Academic literature on the topic 'Anti- Hypertensive Activity'

Diuresis refers to an increase in the rate of urine flow and sodium excretion from the system via the urine. It is a necessary excretory process that may prove difficult for some disease systems e.g. enlarged prostates. Hypertension occurs as a result of systolic blood pressure higher than 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure higher than 90 mmHg. It is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting more than a billion people worldwide. A high dietary sodium intake is one of the factors associated with the development of hypertension. Clerodendrum chinensis is used by local communities in West Africa for its diuretic and anti-hypertensive properties. We analyze the phytochemical properties of the mixed leaf, root, and stem aqueous extract of the plant and investigate its anti-hypertensive and diuretic activity in Sodium chloride diet-induced hypertensive rats. The anti-hypertensive effect of extract at different concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) was studied and compared with a known drug compound; Furosemide. Treated animal urine was analyzed for urinary excretion and diuretic action. The anti-hypertensive effect was statistically significant when compared with the control p < 0.001. The extract at 100mg/kg demonstrated the best systolic and diastolic blood pressure lowering potential as compared to other concentrations. The diuretic action of the plant extract at the lowest dose (100 mg/kg) was high and quantitatively similar to the standard drug. The combined powdered leaf, stem and roots aqueous extract of C. chinense possesses anti-hypertensive and diuretic potential in salt-loaded hypertensive rats.

SummaryAbnormal activation of blood platelets may be a contributory factor in the accelerated vascular disease which occurs in hypertension. We investigated the effects of lowering blood pressure in 12 patients with mild hypertension on several aspects of platelet function, initially in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study with nisoldipine, and subsequently in the same patients comparing nisoldipine with the patients’ usual anti-hypertensive therapy. Values were compared with those from an age, sex-matched control population. Seven hypertensive patients with renal failure were also studied. Administration of nisoldipine reduced ex vivo “spontaneous” aggregation of blood platelets significantly, and a similar significant effect was seen when blood pressure was lowered by the patients usual anti-hypertensive therapy. “Spontaneous” aggregation occurring in the control population was similar to that in the treated hypertensives. Blood platelet count, and aggregation in response to ADP and adrenalin were unaffected by treatment. Median plasma beta thromboglobulin levels were significantly higher in the untreated hypertensive patients (43 ng ml-1) than in the controls (30 ng ml-1), and there was a trend to reduced values for beta thromboglobulin on treatment of the hypertension. These results indicate that blood platelet activity is enhanced in hypertension and that function returns towards normal when blood pressure is lowered by treatment.

Blood pressure is caused by another medical condition or use of certain medicine. It usually gets better after you treat that condition or stop taking medicines that are causing it Antihypertensive drug therapy has been remarkable improved in the last 60 years received different classes of drugs have received prominence with passage of time in this period. Before 1950 hardly any effective and toleratad antihypertensive was available .There is majer risk factors of hypertension are High sodium (salt)" overweight & obesity physical inactivity According to world health organisation Imperical college London joint press release,the number of adults aged 30-79 years with hypertension has increased from 650 million to 1.28 billions in the last thirty years According to WHO & PAHO hypertension affect 1 in 6 adults in the Americas & is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases,which are the leading cause of death in the region responsible for around 2 million lives last each year Garlic has been shows to have cardiovascular protective & immunomodulatory properties Objectives - We updated previous meta-analysis on the effect of garlic on blood pressure & reviewed the effect of garlic on hypertension Garlic , Cardamom, Ginger are popular food spice & well established medicinal properties Evidence support that fact regular consumption of garlic can reduce factors associated with cardiovascular diseases Garlic, Cardamom, Ginger is also associated with a reduction in hypertension The mechanism of action by which garlic prevents CVD are being addressed & it's consumption for maintaining a healthy heart should be encouraged

Hypertension is a type of disease whose treatment requires patients to take medication for a long period of time, even for life. This disease can cause new diseases or various complications. So that this does not happen, a good level of compliance with the consumption of anti-hypertension drugs is needed in hypertension sufferers. By taking anti-hypertension medication you can stop the disease and normalize blood pressure levels. Compliance with treatment for hypertensive patients is the main key because hypertension is a disease that must be continuously controlled or managed so as not to cause complications with other diseases. This community service activity aims to socialize or educate the public about compliance with taking anti-hypertension drugs for hypertensive patients in the Karang Anyer Community Health Center working area. The method used was giving a pretest before the socialization was carried out and a posttest after the socialization was carried out on 25 people with hypertension who were participants in the socialization activities. From the results before the socialization was carried out, it was found that the majority of hypertension sufferers were not compliant in taking anti-hypertension medication namely 16 people (64%), and after carrying out socialization activities, it was found that there was an increase in the level of compliance of hypertension sufferers in consuming anti-hypertension drugs, namely 25 people (100%). Therefore, it can be concluded that this socialization or education activity can help hypertensive patients increase their compliance in taking anti-hypertension medication regularly.

Background. Systemic arterial hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular risks, corresponding to 45% of deaths involving CVDs. The use of natural products, such as medicinal plants, belongs to a millennial part of human therapeutics history and has been employed as an alternative anti-hypertensive treatment. Objective. The present review aims to prospect some natural products already experimentally assayed against arterial hypertension through scientific virtual libraries and patent documents over the past 20 years. Search strategy. This is a systematic review of the adoption of the PRISMA protocol and a survey of the scientific literature that synthesizes the results from published articles between 2001 and 2020 concerning the use of medicinal plants in the management of hypertension, including which parts of the plant or organism are used, as well as the mechanisms of action underlying the anti-hypertensive effect. Furthermore, a technological prospection was also carried out in patent offices from different countries in order to check technologies based on natural products claimed for the treatment or prevention of hypertension. Inclusion criteria. Scientific articles where a natural product had been experimentally assayed for anti-hypertensive activity (part of plants, plant extracts, and products derived from other organisms) were included. Data extraction and analysis. The selected abstracts of the articles and patent documents were submitted to a rigorous reading process. Those articles and patents that were not related to anti-hypertensive effects and claimed potential applications were excluded from the search. Results. Eighty specimens of biological species that showed anti-hypertensive activity were recovered, with 01 representative from the kingdom Fungi and 02 from the kingdom Protista, with emphasis on the families Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, with 6 representatives each. Leaves and aerial parts were the most used parts of the plants for the extraction of anti-hypertensive products, with maceration being the most used extraction method. Regarding phytochemical analyses, the most described classes of biomolecules in the reviewed works were alkaloids, terpenes, coumarins, flavonoids, and peptides, with the reduction of oxidative stress and the release of NO among the mechanisms of action most involved in this process. Regarding the number of patent filings, China was the country that stood out as the main one, with 813 registrations. Conclusion. The anti-hypertensive activity of natural products is still little explored in Western countries. Besides, China and India have shown more results in this area than other countries, confirming the strong influence of traditional medicine in these countries.

Background: Hypertension is called as Silent killer. The most important risk factor for heart diseases and stroke and it may leads to premature death. Several medicinal plants have high effective in anti-hypertensive and anti-thrombotic activity without any side effects. Aim: To evaluate the anti-hypertensive activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Cìraka cūraṇam on deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt induced wistar albino rats. Study design: Observational in-vivo study Place and duration of study: Animal house, Dept. of Pharmacology, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy, Krishnankoil, Srivilliputtur,Tamilnadu. Materials and methods: Antihypertensive activity was conducted on wistar albino rats by determining serum Sodium and Potassium levels by using semi auto analyzer (RA-50, Bayer Diagnostics), using specific kits (Auto span, India) at 500 and 550 nm respectively and left carotid artery (for recording BP) was cannulated under aseptic conditions with polyethylene cannula filled with 1% heparin in normal saline. Rest procedure, which was stated under the 2K1C-model was followed and BP was observed in terms of mm of Hg. Results: The Cìraka cūraṇam possesses strong antihypertensive effect against DOCA-salt hypertensive rats, which is evidenced by a considerable decrease in blood pressures. Keywords: Anti-hypertensive activity, Cìraka cūraṇam, Wistar albino rats, Deoxycorticosterone acetate.

The aim of the paper is provided information regarding incredible medicinal herb AcorusCalamus and its extract has various medicinal benefits like Anti diabetic activity, anti hypertensive effect, cytotoxic effect , immunosuppressive activity , antifungal activity , analgesic and anticonvulsant effect, bronchodilatory activity , licicidal activity, wound healing activity, coronary vasodilator effect, anti-cancer activity.The phytochemical constituent present in extract of oil are a-asarone, b-asarone, c-asarone, calamine, calamenenol, calameone, a-pinene,b-pinene, camphene, p-cymene, eugenyl acetate, eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl isoeugenol, calamol, azulene, eugenol methyl ether, dipentene, methyleeugenol, asaronealdehyde, terpinolene, 1,8-cineole

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-05-08T02:43:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 127110045.pdf: 1527824 bytes, checksum: 960729a0a23069d5d40ec997cc3034b8 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T02:43:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 127110045.pdf: 1527824 bytes, checksum: 960729a0a23069d5d40ec997cc3034b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-17<br>O gênero Cuphea, popularmente conhecido no Brasil por “sete-sangrias”, tem seu uso medicinal reconhecido devido aos efeitos diurético, hipotensor e cardioprotetor. No sul do Brasil, em região característica do bioma Pampa, foi encontrada a espécie Cuphea glutinosa Cham. & Schltdl. Embora o uso popular, esta espécie é pouco descrita na literatura. O presente trabalho tem como objetivos o estudo da composição química dos extratos de C. glutinosa e a avaliação das atividades antifúngica e anti-hipertensiva. O material vegetal foi coletado na cidade de Uruguaiana (RS, Brasil), identificado e depositado em herbário. Após secagem e trituração do material vegetal, foram obtidos os extratos hidroetanólicos através de maceração exaustiva com etanol 40% (v/v) para folhas e etanol 70% (v/v) para raízes. Para a infusão, utilizou-se água a 80oC. As análises cromatográficas foram realizadas em equipamento cromatógrafo a líquido Prominence Shimadzu, em técnica por CLAE e CLUE. Utilizou-se sistema de fase reversa, eluição por gradiente com fase móvel composta por acetonitrila:metanol (4:1) e ácido fórmico 0,1% pH 3,0, coluna C18 analítica e fast, e detecção por UV-DAD e ESI-MS. Os teores de polifenóis totais e de flavonóides foram determinados por método colorimétrico, seguindo metodologia padronizada. A atividade antifúngica in vitro foi realizada utilizando o método de microdiluição em caldo, determinando-se a CIM, in-vitro, contra diferentes isolados clínicos. Para avaliação do potencial anti-hipertensivo in vivo, foram realizadas medições da pressão sanguínea pelo método de monitoramento hemodinâmico invasivo, através da inserção de cateter na artéria carótida. Os resultados de teor de fenólicos totais indicaram predominância destes componentes em extratos obtidos de folhas e por maceração, conforme os valores obtidos: 1,8501 mg EAG/mL (folhas) e 0,8467 mg EAG/mL (raízes) para infusão, e 3,7284 mgEAG/mL (folhas) e 2,6266 mg EAG/mL (raízes) para maceração. Quanto ao teor de flavonóides, os resultados quantitativos foram: 7,0959 mg/g (folhas) e 0,5664 mg/g (raízes) para a infusão, e 7,9511 mg/g (folhas) e 0,5994 mg/g (raízes) para maceração. Na análise cromatográfica, os extratos obtidos das folhas de C. glutinosa apresentaram picos cromatográficos bem separados, em perfil reprodutível. Na determinação por CLUE-MS, os dados de íon molecular e fragmentos de massa indicaram a composição predominante em flavonóides, sugerindo-se os componentes quercetina-3-O-glicosídeo, quercetina-3- arabinosídeo, quercetina-3-glicuronídeo, isoramnetina e quercetina-5-O-β-glicopiranosídeo. Para o potencial antifúngico, os extratos das folhas e raízes apresentaram atividade in vitro contra Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis e Trichosporon asahii, com CIM variando na faixa de 1,9-62,5 μg/mL. Nos testes hemodinâmicos realizados, os extratos das folhas não apresentaram efeito significativo sobre a pressão arterial. A identificação dos componentes em C. glutinosa, derivados de quercetina, torna promissora novas investigações a fim de aprofundar o conhecimento a respeito desta espécie, em especial na busca de respostas para a relatada ação anti-hipertensiva.<br>The Cuphea genus, popularly known in Brazil as "sete-sangrias", is used traditionally due the diuretic, hypotensive and cardioprotective effects. In southern Brazil, in characteristic region of Pampa biome, it was found the species Cuphea glutinosa Cham. & Schltdl. Although used popularly, this species is few reported in the literature. The present work aimed to study the chemical composition of extracts from C. glutinosa and to evaluate the antifungal and anti -hypertensive activities. The plant material was collected in the city of Uruguaiana (RS, Brazil), identified and deposited in a herbarium. After dryness and milling, the hydroethanolic extracts were obtained through exhaustive maceration using ethanol 40% (v/v) for leaves and ethanol 70% (v/v) for roots. The infusions were prepared using water at 80 °C. The chromatographic analyses were performed in liquid chromatography Prominence Shimadzu, for HPLC and UPLC assays. The method was conducted using reverse phase system, gradient elution with mobile phase composed by acetonitrile:methanol (4:1) and formic acid 0.1% pH 3.0, C18 analytical and fast column, and detection by UV-DAD and MS. The polyphenols and flavonoids contents were determined by colorimetric method. The in vitro antifungal activity was conducted by using the broth microdilution method, determining the MIC against different clinical isolates. For evaluation of in vivo anti-hypertensive potential, the blood pressure was measured by the method of invasive hemodynamic monitoring, through of insertion the catheter into the carotid artery. The results of phenolic content indicated the high concentration of these compounds in leaves extracts obtained by maceration: 1.8501 mgEAG/mL (leaves) and 0.8467 mgEAG/mL (roots) for infusion, and 3.7284 mgEAG/mL (leaves) and 2.6266 mgEAG/mL (roots) for maceration. For flavonoids, the contents were: 7.0959 mg/g (leaves) and 0.5664 mg/g (roots) for infusion, and 7.9511 mg/g (leaves) and 0.5994mg/g (roots) for maceration. In the chromatographic analyses, the leaf extracts from C. glutinosa presented chromatographic peaks well separated and reproducible. In the determination by UPLC-MS, the molecular ion and mass fragments indicated the predominant composition in flavonoids, suggesting the compounds quercetin-3- O-glucoside, quercetin-3-arabinoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, isorhamnetin and quercetin-5- O-β-glucopiranoside. For the antifungal potential, the leaf and roots extracts presented activity against Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis e Trichosporon asahii, with MIC values ranging 1,9-62,5 μg/mL. In the hemodynamic tests performed, the leaves extracts did not present significant effect in the arterial pressure, although a tendency in pressure reduction could be observed. The identification of quercetin derivatives in C. glutinosa becomes promisor further investigations about this species, mainly in respect to the anti-hypertensive action.

Orientador: Flavia Maria Netto<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T15:37:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria_Mariza_M.pdf: 1934217 bytes, checksum: d2b5831163c6c6be9fad1f62fd40b3fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: Peptídeos inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) presentes em alimentos têm despertado o interesse de muitos pesquisadores, pois há evidências que sua ingestão, possa auxiliar na prevenção e no tratamento não medicamentoso da hipertensão. O potencial da atividade anti-hipertensiva de peptídeos tem sido avaliado principalmente com relação à capacidade de inibir a ECA, que tem papel fundamental na regulação da pressão arterial. Desta forma, inúmeros estudos têm focado a produção e o isolamento de peptídeos com atividade inibidora da ECA a partir de proteínas de diferentes fontes alimentícias, embora ainda pouco se conhece sobre a biodisponibilidade destes peptídeos. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: avaliação da influência das enzimas do trato gastrintestinal na atividade inibitória da ECA de hidrolisados protéicos e sua correlação com a atividade anti-hipertensiva avaliada in vivo e avaliar o efeito antihipertensivo e na função renal de hidrolisados de diferentes fontes. Utilizou-se hidrolisados comerciais de diferentes fontes protéicas: caseína (Hyprol 8052), soro de leite (Hyprol 3301) e glutén de trigo (Hyprol 4137) fornecidos pela Kerry Bio-Science; caseina (CE90ACE), soro de leite (WE80BG) e soja (SE50BT), doados pela DMV International e colágenos hidrolisados de origem bovina e suína (Gelita South América). Os colágenos hidrolisados foram fracionados em sistema de ultrafiltração com membranas de cut off de 30 a 50 kDa, 5 a 8 kDa e 1 a 2 kDa, obtendo-se os permeados P1 (PM< 30-50kDa), P2 (PM< 5-8kDa) e P3 (PM< 1-2 kDa), respectivamente. Os hidrolisados foram caracterizados físico-quimicamente e em seguida analisados quanto à capacidade de inibição da ECA antes e após a digestão gastrintestinal in vitro, e atividade anti-hipertensiva em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) por via oral. Os produtos que apresentaram as melhores atividades in vivo foram avaliados quanto à sua influência na função renal dos animais e efeito hipotensor prolongado na pressão arterial de SHR, em experimento crônico. A hidrólise gastrintestinal in vitro promoveu efeito variável sobre a atividade inibitória da ECA. Os hidrolisados de maior peso molecular, colágenos hidrolisados bovino e suíno, apresentaram aumento significativo da potência inibitória da ECA. Por outro lado, observou-se redução na capacidade de inibir a ECA dos hidrolisados com menor peso molecular, como os hidrolisados da caseína (Hyprol 8052 e CE90ACE), soro de leite (Hyprol 3301) e soja (SE50BT). Os colágenos hidrolisados bovino e suíno e suas frações, tanto antes como após a digestão gastrintestinal in vitro apresentaram menor potência inibitória da ECA que os demais hidrolisados. Todos os hidrolisados anali sados foram capazes de induzir redução significativa da pressão arterial de SHR, exceto os colágenos hidrolisados bovino (CHB) e suíno (CHS) não fracionados. Os hidrolisados do soro de leite (WE80BG), caseína (CE90ACE), fração P1 do colágeno bovino e suíno (CHBP1 e CHSP1) e a fração P3 do colágeno hidrolisado suíno (CHSP3) foram os mais eficientes em reduzir a pressão arterial de SHR. A administração oral crônica dos hidrolisados WE80BG e CHBP1 induziu uma redução progressiva e significativa da pressão arterial de SHR, sendo a diferença de 20,60 mmHg e 10 mmHg, respectivamente, em relação à pressão basal. O hidrolisado CE90ACE, que apresentou uma das melhores atividades anti-hipertensivas in vivo, induziu redução na filtração glomerular dos animais e promoveu maior excreção de sódio na porção pós-proximal do ducto renal, provavelmente devido a um efeito vasodilatador, decorrente da inibição da ECA. Ao comparar os resultados obtidos in vivo com os valores de IC50 antes e após a hidrólise gastrintestinal, não se observou relação entre a eficiência em inibir a ECA in vitro e a redução da pressão arterial in vivo dos hidrolisados protéicos comerciais. Em conclusão, as enzimas gastrintestinais exercem grande influência sobre atividade antihipertensiva dos hidrolisados protéicos comerciais, podendo aumentar ou diminuir o efeito hipotensor in vivo. Porém, a digestão gastrintestinal in vitro dos hidrolisados antes da avaliação do potencial inibidor da ECA unicamente não se mostrou vantajosa para a predição da atividade biológica dos hidrolisados, pois além da digestão gastrintestinal há outros fatores e/ou mecanismos que podem estar envolvidos com o decréscimo da pressão arterial produzido pela ação dos peptídeos<br>Abstract: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides present in foods have motivated the interest of many researchers, since there is evidence that the ingestion of these peptides, could aid in the prevention and in the non-medication treatment of hypertension. The anti-hypertensive activity of the peptides has been mainly assessed in relation to their capacity to inhibit the ACE, which has a fundamental role in regulating the blood pressure. In this way, innumerous studies have focused on the production and isolation of peptides with ACE-inhibitory activity from proteins from different food sources, though still little is known about the bioavailability of this peptides. The objectives of the present study were: assess the influence of the gastrointestinal enzymes on the ACEinhibitory activity of protein hydrolysates and the correlation with the anti-hypertensive activity assessed in vivo, and to assess the anti-hypertensive effect and kidney function of hydrolysates from different sources. Commercial hydrolysates from the following protein sources were used: casein (Hyprol 8052), milk whey (Hyprol 3301) and wheat gluten (Hyprol 4137), all provided by Kerry Bio-Science; casein (CE90ACE), milk whey (WE80BG) and soy (SE50BT), donated by DMV International, and hydrolysed collagens of bovine and porcine origins (Gelita South America). The hydrolysed collagens were fractionated in an ultrafiltration system using membranes with cut-offs of 30 to 50 kDa, 5 to 8 kDa and 1 to 2 kDa, obtaining the permeates P1 (PM<30-50 kDa), P2 (PM<5-8 kDa) and P3 (PM<1-2 kDa), respectively. The hydrolysates were physicochemically characterized and analysed for their ACE-inhibitory capacity before and after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and for their anti-hypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) via oral. The products presenting the best activity in vivo, were assessed for their influence on the kidney function of the animals and for their prolonged hypotensive effect on the blood pressure of SHR in a chronic experiment. The in vitro gastrointestinal hydrolysis promoted a variable effect on the ACE-inhibitory activity. The higher molecular weight hydrolysates, bovine and porcine collagen hydrolysates, presented a significant increase in the ACE-inhibitory potential. On the other hand a reduction in the ACE-inhibitory potential was observed for the smaller molecular weight hydrolysates, such as the casein (Hyprol 8052 and CE90ACE), milk whey (Hyprol 3301) and soy (SE50BT) hydrolysates. The bovine and porcine collagen hydrolysates and their fractions, both before and after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, presented lower ACE-inhibitory potential than the other hydrolysates.All the hydrolysates analysed were capable of inducing a significant reduction in blood pressure in the SHR, except for the non-fractionated bovine (BCH) and porcine (PCH) collagen hydrolysates. The milk whey (WE80BG) and casein (CE90ACE) hydrolysates, P1 fractions of bovine and porcine collagen (BCHP1 and PCHP1) and the P3 fraction of the porcine collagen hydrolysate (PCHP3) were the most efficient in reducing the blood pressure in SHR. The chronic oral administration of the hydrolysates WE80BG and BCHP1 induced a progressive, significant reduction in the blood pressure of the SHR, showing a difference of 20.60 mmHg and 10 mmHg, respectively, as compared to the basal pressure. The hydrolysate CE90ACE, which presented one of the best in vivo anti-hypertensive activities, induced a reduction in glomerular filtration by the animals and promoted greater sodium excretion at the post-proximal portion of the kidney duct, probably due to a vasodilatory effect on account of ACE-inhibition. On comparing the in vivo results with the IC50 values, before and after gastrointestinal hydrolysis, no relation was observed between the in vitro ACE-inhibitory efficiency and the in vivo reduction in blood pressure by the commercial protein hydrolysates. In conclusion, the gastrointestinal enzymes exert considerable influence on the anti-hypertensive activity of the commercial protein hydrolysates, and can increase or decrease the in vivo hypotensive effect. Thus the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the hydrolisates alone, before the assessment of the ACE-inhibitory potential, is apparently of no advantage in predicting the biological activity of the hydrolysates, since apart from the gastrointestinal digestion other factors and/or mechanisms can also be involved in the decrease in blood pressure produced by the action of the peptides<br>Mestrado<br>Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos<br>Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

The etiology of kidney cancer remains largely unknown. Cigarette smoking, obesity, and hypertension are well-established risk factors for kidney cancer. Although the current evidence is relatively mixed, other emerging risk factors include use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, and high parity in women. In contrast, physical activity and alcohol consumption have been consistently inversely associated with risk of kidney cancer. There is no convincing evidence of a causal link with any other specific food items or nutrients. Most kidney cancers are sporadic, and current studies of common genetic variants report mixed results, but genetic variations may also contribute to the etiology of kidney cancer. Further research is warranted to identify new environmental causes, to better understand the genetic and molecular processes, and to account for different molecular subtypes with specific genetic or tumor characteristics.

Heterocyclic compounds play an important role in drug design and discovery, and they have been used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. However, various drugs and therapies are available on the market. The novel synthetic drugs show promising in vitro activity, but the route to clinical trials is hampered by their low bioavailability and rapid metabolism. Tetrazoles have gained a lot of attention in recent years because they have the broadest biological activity spectrum of any heterocycle. Tetrazoles are a type of nitrogen heterocycle that has been found to be active in a variety of natural products as well as the biologically active nucleus. A vast number of studies have demonstrated the importance of this moiety in medicinal chemistry. The tetrazole ring has a similar structure to carboxylic acids and functions as a bioisostere analogue. A bioisostere is a group of molecules that have similar physiological properties, including biological activity. Tetrazole derivatives have been shown to have anti-hypertension, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, anti-leishmaniasis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and a variety of other biological activities. The tetrazole moiety functions as a good pharmacophore in the drug design and discovery fields, particularly in terms of rational drug design with high efficiency with structure and anti-cancer activity.

Glycyrrhiza glabra belongs to the family Fabaceae and is commonly called licorice. It is an important medicinal plant in Europe, China, and the Mediterranean. The plant's therapeutic value is also mentioned in Ayurveda and Siddha. Licorice is cultivated for commercial purposes in many parts of the world because of its economic value and demand. It is used as a flavoring agent in juices, candies, soft drinks, and beverages because of its characteristic taste and smell. In addition, it is regarded as a sweetener and thirst quencher. Licorice contains phytochemicals, and the most abundant compounds are glycyrrhizic acid, anethole, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, pinocembrin, and licoflavanone. The plant is a good source of antioxidants and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activity. Even though it has many health-benefiting features, consuming high amounts of licorice can lead to hypertension, hypokalemia, and congestive heart failure. Due to its high demand, good medicinal value, and poorly developed cultivation strategy, researchers are focusing on different aspects of the in vitro propagation of the plant. Studies have revealed that micropropagation of licorice has improved the level of secondary metabolites and high antioxidant properties. Thus, this chapter focuses on the propagation method of licorice, primarily focusing on micropropagation. Moreover, it also highlights the phytochemistry and important pharmacological activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra.

Obesity is a significant public health concern inside developed nations. The presence of this factor is widely recognized as a significant contributor to the onset and progression of various chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. In this study, it was discovered that aqueous extracts of Amorphophallus peaoniifolius and Amorphophallus konjac both significantly inhibited pancreatic lipase activity. The presence of numerous secondary metabolites in the extract may be responsible for the inhibitory effect. As an anti-obesity medication, the extract may be utilized. Lipase inhibitors are drugs that are used to lower the activity of lipases found in the intestine They bind to lipase enzymes, which are released by the pancreas and involved in the breakdown of dietary lipids. These enzymes are found in the intestine. Because lipase inhibitors stop the breakdown of dietary triglycerides to monoglycerides and fatty acids, there is no absorption of fat in the intestine and it is not used as a source of caloric energy. Instead, fat is expelled in the stool. This mechanism could potentially be used to treat obesity. Orlistat, which was used as a reference substance in our present study, is an example of a lipase inhibitor and tends to prevent absorption of 30% of the total fat intake from a meal. Lipase inhibitors have numerous adverse effects, including oily spotting, abdominal cramps, and hypertension. In this study, Amorphophallus peaoniifolius and Amorphophallus konjac were evaluated for their anti-obesity properties. It was hypothesized that it would possess a comparable anti-obesity effect. The antilipase activity of the aqueous extracts of Amorphophallus peaoniifolius and Amorphophallus konjac was evaluated. Compared to orlistat (100%), it inhibits chicken Pancreatic lipase enzyme by 96% and 92% at 5 mg/ml. The present study demonstrates that aqueous extracts of Amorphophallus peaoniifolius and Amorphophallus konjac have comparable antilipase activity in obesity.

Physical activity promotion is a key component of all preventive interventions in the management of cardiovascular diseases: many of the multi-risk factor benefits are mediated through its implementation. In cardiovascular diseases, physical exercise increases fibrinolysis and decreases coagulability, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, improves autonomic function, and prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, which may also help to explain the improvement in hyperaemic myocardial blood flow (flow reserve). Regular physical activity slows coronary artery disease progression, and improves functional independence by improving fitness and reducing signs and symptoms of exercise intolerance. In addition, peak oxygen uptake is an important predictor of both cardiac and all-cause death: even a small gain in aerobic power may improve not only functional capacity but also survival prospects. In this chapter, key points concerning implementation of exercise in ischaemic heart disease, heart failure (including cardiac transplantation), and hypertension are discussed.

Physical activity promotion is a key component of all preventive interventions in the management of cardiovascular diseases: many of the multi-risk factor benefits are mediated through its implementation. In cardiovascular diseases, physical exercise increases fibrinolysis and decreases coagulability, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, improves autonomic function, and prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, which may also help to explain the improvement in hyperaemic myocardial blood flow (flow reserve). Regular physical activity slows coronary artery disease progression, and improves functional independence by improving fitness and reducing signs and symptoms of exercise intolerance. In addition, peak oxygen uptake is an important predictor of both cardiac and all-cause death: even a small gain in aerobic power may improve not only functional capacity but also survival prospects. In this chapter, key points concerning implementation of exercise in ischaemic heart disease, heart failure (including cardiac transplantation), and hypertension are discussed.

Pigmented rice has attracted major attention because of its higher levels of bioactive compounds and its higher concentration of micro- and macronutrients, compared with white rice. Pigmented rice cultivars are found in various colors i.e. black, purple, red, and brown. Pigmented rice contains good amounts of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and different phytochemicals with beneficial health effects. Pigmented rice is abundant in phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant compounds. In comparison with white rice varieties, colored rice contains higher levels of polyphenols. Starch is the main component of rice grain, and it accounts for about 72–82% of brown rice and 90% of milled rice. Native starches have many drawbacks; to improve these properties, starch is generally modified using different physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments. Functional properties are the basic physicochemical properties of flours, which have a complex relationship between different components of grains. Pigmented rice has desirable functional properties, which are essential for product formulations. Pigmented rice has been reported to have several health benefits including preventing hypertension, gluten-related disorders, and heart diseases; as well as having anti-diabetic potential, antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory activity, and anti-cancer activity. This chapter will highlight the opportunities for developing novel health supplements from pigmented rice flours. Biotechnology is used in various crops, including rice, to improve its desirable properties. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the nutritional composition, bioactive characteristics, functional properties and health benefits of pigmented rice.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by hardening/narrowing of arteries and reduction of blood flow to vital organs. Animal models and human research show that endothelial dysfunction and plaque development precede the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and related coronary heart disease, neurological, and renal disorders. Cardiac CT-scans are used to detect atherosclerosis. Early diagnosis of atherosclerosis reduces mortality, morbidity, and healthcare expenditures. Biomarkers like C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-8, phospholipase A2, cardiac troponin, MicroRNA, miR-21, and other endothelial inflammation biomarkers are novel targets for monitoring atherosclerosisrelated cardiovascular disorders. Anti-platelet and anti-cholesterol drugs are used in the treatment of atherogenesis and blood vessel clots. However, cholesterol-lowering drugs may cause serious adverse effects. Thus, safe and cost-effective non-pharmacological anti-atherogenic and anticoagulant therapies are urgently needed. Nutraceuticals, functional foods, plant-derived therapies, antioxidant/anti-inflammation, foods/fruits/vegetables, and lifestyle changes (e.g., physical activity, less alcohol, smoking cessation) reduce atherogenesis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, LDL, and C-reactive protein in all age groups, especially younger people. Overwhelming evidence suggests that regular physical activity (30 min/day), cessation of cigarette smoking, and consumption of antioxidant nutraceuticals rich in flavonoids and retinoids, fresh vegetables and fruits, omega-3 PUFA, culinary spices, probiotics, Mediterranean-type diet, and “DASH DIET” lower the risk of atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes current advances in the diagnosis and management of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular illnesses with plant-based and wholesome diets, including the Mediterranean diet, DASH DIET, and lifestyle changes. New preventative measures and alternative therapies, including dietary interventions and plant-based foods may be the most cost-effective ways to manage atherosclerosis and cardiovascular illnesses.

This chapter explores the diverse applications of algal biocompounds in human health, focusing on dietary, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical uses. Algae, ranging from macroscopic kelp to microscopic single-celled organisms (including cyanobacteria), are a rich source of bioactive compounds with potential benefits for human health and well-being. This chapter begins by classifying algae and highlighting their historical use as food. It then delves into the current and prospective applications of algal biocompounds, dividing the discussion into three main sections. The first section examines the dietary uses of algae as food supplements and additives, focusing on their role as sources of macro- and micronutrients, natural colourings, thickeners and prebiotics. The second section explores the external use of algal extracts in cosmetics, discussing their applications in anti-aging, whitening, moisturizing, thickening, photoprotection, antioxidant activity and hair care. Finally, the third section investigates the pharmaceutical potential of algal biocompounds, examining their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activities, hypertension management, direct cancer treatment and indirect aids, and diagnostic use. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and commercial applications of algal biocompounds in human health, highlighting their potential to contribute to sustainable food solutions, enhance cosmetic products, and develop novel pharmaceuticals.

Obesity is an excessive accumulation of fat in the body associated with numerous complications such as development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, and respiratory disorders; and ultimately life-threatening cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, certain types of cancer and osteoarthritis. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults aged 18 years and older were overweight. Of these, over 650 million adults were obese, that is over 39% of men and 40% of women were overweight. Rapid rise in obesity cases in both developed and developing countries and people suffering from it needs rapid and complete cure form it without any side effects. Herbal medicine has been used for the treatment of disease for more than 2000 years, and it has proven efficacy. Many studies have confirmed that herbal medicines are effective in the treatment of obesity. Various plants from different families and several phytochemical constituents are responsible for the anti-obesity activity such as fenugreek cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, etc. Present work mainly cover herbal species having leptin-stimulating potential for weight management, importance of leptin, its mechanism of action, current and herbal treatment for effective weight management.

Aizoon Canariense, Cynomorium Coccineum, Glossonema Edule, and Malva Parviflora, edible desert plants from Qatar, were selected to determine levels of phenolic bioactives and potential health benefits for managing early stages of type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Aqueous extracts of C. Cocineum, contained soluble phenolics and had relatively high levels of antioxidant activity associated with α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE). G. Edule and M. Parviflora had moderate levels of anti-oxidant potential, soluble phenolics, and ACE inhibitory activity. The medicinal properties associated with C. Coccineum suggest the plant may have potential as a diet-based solution for combating, preventing, and managing the early stage of type 2 diabetes when coupled with an overall healthy life style and pharmacological management strategies.

Introduction: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the second cause of death in the world, and arterial hypertension (AH) is the main risk factor. Objetives: To evaluate the prevalence of AH and the epidemiological profile of patients who suffered CVA, first and recurrent events, registered at JOINVASC, between 2013 and 2019. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study, analyzing demographic data and risk factors, in patients that suffered CVA, first or recurrent event, was done. Results: In the study period, 6057 CVA events were registered, 4402(72.6%) patients were classified as hypertensive, (122 were excluded due to incomplete data), 4387 registers were analyzed. In this group, 2149 (51.2%) were male, mean age was 68.4±14.7(18 a 102 years), BMI was 27.5±5.1(14 a 59), 4330(39.9%) with Diabetes, 2559(58.8%) were smokers or ex-smokers, 3174(7.42%) were sedentary, and 504(11.5%) had controlled AH. In the group with recurrent event (1392-31.7%) (52.3%, p&lt;0.001) were females, mean age was (69.4± 11.5) (p&lt;0.002); BMI was lower (p=0.02). There was more cardiopathy (47.6%) (p&lt;0,001) ,smokers or ex-smokers (66.2)(p&lt;.005), diabetes (46.7%) (p&lt;0.001) and deaths (32.3%)(p&lt;0.001), less physical activity (22.0%)(p&lt;0.001), use of antihypertensive drugs was greater (1.52±0,93)(p&lt;0.001),. Logistic regression showed that female sex, BMI, DM, cardiopathy, physical activity, and more anti- hypertension drugs, were significant predictors for recurrence of neurologic event. Discussion: Despite advances in primary health care and prevention campaigns, the prevalence of AH in patients with CVA is high, and still has low levels of control, even in patients with recurrent CVA.

Introduction: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the second cause of death in the world, and arterial hypertension (AH) is the main risk factor. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of AH and the epidemiological profile of patients who suffered CVA, first and recurrent events, registered at JOINVASC, between 2013 and 2019. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study, analyzing demographic data and risk factors, in patients that suffered CVA, first or recurrent event, was done. Results: In the study period, 6057 CVA events were registered, 4402(72.6%) patients were classified as hypertensive, (122 were excluded due to incomplete data), 4387 registers were analyzed. In this group, 2149 (51.2%) were male, mean age was 68.4±14.7(18 a 102 years), BMI was 27.5±5.1(14 a 59), 4330(39.9%) with Diabetes, 2559(58.8%) were smokers or ex-smokers, 3174(7.42%) were sedentary, and 504(11.5%) had controlled AH. In the group with recurrent event (1392-31.7%) (52.3%, p&lt;0.001) were females, mean age was (69.4± 11.5) (p&lt;0.002); BMI was lower (p=0.02). There was more cardiopathy (47.6%) (p&lt;0,001) ,smokers or ex-smokers (66.2)(p&lt;.005), diabetes (46.7%) (p&lt;0.001) and deaths (32.3%)(p&lt;0.001), less physical activity (22.0%)(p&lt;0.001), use of antihypertensive drugs was greater (1.52±0,93)(p&lt;0.001),. Logistic regression showed that female sex, BMI, DM, cardiopathy, physical activity, and more anti- hypertension drugs, were significant predictors for recurrence of neurologic event. Discussion: Despite advances in primary health care and prevention campaigns, the prevalence of AH in patients with CVA is high, and still has lowlevels of control, even in patients with recurrent CVA.

Uncontrolled arterial hypertension (UAH remains one of the most challenging conditions in clinical practice, often exposing patients and clinicians to persistently elevated blood pressure (BP) levels despite optimal use of standard antihypertensive therapies. In this context, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), initially developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are emerging as promising agents in the management of BP regulation. Growing evidence demonstrates that these agents can effectively lower BP not only in patients with T2DM, but also in individuals with UAH, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and congestive heart failure (CHF), with effects that are sometimes independent of glycemic control. Unlike traditional anti-hypertensives, SGLT2 inhibitors exert multifactorial actions: they promote controlled osmotic diuresis, reduce plasma volume, improve endothelial function, and modulate sympathetic nervous system activity. This integrated approach facilitates more physiologic and sustainable BP control, opening new therapeutic avenues, particularly for patients with cardio-metabolic and renal comorbidities. This chapter explores the role of SGLT2i in the treatment of hypertension, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, recent clinical evidence, and future implications. The introduction of this drug class may represent a paradigm shift in the management of UAH, offering new opportunities for more effective and individualized therapeutic strategies.

The consumption of coffee has its health benefits and its risks, one of the risks is mostly related to cardiovascular diseases. One of the diseases is hypertension which is considered “the silent killer” as it is a serious condition which promotes other complications and typically has no symptoms for a period of time until it has done significant damage. Acute hypertension can lead to a stroke. It is a very serious medical condition where the blood flow to the brain is poor, causing the death of cells within the brain. Some medications, surgeries and other healthcare programs are capable of controlling stroke, but stroke still remains to be the main cause of death and disability in Indonesia. However, provided that the consumption is restrained, multiple studies show that coffee consumption actually can reduce the risk of getting a stroke, by consuming between 2 to 4 cups of coffee per day. Additionally, coffee can reduce the likelihood of blood clots from forming and is likely to alter the blood vessel physiology. Therefore, the current project will explore the possibility of utilization of bioactive compounds other than caffeine from coffee beans that can be implemented in a form of supplements to help in treating patients both with stroke symptoms and during the recovery phase. Protein docking analysis is an alternative way to search and predict for drug discovery. Through protein docking analysis we can gain information on the bioactive compounds and their respective interactions with the target. Based on the virtual screening pipeline, it is predicted that Dehydrokahweol could elicit possible lead for the anti-stroke activity.

The pathophysiology of the acute pulmonary damage that may occur in association with sepsis, hemorrhagic shock and microembolism seems to involve the activity of cyclooxygenase derived arachidonate metabolites. In the rat, pulmonary microembolism due to infusion of thrombin together with inhibition of fibrinolysis has been found to induce pulmonary insufficiency with similarities to the clinical adult respiratory distress syndrome. The infusion of thrombin results in systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypertension and platelet aggregation, and subsequently, with a certain dealy in time, to increased pulmonary vascular permeability.The main purposes of this investigation were to study the release of TxA2 and PGI2 following thrcmbin-induced pulmonary microembolizaticn in the rat and to examine the effects of a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (DazoxibenR) on pulmonary arterial and systemic mean arterial pressure and vascular permeability.During infusion of thrcmbin in rats pulmonary arterial pressure rose from 15 ± 2 to 35 ± 3 rmHg and mean arterial pressure fell from 120 ± 6 to 49 ± 27 mmHg. Plasma thromboxane B2 (TxB2) increased from 0.3 ± 0.004 to 3.6 ± 0.5 ng/ml. Ninety minutes later the lung weight and albunin concentration in the lung were increased (2.21 ± 0.13 g and 22.7 ± 4.7 mg/g) compared with controls (1.12 ± 0.14 g and 8.5 ± 0.9 mg/g). Dazoxiben reduced the elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and the elevated plasma TxB2 concentration following infusion of thrombin. Ninety minutes after infusion of thrcmbin, the in vitro synthesis of TxB2 in lung tissue was increased. Dazoxiben and a specific rabbit anti-rat neutrophil serun reduced this synthesis of TxB in vitro. The lung weight (2.18 ± 0.20 g) and lung albumin concentration (21.4 ± 3.4 mg/g) was not affected by Dazoxiben. The results indicate that TxA2 in an important mediator of the pressure changes in the early phase after infusion of thrombin and that neutrophils are associated with thromboxane formation in the lung tissue. Rats pretreated with the antineutrophil serum had less pulmonary weight (1.69 ± 0.28 g) and the albumin concentration in the edema fluid was decreased (17.3 ± 3.6 mg/g), suggesting that polymorphonuclear leukocytes contributed to the pulmonary dysfunction. Dazoxiben when incubated with thrcmbin in a chromogenic substrate system had a linear, dose-related anti-thrombin effect. At a Dazoxiben concentration of 2.4 mM only a few percent of the thrombin activity remained.

It has been suggested that a vWF High Molecular Weight Multi-mers (HMWM) decrease or a PAA were involved in the pathogenesis of HUS. We have studied 8 children (6 girls,_2 boys; 7 months-8_1/2 years old) with HUS : plasma creatinine /μmol/l; mean(range)/=306 (105-524), hemoglobin (g/100ml)-7(6.3-7.8), schistocytes (%)=8(1-18), platelets (x103/mm3)-57(10-115). The vWF was studied quantitatively (antigen ; vWF RAg assay) and qualitatively (multimeric pattern : immunoblotting and autoradiography). PAA studied by incubating the patient's platelet poor plasma (RPR) with washed normal platelets (aggregometer, % light transmission) and confirmed by Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) assay and [14C] Serotonine release study. The PAA was characterized by studying the in vitro effect of several platelet aggregation inhibitors, Immunoglobulins (Igs) and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) on the platelet aggregation.An increase of vWF RAg (%) was observed in 6 cases : mean:330, and possibly related with renal failure. A vWF HMWM decrease was found in 3 patients : 2/3 with associated infection(E.Coli, Pneumococcus), 1/3 with severe hemolysis. Two of these 3 patients had a favourable renal outcome and 1 a severe course (chronic hemodialysis, Arterial Thrombotic MicroAngiopathy at renal histology).An important PAA was evidenced only in 1 patient : post bone-marrow graft HUS during neuroblastoma(NB),arterial hypertension and chronic renal failure. This PAA was Ca++, TXB2 and cAMP dependent; it was moderately inhibited in vitro by Igs and FFP, but persisted after 5 days of Igs infusion (0.3g/Kg/day). Treatment with aspirin and dipyridamole (10mg/Kg/day each) suppressed the patient platelet auto-aggregation although the PAA persisted (follow up:10months). The PAA did not seem to be related with the NB (absence of GD2 ganglioside, specific marker of NB); it could be related with anti platelet antibodies. The coexistence of the two abnormalities could not be demonstrated in our patients.In conclusion, a vWF HMWM decrease was found in 3 out of 8 children patients with HUS. Its presence was not correlated with the severity of the disease. We could demonstrate the presence of PAA during childhood HUS in only 1 post bone-marrow graft case. The PAA characterization is useful for therapeutic decisions and contributes to a better pathogenetic understanding.