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Journal articles on the topic 'Antibiotic resistances'
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1
Reinthaler, Franz Ferdinand, Herbert Galler, Gebhard Feierl, Doris Haas, Eva Leitner, Franz Mascher, Angelika Melkes, et al. "Resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from sewage sludge in comparison with those isolated from human patients in 2000 and 2009." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 1 (November 12, 2012): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.207.
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For some time now, antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains have been found in the human population, in foods, in livestock and wild animals, as well as in surface waters. The entry of antibiotics and resistant bacterial strains into the environment plays an important role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. The goal of the present study was to monitor the entry of antibiotic resistances into the environment through the contamination of wastewater. To assess the extent of transmission of antibiotic resistances from human sources into the environment, the resistance patterns of Escherichia coli strains isolated from human patients have been compared to those found in strains isolated from sewage sludge. Our results may indicate if resistances to particular antibiotics are more prone than others to spread into the environment. To monitor the increase of specific resistances over time, samples taken in the years 2000 and 2009 were analysed. Our study shows that for some antibiotics a parallel development of resistance patterns has taken place in both patient and environmental samples over time. For other sets of antibiotics, independent developments have occurred in the samples. A clear increase of multi-resistant E. coli strains over time was observed in samples from both sources.
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Akkan, Tamer. "Antibiotic Resistance Case Study: Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Batlama Creek in Giresun, Turkey." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 8 (August 27, 2017): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i8.969-972.1262.
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Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from the freshwater of the Batlama Creek in Giresun, to measure their resistance levels against to antibiotics. A total of 9 antibiotics disc were applied for the resistance test. Antibiotic resistances of all isolates were at percentages for ampicillin (75%), erythromycin (64%), nalidixic acid (48%), tetracycline (39%), amikacin (34%), cefazolin and chloramphenicol (33%), cefuroxime (32%) and cefotaxime (23%), respectively. The highest resistant strain was resistant against to 9 antibiotics, while the weak resistance of 16 isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics. Moreover, Multiple antibiotic resistance index values were found to be higher than 0.2 for 77% of all isolates. High resistances of examined bacteria against to antibiotics indicated a dense and multisource pollution in the Batlama Creek. Consequently, a need for good surveillance programs to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in surface water bodies.
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Hummel, Anja S., Christian Hertel, Wilhelm H. Holzapfel, and Charles M. A. P. Franz. "Antibiotic Resistances of Starter and Probiotic Strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 3 (November 22, 2006): 730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02105-06.
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ABSTRACT The antibiotic resistances of 45 lactic acid bacteria strains belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, and Leuconostoc were investigated. The objective was to determine antibiotic resistances and to verify these at the genetic level, as is currently suggested by the European “qualified presumption of safety” safety evaluation system for industrial starter strains. In addition, we sought to pinpoint possible problems in resistance determinations. Primers were used to PCR amplify genes involved in β-lactam antibiotic, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin resistance. The presence of ribosomal protection protein genes and the ermB gene was also determined by using a gene probe. Generally, the incidences of erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, or β-lactam resistances in this study were low (<7%). In contrast, aminoglycoside (gentamicin and streptomycin) and ciprofloxacin resistances were higher than 70%, indicating that these may constitute intrinsic resistances. The genetic basis for ciprofloxacin resistance could not be verified, since no mutations typical of quinolone resistances were detected in the quinolone determining regions of the parC and gyrA genes. Some starter strains showed low-level ampicillin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline resistances, but no known resistance genes could be detected. Although some strains possessed the cat gene, none of these were phenotypically resistant to chloramphenicol. Using reverse transcription-PCR, these cat genes were shown to be silent under both inducing and noninducing conditions. Only Lactobacillus salivarius BFE 7441 possessed an ermB gene, which was encoded on the chromosome and which could not be transferred in filter-mating experiments. This study clearly demonstrates problems encountered with resistance testing, in that the breakpoint values are often inadequately identified, resistance genes may be present but silent, and the genetic basis and associated resistance mechanisms toward some antibiotics are still unknown.
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Farias, Pedro, Christophe Espírito Santo, Rita Branco, Romeu Francisco, Susana Santos, Lars Hansen, Soren Sorensen, and Paula V. Morais. "Natural Hot Spots for Gain of Multiple Resistances: Arsenic and Antibiotic Resistances in Heterotrophic, Aerobic Bacteria from Marine Hydrothermal Vent Fields." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 7 (January 30, 2015): 2534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03240-14.
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ABSTRACTMicroorganisms are responsible for multiple antibiotic resistances that have been associated with resistance/tolerance to heavy metals, with consequences to public health. Many genes conferring these resistances are located on mobile genetic elements, easily exchanged among phylogenetically distant bacteria. The objective of the present work was to isolate arsenic-, antimonite-, and antibiotic-resistant strains and to determine the existence of plasmids harboring antibiotic/arsenic/antimonite resistance traits in phenotypically resistant strains, in a nonanthropogenically impacted environment. The hydrothermal Lucky Strike field in the Azores archipelago (North Atlantic, between 11°N and 38°N), at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, protected under the OSPAR Convention, was sampled as a metal-rich pristine environment. A total of 35 strains from 8 different species were isolated in the presence of arsenate, arsenite, and antimonite. ACR3 andarsBgenes were amplified from the sediment's total DNA, and 4 isolates also carried ACR3 genes. Phenotypic multiple resistances were found in all strains, and 7 strains had recoverable plasmids. Purified plasmids were sequenced by Illumina and assembled by EDENA V3, and contig annotation was performed using the “Rapid Annotation using the Subsystems Technology” server. Determinants of resistance to copper, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, and chromium as well as to the antibiotics β-lactams and fluoroquinolones were found in the 3 sequenced plasmids. Genes coding for heavy metal resistance and antibiotic resistance in the same mobile element were found, suggesting the possibility of horizontal gene transfer and distribution of theses resistances in the bacterial population.
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Talukder, Mukta, and HM Manir Ahmed. "Determination of antibiotics sensitivity profiles of bacteria isolated from raw milk." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i3.30109.
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The extensive progress of dairy sectors in a developing country like Bangladesh, led to widespread use of antibiotics to improve the health and productivity of animals. Prolonged usage may lead to antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin; hence, the emergence of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Accurate data on the antibiotic usage in livestock treatment, antibiotic residues and antimicrobial resistances in raw milk in Bangladesh are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the types and usages of antibiotics in cattle, their potential microbial resistances in raw milk samples. To do so, a total of 54 raw milk samples were evaluated and the bacterial isolates were identified and measured for resistance to 4 antibiotics most commonly used during bacterial infection Bangladesh. Amongst all 54 (100%) isolates were positive to S. aureus and 36 (66.67%) isolates were positive to E coli. Determination of the antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates showed that all isolates of S. aureus were resistant to cefoxitin (81.48%), ampicillin (64.81%), ciprofloxacin (51.85%), and gentamycin (70.37%). E. coli showed resistance to cefoxitin (69.44%), ampicillin (83.33%), ciprofloxacin (77.78%), and gentamycin (86.11%). However multidrug resistance pattern was also found. The obtained results provide evidence that antimicrobial resistant strains of the above pathogens have become remarkably widespread in raw milk. This requires better management for antibiotic usages among livestock farmers to control sources of food contamination and reduce the health risks associated with the development of resistant microbial strainsAsian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2016, 2(3): 396-401
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Dang, Huong Thu, Huy Son Dinh, Tu Anh Loc, and La Anh Nguyen. "Antibiotic resistance characteristics of potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 61, no. 6 (December 15, 2023): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/17261.
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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasingly common and threaten human health. Recently, antibiotic resistance in food associated bacteria become an emerging threat to this state. These bacteria may act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes and transfer to commensal or pathogenic bacteria in the human intestines. Therefore, either probiotics or starter cultures have to be evaluated for antibiotic interaction. In this study, the antibiotic susceptibility of seven Lactobacillus strains was determined. The MIC values revealed that all strains were resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and aminoglycoside antibiotics group (gentamicin, neomycin, kanamycin and streptomycin). However, the results from PCR analysis showed that parC gene for ciprofloxacin resistance was only present in Lb. fermentum SMC2; vanX gene, responsible for the vancomycin resistance, was found in two strains Lb. plantarum AS34 and TJ26. Most strains showed susceptibilityto at least one type of protein synthesis inhibit antibiotics: chloramphenicol, erythromycin and clindamycin. Four strains Lb. brevis NCTH24, Lb. casei PK2, Lb. fermentum SBV2, and Lb. plantarum NCDC3 did not carry any antibiotic resistance genes which indicates these antibiotic resistances are intrinsic and nontransmissible.
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Saha, Mousumi, and Agniswar Sarkar. "Review on Multiple Facets of Drug Resistance: A Rising Challenge in the 21st Century." Journal of Xenobiotics 11, no. 4 (December 13, 2021): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jox11040013.
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With the advancements of science, antibiotics have emerged as an amazing gift to the human and animal healthcare sectors for the treatment of bacterial infections and other diseases. However, the evolution of new bacterial strains, along with excessive use and reckless consumption of antibiotics have led to the unfolding of antibiotic resistances to an excessive level. Multidrug resistance is a potential threat worldwide, and is escalating at an extremely high rate. Information related to drug resistance, and its regulation and control are still very little. To interpret the onset of antibiotic resistances, investigation on molecular analysis of resistance genes, their distribution and mechanisms are urgently required. Fine-tuned research and resistance profile regarding ESKAPE pathogen is also necessary along with other multidrug resistant bacteria. In the present scenario, the interaction of bacterial infections with SARS-CoV-2 is also crucial. Tracking and in-silico analysis of various resistance mechanisms or gene/s are crucial for overcoming the problem, and thus, the maintenance of relevant databases and wise use of antibiotics should be promoted. Creating awareness of this critical situation among individuals at every level is important to strengthen the fight against this fast-growing calamity. The review aimed to provide detailed information on antibiotic resistance, its regulatory molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance, and other relevant information. In this article, we tried to focus on the correlation between antimicrobial resistance and the COVID-19 pandemic. This study will help in developing new interventions, potential approaches, and strategies to handle the complexity of antibiotic resistance and prevent the incidences of life-threatening infections.
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Goñi-Urriza, Marisol, Michèle Capdepuy, Corinne Arpin, Nathalie Raymond, Pierre Caumette, and Claudine Quentin. "Impact of an Urban Effluent on Antibiotic Resistance of Riverine Enterobacteriaceae andAeromonas spp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.125-132.2000.
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ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the impact of an urban effluent on antibiotic resistance of freshwater bacterial populations, water samples were collected from the Arga river (Spain), upstream and downstream from the wastewater discharge of the city of Pamplona. Strains ofEnterobacteriaceae (representative of the human and animal commensal flora) (110 isolates) and Aeromonas (typically waterborne bacteria) (118 isolates) were selected for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Most of the Aeromonas strains (72%) and many of the Enterobacteriaceae (20%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Singly nalidixic acid-resistant strains were frequent regardless of the sampling site forAeromonas, whereas they were more common upstream from the discharge for enterobacteria. The most common resistances to antibiotics other than quinolones were to tetracycline (24.3%) and beta-lactams (20.5%) for Enterobacteriaceae and to tetracycline (27.5%) and co-trimoxazole (26.6%) forAeromonas. The rates of these antibiotic resistances increased downstream from the discharge at similar degrees for the two bacterial groups; it remained at high levels for enterobacteria but decreased along the 30-km study zone for Aeromonas. Genetic analysis of representative strains demonstrated that these resistances were mostly (enterobacteria) or exclusively (Aeromonas) chromosomally mediated. Moreover, a reference strain of Aeromonas caviae (CIP 7616) could not be transformed with conjugative R plasmids of enterobacteria. Thus, the urban effluent resulted in an increase of the rates of resistance to antibiotics other than quinolones in the riverine bacterial populations, despite limited genetic exchanges between enterobacteria and Aeromonas. Quinolone resistance probably was selected by heavy antibiotic discharges of unknown origin upstream from the urban effluent.
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Krishna, M. P., Rinoy Varghese, and A. A. Mohamed Hatha. "Heavy metal tolerance and multiple drug resistance of heterotrophic bacterial isolates from metal contaminated soil." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 30, no. 1 (2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp12006.
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The development of multiple metal/antibiotic resistances among the bacterial population causes a potential risk to human health. Metal contamination in natural environments could have an important role in the maintenance and proliferation of antibiotic resistance. In the present study, a total of 46 heterotrophic bacterial isolates from metal contaminated soil were tested for their sensitivity to 10 widely used antibiotics such as ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, penicillin, amikacin, lincomycin, novobiocin, vancomycin and tetracycline. Metal tolerant ability of these isolates against five heavy metals such as lead, zinc, copper, cadmium and nickel were also determined. The results revealed that most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to one or more heavy metals/ antibiotics against which they are tested. Tolerance to heavy metal showed the following pattern; lead > zinc > nickel > copper > cadmium. Resistance to ampicillin (73.91%), penicillin (60.8%), lincomycin (43.47%) and nalidixic acid (21.73%) were encountered frequently. None of the isolates were resistant to amikacin, while resistance to gentamicin and tetracycline were low (2.17%). Out of the 46 bacterial isolates, 36 isolates showed multiple metal and antibiotic resistances. Isolate LOC 10 showed significantly high tolerance (100-300�g/mL) to all the metals and was resistant to 6 antibiotics.
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Büyükkaya Kayış, Fikret, Sadık Dinçer, Fatih Matyar, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı, Melis Sümengen Özdenefe, and Afet Arkut. "Gölbaşı ve Azaplı Göllerinden (Adıyaman) İzole Edilen Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Araştırılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i1.43-47.819.
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Identification and multiple antibiotic resistances of amphicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline resistant gram-negative bacteria that isolated microorganisms from Gölbaşı and Azaplı lakes (Adiyaman) were investigated in this study. Seasonally taken isolates of totally 386 bacteria in 10 different species from 7 genera were scanned against 16 antibiotics [gentamycin, imipenem, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefpirome, ceftizoxime, cefuroxime, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (Bioanalyse)] by using the disc diffusion method to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance. Multiple antibiotic resistance of stations showed seasonal changes between 0.29 and 0.91. In generally, multiple antibiotic resistance in Golbasi and Azapli lakes were higher than the reference value and highest multiple antibiotic resistance values were obtained at summer season (3th period).
When the obtained data are considered, high multiple antibiotic resistance poses a risk in terms of public health and for economically important animals.
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Schreiber, Christiane, and Thomas Kistemann. "Antibiotic resistance among autochthonous aquatic environmental bacteria." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.539.
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Antibiotics are widely used in both human and veterinary medicine and antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause problems in antibiotic therapy. The current study was conducted in the catchment area of the river Swist (Germany) and focuses on the resistance of environmental Rhodospirillaceae to antibiotics used in human medicine. The samples collected reflect different levels of human impact on the environment. In total, 614 isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. About half of these isolates were susceptible to all substances tested. Oxacillin resistance was observed most frequently (41%). Resistant Rhodospirillaceae were detected in wastewater effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant, as well as in non-polluted upper reaches. The highest multi-resistance level was detected in small tributaries and it surprisingly decreased with an increasing influence of municipal wastewater. It could be shown that the detected resistances were acquired rather than intrinsic. Besides natural occurrence of multi-resistance among non-sulphur purple bacteria, horizontal gene transfer and acquired cross-resistance against veterinary antibiotics are assumed to be important factors. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study investigating the potential of Rhodospirillaceae as a reservoir for resistance to antibiotics used in human medicine. The consequence for resistance prevalence in human pathogens and for their antibiotic therapy needs evaluation.
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Yang, Hongyan, Shao-Hung Wei, Jon L. Hobman, and Christine E. R. Dodd. "Antibiotic and Metal Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Pig Slaughterhouses in the United Kingdom." Antibiotics 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110746.
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Antimicrobial resistance is currently an important concern, but there are few data on the co-presence of metal and antibiotic resistance in potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli entering the food chain from pork, which may threaten human health. We have examined the phenotypic and genotypic resistances to 18 antibiotics and 3 metals (mercury, silver, and copper) of E. coli from pig slaughterhouses in the United Kingdom. The results showed resistances to oxytetracycline, streptomycin, sulphonamide, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, ceftiofur, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, aztreonam, and nitrofurantoin. The top three resistances were oxytetracycline (64%), streptomycin (28%), and sulphonamide (16%). Two strains were resistant to six kinds of antibiotics. Three carried the blaTEM gene. Fifteen strains (18.75%) were resistant to 25 µg/mL mercury and five (6.25%) of these to 50 µg/mL; merA and merC genes were detected in 14 strains. Thirty-five strains (43.75%) showed resistance to silver, with 19 possessing silA, silB, and silE genes. Fifty-five strains (68.75%) were resistant to 8 mM copper or above. Seven contained the pcoE gene. Some strains were multi-resistant to antibiotics, silver, and copper. The results in this study, based on strains isolated between 2007 and 2010, will aid understanding about the effects of strategies to reduce resistance and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
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Sembiring, Pintata, Masria Sianipar, Sri Sudewi Pratiwi Sitio, Yunita Syahputri Damanik, and Efrata Sembiring. "EDUKASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA SISWA/SISWI SMA NEGERI 1 STM HILIR, JLN. PENDIDIKAN DUSUN I TALUN KENAS, KEC. SINEMBAH TANJUNG MUDA HILIR, KAB. DELI SERDANG, SUMATERA UTARA." Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Putri Hijau 3, no. 3 (July 2, 2023): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36656/jpmph.v3i3.1342.
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Overuse of antibiotics has the potentiall for irrational use. This is one of the factorss that cause resistances. WHO in the field of antimicrobial resistance:According to the Global Surveillance Report, Southeast Asia has the highest level of antimicrobial resistance in the world, especially against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Ministry of Health, 2015). Results of the AMRIN (Antimicrobial Resistance in Indonesia) study conducted from 2000 to 2005 showed that approximately 43% of E. coli are resistant to various types of antibiotics, including:
ampicillin (34%), co-trimoxazole (29%), chloramphenicol (25%) (Minister of Health of the Republic, 2015). Irrational use is a major factor in high antibiotic resistance rates. Lack off publicc knowledges about antibiotics can affect attitudes and healths behaviorss, including irrationall use of antibiotics. Knowledge plays an important rolee in shaping beliefs and attitudess about certain behaviors, such as behavior when taking antibioticss. Education level is thought to have a significant impact on this behavior (Ivoryanto, 2017).
Keywords : antibiotics, resistance, student
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Bulajic, Snezana, Zora Mijacevic, and Radoslava Savic-Radovanovic. "Antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria." Veterinarski glasnik 62, no. 5-6 (2008): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0806329b.
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Knowledge on the antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria is still limited, possibly because of the large numbers of genera and species encountered in this group, as well as variances in their resistance spectra. The EFSA considers antibiotic resistances, especially transferable resistances, an important decision criterion for determining a strain's QPS status. There are no approved standards for the phenotypic or genotypic evaluation of antibiotic resistances in food isolates. Also, the choice of media is problematic, as well as the specification of MIC breakpoint values as a result of the large species variation and the possible resulting variation in MIC values between species and genera. The current investigations in this field showed that we might end up with a range of different species- or genus-specific breakpoint values that may further increase the current complexity. Another problem associated with safety determinations of starter strains is that once a resistance phenotype and an associated resistance determinant have been identified, it becomes difficult to show that this determinant is not transferable, especially if the resistance gene is not located on a plasmid and no standard protocols for showing genetic transfer are available. Encountering those problems, the QPS system should allow leeway for the interpretations of results, especially when these relate to the methodology for resistance phenotype determinations, determinations of MIC breakpoints for certain genera, species, or strains, the nondeterminability of a genetic basis of a resistance phenotype and the transferability of resistance genes.
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Shrestha, Abhigan Babu, Pashupati Pokharel, Unnat Hamal Sapkota, Sajina Shrestha, Shueb A. Mohamed, Surakshya Khanal, Saroj Kumar Jha, et al. "Drug Resistance Patterns of Commonly Used Antibiotics for the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection among South Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8030172.
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Background: In South Asia, resistance to commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection is increasing. Despite this, accurate estimates of overall antibiotic resistance are missing. Thus, this review aims to analyze the resistance rates of commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of H. pylori in South Asia. Methods: The systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement. We searched five medical databases for relevant studies from inception to September 2022. A random effect model with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to calculate the pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Results: This systematic review and meta-analysis included 23 articles, 6357 patients, 3294 Helicobacter pylori isolates, and 2192 samples for antibiotic resistance. The prevalences of antibiotic resistance to common antibiotics were clarithromycin: 27% (95%CI: 0.17–0.38), metronidazole: 69% (95%CI: 0.62–0.76), tetracycline: 16% (95%CI: 0.06–0.25), amoxicillin: 23% (95%CI: 0.15–0.30), ciprofloxacin: 12% (95%CI: 0.04–0.23), levofloxacin: 34% (95%CI: 0.22–0.47), and furazolidone: 14% (95%CI: 0.06–0.22). Subgroup analysis showed antibiotic resistances were more prevalent in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. Furthermore, a ten-year trend analysis showed the increasing resistance prevalence for clarithromycin (21% to 30%), ciprofloxacin (3% to 16%), and tetracycline (5% to 20%) from 2003 to 2022. Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed a high prevalence of resistance among the commonly used antibiotics for H. pylori in South Asian countries. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance has been increasing over the time of 20 years. In order to tackle this situation, a robust surveillance system, and strict adherence to antibiotic stewardship are required.
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Mirón-Rubio, Manuel. "Treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant microorganisms in hospital at home units." Revista Española de Quimioterapia 34, Suppl 1 (September 30, 2021): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37201/req/s01.05.2021.
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Hospital at home units allow the treatment of moderate and severe infections by administering intravenous antibiotics to patients who would otherwise have to remain hospitalised. Increasing antibiotic resistance adds an element of difficulty to outpatient treatment of infections because multiple daily doses of antimicrobials or combinations of antimicrobials are sometimes required. This manuscript discusses some of the challenges of outpatient management of infections with multidrug-resistant microorganisms and shows the main antibiotic resistances and the outcomes of treatment of these infections in Spanish home hospitalisation units.
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Matyar, Fatih. "Hastane Kanalizasyonlarından İzole Edilen Gram-negatif Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Saptanması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 10 (October 5, 2016): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i10.845-849.759.
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In this study it was aimed to determine the microbial diversity and level of antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacterial isolates from the hospital sewages. The 219 Gram-negative bacterial isolates to 16 different antibiotics (belonging 10 classes), was investigated by agar diffusion method. A total of 18 species of bacteria were isolated: the most common strains isolated from all samples were Klebsiella oxytoca (27.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.5%) and Escherichia coli (20.1%). There was a high incidence of resistance to ampicillin (98.6%), streptomycin (95.9%) and erythromycin (90.0%), and a low incidence of resistance to cefepim (13.2%), imipenem (5.0%) and meropenem (3.2%). 35.6% of all bacteria isolated from hospital sewage were resistant to 9 different antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index ranged from 0.25 to 0.94. Results show that hospital sewages have a significant proportion of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and these bacteria constitute a potential risk for public health.
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Bujanda, Luis, Olga P. Nyssen, Dino Vaira, Ilaria M. Saracino, Giulia Fiorini, Frode Lerang, Sotirios Georgopoulos, et al. "Antibiotic Resistance Prevalence and Trends in Patients Infected with Helicobacter pylori in the Period 2013–2020: Results of the European Registry on H. pylori Management (Hp-EuReg)." Antibiotics 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091058.
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Background: Bacterial antibiotic resistance changes over time depending on multiple factors; therefore, it is essential to monitor the susceptibility trends to reduce the resistance impact on the effectiveness of various treatments. Objective: To conduct a time-trend analysis of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe. Methods: The international prospective European Registry on Helicobacter pylori Management (Hp-EuReg) collected data on all infected adult patients diagnosed with culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing positive results that were registered at AEG-REDCap e-CRF until December 2020. Results: Overall, 41,562 patients were included in the Hp-EuReg. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed on gastric biopsies of 3974 (9.5%) patients, of whom 2852 (7%) were naive cases included for analysis. The number of positive cultures decreased by 35% from the period 2013–2016 to 2017–2020. Concerning naïve patients, no antibiotic resistance was found in 48% of the cases. The most frequent resistances were reported against metronidazole (30%), clarithromycin (25%), and levofloxacin (20%), whereas resistances to tetracycline and amoxicillin were below 1%. Dual and triple resistances were found in 13% and 6% of the cases, respectively. A decrease (p < 0.001) in the metronidazole resistance rate was observed between the 2013–2016 (33%) and 2017–2020 (24%) periods. Conclusion: Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Helicobacter pylori are scarcely performed (<10%) in Europe. In naïve patients, Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin remained above 15% throughout the period 2013–2020 and resistance to levofloxacin, as well as dual or triple resistances, were high. A progressive decrease in metronidazole resistance was observed.
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Burns, J. L., C. D. Wadsworth, J. J. Barry, and C. P. Goodall. "Nucleotide sequence analysis of a gene from Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia encoding an outer membrane lipoprotein involved in multiple antibiotic resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 2 (February 1996): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.2.307.
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Antibiotic-resistant Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia is an important etiologic agent of nosocomial and cystic fibrosis infections. The primary resistance mechanism which has been reported is decreased outer membrane permeability. We previously reported the cloning and characterization of a chloramphenicol resistance determinant from an isolate of B. cepacia from a patient with cystic fibrosis that resulted in decreased drug accumulation. In the present studies we subcloned and sequenced the resistance determinant and identified gene products related to decreased drug accumulation. Additional drug resistances encoded by the determinant include resistances to trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin. Sequence analysis of a 3.4-kb subcloned fragment identified one complete and one partial open reading frame which are homologous with two of three components of a potential antibiotic efflux operon from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mexA-mexB-oprM). On the basis of sequence data, outer membrane protein analysis, protein expression systems, and a lipoprotein labelling assay, the complete open reading frame encodes an outer membrane lipoprotein which is homologous with OprM. The partial open reading frame shows homology at the protein level with the C terminus of the protein product of mexB. DNA hybridization studies demonstrated homology of an internal mexA probe with a larger subcloned fragment from B. cepacia. The finding of multiple antibiotic resistance in B. cepacia as a result of an antibiotic efflux pump is surprising because it has long been believed that resistance in this organism is caused by impermeability to antibiotics.
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Fodor, András, Birhan Addisie Abate, Péter Deák, László Fodor, Ervin Gyenge, Michael G. Klein, Zsuzsanna Koncz, et al. "Multidrug Resistance (MDR) and Collateral Sensitivity in Bacteria, with Special Attention to Genetic and Evolutionary Aspects and to the Perspectives of Antimicrobial Peptides—A Review." Pathogens 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070522.
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Antibiotic poly-resistance (multidrug-, extreme-, and pan-drug resistance) is controlled by adaptive evolution. Darwinian and Lamarckian interpretations of resistance evolution are discussed. Arguments for, and against, pessimistic forecasts on a fatal “post-antibiotic era” are evaluated. In commensal niches, the appearance of a new antibiotic resistance often reduces fitness, but compensatory mutations may counteract this tendency. The appearance of new antibiotic resistance is frequently accompanied by a collateral sensitivity to other resistances. Organisms with an expanding open pan-genome, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, can withstand an increased number of resistances by exploiting their evolutionary plasticity and disseminating clonally or poly-clonally. Multidrug-resistant pathogen clones can become predominant under antibiotic stress conditions but, under the influence of negative frequency-dependent selection, are prevented from rising to dominance in a population in a commensal niche. Antimicrobial peptides have a great potential to combat multidrug resistance, since antibiotic-resistant bacteria have shown a high frequency of collateral sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides. In addition, the mobility patterns of antibiotic resistance, and antimicrobial peptide resistance, genes are completely different. The integron trade in commensal niches is fortunately limited by the species-specificity of resistance genes. Hence, we theorize that the suggested post-antibiotic era has not yet come, and indeed might never come.
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Tarricone, Rosanna, Carla Rognoni, Luca Arnoldo, Sante Mazzacane, and Elisabetta Caselli. "A Probiotic-Based Sanitation System for the Reduction of Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistances: A Budget Impact Analysis." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060502.
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Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) and antibiotic resistance have high social and economic burdens. Healthcare environments play an important role in the transmission of HAIs. The Probiotic Cleaning Hygiene System (PCHS) has been shown to decrease hospital surface pathogens up to 90% vs. conventional chemical cleaning (CCC). This study compares PCHS to CCC as to reduction of HAIs and their severity, related antibiotic resistances, and costs. Incidence rates of HAIs/antibiotic resistances were estimated from a previously conducted multicenter pre-post (6 months CCC + 6 months PCHS) intervention study, after applying the propensity score matching technique. A budget impact analysis compared the current scenario of use of CCC with future scenarios considering increasing utilization of PCHS, from 5% to 50% in the next five years, from a hospital perspective in Italy. The cumulative incidence of HAI was 4.6% and 2.4% (p < 0.0001) for CCC (N = 4160) and PCHS (N = 4160) (OR = 0.47, CI 95% 0.37–0.60), with severe HAIs of 1.57% vs. 1% and antibiotic resistances of 1.13% vs. 0.53%, respectively. Increased use of PCHS over CCC in Italian internal medicine/geriatrics and neurology departments in the next 5 years is expected to avert at least about 31,000 HAIs and 8500 antibiotic resistances, and save at least 14 million euros, of which 11.6 for the treatment of resistant HAIs. Innovative, environmentally sustainable sanitation systems, like PCHS, might substantially reduce antibiotic resistance and increase protection of health worldwide.
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Belibasakis, Georgios N., Bodil K. Lund, Carina Krüger Weiner, Benita Johannsen, Desirée Baumgartner, Daniel Manoil, Margareta Hultin, and Konstantinos Mitsakakis. "Healthcare Challenges and Future Solutions in Dental Practice: Assessing Oral Antibiotic Resistances by Contemporary Point-Of-Care Approaches." Antibiotics 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2020): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110810.
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Antibiotic resistance poses a global threat, which is being acknowledged at several levels, including research, clinical implementation, regulation, as well as by the World Health Organization. In the field of oral health, however, the issue of antibiotic resistances, as well as of accurate diagnosis, is underrepresented. Oral diseases in general were ranked third in terms of expenditures among the EU-28 member states in 2015. Yet, the diagnosis and patient management of oral infections, in particular, still depend primarily on empiric means. On the contrary, on the global scale, the field of medical infections has more readily adopted the integration of molecular-based systems in the diagnostic, patient management, and antibiotic stewardship workflows. In this perspective review, we emphasize the clinical significance of supporting in the future antibiotic resistance screening in dental practice with novel integrated and point-of-care operating tools that can greatly support the rapid, accurate, and efficient administration of oral antibiotics.
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Seyda, Cengiz, Dinç Gökçen, and Söğüt Mehtap Ünlü. "Detection of Several Virulence Properties, Antibiotic Resistance and Phylogenetic Relationship in E. Coli Isolates Originated from Cow Mastitis." Acta Veterinaria 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2014-0039.
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Abstract Cow mastitis caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) exhibits various local and systemic clinical signs at varying degrees of severity. The aim this study was to elucidate the virulence properties, antibiotic resistance and phylogenetics of 56 E. coli strains. Of all the studied strains, 12 were positive for hemolytic properties and 38 were positive for biofilm production. Additionally, 55 of the strains were positive for multiple resistances in bacteriological tests. PCR analysis revealed that 42 strains carried the traT gene, 20 strains had the shiga toxin gene (stx1-stx2), and 8 strains carried the intimin gene (eae), but all strains were negative for aerobactin gene (aer). All strains encoding shiga toxin genes were also positive for stx1, but only 4 strains were positive for stx2. There were no significant differences in virulence genes between antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible strains. The random amplifi ed polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction patterns revealed the existence of 13 main groups with 4 subgroups of E. coli. In this study, E. coli strains causing intramammary infections and originating from various sources might show resistance against common antibiotics. Pathogenity of E. coli that cause clinical mastitis, and prognosis of the infection might be predicted by obtaining the traT gene. Additionally, antibiotic resistance should be investigated at the genomic level to detect the relationship between virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. In field conditions, development of antibiotic resistance is the main cause of mastitis treatment failure. Thus, antibiotic resistance profiles in herds should be monitored and effective antibiotics should be administered
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Fouladi, Marjan Darbani, Saeid Besharati, Parissa Farnia, and Adnan Khosravi. "A concise review of the effect of efflux pump on biofilm intensity in bacteria with a special view to Mycobacterium." Journal of Preventive, Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies in Medicine 3, no. 1 (2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpdtsm.jpdtsm_119_23.
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Abstract Excessive, arbitrary, self-medication, and misuse of antibiotics have caused widespread antibiotic resistance, but with the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistances, these concerns have increased. Efflux pumps are an important pathway involved in antibiotic resistance and can send the drug used in clinical cases out of the bacterial cell. Many studies show the role of these pumps in biofilm formation as well as increasing biofilm formation. Considering the effective relationship between antibiotic resistance from the efflux pump pathway and biofilm increase in bacteria, the purpose of this study was to investigate various aspects of the efflux pump pathway in biofilm exacerbation, especially in Mycobacterium. For this purpose, we studied more than 60 articles with keywords efflux pump, antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis from valuable data sources such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Through the investigation, we came to the conclusion that the efflux pump is one of the main pathways of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, especially M. tuberculosis, which can increase the formation of biofilm in them, and as a result of this cooperation, the treatment process can become much more difficult. We suggest that all drug resistance pathways and their genes are investigated in the occurrence of other diseases, not only tuberculosis, in different geographical areas.
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Rodrigues, António Teixeira, João C. F. Nunes, Marta Estrela, Adolfo Figueiras, Fátima Roque, and Maria Teresa Herdeiro. "Comparing Hospital and Primary Care Physicians’ Attitudes and Knowledge Regarding Antibiotic Prescribing: A Survey within the Centre Region of Portugal." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060629.
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Background: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide public health problem, leading to longer hospital stays, raising medical costs and mortality levels. As physicians’ attitudes are key factors to antibiotic prescribing, this study sought to explore their differences between primary care and hospital settings. Methods: A survey was conducted between September 2011 and February 2012 in the center region of Portugal in the form of a questionnaire to compare hospital (n = 154) and primary care (n = 421) physicians’ attitudes and knowledge regarding antibiotic prescribing. Results: More than 70% of the attitudes were statistically different (p < 0.05) between hospital physicians (HPs) and primary care physicians (PCPs). When compared to PCPs, HPs showed higher agreement with antibiotic resistances being a public health problem and ascribed more importance to microbiological tests and to the influence of prescription on the development of resistances. On the other hand, PCPs tended to agree more regarding the negative impact of self-medication with antibiotics dispensed without medical prescription and the need for rapid diagnostic tests. Seven out of nine sources of knowledge’s usefulness were statistically different between both settings, with HPs considering most of the knowledge sources to be more useful than PCPs. Conclusions: Besides the efforts made to improve both antibiotic prescribing and use, there are differences in the opinions between physicians working in different settings that might impact the quality of antibiotic prescribing. In the future, these differences must be considered to develop more appropriate interventions.
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Sulfikar, Sulfikar, Gotot Junarto, Muhammad Ardhias Syam, Andi Zulfikar Efendy, Mohamad Sahrir, and Hilda Ningsih. "A Snapshot of Antibiotic Resistances in Air Particulate of a Provincial Capital City, Indonesia." Jurnal Kimia Valensi 8, no. 1 (May 10, 2022): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v8i1.24559.
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Bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics due to gene mutation or adopting resistance genes from other bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The existence of toxic substances to bacteria, such as antibiotics, biocides, and heavy metals, may influence the pathway into the genome. This study aimed to detect the presence of antibiotic-resistance bacteria in air particulates in Makassar - a provincial capital located in Indonesia with a low to moderate air quality index (AQI). We determined the correlations between antibiotic resistance (resistance rate, RR) and the heavy-metal concentrations in the air particulates. Air particulate samples were taken from seven locations in the summer (Dry Season: July - August 2019). We analyzed the concentration of As, Cu, and Zn of the air particulates and determined RR from presumptive Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from the air particulates. We estimated the RR towards five antibiotics with different mechanisms of action: amoxicillin-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, amikacin, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim. The concentrations of the heavy metals were relatively low, ranging from (µg/Nm3) 0.001 – 0.009 for As, 0.001 – 0.003 for Cu, and 0.007 to 0.783 for Zn. We observed different antibiotic resistance at various locations, ranging from 25% to 100% RR. While there were indications of possible antibiotic resistance patterns in the different areas sampled, the power of this perspective snapshot was insufficient to make statistically valid generalizations.
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Setu, Sanjida Khondakar, Abu Naser Ibne Sattar, Ahmed Abu Saleh, Chandan Kumar Roy, Mushtaque Ahmed, Sikder Muhammadullah, and Md Humayun Kabir. "Study of Bacterial pathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and their antibiotic resistance profile in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology 10, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v10i1.31449.
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Analyzing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens help to overcome the therapeutic difficulties created by the rising antimicrobial resistant bacteria and guides in choosing appropriate antibiotics. Hence, we aimed at evaluating the pathogens causing UTI and study their antibiogram. Midstream urine samples were collected, cultured and appropriate biochemical tests were performed for proper identification of urinary pathogens in BSMMU from January 2013 to December 2013. The most common isolated Gram negative uropathogens were Escherichia coli (63.93%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.09%), other bacterial species, named Pseudomonas spp. Enterobacter Acinetobacter spp. Citrobacter spp Proteus spp. Morganella. Among Gram positive organism S. aureus S. saprophyticus S. agalectiae and Enterococci were found. Urinary tract infections were more prevalent in women than men (61.68% vs. 38.32%). High level of sensitivity was found to imipenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, cefuroxime in most of the isolates. Almost all the test organisms exhibited multiple antibiotic resistances. The high multiple antibiotics resistance identified makes it necessary for antibiotic susceptibility testing to be conducted prior to antibiotic(s) prescription.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2016; 10 (01): 22-26
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Talebiyan, Reza, Mehdi Kheradmand, Faham Khamesipour, and Mohammad Rabiee-Faradonbeh. "Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance ofEscherichia coliIsolated from Chickens in Iran." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/491418.
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Antimicrobial agents are used extremely in order to reduce the great losses caused byEscherichia coliinfections in poultry industry. In this study, 318 pathogenicEscherichia coli(APEC) strains isolated from commercial broiler flocks with coli-septicemia were examined for antimicrobials of both veterinary and human significance by disc diffusion method. Multiple resistances to antimicrobial agents were observed in all the isolates. Resistance to the antibiotics was as follows: Tylosin (88.68%), Erythromycin (71.70%), Oxytetracycline (43.40%), Sulfadimethoxine-Trimethoprim (39.62%), Enrofloxacin (37.74%), Florfenicol (35.85%), Chlortetracycline (33.96%), Doxycycline (16.98%), Difloxacin (32.08%), Danofloxacin (28.30%), Chloramphenicol (20.75%), Ciprofloxacin (7.55%), and Gentamicin (5.66%). This study showed resistance against the antimicrobial agents that are commonly applied in poultry, although resistance against the antibiotics that are only applied in humans or less frequently used in poultry was significantly low. This study emphasizes on the occurrence of multiple drug resistantE. coliamong diseased broiler chickens in Iran. The data revealed the relative risks of using antimicrobials in poultry industry. It also concluded that use of antibiotics must be limited in poultry farms in order to reduce the antibiotic resistances.
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Anggraini, Wirda, Fitria Rahma Fauzia, Arief Suryadinata, Burhan Ma'arif, Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti, and Fransiska Rosari Dewi. "Qualitative Evaluation on the Use of Pneumonia Antibiotics for Covid-19 Patients at X Hospital Bali in 2020." Borneo Journal of Pharmacy 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2023): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v6i3.2855.
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Coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) is a pandemic that has caused various complications, including pneumonia. One of the therapies used in Covid-19 with pneumonia complications is antibiotics. Antibiotics must be used appropriately to prevent antibiotic resistance. A method to reduce the number of antibiotic resistances is evaluating the use of antibiotics qualitatively using the Gyssens method. Therefore, this study aims to describe the profile and rationality of using pneumonia antibiotics for adult Covid-19 patients at X Hospital from January to December 2020. The data was collected retrospectively on adult patients using the patient's medical record data, and the sample was determined using the purposive sampling technique. There were 117 samples of medical record data processed in this study. This study concluded that the use of antibiotics for patients with Covid-19 disease consisted of single antibiotic usage, i.e., azithromycin in 82 cases (70.09%), and levofloxacin in 30 cases (25.64%), and switched antibiotics usage, i.e., azithromycin to levofloxacin in 5 cases (4.27%). The rationality of using antibiotics using the Gyssens methods was 90.60% with rational or appropriate antibiotics use (category 0). Moreover, there was 9.40% irrational drug use (category I-VI), comprising antibiotics for a longer time than it should be, in 11 cases.
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Reed, C. S., S. P. Barrett, E. J. Threlfall, and T. Cheasty. "Control of infection with multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria in a hospital renal unit: the value of plasmid characterization." Epidemiology and Infection 115, no. 1 (August 1995): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880005812x.
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SummaryAn outbreak of infections due to multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria took place over a period of approximately 18 months in a renal unit. Strains ofEscherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacterspp. andPseudomonasspp. were involved, and a variety of antibiotic resistances was encountered. Closely related plasmids encoding resistance to aztreonam, ceftazidime and piperacillin, possibly derived from an archetypal plasmid of 105 kb were found in the majority of isolates examined. After limiting the use of aztreonam the incidence of new patient isolates of multiple-resistant organisms was greatly reduced. This study demonstrated how molecular studies can contribute to the control of an outbreak situation in a hospital unit by providing an impetus to reduce the use of specific antibiotics.
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Amador, M. P., R. M. Fernandes, M. C. Prudêncio, and I. M. Duarte. "Impact of Livestock in Quality of Wastewater for Irrigation." Agrociencia 19, no. 3 (December 2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.19.256.
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Over the last decades, antibiotics have been used in human and animal therapy and livestock. In Europe, they are not allowed as growth promoters in intensive livestock, but can be used as feed additives in aquaculture and poultry production. Antibiotics are daily excreted as a mixture of unchanged and partially metabolized forms, together with resistant bacteria. The major routes of environmental contamination with antibiotics, resistant bacteria and resistance genes are the network of municipal and farm sewers. Besides chemical pollution by antibiotic, their long term permanence in water systems, pressures the selection at sub-inhibitory concentrations upon microorganisms, favouring antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The wastewaters, with high levels of organic and inorganic matter and microorganisms are especially adapted for growth and spread of antibiotic resistances. Common agricultural practices of water, nutrients and organic matter reuse for crop production, e.g., soil fertilization with manure and slurry from intensive livestock farming and irrigation with effluents from intensive aquaculture systems, are responsible for agroecosystems contamination. Humans can be continually exposed to these contaminants, through the ingestion of food plants grown on that irrigated land. Conversely, agricultural systems, then can further contribute to environmental contamination of soil and water resources. Moreover, in intensive aquaculture the antibiotics are directly added to the water to treat infections, generating high concentrations in local wastewaters, resulting in serious environmental and public health problems. This paper presents a preliminary study sought to access the contribution of some livestock activities (chick rearing, hen, poultry, pigs, dairy cattle and slaughterhouse) to the spread of antibiotic resistances through the treated wastewaters, manure and slurry in the central region of Portugal. Between March and July 2015, sampling of treated wastewaters from selected livestock WWTP is being conducted. Samples are collected in 1L sterile plastic bottles, from which Enterobacteriaceae are isolated and phenotypically characterized, by the agar diffusion method for determination of the resistance profiles against 14 antibiotics. AMPr bacteria are enumerated on VRBG plates ampicillin supplemented. The results will be presented in the paper. This paper will provide an insight about the real contribution of these activities to this public health problem in this Region.
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Mühlberg, Eric, Florian Umstätter, Christian Kleist, Cornelius Domhan, Walter Mier, and Philipp Uhl. "Renaissance of vancomycin: approaches for breaking antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant bacteria." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0309.
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The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria demands innovations in the development of new antibiotics. For decades, the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin has been considered as the “last resort” treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Since the discovery of the first vancomycin-resistant enterococci strains in the late 1980s, the number of resistances has been steadily rising, with often life-threatening consequences. As an alternative to the generation of completely new substances, novel approaches focus on structural modifications of established antibiotics such as vancomycin to overcome these resistances. Here, we provide an overview of several promising modifications of vancomycin to restore its efficacy against vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
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Kundu, Shoumik, Mahfuza Marzan, Siew Hua Gan, and Md Asiful Islam. "Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Antibiotics 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100710.
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Resistance to anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) antibiotics is a major public health concern for many high-TB burden countries in Asia, including Bangladesh. Therefore, to represent the overall drug-resistance pattern against TB in Bangladesh, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies related to antibiotic-resistant TB. A total of 24 studies covering 13,336 patients with TB were secured and included. The random-effects model was used to calculate the summary estimates. The pooled prevalence of any, mono, multi, poly, and extensive anti-TB antibiotic-resistances were 45.3% [95% CI: 33.5–57.1], 14.3% [95% CI: 11.4–17.2], 22.2% [95% CI: 18.8–25.7], 7.7% [95% CI: 5.6–9.7], and 0.3% [95% CI: 0.0–1.0], respectively. Among any first and second-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid (35.0%) and cycloserine (44.6%) resistances were the highest, followed by ethambutol (16.2%) and gatifloxacin (0.2%). Any, multi, and poly drug-resistances were higher in retreatment cases compared to the newly diagnosed cases, although mono drug-resistance tended to be higher in newly diagnosed cases (15.7%) than that in retreatment cases (12.5%). The majority (82.6%) of the included studies were of high quality, with most not exhibiting publication bias. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that all outcomes are robust and reliable. It is concluded that resistance to anti-TB drugs in Bangladesh is rampant and fast growing. Therefore, the implementation of a nationwide surveillance system to detect suspected and drug-resistant TB cases, as well as to ensure a more encompassing treatment management by national TB control program, is highly recommended.
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ERICKSON, ALAN K., DEBRA L. MURRAY, LAURA A. RUESCH, MILTON THOMAS, ZACHARY LAU, and JOY SCARIA. "Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Fresh Ground Meats Obtained from Retail Grocery Stores in the Brookings, South Dakota, Area." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 9 (August 17, 2018): 1526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-076.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens found in retail fresh meat products. The purpose of this study was to characterize the Salmonella that is found in common types of fresh ground meats available to consumers in grocery stores in the Brookings, South Dakota, area. Salmonella serotypes were detected in 50 (19%) of 261 retail fresh ground meat samples, with 2 (2%) of 115 ground turkey samples, 6 (14%) of 42 chicken samples, and 42 (40%) of 104 ground pork samples testing positive for Salmonella. The Salmonella isolates were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq genome sequencer. The resulting genomic sequences were analyzed to determine the serotypes of the isolates and to detect the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. The Salmonella isolated from the ground meats belonged to 23 different serotypes. The predominant serotype isolated from ground chicken was Enteriditis (5 of 6, 83%). Among the ground pork isolates, the most common serotypes were the potential monophasic variant of Typhimurium (5 of 42, 12%), Uganda (5 of 42, 12%), Anatum (4 of 42, 10%), Derby (3 of 42, 7%), Infantis (3 of 42, 7%), and London (3 of 42, 7%). Among the 45 Salmonella isolates tested to determine their resistance to common veterinary antibiotics, 25 (56%) were found to be susceptible to all 14 antibiotics tested, 11 (24%) were resistant to 1 antibiotic, 4 (9%) were resistant to 2 antibiotics, 1 (2%) was resistant to 3 antibiotics, 2 (4%) were resistant to 4 antibiotics, 1 (2%) was resistant to 8 antibiotics, and 1 (2%) was resistant to 10 antibiotics. The most common antibiotic resistances observed in this study were to streptomycin (15 of 45, 33%), tetracycline (11 of 45, 24%), and sulfisoxazole (7 of 45, 16%). The results of phenotypic evaluation of antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates correlated well with the antibiotic resistance genes detected in the genomic sequences of the isolates.
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Jassim, Huda. "Isolation and Identification of Salmosamonella typhi from clinical samples with molecular detection of O-antigen encoded genes." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512) 32, no. 1 (June 16, 2023): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp156-159.
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Abstract
Antibiotic treatment of S.typhi is difficult as compared to treatment of acute infection. Antibiotic resistance carried against S.typhi by using 6 kinds of antibiotics from different classes, their results showed that all isolates were high resistance to Ampicillin (99%), Gentamicin (98%), Amikacin (79%) and less resistances Trimethoprim (55%) , Imipenem (60%) and Ceftriaxone(66%) .
The present study focused on the molecular detection of Wzx flippase, Wzy polymerase genes in some Salmonella typhi isolates, Samples were collected from typhoid patients by classical lab work. Antibiotics susceptibility were investigated using disc diffusion method. The DNA and molecular Wzx flippase, Wzy polymerase were implemented using specific primers. The results showed that there was 33.33% having Wzy gene. The Wzx gene didn’t observed in any Salmonella isolates. The present study concluded that there was an important of the genetic diversity of O-antigen encoded genes included Wzx and Wzy which may be effect in typhoid diagnosis and treatment types.
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Ahmad, Norazah, Rohaidah Hashim, and Azura Mohd Noor. "The In Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility of Malaysian Isolates ofBurkholderia pseudomallei." International Journal of Microbiology 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/121845.
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Acute melioidosis may present as localised or septicaemic infections and can be fatal if left untreated.Burkholderia pseudomalleiresistant to antibiotics used for the treatment of melioidosis had been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns ofBurkholderia pseudomalleiisolated in Malaysia to a panel of antibiotics used for the treatment of melioidosis and also to potential alternative antibiotics such as tigecycline, ampicillin/sulbactam, and piperacillin/tazobactam. A total of 170Burkholderia pseudomalleiisolates were subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration determination usingE-test method to eleven antibiotics. All isolates were sensitive to meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam. For ceftazidime, imipenem, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and doxycycline resistance was observed in 1 isolate (0.6%) for each of the antibiotics. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance was observed in 17 (10%) isolates. For other antibiotics, ampicillin/sulbactam, chloramphenicol, tigecycline, and ciprofloxacin resistance were observed in 1 (0.6%), 6 (3.5%), 60 (35.3%) and 98 (57.7%) isolates respectively. One isolate B170/06 exhibited resistance to 4 antibiotics, namely, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and tigecycline. In conclusion, the Malaysian isolates were highly susceptible to the current antibiotics used in the treatment of melioidosis in Malaysia. Multiple resistances to the antibiotics used in the maintenance therapy are the cause for a concern.
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Anibijuwon, Ibikunle Ibitayo, Ifeoluwa Deborah Gbala, Jumai Adeola Abioye, and Paul Oluwaseun Ogunlade. "Antibiotic Sensitivity and Evaluation of Plasmid Profile of Major Foodborne Pathogens." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 06, no. 04 (December 2016): 04–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708667.
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AbstractThis study revealed the reason behind the antibiotics resistance of isolated food-borne pathogens through their susceptibility testing to various antibiotics of choice. The results of the study revealed that resistance of the bacteria isolates which are Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp. to different antibiotics varies and differs considerably. For instance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance to Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Gentamicin and Tetracycline. Staphylococcus sp. isolated showed multiple resistances to Cloxacillin, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, Augmentin and Gentamicin. Proteus vulgaris showed multiple resistances to five antibiotics in-vitro which are Augmentin, Nitrofurantoin, Amoxicillin, Cotrimoxazole and Nalidixic. The seven isolates were then assayed for plasmid profiling by agarose gel electrophoresis. All the isolates has plasmid with varying sizes of between 9–21kb. Further conjugative study will reveal more reason behind the resistance.
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Willms, Inka, Maja Grote, Melissa Kocatürk, Lukas Singhoff, Alina Kraft, Simon Bolz, and Heiko Nacke. "Novel Soil-Derived Beta-Lactam, Chloramphenicol, Fosfomycin and Trimethoprim Resistance Genes Revealed by Functional Metagenomics." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040378.
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Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil are considered to represent one of the largest environmental resistomes on our planet. As these genes can potentially be disseminated among microorganisms via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and in some cases are acquired by clinical pathogens, knowledge about their diversity, mobility and encoded resistance spectra gained increasing public attention. This knowledge offers opportunities with respect to improved risk prediction and development of strategies to tackle antibiotic resistance, and might help to direct the design of novel antibiotics, before further resistances reach hospital settings or the animal sector. Here, metagenomic libraries, which comprise genes of cultivated microorganisms, but, importantly, also those carried by the uncultured microbial majority, were screened for novel ARGs from forest and grassland soils. We detected three new beta-lactam, a so far unknown chloramphenicol, a novel fosfomycin, as well as three previously undiscovered trimethoprim resistance genes. These ARGs were derived from phylogenetically diverse soil bacteria and predicted to encode antibiotic inactivation, antibiotic efflux, or alternative variants of target enzymes. Moreover, deduced gene products show a minimum identity of ~21% to reference database entries and confer high-level resistance. This highlights the vast potential of functional metagenomics for the discovery of novel ARGs from soil ecosystems.
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Dinh Phuc, Hoang, Tran Thi Thanh Tam, Le Thi Thu Hang, Nguyen Thi Kieu Oanh, Vu Dang Hai Long, Kieu Duy Hung, Anne-Laure Bañuls, and Nguyen Quang Huy. "Molecular characterization of methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain BM85 isolated from a Vietnamese patient with bloodstream infection." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 21, no. 1 (August 26, 2023): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/17519.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a threat to global health due to its resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and many other antibiotic classes developed via both intrinsic and acquired mechanisms. In this study, molecular characteristics related to antibiotic resistance of MRSA strain BM85 were investigated by whole-genome sequencing of a sample isolated from a patient with bloodstream infection at Bach Mai Hospital, Vietnam. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was also performed to determine the correlation between the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes and resistance phenotypes. Genomic analyses showed that the MRSA strain BM85 belonged to the major community-acquired (CA)-MRSA lineage ST59 originating from Taiwan. The strain harbored Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) type Vb (5C2&5) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). Additionally, MRSA strain BM85 also possessed various antibiotic-resistant genes including tet38, tetK, blaZ, mecA, aph(3')-IIIa, aacA-aphD, and ermB which were located on mobile genetic elements MESPM1, Tn553-Tn4001 transposon, and a plasmid carrying the tetK gene, which was responsible for tetracycline resistance. The genotypic-resistant results were concordant with the phenotypic-resistant profile in which MRSA strain BM85 was resistant to penicillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. The sequencing data for the MRSA strain BM85 was deposited in GenBank, NCBI under accession number: BioProject PRJNA857185. In conclusion, the acquisition of the foreign genetic elements associated with antibiotic resistances through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms was the key driver of multidrug resistance in the multidrug-resistant MRSA strain BM85.
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Moraes, Dunya Mara Cardoso, Ana Maria De Souza Almeida, Maria Auxiliadora Andrade, Eduardo de Paula Nascente, Sabrina Castilho Duarte, Iolanda Aparecida Nunes, Valéria De Sá Jayme, and Cíntia Minafra. "Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Salmonella sp. Isolates from Commercial Laying Hen Farms in Central-Western Brazil." Microorganisms 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2024): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040669.
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Microbial resistance to antibiotics poses a significant threat to both human and animal health, necessitating international efforts to mitigate this issue. This study aimed to assess the resistance profiles of Salmonella sp. isolates and identify the presence of intl1, sul1, and blaTEM resistance genes within antigenically characterized isolates, including Agona, Livingstone, Cerro, Schwarzengrund, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype O:4.5, Anatum, Enteritidis, Johannesburg, Corvallis, and Senftenberg. These isolates underwent susceptibility testing against 14 antibiotics. The highest resistance percentages were noted for sulfamethoxazole (91%), sulfonamides (51%), and ceftiofur (28.9%), while no resistance was observed for ciprofloxacin. Salmonella Johannesburg and Salmonella Corvallis showed resistance to one antibiotic, whereas other serovars were resistant to at least two. Salmonella Schwarzengrund exhibited resistance to 13 antibiotics. The intl1 gene was detected in six out of the ten serovars, and the sul1 gene in three, always co-occurring with intl1. The blaTEM gene was not identified. Our findings highlight the risk posed by the detected multiple resistances and genes to animal, human, and environmental health. The multidrug resistance, especially to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, highlights the need for stringent monitoring of Salmonella in laying hens. The potential of the environment, humans, eggs, and their products to act as vectors for antibiotic resistance represents a significant concern for One Health.
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Sirichoat, Auttawit, Ana Belén Flórez, Lucía Vázquez, Pranom Buppasiri, Marutpong Panya, Viraphong Lulitanond, and Baltasar Mayo. "Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Lactic Acid Bacteria from the Human Vagina and Genetic Basis of Acquired Resistances." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072594.
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Lactic acid bacteria can act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes that can be ultimately transferred to pathogens. The present work reports on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 antibiotics to 25 LAB isolates of five Lactobacillus and one Bifidobacterium species from the human vagina. Acquired resistances were detected to kanamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and ampicillin. A PCR analysis of lactobacilli failed to identify genetic determinants involved in any of these resistances. Surprisingly, a tet(W) gene was detected by PCR in two Bifidobacterium bifidum strains, although they proved to be tetracycline-susceptible. In agreement with the PCR results, no acquired genes were identified in the genome of any of the Lactobacillus spp. strains sequenced. A genome analysis of B. bifidum VA07-1AN showed an insertion of two guanines in the middle of tet(W) interrupting the open reading frame. By growing the strain in the presence of tetracycline, stable tetracycline-resistant variants were obtained. An amino acid substitution in the ribosomal protein S12 (K43R) was further identified as the most likely cause of VA07-1AN being streptomycin resistance. The results of this work expand our knowledge of the resistance profiles of vaginal LAB and provide evidence for the genetic basis of some acquired resistances.
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Ozyurt, Mustafa, Oral Oncul, Suleyman Ceylan, Tuncer Haznedaroglu, Fatih Sahiner, and Nurittin Ardic. "Cross-resistance and associated resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from nosocomial urinary tract infections between 2004–2006 in a Turkish Hospital." Open Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-008-0012-3.
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AbstractIn this study, antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for 748 isolates of Escherichia coli from patients with acute nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs) at a Turkish Training Hospital. Thirteen antibiotics were included. Resistance to ampicillin alone (45.1%) and ciprofloxacin alone (20.6%) were the most commonly identified ‘single resistances’. Multiple resistance was found in 49.7% of the strains. The most common multiple antibiotic resistance profiles included ampicillin-sulbactam/amoxycilline-clavulonate (4.0%) and ampicillin-sulbactam/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole/amoxycilline-clavulonate (2.8%). From 2004 to 2006, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin resistant strains increased to 76% from 57%, 53% from 43% and 55% from 41%, respectively. The percentage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains was 7.8% and imipenem resistance was seen in 5.2% of ESBL positive strains. We conclude that clinically important E.coli strains have now emerged with broader multidrug resistance. Periodical evaluation of laboratory results and clinical surveillance are crucially important for optimal antibiotic management of UTIs and infection control policies.
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Carvalho, Érico, Marta Estrela, Maruxa Zapata-Cachafeiro, Adolfo Figueiras, Fátima Roque, and Maria Teresa Herdeiro. "E-Health Tools to Improve Antibiotic Use and Resistances: A Systematic Review." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080505.
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(1) Background: e-Health tools, especially in the form of clinical decision support systems (CDSSs), have been emerging more quickly than ever before. The main objective of this systematic review is to assess the influence of these tools on antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections. (2) Methods: The scientific databases, MEDLINE-PubMed and EMBASE, were searched. The search was conducted by two independent researchers. The search strategy was mainly designed to identify relevant studies on the effectiveness of CDSSs in improving antibiotic use, as a primary outcome, and on the acceptability and usability of CDSSs, as a secondary outcome. (3) Results: After the selection, 22 articles were included. The outcomes were grouped either into antibiotics prescription practices or adherence to guidelines concerning antibiotics prescription. Overall, 15 out of the 22 studies had statistically significant outcomes related to the interventions. (4) Conclusions: Overall, the results show a positive impact on the prescription and conscientious use of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections, both with respect to patients and prescribing healthcare professionals. CDSSs have been shown to have great potential as powerful tools for improving both clinical care and patient outcomes.
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WANG, JING, MINGYUE LI, JING WANG, MIAOMIAO LIU, KUN YANG, JIE ZHANG, MINGTAO FAN, and XINYUAN WEI. "Antibiotic Resistance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci and Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Naturally Fermented Chinese Cured Beef." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 2054–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-195.
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ABSTRACT This study provided phenotypic and molecular analysis of the antibiotic resistance within coagulase-negative staphylococci and lactic acid bacteria isolated from naturally fermented Chinese cured beef. A total of 49 strains were isolated by selective medium and identified at the species level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as follows: Staphylococcus carnosus (37), Lactobacillus plantarum (6), Weissella confusa (4), Lactobacillus sakei (1), and Weissella cibaria (1). All strains were typed by random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting, and their antibiotic resistances profiles to 15 antibiotics were determined as the MIC by using the agar dilution method. All the tested strains were sensitive to ampicillin, and most of them were also sensitive to penicillin, gentamycin, neomycin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin with low MICs. High resistance to streptomycin, vancomycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, lincomycin, and kanamycin was widely observed, while the resistant levels to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol varied. The presence of corresponding resistance genes in resistant isolates was investigated by PCR, with the following genes detected: tet(M) gene in 9 S. carnosus strains and 1 W. confusa strain; erm(F) gene in 10 S. carnosus strains; ere(A) gene in 6 S. carnosus strains; ere(A) gene in 4 S. carnosus strains and 1 L. plantarum strain; and str(A) gene and str(B) gene in 3 S. carnosus strains. The results indicated that multiple antibiotic resistances were common in coagulase-negative staphylococci and lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from naturally fermented Chinese cured beef. Safety analysis and risk assessment should be performed for application in meat products.
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Rose, Graham, Alexander G. Shaw, Kathleen Sim, David J. Wooldridge, Ming-Shi Li, Saheer Gharbia, Raju Misra, and John Simon Kroll. "Antibiotic resistance potential of the healthy preterm infant gut microbiome." PeerJ 5 (January 25, 2017): e2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2928.
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Background Few studies have investigated the gut microbiome of infants, fewer still preterm infants. In this study we sought to quantify and interrogate the resistome within a cohort of premature infants using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We describe the gut microbiomes from preterm but healthy infants, characterising the taxonomic diversity identified and frequency of antibiotic resistance genes detected. Results Dominant clinically important species identified within the microbiomes included C. perfringens, K. pneumoniae and members of the Staphylococci and Enterobacter genera. Screening at the gene level we identified an average of 13 antimicrobial resistance genes per preterm infant, ranging across eight different antibiotic classes, including aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Some antibiotic resistance genes were associated with clinically relevant bacteria, including the identification of mecA and high levels of Staphylococci within some infants. We were able to demonstrate that in a third of the infants the S. aureus identified was unrelated using MLST or metagenome assembly, but low abundance prevented such analysis within the remaining samples. Conclusions We found that the healthy preterm infant gut microbiomes in this study harboured a significant diversity of antibiotic resistance genes. This broad picture of resistances and the wider taxonomic diversity identified raises further caution to the use of antibiotics without consideration of the resident microbial communities.
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Jannah, Siti Nurul, Muhammad Vitanata Arfijanto, Musofa Rusli, and Agung Dwi Wahyu Widodo. "Sepsis: Antibiotic Resistances of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial in a Tertiary Care Hospital." JUXTA: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/juxta.v12i12021.29-37.
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Introduction: Sepsis is a systemic infection that causes multiorgan failure and death. The death rate that is caused by sepsis is increasing. This high value of death has a correlation with the resistance of antibiotics. However, increased antibiotic resistance is not balanced with new research about antibiotics. As a consequence, it causes difficulties in handling sepsis patients who need antibiotic 1-2 hours after diagnosis is enforced. Methods: This was a descriptive study with case study design to analyze medical records of the patients, evaluating the pattern of bacterial resistance to antibiotic in 221 patients with sepsis with 240 blood isolates to identify. Results: From 221 patients identified as sepsis, there were 97 male patients (43.9%) and 124 female patients (56.1%), mostly between 18-59 years old (63.8%), with the highest level in female (54.8 %) and elderly (66.3%). The bacteria that caused the most sepsis were gram-positive. The most species in gram-positive are Staphylococcus haemolyticus (16.3%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%), and the most species in gram-negative is Escheriichia coli (13.3%). The most sensitive antibiotics in gram-positive bacteria were Piperacillin-Tazobactam (100%), Daptomycin (99.2%), and Clindamycin (99.2%). The sensitive antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria were Amikacin (85.9%), Cefoperazone (84.6%), and Piperacillin-Tazobactam (84.1%). Conclusion: The most sensitive antibiotics in gram-positive bacteria were Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Daptomycin, and Clindamycin. The sensitive antibitics in gram-negative bacteria were Amikacin, Cefoperazone, and Piperacillin-Tazobactam.
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Korhonen, J., A. H. Van Hoek, M. Saarela, G. Huys, L. Tosi, S. Mayrhofer, and A. Von Wright. "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Lactobacillus rhamnosus." Beneficial Microbes 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2009.0002.
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We aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (n=75) strains, to study their antibiotic resistance genes with microarray, and to assess the microbiological cut-off values of tested antimicrobial agents. L. rhamnosus strains were tested with agar dilution, broth microdilution and Etest methods for ampicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline using specific LSM medium. Most of the L. rhamnosus strains were found phenotypically susceptible to all six antibiotics tested. Four of the strains were phenotypically multiresistant, three strains to clindamycin, erythromycin and streptomycin and one strain to streptomycin and tetracycline. Some of the resistant (n=8) and susceptible (n=5) strains were further studied with a microarray method to reveal the antibiotic resistance genes behind the phenotypic resistances. From our experience, we recommend that microbiological cut-off values should be proposed according to the method used.
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Hobman, J. L., A. M. M. Essa, and N. L. Brown. "Mercury resistance (mer) operons in enterobacteria." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0300719.
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Mercury resistance is found in many genera of bacteria. Common amongst enterobacteria are transposons related to Tn21, which is both mercuric ion- and streptomycin-/spectinomycin-and sulphonamide-resistant. Other Tn21-related transposons often have different antibiotic resistances compared with Tn21, but share many non-antibiotic-resistance genes with it. In this article we discuss possible mechanisms for the evolution of Tn21 and related genetic elements.
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Gurumurthy, Hemalatha, G. K. Poongothai, and K. Bhaskaran. "A study on susceptibility patterns, resistance mechanisms and cross- resistances of antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a teaching hospital at Puducherry." Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmr.2021.057.
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, a gram negative bacteria causes lung and nosocomial infections, mostly infect the body after surgery or invasive techniques. There has been a increasing prevalence in drug resistant variants in the recent years. 1. To determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of ; 2. To assess the antibiotics used against and the cross-resistence pattern existing between them; 3. To evaluate the possible resistance mechanisms of by phenotypic techniques.Thirty six consecutive, nonduplicate isolates were collected between January to July in the year 2018 from the hospital pus samples. The isolates showed synthesis of pyocyanin and a oxidase positive reaction. Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method (HIMEDIA). was used for assessing the sensitivity of drugs. Disk approximation test was done to check the prevalence of inducible β-lactamases. Modified Hodge test was done to assess the metallo-β-lactamase activity. Double disk synergy method had been preferred to evaluate the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) activity. The most sensitive antibiotic was found to be ciprofloxacin which is followed by amikacin and ceftazidime (p < 0.05). 36% of the samples were resistant to more than one antibiotic groups. Cross-resistance was observed between the antibiotics. 53% of the samples had Inducible β-lactamases. Eighty percent of the samples which were non-resistant to ceftazidime showed positive reaction for inducible beta-lactamase. 2% isolates by DDS method showed the presence of ESBLs. The study samples did not show the presence of Metallo-β-lactamases.Strict adherence to the recent trend of “reserve drugs” concept and minimizing the misuse of antibiotics can bring down the drug resistance and morbidity. The addressal of irrational and inappropriate use of antimicrobials among the clinician is the need of the hour.
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French, G. L., J. Ling, K. L. Chow, and K. K. Mark. "Occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance and R-plasmids in gram-negative bacteria isolated from faecally contaminated fresh-water streams in Hong Kong." Epidemiology and Infection 98, no. 3 (June 1987): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880006204x.
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SUMMARYThe bacterial populations of six freshwater streams in populated areas of the Hong Kong New Territories were studied. There is considerable faecal contamination of these streams, with coliform counts as high as 105c.f.u./ml and the contaminating organisms show a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance and multiple resistance. With direct plating of water samples onto antibioticcontaining media, an average of 49% of the gram-negative bacteria were ampicillinresistant, 3% chloramphenicol-resistant and 1% gentamicin-resistant. At individual sites resistance to these three drugs was as high as 98%, 8% and 3% respectively. More than 70% of strains were resistant to two or more antibiotics, 29% to five or more and 2% to eight or more. A total of 98 patterns of antibiotic resistance were detected with no one pattern predominating. Twenty-eight gram-negative bacterial species were identified as stream contaminants.Escherichia coliwas the commonest bacterial species isolated and other frequent isolates wereEnterobactersp.,Klebsiellasp. andCitrobactersp., but no enteric pathogens were detected. The greatest prevalence of resistance and multiple resistance was associated with the heaviest contamination byE. coli.Analysis of selected stream isolates revealed multiple plasmid bands arranged in many different patterns, but multiple antibiotic resistances were shown to be commonly mediated by single transferable plasmids. Faecally-contaminated freshwater streams in Hong Kong may be reservoirs of antibiotic resistance plasmids for clinically-important bacteria.