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Journal articles on the topic 'Antibiotic susceptibility of ureaplasmas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kundsin, Ruth B., and Sharon A. Poulin. "Ureaplasma urealyticum: Subcultures invalid for antibiotic susceptibility tests." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 3, no. 4 (July 1985): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0732-8893(85)90007-0.

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2

KENNY, GEORGE E., FRANK D. CARTWRIGHT, and MARILYN C. ROBERTS. "Agar dilution method for determination of antibiotic susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (November 1986): S332–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198611010-00030.

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3

Garcia-Castillo, M., M. I. Morosini, M. Galvez, F. Baquero, R. del Campo, and M. A. Meseguer. "Differences in biofilm development and antibiotic susceptibility among clinical Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum isolates." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 62, no. 5 (July 18, 2008): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn337.

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4

Inđić, Nikola, Slađana Vučković, Žaklina Anđelković, Jasna Veinović, Sandra Živulović, and Milica Jovanović. "Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of mycoplasma hominis and urea plasma urealyticum in female infertility." Zdravstvena zastita 43, no. 6 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz1402001i.

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5

Lee, Min Young, Myeong Hee Kim, Woo In Lee, So Young Kang, and You La Jeon. "Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Pregnant Women." Yonsei Medical Journal 57, no. 5 (2016): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2016.57.5.1271.

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6

Zeng, X. Y., N. Xin, X. N. Tong, J. Y. Wang, and Z. W. Liu. "Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in Xi’an, China." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 35, no. 12 (August 16, 2016): 1941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2745-2.

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7

Bayraktar, Mehmet Refik, Ibrahim Halil Ozerol, Nilay Gucluer, and Onder Celik. "Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in pregnant women." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, no. 2 (February 2010): e90-e95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.03.020.

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8

Morris, Daniel J., Lucy C. Jones, Rebecca L. Davies, Kirsty Sands, Edward Portal, and Owen B. Spiller. "MYCO WELL D-ONE detection of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis in sexual health patients in Wales." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39, no. 12 (July 28, 2020): 2427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03993-7.

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AbstractThe genital mycoplasmas are a unique group of inherently antibiotic-resistant sexually transmitted bacteria, often associated with non-gonococcal urethritis and bacterial vaginosis. The MYCO WELL D-ONE is a culture-based assay that aims to detect these organisms whilst concurrently screening them for antibiotic resistance. Urine and/or swabs from 856 informed and consented participants attending Welsh sexual health clinics were subjected to MYCO WELL D-ONE analysis, alongside qPCR and culture titration methodologies to determine sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy. Resistance was confirmed by CLSI-compliant susceptibility testing and genetic mechanisms determined. The MYCO WELL D-ONE displayed a sensitivity and specificity of 91.98% and 96.44% for the detection of Ureaplasma spp., with sensitivity and specificity values of 78.23% and 98.84% for Mycoplasma hominis, compared with qPCR. Swabs harboured significantly greater bacterial loads than urine samples for both Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis. Levofloxacin resistance rates, mediated by Ser83Leu mutation in ParC, for Ureaplasma spp. were 0.54%. Tetracycline resistance rates, mediated by tet(M), were 0.54% and 2% for Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis, respectively; sequence analysis of tet(M)-positive Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis strains isolated from a single individual confirmed separate resistance gene origins. The MYCO WELL D-ONE is a sensitive and specific assay for the detection of Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis in genitourinary medicine samples, facilitating the accurate detection of these organisms within low-technology environments. While good for antibiotic resistance screening, accurate confirmation by MIC determination or molecular methods are required, and more optimally performed on urine samples.

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9

Zhang, Wei, Lijuan Li, Xuelian Zhang, Hongshu Fang, Huajian Chen, and Changxian Rong. "Infection Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Levels in Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in Gynecological Outpatients of a Tertiary Hospital in China from 2015 to 2018." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2021 (January 13, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8842267.

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The aim of this study was to estimate the Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infection prevalence and antibiotic resistance levels in gynecological outpatients. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of gynecological outpatients of the Fourth People’s Hospital of Chongqing from 2015 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Antibiotic resistance levels in U. urealyticum and M. hominis were defined by a commercial Mycoplasma kit for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate risk factors associated with Mycoplasma isolation. Comparisons of yearly distributions and resistance rates were assessed by chi-square tests. Fifty-six percent of gynecological outpatients were positive for U. urealyticum, and 11.02% were positive for M. hominis. In the univariate analysis, women aged 30–39 years or with a history of pregnancy or gynecological diseases had an increased risk for Mycoplasma isolation, while women who were postmenopausal or had an education level of undergraduate degree or above had a decreased risk of Mycoplasma isolation. In the multivariate logistic regression model, an independent risk factor for Mycoplasma isolation was a history of gynecological diseases, while a bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, or above were protective factors against Mycoplasma isolation. There were distinctly gradual increases in the positivity rates of U. urealyticum and M. hominis from 2015 to 2018 and an overall increasing trend of resistance to ten antibiotics among U. urealyticum and M. hominis. The top three antibiotics associated with resistance were ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and levofloxacin. Doxycycline, josamycin, and minocycline were preferred because they had the lowest levels of resistance. Increases in the prevalence of infection and antibiotic resistance in U. urealyticum and M. hominis were observed from 2015 to 2018, clearly confirming the necessity to monitor the standardized administration of antibiotics.

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10

Schneider, Sarah C., Regula Tinguely, Sara Droz, Markus Hilty, Valentina Donà, Thomas Bodmer, and Andrea Endimiani. "Antibiotic Susceptibility and Sequence Type Distribution of Ureaplasma Species Isolated from Genital Samples in Switzerland." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 10 (July 20, 2015): 6026–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00895-15.

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ABSTRACTAntibiotic resistance inUreaplasma urealyticum/Ureaplasma parvumandMycoplasma hominisis an issue of increasing importance. However, data regarding the susceptibility and, more importantly, the clonality of these organisms are limited. We analyzed 140 genital samples obtained in Bern, Switzerland, in 2014. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by using the Mycoplasma IST 2 kit and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. MICs for ciprofloxacin and azithromycin were obtained in broth microdilution assays. Clonality was analyzed with PCR-based subtyping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), whereas quinolone resistance and macrolide resistance were studied by sequencinggyrA, gyrB,parC, andparEgenes, as well as 23S rRNA genes and genes encoding L4/L22 ribosomal proteins. A total of 103 samples were confirmed as positive forU. urealyticum/U. parvum, whereas 21 were positive for bothU. urealyticum/U. parvumandM. hominis. According to the IST 2 kit, the rates of nonsusceptibility were highest for ciprofloxacin (19.4%) and ofloxacin (9.7%), whereas low rates were observed for clarithromycin (4.9%), erythromycin (1.9%), and azithromycin (1%). However, inconsistent results between microdilution and IST 2 kit assays were recorded. Various sequence types (STs) observed previously in China (ST1, ST2, ST4, ST9, ST22, and ST47), as well as eight novel lineages, were detected. Only some quinolone-resistant isolates had amino acid substitutions in ParC (Ser83Leu inU. parvumof serovar 6) and ParE (Val417Thr inU. parvumof serovar 1 and the novel Thr417Val substitution inU. urealyticum). Isolates with mutations in 23S rRNA or substitutions in L4/L22 were not detected. This is the first study analyzing the susceptibility ofU. urealyticum/U. parvumisolates in Switzerland and the clonality outside China. Resistance rates were low compared to those in other countries. We hypothesize that some hyperepidemic STs spread worldwide via sexual intercourse. Large combined microbiological and clinical studies should address this important issue.

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11

Valentine-King, Marissa, and Mary B. Brown. "2187." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (September 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.98.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) serve as one of the most common infections affecting women. With rising reports of antibiotic resistance (ABR), which can prolong illness and limit treatment options, the Infectious Disease Society of America recommends using local resistance patterns to shape empirical treatment selection. Although no studies have evaluated ABR in Ureaplasma spp. urinary isolates in college-aged women, regional studies in the Southeast United States have found levels of tetracycline resistance in over 30% of Ureaplasma spp. clinical isolates. Thus, this study aims to determine the antibiogram for 73 Ureaplasma spp. and 10 Mycoplasma hominis isolates collected from women with first-time UTI against a panel of 9 antibiotics, and assess resistant isolates for genetic mechanisms associated with resistance. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study used archival samples and data collected from college-aged women with first-time UTI recruited to participate in a prospective cohort study conducted at a student healthcare facility from 2001 to 2006 in Florida. Ureaplasma spp. and M. hominis isolates cultured from urine samples collected at the initial clinical presentation and for any recurrent UTI were evaluated for susceptibility to a panel of 9 antibiotics (8 for M. hominis) using validated microbroth and agar dilution methods, respectively. Ureaplasma spp. isolates were tested against azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, doxycycline, gentamicin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline. M. hominis isolates underwent the same testing, with the addition of linezolid and exclusion of azithromycin and erythromycin, as M. hominis is intrinsically resistance to 14 and 15-membered macrolides and azilides. PCR and Sanger sequencing were employed to identify molecular mechanisms associated with resistance. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 73 Ureaplasma spp. isolates, 1 isolate was resistant to levofloxacin (MIC: 4 µg/mL) and 1 to tetracycline (MIC: 8 µg/mL). All M. hominis isolates were sensitive. For the Ureaplasma spp. isolates, MIC90s were highest against gentamicin (32 µg/mL) and lowest against doxycycline (0.25 µg/mL). PCR amplification identified tetM present in the tetracycline resistant isolate, an established gene associated with tetracycline resistance in Ureaplasma spp. A S83W mutation within the quinolone-resistance-determining region (QRDR) of parC was detected in the levofloxacin resistant isolate. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Overall, antibiotic resistance in this population of college-aged women with first-time UTI was low. A previous study detected a novel S83W substitution in a perinatal Ureaplasma spp. isolate from Japan, and provided in silico evidence that a S83W change would prevent levofloxacin from binding to its target. However, that study was unable to cultivate the isolate. Our study has provided the corresponding phenotypic evidence that a S83W substitution results in quinolone resistance in Ureaplasma spp.

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12

Rakhmatulina, Rakhmatulina M. R., and Shashkova A. A. Shashkova. "The clinical significance of detecting genital mycoplasmas and the current indicators of antibiotic susceptibility of Ureaplasma and M. hominis." Akusherstvo i ginekologiia 12_2016 (December 27, 2016): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2016.12.137-42.

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13

Pandelidis, Katherine, Amanda McCarthy, Kirsty L. Chesko, and Rose M. Viscardi. "Role of Biofilm Formation in Ureaplasma Antibiotic Susceptibility and Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Neonates." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 32, no. 4 (April 2013): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e3182791ae0.

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14

Aliev, N. N., M. S. Zeynalov, and N. N. Alieva. "Efficacy of magneto-laser therapy in the treatment of ureaplasma infection." Kazan medical journal 99, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-212.

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Aim. To study clinical and epidemiological data in males and females with ureaplasma infection and to evaluate efficacy of magneto-laser therapy used as additional treatment of ureaplasma infection. Methods. 104 patients (94 men and 10 women) with urogenital ureaplasma infection were observed. Patients were divided into two groups: a study group (n=55) that received standard and magneto-laser therapy, and a comparison group (n=49) that received only standard treatment. Polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate samples for Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and urealyticum, and bacteriological study for Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp. was additionally performed with determining their antibiotic susceptibility. Magnetic therapy was conducted with the use of Michelangelo device (Italy) for 10 minutes to small pelvis area for 10 days. Results. As a result, 78 (82.9%) males were diagnosed with uretritis, 52 (55.3%) with prostatitis, 37 (39.3%) with cystitis. In females monoinfection was more prevalent than in males (50.0% vs 40.4%). Ureaplasmosis predominantly affected subjects aged 20-29 (97.8%) and 30-39 (86.0%) years. In female group, patients aged 20-29 years prevailed, while in a male group - patients aged 30-39 years. In males, the association of Ureaplasma with Mycoplasma hominis (36.1%) prevailed. Conclusion. Complex treatment of ureaplasma infection of urogenital tract including magneto-laser therapy demonstrated high clinical efficacy and allowed achieving clinical and laboratory cure of ureaplasma infection in 85.4% of cases.

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15

De Francesco, Maria Antonia, Sonia Caracciolo, Carlo Bonfanti, and Nino Manca. "Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated in Brescia, Italy, over 7 years." Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 19, no. 4 (2013): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10156-012-0527-z.

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16

Ikeh, Eugene, Mike Ebie, John Allanana, John Oluwle, and Nneoma Idika. "Isolation, Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum from Infertile and Pregnant Women in Lagos, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Life Sciences International 20, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2017/33323.

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17

&NA;. "ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT UREAPLASMAS." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (November 1986): S347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198611010-00037.

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18

Pérez-Torralba, Concepción, María Ruiz-Olivares, Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez, Manuela Expósito-Ruíz, José María Navarro-Marí, and José Gutiérrez-Fernández. "Increased infections by herpes simplex virus type 1 and polymicrobials of the genital tract, in the general population of a Spanish middle city." Revista Española de Quimioterapia 34, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37201/req/004.2021.

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Introduction. Infections by genitopathogens are a frequent reason for consultation in Primary Health Care and in the specialties of Infectious Diseases, Urology, Gynecology, and Dermatology. The most common causes are opportunistic microorganisms and responsible for sexually transmitted infections associated with unprotected sex. The objective is to determine the microorganisms that cause these infections in patients treated at the Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves in Granada and Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to antibiotics. Material and methods. A transversal-descriptive and retrospective study was carried out, which included the results issued, between January 2018 and December 2019, in the Microbiology Laboratory from all the episodes studied using standardized working procedures. Results. The most frequently detected microorganisms were Gardnerella vaginalis (23.81%) followed by Candida spp. (20.9%), especially in females, and N. gonorrhoeae (11.36%) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (11.99%), in males. Many times, they were presented in combination. Regarding herpes simplex viruses, infection by both species had a similar prevalence (50%) in males, while type 1 was more prevalent (76.52%) in females. The most active antibiotics against N. gonorrhoeae were cefotaxime (98%) and cefixime (100%). Tetracycline (39.02%) a poorly active antibiotic. Conclusions. The most frequent pathogens corresponded to those that usually caused infections in females, although N. gonorrhoeae was the most frequent in males and mixed infections are not an accidental finding. HSV-1 infections were more frequent than HSV-2, confirming the trend of a change in the epidemiology of genital herpes.

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19

KATO, Toshihide, Hiroshi ENDO, and Jun-ichi SAKAI. "Antibiotic Susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis and Ureaplasma diversum Isolates from Nasal Swabs of Clinically Healthy Cattle." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 66, no. 12 (2013): 852–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma.66.852.

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20

Mihai, Mareş, Năstasă Valentin, Doroftei Bogdan, Chifiriuc Mariana Carmen, Bleotu Coralia, and Socolov Demetra. "Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated during a population-based study concerning women infertility in northeast Romania." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 1 (March 2011): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822011000100032.

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21

Skiljevic, Dusan, Damjan Mirkov, and Jelica Vukicevic. "Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in genital samples collected over 6 years at a Serbian university hospital." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 82, no. 1 (2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.172903.

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22

Ngobeni, L. M., B. De Villiers, M. Le Roux, R. M. M. Ditsele, and S. Monokoane. "Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of ureaplasma species isolated from women presenting for termination of pregnancy at the Doctor George Mukhari Academic Hospital." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 21 (April 2014): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.609.

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23

Çakan, Hüseyin, Erdal Polat, Bekir Kocazeybek, Pelin Öcal, İsmail Çepni, Mustafa Aslan, Funda Salihoğlu, and Kemal Altaş. "Assessment of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum from Prostitutes and Outpatient Clinic Patients Using the E-Test and Agar Dilution Method." Chemotherapy 49, no. 1-2 (2003): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000069781.

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24

Smayevsky, Jorgelina, Silvia Relloso, Mariela Pundik, Alejandra Lanza, Gabriela Weltman, Carlos Bantar, and Hebe Bianchini. "In Vitro Susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis Isolates in Argentina." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3, no. 6 (1995): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744995000706.

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Objective: Our goal was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis isolates to several antibiotics in Argentina.Methods: Ninety-four strains of U. urealyticum and 18 strains of M. hominis isolated from cervical and urethral specimens were studied. Broth microdilution and agar dilution tests for minocycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin were performed.Results: Both methods proved to be reliable and reproducible for U. urealyticum and M. hominis, with no major differences in results. The U. urealyticurn strains were inhibited by erythromycin at MICs ranging from ≤0.5 to >8 μ/ml. Ofloxacin showed the highest activity against this latter organism. No differences between tetracycline and minocycline MICs were observed with U. urealyticum. Two M. hominis strains displaying high MICs both to tetracycline and to minocycline were detected.Conclusions: The emerging resistance of mycoplasmas to certain antibiotics emphasizes the need to undertake further surveillance studies on the clinical isolates of such organisms.

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25

Merchan, L. Marcela, Hazem E. Hassan, Michael L. Terrin, Ken B. Waites, David A. Kaufman, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Pamela Donohue, et al. "Pharmacokinetics, Microbial Response, and Pulmonary Outcomes of Multidose Intravenous Azithromycin in Preterm Infants at Risk for Ureaplasma Respiratory Colonization." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 1 (November 10, 2014): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.03951-14.

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ABSTRACTThe study objectives were to refine the population pharmacokinetics (PK) model, determine microbial clearance, and assess short-term pulmonary outcomes of multiple-dose azithromycin treatment in preterm infants at risk forUreaplasmarespiratory colonization. Fifteen subjects (7 of whom wereUreaplasmapositive) received intravenous azithromycin at 20 mg/kg of body weight every 24 h for 3 doses. Azithromycin concentrations were determined in plasma samples obtained up to 168 h post-first dose by using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Respiratory samples were obtained predose and at three time points post-last dose forUreaplasmaculture, PCR, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and cytokine concentration determinations. Pharmacokinetic data from these 15 subjects as well as 25 additional subjects (who received either a single 10-mg/kg dose [n= 12] or a single 20-mg/kg dose [n= 13]) were analyzed by using a nonlinear mixed-effect population modeling (NONMEM) approach. Pulmonary outcomes were assessed at 36 weeks post-menstrual age and 6 months adjusted age. A 2-compartment model with all PK parameters allometrically scaled on body weight best described the azithromycin pharmacokinetics in preterm neonates. The population pharmacokinetics parameter estimates for clearance, central volume of distribution, intercompartmental clearance, and peripheral volume of distribution were 0.15 liters/h · kg0.75, 1.88 liters · kg, 1.79 liters/h · kg0.75, and 13 liters · kg, respectively. The estimated area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC24)/MIC90value was ∼4 h. All posttreatment cultures were negative, and there were no drug-related adverse events. OneUreaplasma-positive infant died at 4 months of age, but no survivors were hospitalized for respiratory etiologies during the first 6 months (adjusted age). Thus, a 3-day course of 20 mg/kg/day intravenous azithromycin shows preliminary efficacy in eradicatingUreaplasmaspp. from the preterm respiratory tract.

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26

Roifman, C. M., C. P. Rao, H. M. Lederman, S. Lavi, P. A. Quinn, and E. W. Gelfand. "INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF IMMUNODEFICIENT PATIENTS TO UREAPLASMAS AND MYCOPLASMAS." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (November 1986): S350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198611010-00047.

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27

Kenny, George E., and Frank D. Cartwright. "Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to GAR-936, Dalfopristin, Dirithromycin, Evernimicin, Gatifloxacin, Linezolid, Moxifloxacin, Quinupristin-Dalfopristin, and Telithromycin Compared to Their Susceptibilities to Reference Macrolides, Tetracyclines, and Quinolones." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 2604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.9.2604-2608.2001.

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ABSTRACT The susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis,Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to eight new antimicrobial agents were determined by agar dilution.M. pneumoniae was susceptible to the new glycylcycline GAR-936 at 0.12 μg/ml and evernimicin at 4 μg/ml, but it was resistant to linezolid. It was most susceptible to dirithromycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, telithromycin, reference macrolides, and josamycin. M. hominis was susceptible to linezolid, evernimicin, and GAR-936. It was resistant to macrolides and the ketolide telithromycin but susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin and josamycin. U. urealyticum was susceptible to evernimicin (8 to 16 μg/ml) and resistant to linezolid. It was less susceptible to GAR-936 (4.0 μg/ml) than to tetracycline (0.5 μg/ml). Telithromycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin were the most active agents against ureaplasmas (0.06 μg/ml). The new quinolone gatifloxacin was active against M. pneumoniae and M. hominis at 0.12 to 0.25 μg/ml and active against ureaplasmas at 1.0 μg/ml. The MICs of macrolides were markedly affected by pH, with an 8- to 32-fold increase in the susceptibility of M. pneumoniae as the pH increased from 6.9 to 7.8. A similar increase in susceptibility with increasing pH was also observed with ureaplasmas. Tetracyclines showed a fourfold increase of activity as the pH decreased 1 U, whereas GAR-936 showed a fourfold decrease in activity with a decrease in pH.

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28

White, Forrest P. "ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, no. 2 (March 1986): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198603000-00029.

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29

Arena, Fabio, Bruno Viaggi, Luisa Galli, and Gian Maria Rossolini. "Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 34, no. 10 (October 2015): 1128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000000844.

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30

Mencin, A., and H. M. Adam. "Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing." Pediatrics in Review 25, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.25-3-110.

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31

NAVARRO, F., E. MIRÓ, B. MIRELIS, and G. PRATS. "Campylobacter spp antibiotic susceptibility." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 32, no. 6 (1993): 906–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/32.6.906.

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32

Orfila, Jeanne. "Antibiotic Susceptibility ofChlamydia pneumoniae." Journal of Infectious Diseases 181, s3 (June 2000): S455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315636.

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33

Needham, C. A. "Haemophilus influenzae: antibiotic susceptibility." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1, no. 2 (April 1988): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.1.2.218.

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Ampicillin resistance was first reported among clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in 1972. Reports of chloramphenicol resistance followed shortly thereafter. The principal mechanism of resistance to these two antibiotics is enzymatic. Although other mechanisms have been described, they are found in comparatively few strains. The genetic information for the inactivating enzymes is plasmid mediated and therefore readily transmissible to susceptible strains. Consequently, effective therapy for invasive disease caused by this pathogen has been seriously compromised. As antibiotic susceptibility became less predictable, in vitro testing became increasingly important. Unfortunately, the standardization of methods for laboratory testing has been slow and complicated by the fastidious nature of the organisms. This review traces the development of antibiotic resistance in H. influenzae, discusses the mechanisms which appear to be important in mediating resistance, explores newer antimicrobial agents which might be useful in the treatment of infection, and analyzes the various approaches to in vitro testing.

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Needham, C. A. "Haemophilus influenzae: antibiotic susceptibility." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1, no. 2 (1988): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.1.2.218-227.1988.

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Shikuma, C. C., and G. D. Overturf. "Antibiotic Susceptibility ofPasturella multocida." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology 4, no. 5 (October 1985): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02014442.

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Forsgren, Arne. "Antibiotic Susceptibility of Mycobacterium marinum." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 25, no. 6 (January 1993): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365549309008579.

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Shryock, Thomas R., Joel E. Mortensen, and Sandra L. Rhoads. "Antibiotic susceptibility in Streptococcus suis." Current Therapeutic Research 52, no. 3 (September 1992): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-393x(05)80417-5.

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KOWALSKI, R., L. KARENCHAK, and E. ROMANOWSKI. "Infectious disease: changing antibiotic susceptibility." Ophthalmology Clinics of North America 16, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-1549(02)00061-5.

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Aubry, Alexandra, Vincent Jarlier, Sylvie Escolano, Chantal Truffot-Pernot, and Emmanuelle Cambau. "Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ofMycobacterium marinum." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 3133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.44.11.3133-3136.2000.

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ABSTRACT In vitro activities of 17 antibiotics against 53 clinical strains of Mycobacterium marinum, an atypical mycobacterium responsible for cutaneous infections, were determined using the reference agar dilution method. Rifampin and rifabutin were the most active drugs (MICs at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited [MIC90s], 0.5 and 0.6 μg/ml, respectively). MICs of minocycline (MIC90, 4 μg/ml), doxycycline (MIC90, 16 μg/ml), clarithromycin (MIC90, 4 μg/ml), sparfloxacin (MIC90, 2 μg/ml), moxifloxacin (MIC90, 1 μg/ml), imipenem (MIC90, 8 μg/ml), sulfamethoxazole (MIC90, 8 μg/ml) and amikacin (MIC90, 4 μg/ml) were close to the susceptibility breakpoints. MICs of isoniazid, ethambutol, trimethoprim, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin were above the concentrations usually obtained in vivo. For each drug, the MIC50, geometric mean MIC, and modal MIC were very close, showing that all the strains had a similar susceptibility pattern. Percent agreement (within ±1 log2 dilution) between MICs yielded by the Etest method and by the agar dilution method used as reference were 83, 59, 43, and 24% for minocycline, rifampin, clarithromycin, and sparfloxacin, respectively. Reproducibility with the Etest was low, in contrast to that with the agar dilution method. In conclusion, M. marinum is a naturally multidrug-resistant species for which the agar dilution method is more accurate than the Etest for antibiotic susceptibility testing.

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Lee, Sang Wook, and Young Ho Kim. "Uropathogens Based on Antibiotic Susceptibility." Urogenital Tract Infection 10, no. 2 (2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14777/uti.2015.10.2.67.

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Kerr, J. R. "Antibiotic treatment and susceptibility testing." Journal of Clinical Pathology 58, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 786–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2005.030411.

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Abbasi, Jennifer. "Rapid Test for Antibiotic Susceptibility." JAMA 318, no. 14 (October 10, 2017): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.15190.

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Wolska, Krystyna I., Edyta Bugajska, Dorota Jurkiewicz, Mariusz Kuć, and Anna Jóźwik. "Antibiotic Susceptibility ofEscherichia coli dnaKanddnaJMutants." Microbial Drug Resistance 6, no. 2 (June 2000): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107662900419429.

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Stock, I., K. J. Sherwood, and B. Wiedemann. "Natural Antibiotic Susceptibility ofEwingella americanaStrains." Journal of Chemotherapy 15, no. 5 (January 2003): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/joc.2003.15.5.428.

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Godinho, Ofélia, Rita Calisto, Lise Øvreås, Sandra Quinteira, and Olga Maria Lage. "Antibiotic susceptibility of marine Planctomycetes." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 112, no. 8 (March 27, 2019): 1273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-019-01259-7.

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Tan, T. Y. "Laboratory antibiotic susceptibility reporting and antibiotic prescribing in general practice." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 51, no. 2 (January 6, 2003): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg032.

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A. Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar, and Ziad A Memish. "Antibiotic Susceptibility and Treatment of Brucellosis." Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574891x11308010010.

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Rams, Thomas E., Diane Feik, Joel E. Mortensen, John E. Degener, and Arie J. van Winkelhoff. "Antibiotic Susceptibility of Periodontal Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Periodontology 84, no. 7 (July 2013): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2012.120050.

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Wong, C. A., V. Galvis, A. Tello, D. Villareal, and J. J. Rey. "In vitro antibiotic susceptibility to fluoroquinolones." Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition) 87, no. 3 (March 2012): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oftale.2012.05.008.

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Pore, R. S. "Antibiotic susceptibility testing by flow cytometry." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 34, no. 5 (1994): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/34.5.613.

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