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Lekman, Daniela Adela. "Principal purpose tests of tax treaty law in comparison with the General Anti-Avoidance rule of the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-422870.
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Gossmann, Marc Christian [Verfasser], Johanna [Gutachter] Hey, and Christian [Gutachter] Dorenkamp. "Die deutsche Entstrickungsbesteuerung im Anwendungsbereich der Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD) / Marc Christian Gossmann ; Gutachter: Johanna Hey, Christian Dorenkamp." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2020. http://d-nb.info/122757813X/34.
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Lindefelt, Louise. "Den nya anti-missbruksbestämmelsen i moder- och dotterbolagsdirektivet : Konkret eller kontraproduktiv?" Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-44504.
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For some time now, the EU has worked on managing the tax issues that have spawned from companies establishing subsidiaries in various Member States. These tax issues have concerned that of double taxation leading to the conception of the Parent-Subsidiary Directive (2011/96/EU, the PSD). One of the main purposes of the PSD is to prevent double taxation. The PSD aimed to create a mutual taxation system for parent companies, with subsidiaries in other Member States, as it was deemed essential. However, it was a mutual taxation system with regards to dividends paid from subsidiaries to parent companies, which meant there were still discrepancies to be found – and, as it turned out, exploited by companies seeking to gain an illegitimate tax advantage. Consequently, the EU announced the ‘de minimis’ anti-abuse rule in the PSD, whereby adoption was mandatory, for all Member States, so long as a Member State’s current tax legislation does not meet the requirements set forth by the anti-abuse rule. One of the main purposes of the anti-abuse rule was to ensure an improved legal clarity and security as well as preventing the abuse of the provisions as established in the PSD. The idea behind the anti-abuse rule is, thereby, perceived as well meaning although remarks have been made, by various authorities, regarding the prevalent flaws the anti-abuse rule is plagued by. There have been remarks against the anti-abuse rule’s conception to begin with, as it goes against the general principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. Furthermore, there have been remarks regarding the vagueness of the prerequisites and wording in the anti-abuse rule, contrary to the main purposes of the anti-abuse rule as established by the EU. In this study, the author will examine whether or not the criticism is justified, primarily by focusing on the possibilities of concretising the wording in the anti-abuse rule. This will be achieved by examining six Member States to determine how their respective adoption has fared. Also, the anti-abuse rule’s contribution to legal clarity and security will be determined, to discern whether or not the anti-abuse rule functions in accordance with its main purpose. The author has found that the anti-abuse rule is indeed in accordance with the general principles of subsidiarity and proportionality given the proven inability of the individual Member States to devise a common solution to the aforementioned tax issues, as well as the fact that the extent of the measure is appropriate, considering the issue at hand. Furthermore, six Member States have been examined, to determine how their respective adoption of the anti-abuse rule have fared. Three Member States have chosen to adopt the anti-abuse rule whereas the remaining three have chosen to refrain on the grounds that it has been deemed superfluous, seeing as their current legislation already meets the minimum requirements as established in the provisions of the anti-abuse rule. The Member States that have chosen to implement the anti-abuse rule have done so by adopting the vague wording verbatim, giving credence to the notion that they refrained from interpreting and/or rephrasing the wording as it is perceived as not only vague but also occasionally abstract, thus difficult to concretise. Not only does this mean that the anti-abuse rule should be regarded as that of inferior standard, as far as legal clarity and security go, but also that it lacks transparency and should thereby be regarded as nigh counterproductive.EU har sedan länge arbetat med att hantera de beskattningsfrågor som uppkommer i takt med att bolag etablerar dotterbolag i en annan medlemsstat. Dessa frågor berör exempelvis dubbelbeskattning varpå EU upprättade Moder- och Dotterbolagsdirektivet (2011/96/EU, nedan benämnt PSD) som avsåg hjälpa bolag undslippa denna problematik. Direktivet tog sikte på att skapa gemensamt beskattningssystem för moderbolag och dotterbolag hemmahörande i olika medlemsstater – då det ansågs viktigt med enhetliga beskattningsregler inom EU. Det ska observeras att denna enhetlighet enbart sträcker sig till vinstutdelning som lämnas från dotterbolag till moderbolag i en annan medlemsstat, vilket innebar att olikheter fortfarande förelåg i övriga beskattningsfrågor. Detta ledde sedermera till att multinationella bolag kunde utnyttja medlemsstaternas olikheter genom att företa arrangemang som resulterade i en otillbörlig skattefördel. Företagandet av sådana arrangemang ledde till att EU valde att upprätta en de minimis-bestämmelse i PSD som var obligatorisk för samtliga medlemsstater att implementera, givet att deras nationella lagstiftningar inte redan uppfyllde bestämmelsens minimikrav. Denna bestämmelse kom sedermera att benämnas anti-missbruksbestämmelsen och ämnade tillföra en högre grad klarhet och säkerhet för att tydligare belysa de arrangemang som anses godtagbara och som inte ämnade missbruka PSD:s bestämmelser, där syftet bakom missbruket av PSD var att anskaffa skattefördelar. Tanken bakom anti-missbruksbestämmelsen är således godartad men likväl är bestämmelsen inte utan brister, samtidigt som den ifrågasätts från olika instanser. Det har påpekats att bestämmelsen inte bör ha upprättats, till att börja med, då den strider mot subsidiaritets- och proportionalitetsprincipen, som är fördragsstadgade. Vidare har det påpekats att rekvisiten i anti-missbruksbestämmelsen är otydliga och tillför således inte den klarhet och säkerhet enligt EU:s syfte. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida den nya anti-missbruksbestämmelsens ordalydelse kan konkretiseras, vilket görs efter att ha klarlagt hur sex utvalda medlemsstater gått till väga med implementeringen av nämnd bestämmelse. Slutligen utreds huruvida anti-missbruksbestämmelsens bidrag till klarhet och säkerhet görs i enlighet med dess syfte. Författaren har i denna uppsats kommit fram till att anti-missbruksbestämmelsen är förenlig med såväl subsidiaritetsprincipen som proportionalitetsprincipen, då medlemsstaterna, till dags dato, inte förmått hitta en lösning utan EU:s involverande samtidigt som EU:s ingripande står i proportion till målet med åtgärden. Det har funnits att medlemsstaterna som implementerat anti-missbruksbestämmelsen har avstått från att tolka och anpassa anti-missbruksbestämmelsen varför bestämmelsens vaga ordalydelse återfinns i respektive lands lagbestämmelser. Anledningen bakom varför de avstått från att tolka bestämmelsen anser författaren bero på att bestämmelsen är vag, stundtals abstrakt, med anledning av de rekvisit som begagnas. Detta medför att bestämmelsen blir svår att konkretisera, varför det kan anses att en av EU:s målsättningar – att bidra till ökad klarhet och säkerhet – inte kan anses uppfyllt. Vidare har anti-missbruksbestämmelsen lett till en minskad förutsebarhet och rättssäkerhet, varför bestämmelsen inte bara bör anses undermålig utan även nära inpå kontraproduktiv.
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Zetler, Hila. "International tax planning and anti-tax avoidance provisions - Hila Zetler." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4579.
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Includes bibliographical references.'The avoidance of tax may be lawful, but it is not yet a virtue' – Lord Denning¹. The famous English judge, Lord Denning, explained that the avoidance of tax may be legal, but it is not necessarily ethical. By said words, Justice Denning implied that, when a taxpayer avoids paying taxes through legal tax planning, he may, despite the ostensible legality thereof, nevertheless harm society. Assuming that such action does, indeed, involve an immoral act, should the legislature intervene?
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Kuok, Chi. "Anti-corruption campaign and tax avoidance :evidence from China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3959240.
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Mzila, Thembelihle. "An analysis of the South African General Anti-Avoidance Rule : lessons from New Zealand." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/80489.
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South Africa has adopted a general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) as one of the methods to combat the innovative tax avoidance schemes into which taxpayers may enter. Nevertheless, since its introduction it has undergone numerous amendments due to weaknesses highlighted by its failures in court. Yet, since its most recent amendment in 2006, the efficacy of the South African GAAR has not been established as it has not been tested in the courts. This study addresses this concern by employing a ‗structured pre-emptive analysis‘ to identify the weaknesses of the South African GAAR when compared to its New Zealand counterpart.
This approach is essentially qualitative and combines the typical doctrinal or black letter law approach used in law with that of reform-oriented approaches. Firstly, the South African and New Zealand GAARs were analysed and compared using a doctrinal approach to gain an understanding of the interpretation and application of the two GAARs. This allowed for the identification of weaknesses in the South African GAAR, whilst also making suggestions for its improvement. Thereafter, the South African GAAR was applied to the facts of a case from New Zealand by making use of a reform-oriented methodological approach. In applying the South African GAAR to the facts of the case, a framework of the South African GAAR was used to enhance the reliability of the findings by reducing subjectivity and improving replicability.
The findings from the doctrinal and reform-oriented approaches revealed the weaknesses in the current South African GAAR when compared to its New Zealand counterpart. These weaknesses may be addressed in three ways. Firstly, guidance should be provided in order to address uncertainties in the interpretation and application of the South African GAAR so as to prevent inconsistencies that may limit its efficacy. Secondly, the purpose requirement and tainted elements could be consolidated into one requirement, where the presence of one of the tainted elements informs the objective purpose of the arrangement. Thirdly, the purpose requirement should be amended so that it need not be the sole or main purpose, but rather should be one of the purposes, provided it was not merely incidental. It is acknowledged that while the South African and New Zealand GAARs are directed to achieve the same end, the proposals for amendment would arguably go some way towards improving the efficacy of the South African GAAR.Mini Dissertation (MCom (Taxation))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Taxation
MCom (Taxation)
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Smit, Barend Johannes. "The impact of anti-avoidance tax legislation on mergers in the mining industry in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26427.
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The mining industry is a major contributor towards the South African economy. There are several types of corporate transactions that could typically be found in the mining industry and these include merger transactions. Mergers could lead to a number of tax consequences which could include capital gains tax, the recoupment of capital allowances and dividends tax. Merger transactions do not necessarily lead to an immediate increase in profits. Therefore, the tax authorities provide for relief in respect of merger transactions. The relief takes place in the form of tax roll-overs that effectively postpone tax consequences until such time as a true economic profit is realised in the future. Taxpayers typically wish to minimise the amount of tax which they pay. Therefore, they may abuse the relief provided to avoid paying tax. In an attempt to protect the state’s revenue and to prevent tax avoidance, the tax authorities introduce anti-avoidance provisions into the tax legislation. The roll-over relief provided in respect of merger transactions, as well as the provisions dealing with mining capital allowances contain a number of provisions to combat opportunities for tax avoidance. The study explains the principles of tax avoidance and anti-avoidance in the mining industry in South Africa, and indicates the need for tax relief in the context of merger transactions in the mining industry in South Africa. The study further illustrates how tax relief presents opportunities for tax avoidance and how anti-avoidance legislation restricts these opportunities. The study also shows that there is a cycle in which an onerous tax leads to a need for relief which in turn leads to opportunities for tax avoidance which in turn leads to anti-avoidance provisions. The research conducted as part of this study shows that this cycle is an international trend that often affects the manner in which merger transactions are structured. AFRIKAANS : Die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika lewer 'n aansienlike bydrae tot die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Samesmeltings is een van verskeie tipe korporatiewe transaksies wat in die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika aangetref word. Samesmeltings gee ook aanleiding tot verskeie belastingimplikasies, soos Kapitaalwinsbelasting, die verhaling van belastingtoelaes en die belasting op dividende. Samesmeltings lei nie noodwendig tot 'n onmiddellike verhoging in ekonomiese voordele nie. Die belastingowerhede maak voorsiening vir belastingverligting ten opsigte van hierdie gebeure. Die verligting word gewoonlik verskaf in die vorm van die uitstel van belastingverpligtinge tot ‘n datum wanneer ‘n ekonomiese wins in die toekoms gerealiseer word. Belastingbetalers streef gewoonlik na 'n vermindering in hul belastinglas, en mag dus die verligting wat voorsien word probeer misbruik. Die belastingowerhede daarenteen maak voorsiening vir wetgewing om hierdie pogings van die belastingbetalers om belasting te vermy, teen te werk en so die inkomste van die staat te beskerm. Die uitstel wat aan samesmeltingsooreenkomste verleen word asook die voorsiening van mynboukapitaaltoelaes bevat verskeie voorsorg maatreëls om pogings tot belastingvermyding teen te werk. Die studie ontleed die beginsels van belastingvermyding en teen-vermyding wetgewing in die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika, en wys op die behoefte vir verligting ten opsigte van samesmeltings in die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika. Die studie toon verder ook hoe die verligting lei tot geleenthede vir belastingvermyding en hoe teen-vermyding wetgewing dit kan teenwerk. Die studie toon ook dat daar ‘n siklus bestaan, waarin die behoefte vir verligting as gevolg van n oormatige belastinglas tot geleenthede vir belastingvermyding lei, en wat op sy beurt lei tot wetgewing om die belastingvermyding te ontmoedig. Die navorsing wat as deel van hierdie studie uitgevoer is dui daarop dat hierdie siklus ‘n internasionale neiging is wat dikwels die struktuur van samesmeltingsooreenkomste affekteer.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Taxation
unrestricted
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Benn, Dean John. "Tax avoidance in South Africa: an analysis of general anti-avoidance rules in terms of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, as amended." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4565.
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Tarsitano, Alberto. "Illegitimate Tax Avoidance and Rule XVI of Preliminary Title of Tax Code." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123330.
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The author analyzes a very important issue such as illegitimate tax avoidance. He begins by explaining the content of the concept of illegitimate tax avoidance, and also he points out the differences with other concepts like tax evasion and tax planning. Then, he comments the debate on the use of legal figures which doesn’t belong to Tax Law, in order to solve issue of illegitimate tax avoidance. Finally, he explains the scope and the application of the Peruvian general anti-avoidance rule stipulated in the Peruvian Tax Code.El autor analiza un tema de suma importancia como es el de la elusión fiscal. Se comienza esclareciendo el contenido del concepto de elusión, diferenciándolo de otros conceptos como la evasión fiscal y la economía de opción. Luego, pasa a recoger y comentar el debate en torno al uso de figuras ajenas al Derecho Tributario para dar solución al problema de la elusión fiscal. Finalmente, pasa a explicar el alcance y aplicación de la cláusula general antielusiva peruana estipulada en la norma XVI del Título Preliminar del Código tributario.
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Wang, Frederick. "Tax haven planning within the scope of the North American anti-avoidance legislation." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63890.
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Haffejee, Yaasir. "A critical analysis of South Africa's general anti avoidance provisions in income tax legislation." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1243.
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This treatise was undertaken to critically analyse the new general anti avoidance rules (new GAAR) as set out in sections 80A to 80L of the Income Tax Act1. A discussion on the difference between tax evasion and tax avoidance was performed in the first chapter. The goals of this treatise were then set out. An analysis of the requirements for the application of the new GAAR was performed in the second chapter. The courts have historically reviewed the circumstances surrounding an arrangement when determining whether tax avoidance has occurred. The new GAAR requires the individual steps of an arrangement to be reviewed in isolation. Secondly, the courts have historically held that the purpose test, when determining the taxpayer‘s purpose, was subjective. The wording of the new GAAR indicates that this test is now objective. Thirdly, the courts have historically viewed the abnormality of an arrangement based of the surrounding circumstances. The wording of the new GAAR requires an objective view of the arrangement. An analysis of the secondary provisions contained in sections 80I, 80B and 80J of the new GAAR was performed in the third chapter. With regards to section 80B, it was submitted that the Commissioner should issue an Interpretation Note detailing all the methods ―he deems appropriate.
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Fowler, Joshua Emmanuel. "The Trouble with Tax Avoidance: Two General Anti-Avoidance Rules, a Judicial Doctrine, and their Respective Implications for the value of Certainty in Tax Law." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Law, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8358.
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Tax avoidance is an exceedingly complex area of law. It is also a matter generally found not far from the headlines, or from the concerns of state and policy forums such as the G8 and the OECD. In an increasingly capital mobile world, the concern on the part of Governments for the protection of their sources of revenue has increased.
Adam Smith’s four canons of taxation are well known. In his work, The Wealth of Nations, Smith regarded the values of certainty, equity, efficiency and convenience as integral to the functioning of a tax system. Among these, however, Smith would seem to have regarded certainty as of particular significance. The prominence afforded to the value of certainty, in conjunction with the smaller role afforded the state likely contributed to the formalistic approach taken by the courts of the British Commonwealth to the interpretation of taxing statutes. In recent times, however, the importance of certainty among policy makers and jurists has declined. Although this is not to contend that the value of certainty has ceased to be a consideration, it would seem to have come to be regarded as a lesser value among many rather than an end in itself.
Although the optimal level of certainty within a jurisdiction is undoubtedly a matter for debate, the presence of uncertainty may carry with it a number of risks and unintended consequences which may hinder the achievement of the ends sought after by policy makers. These may include an increase in the rate of capital flight and in the use of asset sheltering devices, a decrease in the incidence of economic activity, and decreased rates of compliance among taxpayers. The value of certainty, in other words, may be of greater significance to the efficient functioning of a tax system than it has in recent times been thought to be.
In contending with tax avoidance, the countries of the British Commonwealth tend to employ either one of two instruments; a statutory General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) or a judicial doctrine; an innovation of the common law. In this thesis, the writer sets out to examine the judicial doctrine applied in the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom (UK), and the statutory GAARs deployed in Canada and New Zealand, and the respective implications of each instrument for the value of certainty.
While the difference in the implications presented by the application of a broad judicial doctrine and a narrow GAAR may be slight, it is the writer’s contention that, all things held equal, the use of a judicial doctrine is likely to have a less deleterious effect on the value of certainty than a GAAR. Accordingly, it is the writer’s contention that the use of a judicial doctrine is for this reason be preferred.
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Stopforth, David Paul. "A history of the anti-avoidance legislation applying to settlements for income tax purposes." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254093.
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Calvert, Teresa Michelle. "An analysis of the 2006 amendments to the General Anti-Avoidance Rules : a case law approach / T. Calvert." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6280.
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Tax avoidance has been a concern to revenue authorities throughout the ages, and revenue authorities worldwide are engaged in a constant struggle to ensure taxpayer compliance while combating tax avoidance. South Africa is no exception to this struggle and the increasingly innovative ways in which taxpayers seek to minimise their tax burdens necessitate amendments in order to remain at the forefront of taxpayer compliance. In view of the above, the general anti-avoidance rules (GAAR) have been amended numerous times to address weaknesses. The most recent of these amendments are those of 1996 and 2006.
The research on GAAR in South Africa has focused on critical analyses once the legislation fails to stand up to the rigours of court, and has thus used the principle of hindsight to criticise GAAR and recommend improvements. However, in their current form (post-2006 amendments) the GAAR have not been presented before the courts, and thus the use of hindsight is not an appropriate tool to determine if the current GAAR regime has improved upon the weaknesses identified in the past. This study applied a qualitative case study approach to determine if the 2006 amendments to GAAR have in fact addressed these weaknesses. The current GAAR regime was applied to previous cases to determine if the unfavourable judgments for the Commissioner would now be considered favourable.
In executing this process, an instrument was developed in phase 1 of the literature study to apply the new GAAR to the cases. In the second phase of the study this framework was applied to case law in which the previous GAAR regimes failed to stand up to the rigours of court, thus determining whether the 2006 amendments to GAAR addressed the weaknesses of the previous GAAR regime. The final phase of the study consisted of a literature control to determine if similar such conclusions have been made by other commentators to support the findings of the study.
The findings of the case studies revealed that, on a balance of probabilities, none of the cases selected for analysis would have been held in favour of the Commissioner if they were brought to the courts today on the same grounds that they were attacked at the time and the courts used the instrument developed in phase 1 to apply the GAAR to these transactions. The study therefore indicates that the use of similar (often identical) wording of the purpose test as in the previous GAAR, as well as the use of the purpose test in conjunction with the amended abnormality test still result in a GAAR regime that may be an ineffective deterrent to tax avoidance.Thesis (M.Com. (South African and International Taxation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Ellis, Jason Brian. "The implications for tax planning of the general anti-avoidance provisions : part IVA of the Income Tax Assessment Act /." Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09C/09ce471.pdf.
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Gough, Lisa-Angelique. "Tax avoidance and 'spooky jurisprudence' : the Ramsay Principle assessed in the light of the New Zealand general anti-avoidance rule." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496454.
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Prebble, John. "Kelsen, the Principle of Exclusion of Contradictions, and General Anti-Avoidance Rules in Tax Law." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4648/1/SSRN%2Did2645423.pdf.
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The philosopher Hans Kelsen is most famous for his "pure theory of law", expounded in his book of that name. For most of his scholarly life, Kelsen argued that, as part of the pure theory, two norms that contradict one another within the same legal system breach the philosophical principle of exclusion of contradictions and therefore cannot both be valid at the same time. On some occasions he went further and argued that neither of two such norms can be valid. Famously, Kelsen changed to the opposite opinion later in life.
Both Kelsen's original and his ultimate positions on the principle of exclusion of contradictions shed light on an area of law that he never considered: general anti-avoidance
rules in income tax law, known as "GAARs". GAARs are increasingly common in tax statutes.
One cannot argue that GAARs give rise to what logicians call contradictions. Nevertheless, from a practical and substantive point of view the effect of a GAAR could loosely be described as akin to a contradiction of norms, in logical terms a breach of the principle of exclusion of contradictions. For instance, a GAAR may prevent a taxpayer from relying on a relieving provision in a tax statute, on the grounds that such reliance amounts in the circumstances to tax avoidance. For this kind of reason, people criticise GAARs because they are seen as breaching the principle of certainty, one of the foundations of the rule of law.
General principles in Kelsen's work shed light on the way in which GAARs operate and on the way in which they fit into the legal systems of which they form part. Although the effect of a GAAR has something in common with the effect of a breach of the principle of exclusion of contradictions, the unusual nature of tax law justifies the existence of GAARs. (author's abstract)Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Tooma, Rachel Anne Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "A case for a uniform statutory general anti-avoidance rule in Australian taxation legislation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/29348.
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Taxpayer certainty is the most frequently cited argument against statutory General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAARs). However the vast literature criticising statutory GAARs fails to consider the extent of taxpayer uncertainty, and the potential for taxpayer uncertainty, in jurisdictions without a statutory GAAR. This thesis examines that gap in the literature. The thesis uses inductive reasoning to suggest that there is greater taxpayer certainty where a statutory GAAR exists and is appropriately administered. Specifically, it uses a case study to demonstrate that there is greater uncertainty for taxpayers where the administration, the judiciary and the legislature may use their vast powers to address perceived avoidance. The thesis then considers the form of a statutory GAAR that may best be expected to promote taxpayer certainty. Such analysis involves a comparison of Australia???s oldest statutory GAAR, Part IVA of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth) (and its predecessor section 260), with the more recent GAARs in Australia???s indirect tax legislation (GST and state stamp duty), and the GAARs of other jurisdictions, including New Zealand, Canada and South Africa. In order to promote taxpayer certainty, a uniform statutory GAAR is ultimately proposed for all Australian taxation legislation, with safeguards to ensure the appropriate administration of the uniform GAAR.
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Nyah, Z. A. "Transfer pricing in the oil industry : improving tax anti-avoidance regimes in the Gulf Of Guinea." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/537a942b-a019-425a-b5df-0886e2b6a76f.
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Gibson, Candice Mary. "The effectiveness of anti-avoidance provisions and the global initiatives created to prevent multinationals avoiding tax." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65651.
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Tax structuring arrangements resulting in the shifting of profits by Multinationals has become increasingly relevant, with Multinationals such as Starbucks, Amazon, Google and MTN amongst others, coming under scrutiny by tax authorities. Multinationals are being challenged in respect of these tax avoidance strategies adopted in order to pay as little tax as possible. In the UK for example, the accounts of Starbucks have shown that since 1998, Starbucks has obtained approximately £3 billion from its UK coffee sales, opened seven hundred and thirtyfive outlets throughout the UK, but paid only £8.6 million in income taxes. Despite the measures undertaken by Multinationals to avoid paying taxes, or paying limited taxes, these Multinationals have maintained that they have not avoided tax as they have complied with the tax legislation in the countries in which they operate and transact. The loss of revenue for the fiscus as a result of the Multinationals avoiding paying taxes in the countries in which they operate could have serious consequences, and it is the responsibility of the legislators to enact or amend legislation, or to create frameworks to prevent tax avoidance taking place. This study research is aimed at the analysis of the general anti-avoidance provisions found in South Africa and in the UK in order to ascertain whether these provisions have been an effective deterrent against tax avoidance by Multinationals. In addition, this study will further provide an insight into the BEPS current global framework, which aims to equip governments with the domestic and international instruments required to tackle BEPS in an attempt to prevent Multinationals from shifting their profits to low or no tax jurisdictions. this study is whether the newly established GAAR provisions.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Mercantile Law
LLM
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Keesoony, Selina. "Motive, intention and purpose and the UK general anti-abuse rule." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/16059.
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This thesis examines whether the UK's General Anti-Abuse Rule (GAAR) unjustifiably permits the judiciary to take account of the taxpayer's motives, intentions and purposes for the purpose of determining tax liability. It will be argued that the UK GAAR does permit consideration of these factors, which, it will be argued, is undesirable because of the subjective nature of these terms and the possibility of judges ascribing a motive, intention or purpose on the taxpayer which may not be factual in reality. Although the GAAR has attracted much commentary, there has been little to explain how the GAAR allows the taxpayer's motives, intentions and purposes for embarking on an arrangement to be scrutinised by HMRC and the courts. This discussion hopes to fill this gap, especially in respect of whether and how the provisions of the GAAR can allow for a "motive test", how such a test may be applied in practice, and whether the GAAR can still be considered to have a targeted scope in light of factors that are arguably subjective. An allied issue that is examined is whether the implementation of the UK GAAR was needed given that the courts can apply the principle established in WT Ramsay Ltd v IRC1 to cases on tax avoidance. In developing the arguments presented in this thesis, the approaches of a number of Western jurisdictions will be examined. The selected jurisdictions chosen include; the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada. These countries, with the exception of the United States of America, have a general anti-avoidance legislation in place and the majority of them include an anti-abuse provision in their general anti-avoidance rules. The thesis concludes that the UK GAAR is unique in taking into account the taxpayer's intentions. The UK GAAR also makes reference to the purpose of the taxpayer's arrangement. These factors, taken together, can result in scrutinisation of the taxpayer's own motive, intention or purpose. It will be suggested that the scope of the UK GAAR is much wider than it was ostensibly designed to be and that it is likely to rely heavily on the discretion of judges. Therefore, suggestions as to the ways in which the GAAR could move towards a more objective approach are given.
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Kujinga, Benjamin Tanyaradwa. "A Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy of the General Anti-Avoidance Rule as a Measure Against Impermissible Income Tax Avoidance in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33430.
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This thesis comparatively analyses the SA income tax general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) in s 80A-L of the Income Tax Act 58/1962 and similar rules in Australia, Canada, the UK and the judicial doctrines in the US and the UK. It is argued that, while the SA GAAR may serve as a deterrent, it is going to have limited efficacy against impermissible tax avoidance due to the uncertainty it creates. It is argued that uncertainty will cause judicial activism to protect permissible tax avoidance, extensive and inconsistent judicial interpretation and confusion amongst taxpayers and SARS as to what constitutes permissible or impermissible tax avoidance. This thesis ends by recommending certain amendments, based on the comparative analysis, to the SA GAAR which can reduce uncertainty and thus improve it efficacy.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Mercantile Law
Unrestricted
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Villanueva, Gutiérrez Walker. "Aggressive Tax Planning, the new paradigm of the transfer pricing rule and the avoidance in the Tax Code." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123689.
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In this paper, the author analyzes the problematic of the aggressive tax planning, due to the lack of coherence between the tax rules of the different States and indicates the way in which the transfer pricing rule should be applied. Also, he analyzes the regulation of the anti-avoidance provision in the Tax Code and criticizes how the Supreme Court applies this anti-avoidance provision and the reasoning of the Tax Court to derive legal effects based on the economic content.En el presente artículo, el autor analiza la problemática de la planificación fiscal agresiva, debido a la falta de coherencia entre las normas tributarias de los distintos Estados y señala la manera en que debe aplicarse la norma de precios de transferencia. Asimismo, analiza la regulación de la norma anti-elusiva en el Código Tributario y realiza una crítica respecto a cómo la Corte Suprema aplica esta norma anti-elusiva y el razonamiento del Tribunal Fiscal para derivar efectos jurídicos sobre la base del contenido económico.
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Loof, Grethe. "A critical analysis of the requirements of the South African General Anti Avoidance Rule Section 80A of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4655.
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Includes bibliographical references.I welcome you in reading this research dissertation looking at the South African General Anti Avoidance Rule. I hope that this paper will shed some light on the complex requirements of the GAAR as contained in section 80A, read together with relevant sections.
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Tobias, Lorika A. "An analysis of the evolution of the general anti-avoidance rules and the substance over form doctrine and its effectiveness to combat impermissible tax avoidance." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46009.
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One of the most frequently quoted tax statements in articles and referred to by our judiciary must be that
“Every man has the right to arrange his affairs in such a manner to pay the least tax possible”. However,
every taxpayer, tax specialist and even SARS official should be aware that this right is limited.
Limited, in that this right does not allow the taxpayer to tread into the waters of tax evasion, meaning
purposefully entering into impermissible tax avoidance arrangements to avoid paying any tax liability that
they were liable for should the arrangement not have been entered into.
The content of this mini-dissertation is premised on researches which will primarily focus on two
mechanisms which our law offers to detect impermissible tax avoidance arrangements and eliminate the
effect thereof, namely the substance over form doctrine and the General Anti Avoidance Rules
(hereinafter referred to as GAAR). More specifically, the development and the effectiveness of the
substance over form doctrine as well as the GAAR.
What will be seen throughout the analysis of the research is that our judiciary, tax specialist and
government has through research, amendments, judgments, analytical articles regarding specific areas
of the principles underlying the concept of the GAAR and the substance over form doctrine, contributed
to the development of both these concepts. These developments have been done to ensure that the
principles contained in GAAR and the substance over form doctrine are equipped to detect
impermissible tax avoidance arrangements entrenched in the more intricate arrangements that are being
structured to avoid tax.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Pidduck, Teresa Michelle Calvert. "The South African general anti-tax avoidance rule and lessons from the first world: a case law approach." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60328.
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Tax avoidance has been a concern to revenue authorities since the time that the concept of tax was first introduced. Revenue authorities worldwide constantly strive to ensure taxpayer compliance, while combating impermissible tax avoidance. South Africa uses a general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) as part of its arsenal to combat the increasingly innovative ways in which taxpayers seek to minimise their tax. However, the GAAR has been the source of much criticism and its effectiveness in combatting impermissible tax avoidance is untested in the courts. Therefore, the use of hindsight to criticise the GAAR is not possible. This study applied a qualitative approach to compare the South African, Australian and Canadian GAARs in order to propose changes which are intended to improve the efficacy of the South African GAAR. This research was performed by first comparing the three GAARs using a doctrinal research methodology and then applying the South African GAAR to the facts of selected cases from Australia and Canada in the form of reform-oriented research. In order to apply the South African GAAR to the facts of the cases a framework was developed in phase 1 of the research in order to ensure consistency in the application. This allowed for a more reliable analysis to be made regarding the areas where the South African GAAR could be improved. The convergence of results from the two research methodologies validated many of the suggestions made for the improvement of the South African GAAR This thesis examined the GAARs in South Africa, Australia and Canada with a view to identifying if there are any lessons to be learned for their application and interpretation, in order to suggest improvements which can be made to the South African GAAR. Further, relevant Australian and Canadian case law was found to be instructive as to the approach that could be adopted for purposes of applying the South African GAAR. The findings of the research revealed that while the South African, Australian and Canadian GAARs differ in their structure, each is directed to achieve the same end. The results of the study identified two types of improvements to the South African GAAR. Firstly, the South African GAAR should be consolidated into a three-part enquiry instead of the current four-part enquiry. In doing so the tainted elements (previously the abnormality requirement) could be used to inform an objective test of purpose. Secondly, guidance on areas of uncertainty regarding the application of the South African GAAR needs to be provided in order to prevent possible inconsistent judicial interpretations that may limit the efficacy of the GAAR whilst still protecting the right for taxpayers to legitimately minimise their tax burdens. One additional cause for concern highlighted in this research is the use of provisions from other jurisdictions without guidance on the application in the South African context. The use of similar provisions to that of its much-criticised predecessor has also introduced areas of uncertainty regarding the application of the South African GAAR. These areas of weakness and uncertainty arguably prevent the South African GAAR from being an effective deterrent to tax avoidance and many could be addressed by the legislature.
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Germano, Livia de Carli. "A elusão tributária e os limites à requalificação dos negócios jurídicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-19112010-083302/.
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O presente estudo examina os limites à requalificação dos negócios jurídicos no Brasil, seja pelas autoridades fiscais seja pelo legislador tributário (infraconstitucional) com a criação de regras específicas e gerais para o controle da elusão fiscal. Para tanto, considera-se a elusão fiscal como figura autônoma, buscando-se identificar os critérios para a delimitação desta zona cinzenta existente entre a conduta contra legem (evasão) e aquela que não contraria, quer direta quer indiretamente, o ordenamento (elisão), e que corresponde à prática de atos aparentemente lícitos mas que ferem indiretamente o ordenamento. A identificação de tais critérios coloca em relevo a importância da causa dos negócios jurídicos e a noção de ilicitude atípica que qualifica os atos e negócios aparentemente lícitos porém desprovidos de causa, engendrados exclusivamente com vistas à economia de tributos. Analisa-se então como o ordenamento positivo brasileiro trata esta categoria de atos e negócios, buscando delimitar o que a administração fiscal está autorizada a fazer no combate à elusão fiscal. Em seguida, passa-se ao exame do controle da elusão fiscal realizado pela via legislativa, analisando-se os limites ao estabelecimento de regras específicas de prevenção ou de correção da elusão baseadas em ficções e presunções, as regras antielusivas constantes de convenções internacionais firmadas pelo Brasil, bem como a experiência estrangeira no estabelecimento de regras gerais antielusivas. Ao final, abordamos o conteúdo da regra geral antielusiva brasileira.This research examines the limits applicable to the reclassification of activities by the Brazilian tax authorities or the Brazilian tax legislator (i.e., ordinary law) by means of specific and general anti-avoidance rules. For this purpose, we consider tax avoidance as an autonomous concept, which consists of those transactions that appear legitimate but are indirectly against rules, and we attempt to identify the criteria for delimitation of the gray area between an activity that represents a direct violation of Law tax evasion and one which does not infringe the law, either directly or indirectly valid tax planning. The identification of such criteria emphasizes the importance of the purpose behind a legal transaction and the idea of an illegality which is not expressly defined by law applicable to those acts and transactions that, despite appearing legitimate, have no substance and are exclusively structured for the purpose of saving taxes. We then analyze how Brazilian legislation treats such activities and transactions in order to identify the limits to which tax avoidance schemes can be regulated by Brazils tax authorities. Next, we examine how Brazilian tax legislation deals with tax avoidance, and analyze the limits on the establishment of specific anti-avoidance rules based upon fictions and presumptions, of anti-avoidance rules found in double tax treaties concluded by Brazil, and general anti-avoidance rules based upon other countries practices. Finally, we address the substance of the general anti-avoidance rule under the Brazilian tax system.
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Prebble, Zoë, and John Prebble. "Comparing the General Anti-Avoidance Rule of Income Tax Law with the Civil Law Doctrine of Abuse of Law (Part I)." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123574.
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This paper compares the general anti-avoidance rule of incometax law with the Civil Law doctrine of abuse of law (Rechtsmissbrauch, abusde droit) in eight jurisdictions: Germany, Croatia, New Zealand, Australia, France, the e uropean u nion, the u nited s tates and the United Kingdom. The paper addresses the statutory and judge-made general anti-avoidance rules in these jurisdictions and deals with the core concept of avoidance an on how these eight jurisdictions either frustrate avoidance or allow it.Este artículo compara la norma anti-elusiva general de la ley del impuesto a la renta con la doctrina del abuso de derecho del Civil Law(Nt 1) (Rechtsmissbrauch, abus de droit) en ocho jurisdicciones: Alemania, Croacia, Nueva Zelanda, Australia, Francia, la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. El artículo se ocupa de las normas anti-elusivas generales legislativas y jurisprudenciales en estas jurisdicciones y aborda el concepto central de la elusión. El artículo se enfoca en transacciones que la mayoría reconocería como elusivas y en cómo estas ocho jurisdicciones frustran la elusión o la permiten.
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Prebble, Zoë, and John Prebble. "Comparing the General Anti-avoidance Rule of Income Tax Law with the Civil Law Doctrine of Abuse of Law (Part II)." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123114.
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This article compares and analyzes how member States of the European Union, the United States of America and the United Kingdom combat tax avoidance through its legal systems. The article addresses issues such as the influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the case Cadbury Schweppes in establishing anti-avoidance rules in member States of the European Union and the application of Business Purpose Doctrine in the United States of America and the United Kingdom.El presente artículo compara y analiza la manera en que los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido combaten la elusión tributaria a través de sus sistemas legales. El artículo aborda temas como la influencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y el caso Cadbury Schweppes en el establecimiento de normas antielusivas en los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, y la aplicación de la doctrina de la simulación en los Estados Unidos y en el Reino Unido.
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Monteiro, Eduardo Cabral Moraes. "A Elisão tributária como direito fundamental do contribuinte." Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UFBA, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10718.
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A presente monografia tem por objeto a análise da compatibilidade sistêmica e da constitucionalidade do parágrafo único do artigo (art.) 116 do Código Tributário Nacional (CTN), introduzido pela Lei Complementar nº 104 de 2001, como uma norma geral antielisão dentro do sistema constitucional tributário brasileiro. A partir de uma análise bibliográfica, aborda-se a construção desse sistema constitucional tributário, bem como de seus elementos que informam o conceito de elisão tributária, e a partir daí reconhece-se a mesma como direito fundamental do contribuinte. Também demonstra-se a impossibilidade da criação válida de uma norma geral antielisiva dentro desse sistema, por transgredir as limitações ao poder de tributar postas na Constituição Federal (CF). Igualmente analisa-se se o dispositivo referido constitui uma norma antielisiva ou se deve ser caracterizado para o combate á evasão fiscal, concluindo-se sobre a sua constitucionalidade, ou não. Tudo isso no objetivo de reforçar esse sistema como uma limitação geral ao poder de tributar e como direito do contribuinte que consiste na tributação conforme a forma constitucional.
Salvador
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Bhoobun, Dineshwar. "Trusts and tax general anti-avoidance rules does the new GAAR prevent selected common structured transactions involving the interposition of a trust?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10160.
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Includes bibliographical references.General anti avoidance provisions ("GAAR") in the Income Tax Act and the accompanying judicial doctrines have been developed to combat schemes that are designed primarily to avoid the incidence of taxation by exploitating the loopholes in the Act. On the other hand, trusts in South Africa have commonly been used as a means to warehouse and freeze assets in order to minimise estate duty and also in schemes designed to minimise or escape income tax and donations tax. In South Africa the GAAR provisions (sections 80A and 80L) are fairly new and there is no case law yet to provide guidance on the depth and its scope of application. This dissertation seeks to analyse the impact that the new provisions of the general anti avoidance rules and the so-called judicial doctrines have on transactions or schemes involving a trust. It will also try to answer whether the previous general anti avoidance rules (section 103(1) was effective against these schemes/transactions and, if not, whether the new provisions are effective against previously successful schemes/transactions.
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Prasarasatya, Sanya, and n/a. "Has Part IVA of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth) overcome the problems with the operation of section 260?" University of Canberra. Law, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061106.142510.
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Massaga, Salome. "The general anti-avoidance section: a comparative analysis of Section 80a of the South African Tncome Tax Act no. 58 of 1962 and Section 35 of the Tanzanian Income Tax Act no. 11 of 2004." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15177.
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The study will be based on a comparative analysis of the general antiavoidance section of the South African Income Tax Act no. 58 of 1962 and the Tanzanian Income Tax Act no. 11 of 2004. The focus is on how the two provisions are interpreted by showing the similarities and differences. The approach will be analytical and comparative, starting by showing the concept of tax avoidance and historical backgrounds of the two provisions.
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Okuma, Alessandra de Souza. "Normas anti-elusivas domésticas e internacionais no direito tributário internacional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8826.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-09The purpose of this paper is the analysis of anti-avoidance rules in the Brazilian law, as well as these provided by international treaties executed by Brasil, regarding the corporate income tax. Our opinion on the extension of the general anti-avoidance provision contained in domestic law is based on the following premises: (i) the theory of autopoietic systems by Niklas Luhmann; (ii) tax principles; (iii) concepts of civil Law on fraud, simulation and abuse. It reveals that the general anti-avoidance rule provided by Brazilian law should be applied exclusively in order to disregard transactions without a legal cause or structures presenting incompatibilities between form and substance, underling a tax avoidance purpose and lacking of a business rationale. We will define the extension of specific anti-avoidance rules contained in Brazilian law, namely: special tax regime for transactions involving residents in tax haven jurisdictions; transfer pricing and CFC legislation. We will point out situations which these provisions might possibly conflict with the benefits granted by a tax treaty executed by Brazil. Each case, we should suggest criteria and legal basis for interpretation of these rules, towards resolving conflicts, considering the pacta sunt servanda principle and domestic Brazilian rules. Notwithstanding, we will analyse anti-avoidance provisions contained in the tax treaties, in view of OECD s statements regarding the improper use of the treaties amended in 2003, suggesting an interpretation in accordance with the Vienna Convention for reconciling these provisions with the domestic rules provided by the Brazilian law system
O objeto deste trabalho é a análise das normas anti-elusivas veiculadas por leis brasileiras e pelas Convenções Internacionais para evitar a dupla tributação ( CIT ), no que concerne ao imposto sobre a renda da pessoa jurídica. Partiremos da teoria dos sistemas de Luhmann, dos princípios constitucionais tributários e das normas de direito privado para construir a norma geral anti-elusiva doméstica, tal como delineada pelo art. 116, parágrafo único do CTN. Demonstraremos que a aplicação dessa norma deve considerar critérios discriminantes precisos e adequados para distinguir elisão, elusão e evasão fiscal, quais sejam: a presença da causa jurídica e a compatibilidade da estrutura negocial. Utilizaremos estas premissas para construir o conteúdo de cada norma anti-elusiva específica com efeito internacional veiculada pelas leis brasileiras, notadamente: o regime fiscal especial para uso de países de tributação favorecida; o controle de preços de transferência e o regime de transparência fiscal internacional. Apontaremos situações que hipoteticamente podem representar conflitos entre as normas anti-elusivas específicas e o regime tributário veiculado pelas CITs celebradas pelo Brasil. Para cada caso, indicaremos uma proposta hermenêutica adequada para, quando possível, conjugar esta normas domésticas, com as normas internacionais, observando o princípio pacta sunt servanda e o art. 98 do Código Tributário Nacional. Interpretaremos também as normas anti-elusivas eivadas de fonte internacional, de acordo com o método de interpretação próprio das normas internacionais previsto na Convenção de Viena e construiremos seu conteúdo de forma compatível com o sistema jurídico brasileiro
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Nusser, Hannah [Verfasser], and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Spengel. "Profit shifting within multinationals : an analysis of its tax-minimization potential and of anti-avoidance measures that extend taxation of interest and royalties at source / Hannah Nusser ; Betreuer: Christoph Spengel." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1154684083/34.
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Tori, Vargas Fernando, and Alzza Efraín Rodríguez. "Alcances de la Norma Anti- Elusiva Específica Aplicable a la Reorganización de Sociedades." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117020.
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This paper analyses national and international background of the anti-avoidance rule described in article 105-A of such law, its scope and its relationship with corporate reorganizations’ Peruvian income tax regime. In addition, the article will cover the discussion on the relationship between general anti-avoidance rule and specific anti-avoidance rules.El presente trabajo analiza los antecedentes nacionales e internacionales de la norma anti-elusiva vigente, prevista en el artículo 105-A de la referida Ley, su alcance y su relación con el régimen tributario aplicable a las reorganizaciones. Asimismo, se aborda la discusión sobre la dinámica en la aplicación de la citada norma con relación a la norma anti-elusiva general.
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Teles, Galderise Fernandes. "Planejamento tributário e normas antielisivas: uma análise a partir da perspectiva de nosso sistema constitucional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6636.
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Previous issue date: 2014-10-13Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The present document is the Tax Planning and Anti-Avoidance rules analysis core. In this context, we analyze the existence and compatibility of these standards in our Constitutional Tax System, always arguing for the absence of this relevance regarding our legal system. There are further analyses of the arguments used by the administrative authority for requalification of taxes on legal business, always having na attitude in order to refute any arguments grounded in foreign legislation or not legal foundation. There is, therefore, an effort to achieve a logical and systematic triggering around the theme, adopting and approach of strictly legal tax nature to this aspiration, having in the Constitutional Tax System its greatest grounding validity
O presente trabalho tem como núcleo de análise o Planejamento Tributário e as Normas Antielisivas. Nesse contexto, buscamos analisar a existência e compatibilidade dessas normas em nosso Sistema Constitucional Tributário sempre argumentando pela ausência de pertinencialidade dessas em relação ao nosso ordenamento normativo. Analisamos ainda os argumentos utilizados pela autoridade administrativa para requalificação dos efeitos tributários em negócios jurídicos, adotando sempre uma postura de forma a refutar qualquer tipo de argumentação embasada em legislação alienígena ou fundamentação não jurídica. Buscou-se, portanto, alcançar um desencadeamento lógico e sistemático em torno do tema, adotando para tal desiderato, uma abordagem de natureza estritamente jurídica tributária, tendo no Sistema Constitucional Tributário o seu maior fundamento de validade
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Tekeoglou, Anastasios, and Henrik Svensson. "EU:s förändringar i moder/dotterbolagsdirektivet angående hybridlån : Hur kommer dessa förändringar att påverka inkomstskattelagen och skatteflyktslagen?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Redovisning och Rättsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26613.
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Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda hur EU:s förändringar i moder/dotterbolagsdirektivet kommer att påverka svensk lagstiftning i form av IL och SFL. Förändringarna i direktivet har gjorts för att förhindra bolagens användande av s.k. hybridlån för att uppnå dubbel icke-beskattning i medlemsstater. Utöver den här förändringen har det även infogats gemensamma skatteflyktbestämmelser i direktivet, bestämmelser som samtliga medlemsstater måste följa. Sverige har sedan tidigare implementerat moder/dotterbolagsdirektivet i svensk lagstiftning och har även en lag mot skatteflykt. Skatteflykt är idag ett erkänt problem inom EU och de olika medlemsstaternas nationella lagstiftningar skiljer sig åt mellan varandra, därför har det ansetts nödvändigt att försöka skapa en gemenskap mellan medlemsstaternas lagstiftningar. För att uppfylla uppsatsens syfte har vi utrett de antagna förslagen från EU och gjort jämförelser med svensk lagstiftning, i syfte att se hur den svenska lagstiftningen kommer att påverkas av de ändrade reglerna i moder/dotterbolagsdirektivet. Tanken är inte att föreslå en lydelse av reglerna i svensk lagstiftning, utan enbart att utreda hur IL och SFL kommer att påverkas när direktivets ändringar implementeras innan slutet av år 2015. Slutsatsen enligt vår mening blir att Sverige troligtvis inte kommer behöva ändra den svenska generalklausulen då den redan täcker men även går längre än det som den gemensamma skatteflyktsklausulen vill uppnå. Vi anser att Sverige rimligen borde implementera reglerna som motverkar dubbel icke-beskattning och att detta rimligen bör införas i IL. Vi anser även att det är väldigt viktigt att den implementerade bestämmelsen är så tydlig som möjligt i sin lydelse.The purpose of the thesis is to examine how EU’s changes in the Parent-Subsidiary Directive will affect Swedish legislation in the form of the Income Tax Act and the Tax Evasion Act. The changes in the directive have been made to prevent the companies from using so-called hybrid loans to achieve double non-taxation in the Member States. In addition to this change, a general anti-abuse rule has also been implemented into the Directive, a rule that all Member States must implement. Sweden has already implemented the Parent-Subsidiary Directive into Swedish law and has also a law against tax evasion. Tax evasion is a recognized problem within the EU and the different national legislations between the Member States differ from each other and therefor it has been considered necessary to try to create a connection between the Member States' legislation. To fulfill the purpose of the thesis, it has been necessary to examine the changes made by the EU and make a comparison with the Swedish legislation, in order to see how the Swedish legislation will be affected by the changed rules of the Parent-Subsidiary Directive. The idea is not to propose a complete amendment to the rules in the Swedish law, but only to investigate how the Income Tax Act and Tax Evasion Act will be affected when the changes in the directive are implemented. The conclusion, according to us, is that Sweden will probably not need to change the Swedish general tax evasion clause because it already covers and also goes further than what the general anti-abuse rule in the Directive wants to achieve. We believe that Sweden probably should implement the rules that prevent double non-taxation, and that this should be inserted in the Income Tax Act. We also believe that it is very important that the implemented provision is as clear as possible in its wording.
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Quintella, Caio Cesar Nader. "Os princípios da legalidade e da segurança jurídica e o Parágrafo Único do Artigo 116 do Código Tributário Nacional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6518.
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Previous issue date: 2014-08-19Complementary Law No. 104/2001 inserted the sole paragraph to Article 116 of the National Tax Code. Since such a provision was inserted in Chapter III of the Tax Codex, which deals with the triggering event and, specifically, in Article 116, for the regulation of the time of its occurrence, we would be facing a general rule that would affect the observation of occurrence of such a legal phenomenon. Given this legislative innovation of general application in the legal and tax relations, initially we analyze the interaction with the other elements that make up the national legal system, and verify its formal and material adequacy. Particularly given the immense thematic relevance of the topic and its regency in Tax Law as subsystem, we analyze the Principle of Legality, its scope and developments, to foster the engagement of provisions and effects brought with the insertion of the sole paragraph to Article 116 of the National Tax Code. Also, by the very result of such an analysis, we started to check the content, scope and consequences of the principle of legal certainty, which has an unquestionably great level abstraction and penetration into the national legal system in order to confront its corollary and impositions with the legal content and consequences of the instrument under investigation. Likewise, we address the institutes and subjects related to the central object of study, giving a greater depth to reflect on their compliance with the principles analyzed and on other general rules governing the Tax Law in Brazil. At the end, before all observations made on the subject, we promote the proper completion of the study
A Lei Complementar nº 104/2001 acrescentou ao artigo 116 do Código Tributário Nacional o seu parágrafo único. Posto que tal dispositivo foi inserido no Capítulo III do Codex tributário, que trata da ocorrência do fato gerador e, especificamente, no seu artigo 116, destinado à regulamentação do momento da sua ocorrência, estaríamos diante de uma norma geral que afetaria a constatação de ocorrência de tal fenômeno jurídico. Diante dessa inovação legislativa de alcance geral nas relações jurídico-tributárias, inicialmente analisa-se a sua interação com os demais elementos que compõem o sistema jurídico nacional, verificando sua adequação, formal e material. Particularmente, em face da imensa pertinência temática ao tema e à sua regência na seara do Direito Tributário como subsistema, analisa-se o Princípio da Legalidade, seu alcance e desdobramentos, para promover o confronto das prescrições e dos efeitos trazidos com a inserção do parágrafo único ao artigo 116 do Código Tributário Nacional. Igualmente, por decorrência da própria análise de tal instituto axiológico, passa-se a verificar o conteúdo, o alcance e os desdobramentos do Princípio da Segurança Jurídica, o qual inquestionavelmente possui grande abstração e penetração no sistema jurídico nacional, a fim de confrontar seu corolário e imposições com o conteúdo e os reflexos jurídicos do dispositivo sob investigação. Da mesma forma, abordam-se institutos e temas correlacionados ao objeto central de estudo, conferindo um maior aprofundamento à reflexão sobre a sua adequação aos princípios analisados e às demais normas gerais que regem o Direito Tributário no Brasil. Ao final, diante de todas constatações obtidas sobre tema proposto, promove-se a devida conclusão do estudo
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Villagra, Cayamana Renée Antonieta, and del Pino Fernando Enrique Zuzunaga. "Trends in corporative income taxation in Latin America." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116131.
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The main objective of this study is to expose the corporative income taxation granted by the legislations of different Latin American countries, trying to identify and analyze trends that emerge from such treatment. This paper does not intend to make a critical or comprehensive analysis of the corporative income taxation. This paper identifies the most important issues of the resident’s income taxation, deductible expenses, non-resident taxation and withholdings, and the anti-avoidance measures introduced by the domestic legislation of Latin American countries in order to avoid the base erosion.El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es exponer el tratamiento del impuesto a la renta corporativo que otorgan las diferentes legislaciones de los países de Latinoamérica, procurando identificar y analizar las tendencias que de dicho tratamiento surgen; sin pretender hacer un análisis crítico ni exhaustivo de las mismas. Se identifican los aspectos más importantes del impuesto a la renta de los residentes, los gastos deducibles, los aspectos vinculados a la tributación de los no residentes, así como las medidas defensivas introducidas por las legislaciones domésticas que los Estados se han visto en la necesidad de implementar unilateralmente a fin de evitar laerosión de la base.
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Zaicevaitė, Neringa. "Antivengiminių priemonių teisinis reglamentavimas ir jo praktinio taikymo problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090908_194103-72950.
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Magistro darbo objektas - Lietuvos Respublikos norminiuose mokesčių teisės aktuose įtvirtintos prieš mokesčių vengimą nukreiptos normos: jų doktrininis aiškinimas bei analizė, jų taikymas mokestinius ginčus nagrinėjančių institucijų praktikoje. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas turinio viršenybės prieš formą principui, kaip bendrajai prieš mokesčių vengimą nukreiptai normai ir specialiosioms antivengiminėms priemonėms – pajamų arba išmokų apibūdinimo iš naujo (plonos kapitalizacijos – angl. thin capitalization) taisyklėms, kontroliuojamųjų užsienio vienetų apmokestinimo taisyklėms, sandorių kainodaros (angl. transfer pricing) taisyklėms, ūkinių operacijų, atliekamų su tikslinėse teritorijose registruotais asmenimis, apmokestinimas. Darbo tikslai - išanalizuoti antivengiminių priemonių teisinį reglamentavimą bei atskleisti jo praktinio taikymo problemas. Darbo uždaviniai: atskleisti turinio viršenybės prieš formą principo įtvirtinimo įstatyme istorinę raidą; išanalizuoti jį įtvirtinančias teisės normas, atskleisti mokesčių vengimo kaip teisės pažeidimo sudėties analizę, o taip pat pateikti turinio viršenybės prieš formą principo taikymo tvarką mokesčių administratoriui apskaičiuojant mokėtinus mokesčius; išnagrinėti Lietuvos Respublikos mokesčių teisės aktuose įtvirtintas specialiąsias antivengimines normas, identifikuoti jas, suformuluoti ir išanalizuoti atskirų priemonių, nukreiptų prieš mokesčių vengimą, sampratą, pasitelkiant teisinį reglamentavimą, atskleisti jų turinį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The object of the master thesis – norms, which are embeded in Lithuanian Republic tax laws and which are against tax avoidance: their doctrinal explanation and analysis, their practical appliance in a light of institutions, which solve taxing disputes. Main consideration is paid to substance over form principle, which is a general anti-avoidance rule and to specific anti-avoidance rules – thin capitalization rules, controlled foreign corporations imposition rules, transfer pricing rules, transactions with organizations, which operate in tax-heavens, imposition. The two objectives of this dissertation are as follows: to analyse anti-avoidance measures embeded in tax laws and unfold their practical implication problems. In order to reach the goal, further tasks were set: to unfold substance over form principles historical embedment evolution in laws; to analyse law rules, which embed this principle, to unfold tax avoidance composition as violation of law analysis and also to present the order of substance over form principle application, when tax authority has to impose a tax; to study special anti-avoidance rules, which are infixed in Lithuanian Republic tax laws, identify these rules, formulate and analyse seperate definitions of measures pointed against tax avoidance, conception, by employing law rules, to unfold their substance; to estimate relationship between general and specific anti-avoidance rules; to analyse and structure practice of institutions, which solve taxing... [to full text]
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Drezza, Lia Barsi. "As regras de subcapitalização no Brasil: distanciamentos e proximidades com os juros sobre o capital próprio e os preços de transferência." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6171.
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Previous issue date: 2013-06-03This study assesses the impact of the normative statement contained in Articles 24 and 25 of Law No. 12.249/2010 Brazil s "thin capitalization rules" in view of a series of other laws currently in effect that regulate the same issues, namely, the remittance of interest abroad by entities affiliated with enterprises headquartered in tax havens or in countries featuring low-tax regimes. The analysis seeks to highlight the conflicts that can arise from regulation by different laws of the same legal facts, as a means to prevent the occurrence of double taxation by the tax authorities
O presente estudo busca analisar a eficácia social do enunciado normativo contido nos artigos 24 e 25 da Lei nº 12.249/2010, chamado de regras de subcapitalização , tendo em vista a existência, no sistema atualmente vigente, de um conjunto de outros enunciados que acabam por regular o mesmo fato jurídico, qual seja, a remessa de juros ao exterior, para pessoas jurídicas vinculadas, sediadas em países com tributação favorecida ou com regime fiscal privilegiado. A partir dessa análise, buscou-se evidenciar os conflitos que podem surgir da regulamentação, por diferentes proposições normativas, de fatos jurídicos idênticos, como forma de evitar a ocorrência de uma dupla tributação por parte dos órgãos fiscais
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Persson, Anna, and Jessica Tedenhag. "Missbruk av skatteavtal : Kan de föreslagna reglerna i BEPS åtgärdspunkt 6 motverka förfaranden som missbrukar skatteavtal. Om inte, kan Sverige motverka sådana förfaranden genom att tillämpa generalklausulen mot skatteflykt?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Redovisning och Rättsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26901.
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BEPS-projektet startades år 2012 för att förhindra att skattesubjekt använder kryphål i skatteavtalen och staternas nationella lagstiftningar för att erhålla skatteförmåner. År 2013 utgav OECD en handlingsplan som identifierar 15 åtgärder som ämnas vidtas. Åtgärdspunkt 6 reglerar problematiken kring hur skatteavtal missbrukas genom att skattesubjekt ”shoppar” efter jurisdiktionen med det skatteavtal som leder till den förmånligaste beskattningen. Åtgärdspunkt 6 föreslår att en specifik LOB-regel eller en generalklausul, PPT-regeln, införs i OECDs modellavtal för att motverka det aktuella förfarandet. LOB-regeln reglerar i vilka specifika situationer en skatteförmån är tillämplig och kan beviljas medan PPT-regeln är av allmän karaktär och innehåller allmänt hållna formuleringar för att täcka in förhållanden som är svåra att förutse på förhand. Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda huruvida de föreslagna reglerna kan uppfylla ändamålet med åtgärdspunkten, att motverka missbruk av skatteavtal. Om detta inte är möjligt undersöks om Sverige kan motverka sådana förfaranden genom att tillämpa generalklausulen mot skatteflykt som återfinns i skatteflyktslagen. Författarna bedömmer att LOB-regeln är allt för komplex i sin nuvarande lydelse vilket försvårar en tillämpning av regeln. Eftersom PPT-regeln är vag ger den utrymme för godtyckliga bedömningar, vilket inte ger ett förutsebart utfall när det inte finns klar vägledning. Författarna är med hänsyn till detta av uppfattningen att reglerna i dess nuvarande lydelse och form inte kan leva upp till syftet med åtgärdspunkt 6. Enligt Peru-målet är skatteflyktslagen rent principiellt tillämplig på förfaranden som omfattas av skatteavtal. Generalklausulen ska då prövas mot förfarandet. Det fjärde rekvisitet, i strid med lagstiftnings syfte, är dock svårtillämpat och domstolens bedömningar varierar. Författarnas anser dock att genom att införa i skatteavtalen att dess syfte inte är att tillåta missbruk av avtalet kan generalklauslen motverka det aktuella förfarandet och skydda mot erodering av den svenska skattebasen vad gäller missbruk av skatteavtal.In 2012 the BEPS project started with the purpose of preventing tax subjects from using loopholes in the tax treaties and national tax laws in order to receive tax benefits. In 2013, the OECD published an action plan that identifies 15 actions that is meant to be taken regarding this issue. Action 6 regulates treaty abuse through treaty shopping, which means that a tax subject is searching for the tax jurisdiction with the tax treaty that leads to the most beneficial taxation. To prevent this, Action 6 suggests that a specific LOB-rule and a general anti-avoidance rule, PPT-rule, should be included in the OECD model convention. The LOB-rule regulates in which specific situations a treaty benefit can be granted. The PPT-rule is more general and contains general wordings to cover situations that is difficult to foresee. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the proposed rules can fulfill the purpose of Action 6, to prevent treaty abuse. If not possible, it will be determined if Sweden can prevent treaty abuse by applying the general anti-avoidance rule against tax evasion stated in the Swedish skatteflyktslagen. The authors of the thesis are of the opinion that the LOB-rule is too complex in its current wording which makes it difficult to apply. Since the PPT-rule is vague, there is a wide scope for arbitrary assessments leads to an unpredictable outcome when the guidance is unclear. Therefore, the authors find that the rules in its current wordings cannot satisfy the purpose of Action 6. According to the Peru-judgement the skatteflyktslagen can be applicable to situations that are covered by a tax treaty. The transaction should be tested against the general antiavoidance. The fourth prerequisite, in contravention of the purpose of the legislation, is difficult of apply and the judgements of the court varies. The authors believe that if the treaty preamble includes a statement which clarifies that the intention of the treaty is not to allow treaty abuse, the Swedish general anti-avoidance rule can prevent treaty abuse and thereby protect the Swedish tax base against BEPS regarding treaty abuse.
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Souza, Bruno Nepomuceno de. "Norma geral antielisiva e desenvolvimento: diagnóstico, formulações normativas à prova e uma contribuição ao desenredo da regulação no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18250.
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The yearning for tax collection, to supply with funds the public coffers, and the freedom to organize the business, with the lowest tax burden as possible, polarized the interests of the government and the taxpayers. Almost a 'shelf product', tax planning has always been a broadly sold strategy. However, the State has changed, the values have changed, and the globalisation dramatized reality, highlighting that the legalistic perspective that had once underpinned with certainty the path through the legal loopholes, in fact, distorted the system, enhanced the non-compliance and tax evasion and, in various ways, jeopardized the tax equality. As an attempt to mitigate its effects, discreet and uncompleted steps were taken (in) in Congress, with the edition of a General Anti-Avoidance Rule, although deprived of regulation, (ii) in the case law, with foreigner innovations, in an endeavor to deal with the rule, and (iii) in the doctrine, to substantiate the postures, usually opposed to any step taken, either from a revenue or business bias. In the midst of all this, several attempts arose to regulate the so-called General Anti-Avoidance Rule. The study outlines, therefore, first and foremost, a terminological panorama with the related figures to the theme and an evolution of the debate in the doctrine. Thereafter, it’s revealed the behavior of the federal administrative court. Before the demands and international guidelines, it seeks to lead the debate to the global level, reasoning possible paradigms, to conclude if they would represent models to be transplanted. Soon after, it ranges the whole legislative construction around the issue, as tries of regulation. Ultimately, all the normative formulations are subjected to tests, on the basis of several criteria, with the intent of that, before the envisaged policy and founded on an argument of economic substance and reservations of business purpose, recommendations be provided for a regulation of the brazilian General Anti-Avoidance Rule.
O anseio de arrecadação, para abastecer os cofres públicos, e a liberdade de organizar os negócios, com a menor carga tributária possível, polarizam os interesses do governo e dos contribuintes. Quase 'produto de prateleira', o planejamento tributário ainda é uma estratégia amplamente vendida. Todavia, o Estado mudou, os valores mudaram, e a globalização dramatizou a realidade, evidenciando que a perspectiva legalista que outrora fundamentou com segurança o percurso por brechas da lei, na verdade, distorceu o sistema, acentuou a sonegação e, por diversas vias, comprometeu a isonomia tributária. Como tentativa de mitigar os efeitos, passos discretos e incompletos foram dados (i) no Congresso, com a edição de uma Norma Geral Antielisiva, mas carente de regulação, (ii) na jurisprudência, com inovações estrangeiras, como tentativa de lidar com a Norma, e (iii) na doutrina, para fundamentar as posturas, geralmente contrárias a qualquer passo dado, seja por viés fiscalista ou empresarial. Em meio a tudo isso, inúmeras tentativas surgiram de se regular a denominada Norma Geral Antielisiva. O estudo traça, então, inicialmente, um panorama terminológico com as figuras correlatas ao tema e uma evolução do debate na doutrina. Em seguida, é revelado o comportamento do tribunal administrativo federal. Diante das demandas e diretrizes internacionais, procura-se levar o debate ao plano global, cogitando possíveis paradigmas, para se concluir se representariam modelos a serem transplantados. Logo depois, percorre-se toda a construção legislativa em torno do tema, como tentativas de regulação. Por fim, todas as formulações normativas são postas à prova com base em critérios diversos, com o propósito de que, diante da política pretendida, baseadas em um argumento de substância econômica e ressalvas de propósito negocial, recomendações sejam dadas para uma regulação da Norma Geral Antielisiva brasileira.
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Jung, Youjin. "L’imposition des plus-values de cessions directes et indirectes des entreprises dans l’Etat de la source : les exemples de la Chine, de la Corée du Sud et de l’Inde." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020029.
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L’Asie est une des principales destinations, en termes de volume, des investissements mondiaux. Or, l’existence d’une sécurité tant juridique que fiscale est un paramètre majeur dans les choix des investisseurs étrangers. Quelques affaires récentes dans cette région, notamment « Lone Star Fund » en Corée du Sud et « Vodafone » en Inde, semblent remettre en question l’existence d’une telle sécurité. Les activités de nombreuses entreprises étrangères articulées autour d’opérations d’achat et de revente de parts de sociétés sont spéculatives. La Chine, la Corée du Sud et l’Inde, ayant constaté l’importance des profits générés par une telle pratique spéculative, ont choisi de les imposer, en tant qu’Etat de la source, soit avec l’adoption des règles dites « general anti-avoidance rules (GAAR) », soit avec l’interprétation extensive d’un principe découlant d’une loi fiscale, soit encore avec l’amendement des règles des revenus réputés de source. Ce faisant, elles n’ont pas tenu compte de l’existence de société-relais et n’ont pas nécessairement justifié cette imposition qui semble contrevenir à leurs conventions fiscales. La première partie de cette thèse consiste à étudier le droit interne et la pratique judiciaire de ces Etats. Dans un second temps, elle examine dans quelle mesure cette imposition s’articule avec leurs conventions fiscales. Enfin, elle cherche à comprendre pourquoi elles ont choisi une telle politique fiscale et propose quelques solutions pour rehausser le degré de prévisibilité de leur système juridiqueAsia is one of the main destinations in terms of global investment volume. But the existence of legal and fiscal certainties is an important factor for investors’ choices. Several recent cases in the region, including “Lone Star Fund” in South Korea and “Vodafone” in India, seem to question the existence of such certainties. Many foreign enterprises focus on the shares’ purchase and re-sale, which could be linked to speculation. China, South Korea and India, as source states, having identified speculative business which is making huge profits, decided to tax them, with adopting General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) or a broad interpretation of a tax law principle and also the rule amendment on income deemed to accrue. In so doing, they ignored the presence of conduit companies and did not justify this taxation which would seem to be a breach of their tax treaties.Firstly, this study examines domestic law and judicial practice of these states. In the second phase, it evaluates the extent to which this taxation relates to their tax treaties. Finally, it seeks to understand why they opt for such a tax policy and proposes some solutions to raise the level of predictability of their legal system
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Majed, Leila. "L'imposition des revenus d'opérations des entreprises françaises dans les six pays du CCG (Arabie Saoudite, Bahreïn, Emirats arabes unis, Koweït, Oman et Qatar)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020108.
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Les six pays qui forment le Conseil de Coopération du Golfe (CCG) disposent encore collectivement de vastes réserves de pétrole et de gaz. Mais pour combien de temps ? Arabie Saoudite, Bahreïn, Émirats Arabes Unis, Koweït, Oman et Qatar n’ont pendant longtemps imposé que les sociétés pétrolières étrangères. Conscients de la limite de la manne pétrolière, ils cherchent depuis plusieurs années à diversifier leur assise économique en attirant toujours plus d'investissements directs étrangers, autres que pétroliers. Un droit fiscal commun, applicable aux activités commerciales et industrielles des entreprises étrangères, a ainsi vu le jour en Arabie Saoudite, au Koweït, en Oman et au Qatar. Ce régime fiscal se distingue à la fois par de faibles taux d’imposition et par le renforcement permanent des moyens de recouvrement et de contrôle des opérations internationales des entreprises étrangères. Les entreprises françaises qui opèrent dans cette région bénéficient toujours, en application des conventions contre la double imposition, d’une suppression des retenues à la source sur leurs revenus issus des pays du CCG. C’est un avantage fiscal considérable par rapport à leurs homologues domiciliées dans d'autres pays occidentaux. Mais aujourd’hui, les sociétés françaises doivent faire face à une politique fiscale plus « agressive ». Elles sont confrontées à des systèmes fiscaux attractifs mais évolutifs, très diversifiés et de plus en plus coercitifsThe six Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) still hold collectively vast reserves of oil and gas. But for how much longer? Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman and Qatar have for a long time taxed only foreign oil companies. Aware of the limits of the oil godsend, these countries are currently seeking to diversify their economic basis by drawing in ever more foreign direct investment outside of the fossil fuel sector. New taxation laws applicable to foreign commercial and industrial activities have therefore been enacted in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman and Qatar. These laws share two main characteristics: low tax rates and strengthened measures to collect taxes and control the international operations of foreign companies. Under double taxation treaties, French companies operating in that region still enjoy exemption from withholding tax on their GCC revenue. That is a considerable advantage compared to their counterparts based in other Western countries. Yet French companies must now encounter an "aggressive" fiscal policy. They are confronted with attractive fiscal systems but constantly changing, diverse and coercive
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Machado, João Afonso Arrochela Lima Novais. "A nova cláusula geral anti-abuso portuguesa : anti-tax avoidance directive." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/33671.
Full textAbstract:
Ao longo desta dissertação será feita uma análise à atual Cláusula Geral Anti-Abuso portuguesa, num plano comparativo com a versão que vigorou até maio de 2019, e a influência que a Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive da União Europeia teve na nova redação. Após uma abordagem inicial ao tema em questão, será explorado o conceito da figura em estudo, densificando cada um dos elementos que a constituem, seguindo-se uma verificação de tais pressupostos num caso específico da jurisprudência portuguesa. Não obstante a recente reforma à disposição anti-abuso em apreço, facto que dificulta o apuramento da posição defendida pelos Tribunais portugueses nos casos em que se levantou a questão da sua aplicação desde a entrada em vigor da nova redação, servirá esta dissertação para testar o alcance que o legislador nacional, sob influência das disposições europeias, decidiu dar à nova Cláusula Geral Anti-Abuso, através da aplicação a casos jurisprudenciais que se guiaram pela redação antiga da norma, acentuando eventuais divergências que possam surgir devido à nova redação dos elementos que constituem a cláusula. Assim, o tema escolhido apresenta uma dificuldade motivada pela quase inexistência de estudos jurídico-fiscais que abordem o alcance da norma conferido pela nova redação e qual será o seu impacto num plano jurisprudencial a médio/longo prazo.Throughout this dissertation, an analysis will be made of the current Portuguese General Anti-Abuse Rule, in a comparative plan to the version that was in force until May 2019, and the influence that the European Union's Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive had on the new wording. After an initial approach to the topic in question, the concept of the figure under study will be explored, densifying each of the elements that constitute it, followed by a verification of such elements in a case of Portuguese jurisprudence. Despite the recent reform of the anti-abuse provision in question, which makes it difficult to determine the position defended by the Portuguese Courts in cases where the question of its application has been raised since the new wording came into force, this dissertation will serve to test the scope that the national legislator, under the influence of European provisions, decided to give to the new General Anti-Abuse Rule, through the application to jurisprudential cases that were guided by the old wording of the rule, accentuating any divergences that may arise from the new wording of the elements that constitute the clause. Thus, the chosen theme presents a difficulty motivated by the almost inexistence of legal-tax studies that address the scope of the rule given by the new wording and what will be its impact at the level of the jurisprudence in the medium/long term.
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Barreto, Isabella Coelho Paes. "Is the anti-tax avoidance directive´s (ATAD´S) general anti-abuse rule (GAAR) in line with the ECJ case law?" Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/29340.
Full textAbstract:
A new general anti-abuse rule (GAAR) has been adopted as part of the Anti-Tax Avoidance
Directive of 12 July 2016 (ATAD), and will likely have worldwide implications regarding the
way companies operate and structure their businesses.
This dissertation intends to expose and develop the relationship between this new GAARs’
treatment of abuse and the one forged by the European Court of Justice throughout the years.
Throughout this endeavor several questions are raised about abuse, its prevention, the
methods used and their efficiency. Thus, first this study sets out to highlight the difficulties of
interpreting the concept of abuse of (tax) law, as well as the doctrine that was built around
it throughout the years. Subsequently it exposes the role of abuse (and measures taken to
prevent it) within the European Union legal order, as well as those based on the
jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice – further detailing the onus regarding the
burden of proof. Finally, part III establishes a recent trend towards mandatory GAAR
codification by exposing the traditional approach taken up until this point, as well as a
critical analysis of the scope, requirements and legal consequences related to the ATAD’s
GAAR.
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Santos, Jéssica Filipa Varela Dos. "A Diretiva anti elisão fiscal da União Europeia e a sua adoção no sistema fiscal português: análise de algumas normas." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/89758.
Full textAbstract:
Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Contabilidade e Finanças apresentado à Faculdade de EconomiaA crescente mobilidade de pessoas, capitais, bens e serviços, o avanço tecnológico e a existência de uma economia cada vez mais digital são fatores que influenciam a forma como os agentes económicos se relacionam. A possibilidade de estarem estabelecidos em diferentes Estados propicia o aproveitamento das disparidades existentes entre os diversos ordenamentos jurídicos, principalmente a nível fiscal.Associado a este aproveitamento reside a existência de impostos e a busca pela minimização do seu montante, dada a racionalidade económica da qual os agentes económicos são detentores. Esta prática pode afigurar um planeamento fiscal legítimo e, por isso, um direito exercido conforme o disposto na lei, ou um planeamento fiscal abusivo que, mesmo conforme os termos da lei, é concebido mediante o abuso dos mesmos e sem um propósito económico válido.A proliferação de práticas abusivas tem sido alvo de intensas discussões, principalmente, pelas consequências que estas têm nas receitas do Estado ao provocar a erosão da base tributável e a transferência de lucros (BEPS) e por violar alguns princípios basilares do Direito. Para combater práticas como a evasão e fraude fiscal os Estados-Membros têm integrado nos seus sistemas fiscais medidas anti abuso. O presente relatório debruça-se, deste modo, sobre um diploma que afigura um importante passo no combate às práticas abusivas, a Diretiva (UE) 2016/1164, do Conselho de 12 de julho de 2016. Com a sua análise pretende-se perceber qual o seu grau de incorporação no sistema fiscal português, designadamente quanto à cláusula geral anti abuso e limitação dos gastos de financiamento.
The increasing mobility of significant, capital, goods and services, technological advancement and the existence of a significant digital economy are factors that influence the way economic agents cooperate. The possibility of being established in different States means that disparities between different legal systems, particularly at the level of taxation, can be exploited.Associated with this exploitation is the existence of taxes and the eagerness to minimize its amount, given the rationality of economic entities. This practice may appear to be legitimate tax planning and, therefore, a right exercised in accordance with the law, or abusive tax planning, that even under the terms of the law is conceived through abuse of rights and without a valid economic purpose.The proliferation of abusive practices has been the subject of intense discussions, mainly because of the consequences they have on State revenue by causing the erosion of the tax base and the transfer of profits (BEPS) and by violating some basic principles of Law. To combat practices such as tax evasion and fraud, Member States have integrated anti abuse measures into their tax systems.This report, therefore, addresses a legal text which is an important step towards combating abusive practices, Council Directive (EU) 2016/1164 of 12 July 2016. The aim of this report is to understand their degree of incorporation into the Portuguese tax system, namely the general anti abuse rule and the interest deduction limitation.
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Maia, Diana Patrícia Tavares. "Cláusula geral anti abuso : lei antiga e lei nova, que diferenças?" Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31661.
Full textAbstract:
A presente dissertação estuda a Cláusula Geral Anti Abuso consagrada na lei portuguesa. Tomando como ponto de partida as recentes alterações legislativas, é desenvolvida uma análise comparativa entre a lei nova e a lei antiga e traçado o pano de fundo do seu enquadramento na evolução verificada no panorama internacional. Para dar cumprimento a este objetivo, apresenta-se um estudo dos instrumentos internacionais que nos vão auxiliar na compreensão da realidade atual desta figura, e um estudo dos elementos característicos em vigor no regime nacional até à transposição da ATAD 1, e dos que vigoram no atual regime. Pretendemos, deste modo apurar, por um lado, se há diferenças significativas e, por outro, se esta alteração que deu origem à lei nova era efetivamente necessária para um combate mais eficiente à elisão fiscal.This dissertation studies the General Anti-Abuse Rule enshrined in Portuguese law. Taking as a starting point the recent legislative changes, a comparative analysis between the new law and the old law is developed and the background of its framing in the evolution verified in the international panorama is outlined. In order to fulfill this objective, a study is presented of the international instruments that will help us to understand the current reality of this figure, and a study of the characteristic elements in force in the national regime until the transposition of ATAD 1, and of those in force in the current regime. In this way, on the one hand we intend to determine whether there are any significant differences, and, on the other hand, whether this change that gave rise to the new law was indeed necessary for a more efficient fight against tax avoidance.