det uppfyller artikelns rekvisit. Därmed är både Frankrikes och Storbritanniens deklarerande av allmänt nödläge accepterat och lagligt enligt artikel 15 EKMR. Uppsatsens andra slutsats slår fast att Frankrikes och Storbritanniens lagstiftningar gällande preventiv häktning kan utgöra en möjlig kränkning av artikel 5 EKMR då lagstiftningarna saknar kravet på förutsägbarhet. Studien har också påvisat att lagstiftningarna gällande preventiva häktningar riskerar att användas för generella misstankar om terrorism vilket också kan utgöra en möjlig kränkning av artikel 5 EKMR. Uppsatsen sista slutsats är att dessa lagstiftningar riskerar att diskriminera vissa samhällsgrupper om de tillämpas på ett felaktigt sätt, t.ex. endast mot icke-medborgare.The 21st century marked the birth of a new kind of terrorism. Since then, Europe has suffered frequent terrorist attacks, resulting in countries adopting stricter laws and control measures to combat terrorism. The aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate if stricter anti-terrorist legislation in France and Great Britain can lead to unlawful limitations on human rights. The thesis critically examines international conventions, legislation, case law, articles, and doctrine by using an investigative approach and a comparative method to answer the following questions; what is required for countries to declare a state of emergency and thus have a statutory right to derogate from or limit certain human rights? What legal measures regarding preventive detention and other control measures have France and Great Britain adopted to combat terrorism and does the limitations violate Article 5 of the ECHR? How is the right to non-discrimination regulated in Article 14 of the ECHR? The thesis also aims to clarify if any limitations of human rights can be justified by the legal theories of John Finnis. In conclusion, the thesis reveals that terrorism can constitute a state of emergency according to Article 15 of the ECHR. Thus, both France and Great Britain's declarations of states of emergency are accepted and legal in accordance with Article 15 of the ECHR. Furthermore, the thesis states that the legislation in France and Great Britain, which regulate preventive detention, may constitute a possible violation of article 5 ECHR, due to its lack of predictability. The thesis has also shown that the legislation regarding preventive detention may constitute a violation of article 5 ECHR if its applied wrongfully and thus, may also constitute a violation of article 14 ECHR.
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ZACCARONI, GIOVANNI. "Il Principio di Non Discriminazione e l’Identità Costituzionale dell’Unione Europea/Le principe de non-discrimination et l'identité constitutionelle de l'Union européenne." Doctoral thesis, Università di Bologna, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/370833.
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L’objectif de cette recherche est d’évaluer la contribution du principe de non-discrimination à l’identité constitutionnelle de l’Union européenne. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire de clarifier la notion d’identité dont nous parlons. Dans la première section/partie nous analysons la structure des arrêts pour juger sur la discrimination. La structure de l’arrêt sur la discrimination permet, après une phase initiale d’ajustement dont nous avons signalé, d’identifier quatre phases différentes au sein desquelles la Cour de justice développe son raisonnement. Ces phases sont : 1) introduction de l’affaire devant la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne 2) identification du désavantage 3) comparaison et 4) justification. La deuxième section/partie porte sur l’analyse de la contribution à l’identité constitutionnelle de l’Union européenne par la lutte contre sept motifs spécifiques de discrimination : sexe, nationalité, handicap, âge, religion, orientation sexuelle et race. Le choix des motifs de discrimination (par exemple, entre les beaucoup plus nombreux motifs dans la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne) est lié à un critère normatif : ce sont les motifs de discrimination qui ont fait l’objet de la législation dérivée. D’où il suit un critère supplémentaire, celui quantitatif : la présence d’un acquis législatif stable autorise la Cour de justice à saisir un plus grand nombre des causes, qui font significative l’examen des motifs proposés. L’identification d’une contribution si riche à l’identité constitutionnelle de l’Union européenne peut reconnaître le principe de non-discrimination en tant que principe constitutionnel, qui, inspiré par l’identité constitutionnelle des États membres, peut constituer l’épine dorsale de la future constitution "formelle “européenne.
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Cooper, Molly Malloy. "Japanese American wages, 1940-1990." Columbus, OH : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1064341404.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 132 p. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Richard H. Steckel, Dept. of Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-132).
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Dee, David Gareth. "Jews and British Sport : integration, ethnicity and anti-semitism, c1880-c1960." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4833.
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Between the 1890s and the 1960s, sport had a distinctive and varied impact on the social, cultural, political and economic life of the British Jewish community. During this period, Anglo-Jewry developed a clear sporting tradition, in both a direct and indirect sense, and their participation in the world of British sport had a significant impact on processes and discourses surrounding integration, ethnicity and anti-Semitism. Through a broad analysis of archival materials, newspaper sources and oral history, this thesis seeks to examine the influence that sport exerted on the Jewish community – paying particular attention to the ways in which physical recreation affected the internal dynamics of the community and influenced Jewish relations and interactions with the wider non-Jewish population. As will be shown, whilst sport is a useful lens through which to view socio-cultural development within Anglo-Jewish history, evidence suggests that physical recreation also had a notable and noticeable direct impact on Jewish life within Britain. Although Jewish sport history is an expanding field in an international context, it has been largely ignored within British academic research. Within the historiography of Anglo-Jewry, little attention has been paid to the socio-cultural impact of sporting participation. Similarly, within research concerning British sport history, race and immigration are themes that have been generally overlooked. As well as redressing important historiographical gaps, this thesis will also help expand our knowledge of the process behind minority integration and will further demonstrate the wider social importance, and the extensive and varied applications, of the historical study of sport. This thesis demonstrates that sport has been a key area for the creation, maintenance and erosion of Anglo-Jewish identity and has been an arena for the development, reinforcement and undermining of Jewish stereotypes. Sport, effectively, assumed a central role in Jewish life throughout this time period and was a pivotal factor in many social, cultural and political changes affecting the Jewish community of Britain.
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Phillips, Molly A. "Snake harassment in the Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris): variation in anti-predator behaviours, predator discrimination and venom resistance in a facultative cooperative breeder." Toxicon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/9223.
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Predator harassment is an anti-predator behaviour that may increase a harasser’s risk of predation but decrease the potential for predation for other members of a group. The Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris) is a facultative cooperative breeder from southern Africa that harasses venomous snakes. The objective of my study was to examine predator harassment to determine: 1) whether predator harassment was part of alloparental care by comparing harassment behaviour among age and sex classes; 2) how individuals adjusted their behaviour against different snake species; 3) whether olfaction was used in discrimination of snakes; and 4) if individuals possessed venom resistance against venomous snakes. I found that females with juvenile offspring harass snakes longer and more intensely than other individuals, suggesting that predator harassment was a maternal behaviour. Squirrels increased harassment, inspection and vigilant behaviours with risk when exposed to both live snakes and snake odours suggesting they can use olfaction to discriminate snake predators. I also found no venom resistance in Cape ground squirrels concluding the cost of envenomation was significant.
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Brito, Marlene Oliveira [UNESP]. "Narrativas negadas: estratégias de resistência à discriminação planejada." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150782.
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O presente estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver uma proposta de planejamento intercultural, por meio de uma sequência didática direcionada ao quinto ano do ensino fundamental. Trata-se de um plano de ação como meio de potencializar a resistência à discriminação planejada, presente no currículo oficial das escolas públicas estaduais paulistas para os anos iniciais. A intenção é dotar a atuação docente de capacidade de respostas, tanto à engenharia de controle curricular exercido pelas agencias estaduais, quanto aos grupos excluídos pela tradição seletiva do currículo oficial. A proposta é de inspiração freireana aliada às reflexões dos estudos decoloniais, em virtude da sintonia que apresentam na crítica epistemológica à modernidade e seus valores eurocêntricos.
This study aimed to develop a proposal for intercultural planning through a didactic sequence directed to the fifth grade of elementary school. This is a plan for action as a means of enhancing the resistance to planned discrimination in the official curriculum of the São Paulo state public schools for the early years. The intention is to provide responses, both the curriculum of control engineering exercised by state agencies, the was groups excluded by the selective tradition of the official curriculum. The proposal is Freire's inspiration combined with the reflections of decolonial studies, because of the line presenting the epistemological critique of modernity and its Eurocentric values.
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Teteriuk, Maria. "Political controversies over sexual and gender rights in ukrainian mainstream online news media. The case of the anti-discrimination reform in Ukraine in 2013 – 2015." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670896.
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L’estudi explora el paper dels mitjans informatius en línia en el canvi en els drets sexuals i de gènere a Ucraïna, basant-se en l’anàlisi del debat sobre la prohibició de la discriminació per orientació sexual i identitat de gènere (OSIG) com a part de la reforma antidiscriminació de 2013 – 2015. El canvi en els drets sexuals i de gènere va ser conceptualitzat, com a resultat de la lluita hegemònica entre discursos en disputa, seguint la teoria del discurs d’Ernesto Laclau i Chantal Mouffe. La recerca va incloure tres fases. Durant la Fase I es van examinar a través de recerca documental les condicions de la possibilitat d’un canvi dels drets sexuals i de gènere a Ucraïna durant el període 2013 – 2015. Durant la Fase II es va analitzar el discurs polític sobre drets sexuals i de gènere a Ucraïna el 2013 – 2015 a través de l’anàlisi postfundacional del discurs i utilitzant les dades recollides per les pàgines web oficials del govern, parlament i grups d’interès involucrats en la controvèrsia sobre la reforma antidiscriminació. Es van identificar quatre coalicions discursives sobre els drets sexuals i de gènere seguint les articulacions dels significants flotants clau en el debat: orientació sexual i identitat de gènere, democràcia, identitat nacional i política exterior. Cada coalició va desenvolupar el seu propi grup de trames que associaven la prohibició de la discriminació per OSIG a les seves articulacions dels significants flotants (punts nodals). Durant la Fase III es va examinar la representació mediàtica de les coalicions discursives sobre drets sexuals i de gènere en disputa a través de l’anàlisi quantitativa de contingut i l’anàlisi postfundacional del discurs de la cobertura de la reforma antidiscriminació en els cinc mitjans informatius en línia més populars d’Ucraïna. Aquesta anàlisi va revelar que durant la primera etapa de la controvèrsia antidiscriminació (2013 – 2014), els mitjans afiliats a grans grups d’empreses propietat d’oligarques afavorien les coalicions discursives conservadores citant els seus membres més freqüentment, oferint una cobertura desequilibrada de la seva posició, i fent-se eco de supòsits conservadors sobre OSIG en comentaris periodístics. Els mitjans informatius petits i independents en línia afavorien les coalicions discursives lliberals utilitzant els mateixos mètodes. Durant la segona etapa de la controvèrsia (2015), tots els mitjans informatius en línia afavorien les coalicions discursives lliberals en la seva cobertura del debat. L’estudi suggereix que el suport ofert pels mitjans informatius en línia va contribuir a la capacitat de les coalicions discursives en disputa d’introduir canvis en les lleis de drets sexuals i de gènere. De 2013 a 2014, la cobertura favorable als mitjans afiliats a grans grups d’empreses i la presència substancial als mitjans informatius en línia independents van ajudar la coalició conservadora pro-UE a articular la prohibició de la discriminació per orientació sexual com a amenaça a la democràcia i la identitat nacional i com a obstacle de la integració europea d’Ucraïna en l’esfera pública, fet que va contribuir al fracàs de la reforma antidiscriminació. Durant el 2015, la cobertura favorable en els cinc mitjans informatius en línia més populars d’Ucraïna va ajudar les coalicions discursives lliberals sobre drets sexuals i de gènere a rearticular la prohibició de la discriminació per OSIG com a instància de protecció democràtica de la igualtat de drets civils, adheriment als valors europeus, i condició prèvia d’integració europea, fet que va ajudar a l’adopció de la reforma antidiscriminació.El estudio explora el papel de los medios informativos en línea en el cambio en los derechos sexuales y de género en Ucrania, basándose en el análisis del debate sobre la prohibición de la discriminación por orientación sexual e identidad de género (OSIG) como parte de la reforma antidiscriminación de 2013-2015. El cambio en los derechos sexuales y de género fue conceptualizado, como resultado de la lucha hegemónica entre discursos en disputa, siguiendo la teoría del discurso de Ernesto Laclau y Chantal Mouffe. La investigación incluyó tres fases. Durante la Fase I se examinaron a través de la investigación documental las condiciones de la posibilidad de un cambio de los derechos sexuales y de género en Ucrania durante el período 2013 – 2015. Durante la Fase II se analizó el discurso político sobre derechos sexuales y de género en Ucrania en 2013 – 2015 a través del análisis posfundacional del discurso y utilizando los datos obtenidos por las páginas web oficiales del gobierno, parlamento y grupos de interés involucrados en la controversia sobre la reforma antidiscriminación. Se identificaron cuatro coaliciones discursivas sobre los derechos sexuales y de género siguiendo las articulaciones de los significantes flotantes clave en el debate: orientación sexual e identidad de género, democracia, identidad nacional y política exterior. Cada coalición desarrolló su propio grupo de tramas que asociaban la prohibición de la discriminación por OSIG a sus articulaciones de los significantes flotantes (puntos nodales). Durante la Fase III se examinó la representación mediática de las coaliciones discursivas sobre derechos sexuales y de género en disputa a través del análisis cuantitativo de contenido y el análisis posfundacional del discurso de la cobertura de la reforma antidiscriminación en los cinco medios informativos en línea más populares de Ucrania. Este análisis reveló que durante la primera etapa de la controversia antidiscriminación (2013 – 2014), los medios afiliados a grandes grupos de empresas propiedad de oligarcas favorecían las coaliciones discursivas conservadoras citando sus miembros más frecuentemente, ofreciendo una cobertura desequilibrada de su posición, y haciéndose eco de suposiciones conservadoras sobre OSIG en comentarios periodísticos. Los medios informativos pequeños e independientes en línea favorecían las coaliciones discursivas liberales utilizando los mismos métodos. Durante la segunda etapa de la controversia (2015), todos los medios informativos en línea favorecían las coaliciones discursivas liberales en su cobertura del debate. El estudio sugiere que el soporte ofrecido por los medios informativos en línea contribuyó a la capacidad de las coaliciones discursivas en disputa de introducir cambios en las leyes de derechos sexuales y de género. De 2013 a 2014, la cobertura favorable en los medios afiliados a grandes grupos de empresas y la presencia sustancial en los medios informativos independientes ayudaron a la coalición conservadora pro-UE a articular la prohibición de la discriminación por orientación sexual como amenaza a la democracia y la identidad nacional y como obstáculo de la integración europea de Ucrania en la esfera pública, hecho que contribuyó al fracaso de la reforma antidiscriminación. Durante 2015, la cobertura favorable, en los cinco medios informativos en línea más populares de Ucrania, ayudó a las coaliciones discursivas liberales sobre derechos sexuales y de género a rearticular la prohibición de la discriminación por OSIG como instancia de protección democrática de la igualdad de derechos civiles, adherencia a los valores europeos, y condición previa de integración europea, hecho que favoreció a la adopción de la reforma antidiscriminación.
The study explores the role of online news media in sexual and gender rights change in Ukraine, relying on the analysis of the debate over the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) as part of the anti-discrimination reform in 2013 – 2015. Sexual and gender rights change was conceptualized as an outcome of hegemonic struggle among contesting discourses on sexual and gender rights based on the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. The research included three phases. In Phase I, conditions of possibility of sexual and gender rights change in Ukraine in 2013 – 2015 were examined using desk research. Dominant public opinion on sexuality, sexual and gender rights, and European integration, as well as the established legal, political, and media discourses on sexual and gender rights in Ukraine, were considered as conditions that shaped outcomes of the anti-discrimination controversy. In Phase II, political discourse on sexual and gender rights in Ukraine in 2013 – 2015 was analyzed with the use of post-foundational discourse analysis, relying on the data collected from the official websites of government, parliament, and groups of interest involved in the controversy over the anti-discrimination reform. Four discourse coalitions on sexual and gender rights were identified according to the articulations of the key floating signifiers in the debate: sexual orientation and gender identity, democracy, national identity, and foreign policy. Each coalition developed its own set of storylines that linked the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of SOGI to the coalitions’ articulations of the floating signifiers (nodal points). In Phase III, media representation of the contesting discourse coalitions on sexual and gender rights was examined with the use of quantitative content analysis and post-foundational discourse analysis of the anti-discrimination reform coverage in the five most popular Ukrainian online news media. This analysis revealed that during the first round of the anti-discrimination controversy (2013 – 2014), news websites affiliated with big media holdings owned by oligarchs favored conservative discourse coalitions by quoting their members more frequently, providing imbalanced coverage of their position, and echoing conservative assumptions about SOGI in journalistic comments. Small independent online news media favored liberal discourse coalitions using the same means. During the second round of the controversy (2015), all examined online news media favored liberal discourse coalitions in their coverage of the debate. The study suggests that support provided by the online news media contributed to the capacity of contesting discourse coalitions to change sexual and gender rights law. In 2013 – 2014, favorable coverage in the media affiliated with big media holdings and substantial presence in the independent online news media helped the conservative pro-EU coalition to articulate the prohibition of sexual orientation discrimination as a threat to democracy and national identity and an obstacle to the European integration of Ukraine in the public sphere, which contributed to the failure of the anti-discrimination reform. In 2015, favorable coverage in the top five Ukrainian online news media helped liberal discourse coalitions on sexual and gender rights to rearticulate the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of SOGI as an instance of democratic protection of equal civil rights, adherence to European values, and a precondition of European integration, which contributed to the adoption of the anti-discrimination reform.
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French, Erica. "Strategic equity management in the Australian private sector." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15887/1/Erica_French_Thesis.pdf.
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Developing equitable practices that provide fair access for all individuals to the benefits and burdens within an organisation remains a dilemma for management both in policy and practice. Research continues to show that the employment status and representation of women is significantly less in relation to those of men. Conflicting arguments on the causes of disparity and competing ideals on the value and means for addressing the disparity have resulted in a number of different opinions on the implementation and practice of equity management. This dissertation contributes to the current knowledge of equity management, exploring contemporary equity management strategies, identifying the approaches of its implementation and analysing these against the outcomes for the status of women's employment. The equity management practices of more that 1900 Australian Private Sector organisations are explored in order to identify the common themes of equity management. Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factory Analysis are used to analyse the data. A model of strategic equity management practice was developed that identifies different structures, strategies and distribution principles designed to address the disparity between men and women. A major aim of this thesis was to explore the ability of a typological theory of equity management approaches to account for the differences in the status of women's employment. The thesis proposes a typology of equity management approaches that explain the implementation of equity management strategies based on structure and process. Four ideal-typical equity management approaches to achieving workplace parity are identified and explored. The traditional (non-compliance), anti-discrimination, affirmative action and gender diversity approaches proposed inform the a priori Cluster Analysis process that grouped Australian organisations based on their use of the approaches to equity management. Significant numbers of Australian organisations were identified utilising each of the identified approaches to equity management. It was further proposed that the different equity management approaches would be predictors of different outcomes for the employment status of women. MANCOVA was used to analyse the equity management approaches (as the independent variables) and the data on the status of women's employment (as the dependent variables). The findings indicate that the different approaches to equity management are predictors of different outcomes for the employment status of women. Results show that the traditional approach to equity management, which includes the use of none of the equity management strategies identified, is not a predictor of increases in any of the employment measures of women. The anti-discrimination approach, which includes the use of a limited number of equity management strategies identified, is a predictor of increases in some of the employment measures of women. The affirmative action approach to equity management, which includes the use of a number of proactive equity management strategies identified, is a predictor of increases in the employment status of women across a number of measures. The gender diversity approach to equity management, which includes the use of all the equity management strategies identified, is a limited predictor of increases in the employment status of women across some of the measures of employment. Managing the equity process within organisations is increasingly identified as an important tool in managing human resources in competitive, global environments that require productive workers and quality outputs. If equity management is to provide an effective means of addressing disparity between men and women in organisations, this thesis argues for the development of a strategic process to address the specific issues of disparity and the particular needs of the individual and the explicit goals of the organisation in equal opportunity.
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French, Erica. "Strategic Equity Management in the Australian Private Sector." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15887/.
Full textAbstract:
Developing equitable practices that provide fair access for all individuals to the benefits and burdens within an organisation remains a dilemma for management both in policy and practice. Research continues to show that the employment status and representation of women is significantly less in relation to those of men. Conflicting arguments on the causes of disparity and competing ideals on the value and means for addressing the disparity have resulted in a number of different opinions on the implementation and practice of equity management. This dissertation contributes to the current knowledge of equity management, exploring contemporary equity management strategies, identifying the approaches of its implementation and analysing these against the outcomes for the status of women's employment. The equity management practices of more that 1900 Australian Private Sector organisations are explored in order to identify the common themes of equity management. Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factory Analysis are used to analyse the data. A model of strategic equity management practice was developed that identifies different structures, strategies and distribution principles designed to address the disparity between men and women. A major aim of this thesis was to explore the ability of a typological theory of equity management approaches to account for the differences in the status of women's employment. The thesis proposes a typology of equity management approaches that explain the implementation of equity management strategies based on structure and process. Four ideal-typical equity management approaches to achieving workplace parity are identified and explored. The traditional (non-compliance), anti-discrimination, affirmative action and gender diversity approaches proposed inform the a priori Cluster Analysis process that grouped Australian organisations based on their use of the approaches to equity management. Significant numbers of Australian organisations were identified utilising each of the identified approaches to equity management. It was further proposed that the different equity management approaches would be predictors of different outcomes for the employment status of women. MANCOVA was used to analyse the equity management approaches (as the independent variables) and the data on the status of women's employment (as the dependent variables). The findings indicate that the different approaches to equity management are predictors of different outcomes for the employment status of women. Results show that the traditional approach to equity management, which includes the use of none of the equity management strategies identified, is not a predictor of increases in any of the employment measures of women. The anti-discrimination approach, which includes the use of a limited number of equity management strategies identified, is a predictor of increases in some of the employment measures of women. The affirmative action approach to equity management, which includes the use of a number of proactive equity management strategies identified, is a predictor of increases in the employment status of women across a number of measures. The gender diversity approach to equity management, which includes the use of all the equity management strategies identified, is a limited predictor of increases in the employment status of women across some of the measures of employment. Managing the equity process within organisations is increasingly identified as an important tool in managing human resources in competitive, global environments that require productive workers and quality outputs. If equity management is to provide an effective means of addressing disparity between men and women in organisations, this thesis argues for the development of a strategic process to address the specific issues of disparity and the particular needs of the individual and the explicit goals of the organisation in equal opportunity.
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Hochberg, Amy Rebecca. "Uncovering oppression within the anti-rape movement the role of race in the reporting experiences of adult Black female rape survivors : a project based upon an independent investigation /." Click here for text online. Smith College School for Social Work website, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/982.
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Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-83).
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Iordanou, Kostas [Verfasser], Georgios [Akademischer Betreuer] Smaragdakis, Nikolaos [Akademischer Betreuer] Laoutaris, Georgios [Gutachter] Smaragdakis, Nikolaos [Gutachter] Laoutaris, and Hamed [Gutachter] Haddadi. "Crowdsourcing as a guardian of transparency, privacy, and anti-discrimination in a personalized web / Kostas Iordanou ; Gutachter: Georgios Smaragdakis, Nikolaos Laoutaris, Hamed Haddadi ; Georgios Smaragdakis, Nikolaos Laoutaris." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/118242385X/34.
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Correa, Harcus Ana Maria. "Discrimination in Online Platforms: A Comparative Law Approach to Design, Intermediation and Data Challenges." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/313295.
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This doctoral thesis is at the intersection of law and technology by focusing on the ethical governance of private companies on the topic of discrimination. It centers on algorithmic and intentional discrimination. It aimed to determine whether the European Union and Federal USA law are equipped to address discrimination in the provision of work, goods, and services online. Through and extensive analyses of sources that included private company practices, private anti-discrimination policies, collective and private litigation, court decisions, public regulation at the EU, Member State levels, and United States, this thesis argued that statutory law and legal precedents in the European Union and United States are only partially equipped to address discrimination against statutorily protected classes. The author of this thesis inferred from the selected sources that the main obstacles to the full implementation of the equality principle rely on businesses' structural challenges, including aesthetic design, matching tools, evaluation systems, and network effect of online platforms that ultimately reinforce old biases against protected classes. Furthermore, rigid and more flexible regimes of liability immunities to online intermediaries results in the lack of incentive for structural changes. Finally, in the light of these structural challenges, this thesis asserts that the fight against discrimination in online platforms might produce the best results when also oriented by a model of regulation that encourages online platforms to implement the principle of transparency and fairness in their interactions with users, coupled with the cooperation of anti-discrimination bodies and private businesses.Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Donnou, Sabrina. "Caractérisation des cellules microgliales adultes et de leur potentiel en immunothérapie des tumeurs cérébrales." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00341604.
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Les cellules microgliales, principales cellules immunocompétentes résidentes du système nerveux central (SNC), d'origine myéloïde, présentent un potentiel intéressant dans la lutte contre le cancer par leur localisation privilégiée dans les tumeurs cérébrales. A la moindre perturbation de leur microenvironnement, elles s'activent graduellement, ré-expriment toutes les molécules nécessaires à la présentation de l'antigène, perdent leurs prolongements cytoplasmiques jusqu'à devenir amiboïdes et sont donc à terme totalement indiscernables des macrophages périphériques. Dans le cadre d'une immunothérapie anti-tumorale, il est important pour mieux comprendre les réponses immunitaires de pouvoir distinguer les divers protagonistes. Au sein des produits d'une banque soustractive microgliale réalisée auparavant au laboratoire, trois ARNm se sont révélés discriminants entre cellules microgliales et macrophages primaires et ce, même en condition pro- ou anti-inflammatoire. Les cellules microgliales peuvent également dans certaines conditions se différencier en cellules type dendritique. Or ces dernières sont très prometteuses en immunothérapie active, notamment par leur capacité à effectuer la présentation croisée. En utilisant la microglie néonatale ou adulte primaire, nous avons mis en évidence que la microglie in vitro et ex vivo était aussi capable de présentation croisée et que celle-ci, bien que de faible intensité, peut être modulée positivement par le GM-CSF et le CpG. Deux modèles de tumeurs intracérébrales plus ou moins immunogènes implantées par stéréotaxie chez la souris ont alors été développés afin d'évaluer des protocoles utilisant ces résultats. Ainsi un traitement combinant déplétion des lymphocytes T régulateurs et injection de CpG permet de guérir la plupart des animaux ayant la tumeur la moins agressive mais ne montre en revanche pas de réel bénéfice pour la tumeur très agressive en intracérébral alors qu'en périphérie les résultats sont systématiquement meilleurs. Enfin, l'immune responsive gene 1, issu de la banque soustractive, a été caractérisé et s'avère être un nouveau marqueur potentiel d'activation des cellules immunitaires innées stimulées par les interférons ou les ligands des récepteurs Toll, aussi bien chez la souris que chez l'homme, et pourrait donc être intéressant pour suivre l'évolution de la réponse du système immunitaire après une thérapie.
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Wagland, Richard. "Age, equality, and cultural oppression : an argument against ageism." Thesis, Brunel University, 2004. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5557.
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The concept of 'ageism' has often been thought to be of limited moral concern, especially in comparison to other forms of discrimination such as racism and sexism. Nevertheless, there are also those who believe that ageism is morally significant, and there are diametrically opposed views within liberal and egalitarian theory as to whether age discrimination is or is not just. This thesis has two objectives. Firstly, it seeks to overcome the apparent vagueness of the concept that has given rise to such diametrically opposed views concerning ageism by examining exactly what the phenomenon involves. It defines the wrongfulness of much age discrimination as originating in either the nature of the reasons for which people discriminate against the old or the nature of the consequences for the individuals affected. In the course of the thesis I make several important distinctions, the most important of which are between the social and moral worth of a person, and between the synchronic and diachronic interests of a person. These distinctions allow us to distinguish between a culturally oppressive ageism and ageism that is justified by reasons of equality and efficiency. The former is intrinsically morally wrong, the latter extrinsically wrong. The second aim of the thesis is to develop an anti-ageist ethical principle capable of challenging both forms of ageism in a comprehensive way, and which is consistent with a broader liberal egalitarian political theory. This is achieved by drawing on the distinction between the irreducible nature of each person's synchronic and diachronic interests. I have identified the principle that we should protect the synchronic interests of older persons with a democratic social egalitarianism that seeks to equalise the social relations between citizens rather than concentrating upon an equality of distribution. It is in this way that I also connect the debate about the morality (or otherwise) of age discrimination with debates within contemporary liberal egalitarian philosophy.
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Ichinose, Hiroki. "Examining Journalistic Discourses of Asian Americans in the News : A Qualitative Critical Discourse Analysis of News Coverage of the Atlanta Massage Parlor Shootings." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45974.
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This thesis examines the effects of discourses by journalists from six major media outlets in the United States covering the Atlanta massage parlor shootings. Through conducting critical discourse analysis, this research investigates the journalist's use of language, content selection, and positioning to understand journalistic reporting's role in influencing and promoting xenophobia towards Asian Americans and furthering the polarization of political ideologies. This research sampled news articles from various news outlets along a political spectrum, including the New York Times, The Washington Post, Fox News, CNN, NPR, and The Wall Street Journal. This analysis is conducted through analyzing observations and patterns found in 42 news articles by the selected news outlets, alongside a framework of communication theories including gatekeeping, framing, agenda-setting, and the representation of Asian Americans in media. This thesis is relevant to current events because there is an increase in anti-Asian sentiments due to the COVID- 19 pandemic. Overall, this study found that most journalists reporting the Atlanta massage parlor shootings utilized forms of framing and gatekeeping in the sampled articles. Observations found that the journalists practiced framing and gatekeeping, which displayed patterns of biases in their journalistic reporting. Additionally, this study found that the news media tended to use language that potentially dictates public discourse through agenda-setting practices. This thesis found that these biases attract specific audiences, which ultimately promote xenophobia and polarization. Journalists debated if a racial motive influenced the shooting. This debate between journalists was a crucial observation in identifying how framing and agenda-setting influenced furthered polarization of political ideologies. This thesis found patterns of language supporting a white racial frame that ultimately perpetuate a white hegemony. Moreover, patterns of journalistic reporting showed how representation, or lack of it, can contribute to xenophobic tendencies and increased anti-Asian sentiments. The results of this thesis signify the importance of language selection by journalists in reporting racially sensitive issues. This thesis displays the necessity for further research on how to promote journalistic language that minimizes biases.