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Tetz, George, and Victor Tetz. "Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance with Novel Paradigms of Antibiotic Selection." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (2022): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122383.
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Conventional antimicrobial susceptibility tests, including phenotypic and genotypic methods, are insufficiently accurate and frequently fail to identify effective antibiotics. These methods predominantly select therapies based on the antibiotic response of only the lead bacterial pathogen within pure bacterial culture. However, this neglects the fact that, in the majority of human infections, the lead bacterial pathogens are present as a part of multispecies communities that modulate the response of these lead pathogens to antibiotics and that multiple pathogens can contribute to the infection simultaneously. This discrepancy is a major cause of the failure of antimicrobial susceptibility tests to detect antibiotics that are effective in vivo. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the factors that are missed by conventional antimicrobial susceptibility tests and it explains how accounting for these methods can aid the development of novel diagnostic approaches.
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Hinckley, L. S., R. H. Benson, J. E. Post, and J. C. DeCloux. "Antibiotic susceptibility profiles for mastitis treatment." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 187, no. 7 (1985): 709–11. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1985.187.07.709.
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SUMMARY Susceptibility tests were performed on milk samples representing prevalent mastitis infections in certain herds. Susceptibility patterns of the same bacterial species from several mastitis infections in the same herd were consistent. The herd antibiotic susceptibility profiles were used as a basis for selecting antibiotics for treatment of all such mastitis cases in that herd. A high degree of correlation was seen between the susceptibility test results and treatment results. Susceptibility patterns of the same bacterial species from mastitis infections in different herds varied greatly, which indicated that any one antibiotic would not work equally well against the same bacterial infection in every herd. Therefore, treatment should be selected on the basis of susceptibility test results. When both Streptococcus and Staphylococcus mastitis occurred in the same herd, the susceptibility patterns for the 2 bacterial species varied widely. Therefore, for herds that experienced both streptococcal and staphylococcal mastitis, antibiotics to which both bacterial species were susceptible were used for treatment.
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Guliy, O. I., and O. A. Karavaeva. "Sensor Systems for Assessing Bacterial Susceptibility to Antibiotics." Antibiot Khimioter = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 70, no. 1-2 (2025): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2025-70-1-2-76-87.
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Excessive and sometimes inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Antibiotic-resistant pathogens are a major public health problem in routine clinical practice and have severe economic consequences due to increased treatment costs. Timely testing of antimicrobial susceptibility for bacterial infections ensures accurate prescribing, reduces treatment time, and helps minimize the spread of antibiotic-resistant infections. The main problem with antibiotic susceptibility testing is that there are not enough fast diagnostic tests to allow appropriateantibiotic prescribing at the point of care. Using traditional methods, determining the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics requires a minimum of 24 hours. Therefore, the development of express methods for determining antibacterial resistance, especially using biosensor systems, is relevant. The work provides a brief analysis of the problems of antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria in the world and presents the main mechanisms of its development, as well as describes the prospects of sensor methods for assessing the antibiotic resistance of bacteria.
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Shrestha, Sachet Prabhat, Jagat Khadka, Amod K. Pokhrel, and Brijesh Sathian. "Acute bacterial conjunctivitis – antibiotic susceptibility and resistance to commercially available topical antibiotics in Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 8, no. 1 (2016): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v8i1.16153.
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Introduction: There is a shifting trend in susceptibility and resistance of the bacteria towards available antibiotics in the last decade. Therefore, periodic studies to monitor the emerging trends in antibiotic susceptibility and resistance are crucial in guiding antibiotic selection. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the most common pathogens causing bacterial conjunctivitis, and to find the in vitro susceptibility and resistance of these pathogens to commercially available topical antibiotic eye drops in Nepal. Subjects and methods: Conjunctival smears and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for 308 patients presenting to the Eye Care Center, Padma Nursing Home, Pokhara, Nepal from 11th December 1012 to 4th October 2013 with clinical signs and symptoms of acute infective conjunctivitisin in a hospital based cross-sectional study. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for thirteen commercially available topical antibiotics- Chloroamphenicol, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Neomycin, Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B, Methicillin, Cephazoline, Amikacin and Vancomycin. Results: Acute infective conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis was more common in adults and in males. Bacterial conjunctivitis was present in about one third (32.47% to 36.04%) of the patients with acute infective conjunctivitis, and it was more common in children. Bacteria were highly sensitive (93-98%) to most commercially available antibiotics but significant resistance was found against three antibiotics-Bacitracin (9.0%), Neomycin (16.0%) and Polymyxin-B (24.0%). MRSA infection was found in 7.0% of the bacterial isolates. Rest of antibiotics, showed variable resistance (14.3% to 100.0%). All cases of Ophthalmia neonatorum were bacterial. Conclusion: The best commercially available antibiotic for bacterial conjunctivitis was Moxifloxacin. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 23-35
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Dwivedi, Deepak, Tejram Kushwah, Mukesh Kushwah, and Vinod Singh. "Antibiotic susceptibility pattern against pathogenic bacteria causing Dental Caries." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 1, no. 1 (2011): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.1(1).p31-35.
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Antibiotics to treat dental caries infection are routinely prescribed which led to the increased resistance against bacteria. The purpose of this investigation was to perform antibiotic susceptibility tests on a panel of pathogenic bacteria isolated from dental caries infection. Bacteria were isolated from caries site of patients and identified at the species level. Each of 150 species of bacteria was tested for antibiotics susceptibility to a five antibiotics using Etest. The antibiotics used were Amoxicillin, Cloxocillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline and Penicillinâ€ÂV. The obtained resistance percentage for each antibiotic were Penicillin V: 72/150 (48%), Tetracycline: 99/150 (66%), Amoxicillin: 135/150 (90%), Cloxocillin: 117/150 (78%), and Erythromycin: 90/150 (60%) (Table 1). In case of combinatorial antibiotic exposure, the resistance percentage of Penicillin V/Amoxicillin and Amoxicillin/ Erythromycin was 39/150 (26%), and 45/150 (30%) respectively. The study has well demonstrated the clinical picture of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of bacteria causing dental caries. The obtained comprehensive data will allow investigating the spatial distribution of pathogenic, antibiotic resistant bacteria among dental caries patients which further may help into development of novel diagnostic and treatment approaches for the same.
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Bahirathan, Mahesan, Lawrence Puente, and Patricia Seyfried. "Use of yellow-pigmented enterococci as a specific indicator of human and nonhuman sources of faecal pollution." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 11 (1998): 1066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-107.
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Antibiotic susceptibility tests and restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of genomic DNA were performed to characterize the relationship between sources of isolates of yellow-pigmented enterococci. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted with 10 therapeutic antibiotics and 54 isolates grouped by source (wild and other) depending on their origin. In three antibiotics, cephalothin, erythromycin, and vancomycin, there was a significant (p =< 0.05) association between susceptibility and source. Vancomycin resistance was significantly (p =< 0.001) higher in isolates from wild sources compared with that in isolates from other sources. The REA technique was performed on genomic DNA obtained from 17 Enterococcus mundtii isolates from: human (3), dog (4), horse (4), Canada goose (4), domestic goose (1), and Enterococcus mundtii ATCC 43186. A total of 12 different DNA types (A-L) were identified. Except for type D, 11 DNA types were unique and were distributed among dog (A, B, and C), human (E), horse (F, G, and H), Canada goose (I, J, and K), and domestic goose (L). Results suggested that vancomycin-susceptibility testing of yellow-pigmented enterococci may have potential value in the identification of sources of faecal pollution, especially when combined with traditional quantitative methods.Key words: yellow-pigmented enterococci, faecal pollution, antibiotic susceptibility, DNA typing.
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Coraça-Huber, Débora C., Stephan J. M. Steixner, Stevo Najman, et al. "Lyophilized Human Bone Allograft as an Antibiotic Carrier: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study." Antibiotics 11, no. 7 (2022): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070969.
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Background: Antibiotics delivered from implanted bone substitute materials (BSM) can potentially be used to prevent acute infections and biofilm formation, providing high concentrations of antibiotics at the surgical site without systemic toxicity. In addition, BSM should allow osteoconductivity supporting bone healing without further surgery. Promising results have been achieved using lyophilized bone allografts mixed with antibiotics. Methods: In this study specially prepared human bone allografts were evaluated as an antibiotic carrier in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of different antibiotic-impregnated bone allografts was measured by drug release tests in vitro and in vivo and bacterial susceptibility tests using four bacterial species usually responsible for implant-associated infections. Results: The loading procedures of allograft bone substitutes with antibiotics were successful. Some of the antibiotic concentrations exceeded the MIC90 for up to 7 days in vitro and for up to 72 h in vivo. The susceptibility tests showed that S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 was the most susceptible bacterial species in comparison to the other strains tested for all antibiotic substances. Vancomycin and rifampicin showed the best results against standard and patient-isolated strains in vitro. In vivo, new bone formation was comparable in all study groups including the control group without antibiotic loading. Conclusions: Human bone allografts showed the capacity to act as customized loaded antibiotic carriers to prevent acute infections and should be considered in the management of bone infections in combination with systemic antimicrobial therapy.
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Syal, Karan, Manni Mo, Hui Yu, et al. "Current and emerging techniques for antibiotic susceptibility tests." Theranostics 7, no. 7 (2017): 1795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.19217.
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Kundsin, Ruth B., and Sharon A. Poulin. "Ureaplasma urealyticum: Subcultures invalid for antibiotic susceptibility tests." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 3, no. 4 (1985): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0732-8893(85)90007-0.
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Coraça-Huber, Débora C., Manfred Fille, Johann Hausdorfer, Kristian Pfaller, and Michael Nogler. "Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility tests on polystyrene and metal surfaces." Journal of Applied Microbiology 112, no. 6 (2012): 1235–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05288.x.
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<strong>Aim: </strong> We compared the MBEC™-HTP assay plates made of polystyrene with metal discs composed of TMZF<sup>®</sup> and CrCo as substrates for biofilm formation. <strong>Methods and Results: </strong><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> was grown on polystyrene and on metal discs made of titanium and chrome–cobalt. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed by examining the recovery of cells after antibiotic exposure and by measuring the biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was assessed with planktonic cells. Bacterial growth was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The antibiotic concentration for biofilm inhibition (BIC) was higher than the MIC for all antibiotics. Microscopic images showed the biofilm structure characterized by groups of cells covered by a film. <strong>Conclusions: </strong> All models allowed biofilm formation and testing with several antibiotics <em>in vitro</em>. Gentamicin and rifampicin are the most effective inhibitors of <em>Staph. aureus</em> biofilm-related infections. We recommend MBEC™-HTP assay for rapid testing of multiple substances and TMZF<sup>®</sup> and CrCo discs for low-throughput testing of antibiotic susceptibility and for microscopic analysis. <strong>Significance and Impact of the Study: </strong><em>In vitro</em> assays can improve the understanding of biofilms and help developing methods to eliminate biofilms from implant surfaces. One advantage of the TMZF<sup>®</sup> and CrCo discs as biofilm <em>in vitro</em> assay is that these metals are commonly used for orthopaedic implants. These models are usable for future periprosthetic joint infection studies.
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Beckley, Andrew, and Erik S. Wright. "1593. Analysis of Hospital Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Results for Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1457.
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Abstract Background Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs) are routinely performed on pathogens isolated from clinical samples. ASTs are used by clinicians to select the most appropriate treatment for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. In aggregate, ASTs offer insight into the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance across hospitals. Here, we used ASTs to identify patterns of antibiotic resistance across drugs and microorganisms. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 364,813 AST results from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from 2015 to 2018. Data regarding infection site, hospital laboratory testing, organism identification, and antibiotic susceptibilities were extracted from the laboratory information system and anonymized prior to use. The pathogens studied included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Results We identified 21 antibiotic-pathogen combinations where resistance was found in less than 1% of AST results. Concordant susceptibility results of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin occurred the most frequently among antibiotic pairs. Additionally, concordant susceptibility results were more common within antibiotics belonging to the same antibiotic class than between classes. P. aeruginosa had the highest rate of overall concordant results with concordance occurring within all -lactam classes. In contrast, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis showed the least concordance, suggesting that their resistance profiles are less predictable. Notably, we did not identify any pairs of antibiotics that strongly exhibited discordant susceptibility results regardless of the microorganism. Conclusion Using routinely collected clinical microbiological data, we were able to characterize pathogen-antibiotic combinations where resistance is rarely seen. Additionally, we identified pairs of antibiotics that frequently exhibited concordance susceptibilities both within and between classes. Lastly, we were unable to find evidence of discordant susceptibility results, indicating that more clinical research is needed to determine the efficacy of collateral sensitivity treatment techniques. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Diep, Tai The, Samuel Bizley, and Alexander Daniel Edwards. "3D-Printed Dip Slides Miniaturize Bacterial Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests Allowing Direct Mastitis Sample Analysis." Micromachines 13, no. 6 (2022): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13060941.
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The early detection of antimicrobial resistance remains an essential step in the selection and optimization of antibiotic treatments. Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing including the measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) remains critical for surveillance and diagnostic testing. Limitations to current testing methods include bulky labware and laborious methods. Furthermore, the requirement of a single strain of bacteria to be isolated from samples prior to antibiotic susceptibility testing delays results. The mixture of bacteria present in a sample may also have an altered resistance profile to the individual strains, and so measuring the susceptibility of the mixtures of organisms found in some samples may be desirable. To enable simultaneous MIC and bacterial species detection in a simple and rapid miniaturized format, a 3D-printed frame was designed for a multi-sample millifluidic dip-slide device that combines panels of identification culture media with a range of antibiotics (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amikacin, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, Ofloxacin, Oxytetracycline, Streptomycin, Gentamycin and Imipenem) diluted in Muëller–Hinton Agar. Our proof-of-concept evaluation confirmed that the direct detection of more than one bacterium parallel to measuring MIC in samples is possible, which is validated using reference strains E. coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600 and with mastitis milk samples collected from Reading University Farm. When mixtures were tested, a MIC value was obtained that reflected the most resistant organism present (i.e., highest MIC), suggesting it may be possible to estimate a minimum effective antibiotic concentration for mixtures directly from samples containing multiple pathogens. We conclude that this simple miniaturized approach to the rapid simultaneous identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing may be suitable for directly testing agricultural samples, which is achieved through shrinking conventional tests into a simple “dip-and-incubate” device that can be 3D printed anywhere.
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Mishra, Priyanka, Kamla Prasad Mishra, Divya Singh, Lilly Ganju, Bhuvnesh Kumar, and Shashi Bala Singh. "Advances in Rapid Detection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests: A Review." Defence Life Science Journal 4, no. 1 (2018): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.12572.
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The rise of antibiotic resistance is an emerging problem of the millennium. Clinical microbiology plays an important role in combating the problem by facilitating diagnostics and therapeutics thus managing infection in patients. Diagnostic failures are a major limiting factor during bacterial infection that causes inappropriate use of antibiotics, delay in start up of treatment and decrease in the survival rate during septic conditions. Thus rapid and reliable detection is highly relevant during such bacterial infections and also at the time of disease outbreak as many such pathogens can be used as biothreat agents or bioweapons affecting human health and posing risk to national security. This review highlights the importance of various methods for fast pathogen detection and antimicrobial susceptibility determination. These methods have the potential to provide very precise and rapid ways for bacterial screening and identifying the correct antibiotics to cure infection
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Zhu, Tingting, Wenyi Zhu, Qisa Wang, et al. "Antibiotic susceptibility ofPropionibacterium acnesisolated from patients with acne in a public hospital in Southwest China: prospective cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (2019): e022938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022938.
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ObjectiveAntibiotics have been routinely used for several decades againstPropionibacterium acnes(P. acnes), but antibiotic resistance ofP. acnesis becoming a global problem. Only one related Chinese study is available. The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility ofP. acnesobtained from patients with acne in Southwest China.DesignThis was a prospective cross-sectional study. Cutaneous samples were obtained from acne lesions on the face of 375 patients. Samples were cultured in anaerobic medium to identify the presence ofP. acnes. Susceptibility tests of isolatedP. acneswere performed for tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin using the Epsilometer test.ResultsP. acneswas isolated from 227 patients; 224 isolates (98.7%) were susceptible to doxycycline and 220 (96.9%) were susceptible to tetracycline, followed by clindamycin and clarithromycin in 101 (44.5%) and 102 (44.93%) isolates, respectively. Susceptibility ofP. acneswas detected for erythromycin in 96 (42.3%) patients, followed by azithromycin in 94 (41.4%). Subjects who received antibiotics (topical and oral) had higher frequencies of antibiotic-resistantP. acnesas well as increased antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations compared with patients without antibiotic treatment.ConclusionsP. acneswas highly sensitive to cyclines (doxycycline and tetracycline).P. acnesshowed higher resistance rates to macrolides–lincosamides–streptogramins antibiotics (such as erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and clindamycin). The irrational use of antibiotics for acne treatment is probably a problem in China and elsewhere. These results suggest that dermatologists should be more prudent in prescribing antibiotics for acne.
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Ng, Ho-Yu, Wai K. Leung, and Ka-Shing Cheung. "Antibiotic Resistance, Susceptibility Testing and Stewardship in Helicobacter pylori Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 14 (2023): 11708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411708.
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Despite the declining trend of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) prevalence around the globe, ongoing efforts are still needed to optimize current and future regimens in view of the increasing antibiotic resistance. The resistance of H. pylori to different antibiotics is caused by different molecular mechanisms, and advancements in sequencing technology have come a far way in broadening our understanding and in facilitating the testing of antibiotic susceptibility to H. pylori. In this literature review, we give an overview of the molecular mechanisms behind resistance, as well as discuss and compare different antibiotic susceptibility tests based on the latest research. We also discuss the principles of antibiotic stewardship and compare the performance of empirical therapies based on up-to-date resistance patterns and susceptibility-guided therapies in providing effective H. pylori treatment. Studies and clinical guidelines should ensure that the treatment being tested or recommended can reliably achieve a pre-agreed acceptable level of eradication rate and take into account the variations in antibiotic resistance across populations. Local, regional and international organizations must work together to establish routine antibiotic susceptibility surveillance programs and enforce antibiotic stewardship in the treatment of H. pylori, so that it can be managed in a sustainable and efficient manner.
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Ammar Mehfooz, Iqra Shaukat, Qurat ul Ain, Shahzeera Begum, Mahe-Kamil Qureshi Hashmi, and Maryam Khalid. "Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia Coli at Tertiary Care Hospital, Islamabad." Indus Journal of Bioscience Research 2, no. 2 (2024): 42–49. https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v2i02.131.
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Objective: The objectives of this study are; 1. To comprehensively investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli, focusing on its virulence factors to understand its pathogenicity and address the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance. 2. To assess the prevalence of citrate and TSI in E. coli isolated from urine to evaluate the impact of antibiotics according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2023) guidelines. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Study Place: Tertiary Care Hospital, Al Nafees Medical Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. Study Duration: March 2023 to October 2023. Methodology: Informed consent was obtained from the microbiology lab of Al Nafees Medical College. The study utilized biochemical tests, including citrate and TSI, for identification and differentiation of E. coli based on metabolic characteristics. A total of 50 urine samples were collected for isolation and identification of E. coli. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was employed to determine antibiotic susceptibility, identifying nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin as the most effective choices for bacterial infections. Results: Antibiotic efficacy assessments revealed nitrofurantoin as notably effective, surpassing other antibiotics according to CLSI guidelines. In contrast, ciprofloxacin demonstrated the lowest efficacy among the tested antibiotics. The research highlights the importance of judicious antibiotic selection for optimal therapeutic outcomes in clinical settings, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and optimization of antibiotic treatment strategies.
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Ackerman, Bruce H., and Felicia A. Dello Buono. "In Vitro Testing of Antibiotics." Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 16, no. 2 (1996): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02937.x.
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To enhance knowledge in the area of in vitro testing of antibiotics and to understand the limitations of available methods for susceptibility testing, we conducted a MEDLINE literature search in the English language to accumulate relevant articles. Headings searched included microbial sensitivity tests; Kirby‐Bauer; laboratory tests; antiinfective agents; antibiotics, combined; microbiological techniques; blood bactericidal assay; and pharmacology, clinical. The management of patients with serious life‐threatening infections can be complicated by recent changes in organism nomenclature, newly marketed antibiotics, and new isolation and sensitivity testing methods. With the addition of formulary constraints, many problems and controversies arise regarding interpretation of antibiotic sensitivity results. Comprehensive care for infected patients requires assessment of current antibiotic therapy and options for alternative therapy. By applying pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic knowledge to known limits of in vitro testing results, the clinician is able to select the most efficient antibiotic or antibiotic combination.
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Hassan Zaidi, Syed Zahoor Ul, Arshad Mahmood, Syed Muhammad Qasim Khan, et al. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Selected Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from High Vaginal Swab." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (2022): 1016–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221621016.
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The study determines the prevalence and resistance among pathogenic bacteria against used antibiotics. The isolates were identified biochemically and subjected to antibiotic sensitivity using disk-diffusion method. A total of 210 bacterial isolates were tested, 175 (83.3%) were reported positive whereas 35 (16.6%) were found negative for HVS. The isolates were initially identified on colonies morphology and later via biochemical tests. The gram positive bacteria isolates i,e Staphylococcus aureus was found 48 (23.3%), followed by lactobacillus and least value belonged to Staphylococcus epidermidis i.e, 7 (3.3%). While gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli were 56 (26.6%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 36 (17.14%) and least value was of Proteus vulgaris. i.e, 7 (3.3%). All the isolates were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility testing. At least six antibiotics were shown to be resistant in bacterial isolates. Antibiotic resistance was found in considerable abundance in the clinical isolates, according to the findings. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and surveillance are essential on a regular basis to avoid treatment failure and the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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N’goran Richard Kouadio, Fatoumata Camara, and Emmanuel Gozoua. "Evaluation of antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics of native lactic acid bacteria from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Ivory Coast." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 1 (2024): 0225–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.28.1.0274.
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Lactic Acid Bacteria probiotics play a crucial role in improving aquaculture productivity however, their use required beforehand a rigorous selection. This study appeared as a preliminary research in LAB potential probiotics selection. The aim of study was to select LAB strains potentially probiotic isolated from gut intestine of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) based on antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics tests. The antibacterial activity was carried by agar well diffusion method against five pathogen indicators (E. coli ATCC 25922, K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, P. mirabilis JCM1669, and S. aureus ATCC 25913). The susceptibility antibiotic test was performed by disc diffusion method by 12 antibiotics use. Seventy-two (72) from 154 LAB isolates completed the antibacterial activity test. With 79.08% inhibition, S. aureus was the pathogen most inhibited, whereas E. coli had the least inhibition, at 61.44%. In terms of antibiotic susceptibility testing, out of the 72 LAB isolates from earlier studies, only 25 LAB isolates demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and oxacillin and sensitivity to nine out of the twelve antibiotics employed. The 25 LAB isolates seemed suitable candidates for more probiotic tests.
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Lakhey, Pooja, Shyam Prasad Pant, and Pramila Parajuli. "Isolation, Identification, and Antibiogram of Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from Rivers in and around Kathmandu Valley." South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology 18, no. 2 (2024): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2024/v18i2346.
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Background: Acinetobacter baumannii, an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen, poses an escalating threat in clinical settings due to the rise of multidrug-resistant infections. Despite its clinical significance, there exists a considerable gap in understanding its environmental dissemination.
 Aims and Objectives: The primary objective is to examine the distribution of A. baumannii and its antibiotic resistance in river ecosystems. Specifically, we aim to identify strains resistant to Colistin, a last-resort antibiotic, and elucidate the susceptibility patterns to other antibiotics.
 Materials and Methods: Water samples from 10 rivers were collected and subjected to analysis using Leeds Acinetobacter Agar Base and a series of biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, focusing on Colistin resistance, was performed using standard procedures.
 Results: Out of the 284 isolated strains, 14 (4.9%) exhibited resistance to Colistin, while demonstrating varying susceptibility patterns to other antibiotics. Notably, Gentamycin showed effectiveness against resistant strains (14.28%), while Ceftazidime resistance was complete. Colistin-sensitive strains displayed high susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin (84.44%) and lower susceptibility to Chloramphenicol (53.33%). Carbapenem susceptibility was observed across all isolates.
 Conclusion: The study underscores a concerning environmental presence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in rivers around Kathmandu Valley, with Sundarijal being the exception. The findings emphasize the necessity of scrutinizing environmental reservoirs for pathogen spread, advocating for heightened awareness of potential health implications beyond clinical settings. Urgent attention is needed to comprehend and counteract the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, necessitating comprehensive strategies and continued surveillance
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Várhidi, Zsóka, Viktor Jurkovich, Péter Sátorhelyi, Balázs Erdélyi, Orsolya Palócz, and György Csikó. "Identification of Naturally Occurring Inhabitants of Vaginal Microbiota in Cows and Determination of Their Antibiotic Sensitivity." Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 5 (2025): 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050423.
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The vaginal microbiota plays a crucial role in bovine reproductive health in the periparturient period. This study aimed to characterize the naturally occurring bacterial species in the vaginal microbiome of healthy Holstein Frisian cows and evaluate their antibiotic sensitivity. Vaginal samples were collected from 44 healthy cows on three dairy farms. A total of 54 bacterial species were detected, with Gram-positive bacteria comprising 87% of the isolates. The most prevalent genera were Bacillus, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that some isolates carried resistance genes, but most remained sensitive to commonly used antibiotics. The average vaginal mucosa pH was 7.2. These findings provide valuable insights into the diversity of vaginal microbiota of healthy dairy cows. Understanding the bacterial composition and antibiotic susceptibility can support reproductive health management and prudent use of antibiotics in dairy herds.
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Gupta, Shilpi, Nozrin Laskar, and Daniel E. Kadouri. "Evaluating the Effect of Oxygen Concentrations on Antibiotic Sensitivity, Growth, and Biofilm Formation of Human Pathogens." Microbiology Insights 9 (January 2016): MBI.S40767. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/mbi.s40767.
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Standard antimicrobial susceptibility tests are performed in vitro under normal room oxygen conditions to predict the in vivo effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effect of different oxygen levels on the antibiotic susceptibility of two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It was found that anoxic conditions caused reduced sensitivity of bacteria to aminoglycoside antibiotics in four of six bacteria used in the study. In addition, oxygen limitation decreased the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains and K. pneumoniae strains to piperacillin/tazobactam and azithromycin, respectively. In contrast, five of six bacteria became more susceptible to tetracycline antibiotics under oxygen-limiting conditions. Our data highlight the importance of considering the potential in vivo oxygen levels within the infection site when setting susceptibility breakpoints for evaluating the therapeutic potential of a drug and its effect on antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogen.
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Wheat, P. F., J. G. M. Hastings, and R. C. Spencer. "Rapid antibiotic susceptibility tests on Enterobacteriaceae by ATP bioluminescence." Journal of Medical Microbiology 25, no. 2 (1988): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-25-2-95.
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Fraile, L. "K-12 Antibiotic susceptibility tests. How to use them?" Animal - science proceedings 14, no. 1 (2023): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2023.01.022.
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Zhang, Kaixiang, Shangshang Qin, Sixuan Wu, Yan Liang, and Jinghong Li. "Microfluidic systems for rapid antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) at the single-cell level." Chemical Science 11, no. 25 (2020): 6352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc01353f.
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Prasetyo, Dodik, Indah Amalia Amri Amri, Dian Siswanto, et al. "Antibiotic Sensitivity Profile of Pasteurella multocida in Cattle in Malang, Indonesia." Veterinary Biomedical and Clinical Journal 6, no. 2 (2024): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.vetbioclinj.2024.006.02.4.
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This study was conducted in Malang, Indonesia, to assess the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida in cattle exhibiting clinical signs of respiratory disease. Nasal and tracheal swabs were collected from 50 cattle across multiple farms and tested for P. multocida. The isolates were identified through colony morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical tests, with 4 out of 50 samples (8%) testing positive for P. multocida. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method, involving seven antibiotics commonly used in veterinary practice. Results showed that 75% of the isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone, while amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was effective in 50% of cases. However, all isolates demonstrated resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline. These findings emphasize the importance of susceptibility testing to guide appropriate antibiotic therapy and prevent the development of resistance. Further research is necessary to monitor resistance patterns and improve treatment strategies for pasteurellosis in cattle.
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Ghannoum, Mahmoud, Ahmed Gamal, Ahmed Kadry, et al. "Avoiding the Danger of Rising Resistance in Cutibacterium acnes: Criticality of Benzoyl Peroxide and Antibiotic Fixed Combinations." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 8, no. 1 (2024): s354. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.8.supp.354.
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Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global concern, with several countries reporting resistance in >50% of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) strains. Combination formulations containing an antibiotic and the antimicrobial benzoyl peroxide (BPO) may reduce this resistance risk, especially with prolonged use. This four-part study tested susceptibility of 31 C. acnes clinical strains to antibiotics alone or in combination with BPO.
 Methods: Part 1: C. acnes susceptibility to single-drug antibiotics was assessed via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained from epsilometer tests, with lower MIC indicating higher susceptibility. Part 2: Susceptibility to fixed-dose antibiotic/BPO combination products (branded/in-development) was determined by measuring zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method, with larger diameter indicating increased bacterial inhibition. Part 3: The effect (synergistic, additive, antagonistic, or neutral) of combining clindamycin with BPO on C. acnes inhibition was evaluated using a checkerboard assay, wherein two test compounds are combined in varying concentrations. Part 4: Development of resistance was assessed using serial passage of bacterial cultures in increasing concentrations of clindamycin alone or in combination with BPO.
 Results: Part 1: All antibiotics tested—clindamycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and minocycline—had similar activity. Susceptibility was highly strain dependent, as some C. acnes strains had elevated MIC—an indication of resistance—against different antibiotics. Part 2: For the 6 C. acnes strains that had no inhibitory zone (0 cm) with clindamycin alone, formulations with BPO enhanced activity against the same isolates (range: 0.8-2.2 cm with clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/adapalene 0.15%/BPO 3.1%, clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/BPO 5%, or clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/BPO 3.75%). Part 3: The combination of clindamycin and BPO resulted in an additive effect for 4 of the 7 acne-associated strains tested and was neutral for 3 strains. Part 4: Bacterial cultures repeatedly exposed to a combination of clindamycin and BPO did not develop resistance to C. acnes, which occurred with exposure to antibiotic alone.
 Conclusions: Overall, antibiotic susceptibility was highly strain dependent and antibiotic formulations with BPO exhibited enhanced activity against less susceptible C. acnes strains. Fixed combinations of BPO with an antibiotic may improve antimicrobial activity and protect against resistance development.
 
 Funding: Ortho Dermatologics.
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Ghannoum, Mahmoud, Ahmed Gamal, Ahmed Kadry, et al. "Avoiding the Danger of Rising Resistance in Cutibacterium acnes: Criticality of Benzoyl Peroxide and Antibiotic Fixed Combinations." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 8, no. 1 (2024): s355. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.8.supp.355.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global concern, with several countries reporting resistance in >50% of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) strains. Combination formulations containing an antibiotic and the antimicrobial benzoyl peroxide (BPO) may reduce this resistance risk, especially with prolonged use. This four-part study tested susceptibility of 31 C. acnes clinical strains to antibiotics alone or in combination with BPO.
 Methods: Part 1: C. acnes susceptibility to single-drug antibiotics was assessed via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained from epsilometer tests, with lower MIC indicating higher susceptibility. Part 2: Susceptibility to fixed-dose antibiotic/BPO combination products (branded/in-development) was determined by measuring zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method, with larger diameter indicating increased bacterial inhibition. Part 3: The effect (synergistic, additive, antagonistic, or neutral) of combining clindamycin with BPO on C. acnes inhibition was evaluated using a checkerboard assay, wherein two test compounds are combined in varying concentrations. Part 4: Development of resistance was assessed using serial passage of bacterial cultures in increasing concentrations of clindamycin alone or in combination with BPO.
 Results: Part 1: All antibiotics tested—clindamycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and minocycline—had similar activity. Susceptibility was highly strain dependent, as some C. acnes strains had elevated MIC—an indication of resistance—against different antibiotics. Part 2: For the 6 C. acnes strains that had no inhibitory zone (0 cm) with clindamycin alone, formulations with BPO enhanced activity against the same isolates (range: 0.8-2.2 cm with clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/adapalene 0.15%/BPO 3.1%, clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/BPO 5%, or clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/BPO 3.75%). Part 3: The combination of clindamycin and BPO resulted in an additive effect for 4 of the 7 acne-associated strains tested and was neutral for 3 strains. Part 4: Bacterial cultures repeatedly exposed to a combination of clindamycin and BPO did not develop resistance to C. acnes, which occurred with exposure to antibiotic alone.
 Conclusions: Overall, antibiotic susceptibility was highly strain dependent and antibiotic formulations with BPO exhibited enhanced activity against less susceptible C. acnes strains. Fixed combinations of BPO with an antibiotic may improve antimicrobial activity and protect against resistance development.
 Funding: Ortho Dermatologics.
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Sharma, Himani, Maansi, A. K. Upadhyay, et al. "Antibiotic Resistance Profile and Safety Assessment of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum Isolated from Milk." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 7 (2024): 938–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72203.
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In the era where developing antibiotic resistance is an emerging issue, probiotics are amongst the most promising therapeutic as well as prophylactic measures. One of the most commonly used probiotics in cheese, yoghurt, silage and preserved food such as pickles is lactobacilli. However, some studies have shown that some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains are resistant to antibiotics which pose a threat to human health. Hence, to evaluate the safety of L. acidophilus and L. plantarum, they were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests using the disc diffusion method against a total of 26 antibiotics. The isolates were found to exhibit multiple resistance against some of the most commonly used antibiotics. The isolates showed a high level of resistance toward ampicillin, amoxycillin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, kanamycin and nitrofurantoin. The isolates showed low levels of resistance toward cephalothin, amikacin, erythromycin and azithromycin. They were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, penicillin G, cloxacilln, ofloxacillin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin, enrofloxacin, gemifloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole and oxytetracycline. The present study showed that antibiotic resistance is prevalent in different species of probiotic strains, which may pose a food safety concern. Hence, antibiotic sensitivity should be considered an important part of safety assessment for the evaluation of probiotics. Therefore, the current study concluded that antibiotic resistance is prevalent among L. acidophilus and L. plantarum, which is major concern of food safety. Furthermore, studies to evaluate the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in commercially available probiotics should be conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests should be considered as an essential measure for the assessment of the safety of probiotics.
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Feretzakis, Georgios, Evangelos Loupelis, Aikaterini Sakagianni, et al. "Using Machine Learning Techniques to Aid Empirical Antibiotic Therapy Decisions in the Intensive Care Unit of a General Hospital in Greece." Antibiotics 9, no. 2 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020050.
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Hospital-acquired infections, particularly in the critical care setting, have become increasingly common during the last decade, with Gram-negative bacterial infections presenting the highest incidence among them. Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality with significant direct and indirect costs resulting from long hospitalization due to antibiotic failure. Time is critical to identifying bacteria and their resistance to antibiotics due to the critical health status of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). As common antibiotic resistance tests require more than 24 h after the sample is collected to determine sensitivity in specific antibiotics, we suggest applying machine learning (ML) techniques to assist the clinician in determining whether bacteria are resistant to individual antimicrobials by knowing only a sample’s Gram stain, site of infection, and patient demographics. In our single center study, we compared the performance of eight machine learning algorithms to assess antibiotic susceptibility predictions. The demographic characteristics of the patients are considered for this study, as well as data from cultures and susceptibility testing. Applying machine learning algorithms to patient antimicrobial susceptibility data, readily available, solely from the Microbiology Laboratory without any of the patient’s clinical data, even in resource-limited hospital settings, can provide informative antibiotic susceptibility predictions to aid clinicians in selecting appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy. These strategies, when used as a decision support tool, have the potential to improve empiric therapy selection and reduce the antimicrobial resistance burden.
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Daniel, Ebakota, Osarueme Osazee, Frances Olisaka, Jocelyn Aibangbee, Panmwa GALAU, and Joseph Osazee. "Antibiotic susceptibility, plasmid isolation and curing of some foodborne pathogens." International Journal of Biological Research 4, no. 2 (2016): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6779.
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The indiscriminate use of antibiotics by individuals as well as in food production has been tagged one of the major reasons for the spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Thus, there is a concern that foodborne bacteria may act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes when distributed in large doses with food. This study aimed at determining the antibiotic susceptibility, plasmid isolation and curing of foodborne bacteria isolated from ready to eat (RTE) foods and salads in eating centers at the Benson Idahosa University, Benin City. Isolates were Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus sp. and Salmonella sp with S. aureus occurring most frequently. Total resistance to cefuroxime and augmentin as well as considerable resistance to ceftazidime and cefixime were observed in all isolates in antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on Mueller-Hinton agar. Relative sensitivity to gentamicin, ofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin were observed. Plasmid profiling indicated that all isolates possess plasmids ranging from 100 bp to 1 kbp. Plasmid curing using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) improved the sensitivity of isolates to antibiotics they were previously sensitive to but most isolates remained resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefixime, and augmentin. This study shows that foodborne bacteria can possess and possibly transfer persistent antibiotic resistance plasmids thus calling for more caution in the use of antibiotics in food production and reduced antibiotics abuse. Further research is currently ongoing to cure the isolates of all plasmids and to elucidate how these plasmids are being transferred.
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Hamed, Fatima1, and Jawad K. Isa. "Isolation of Lactobacillus spp. from Healthy Infants' Feces and Study of their Antibiotic Susceptibility." Wasit Journal for Pure sciences 3, no. 3 (2024): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/wjps.474.
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This study aimed to isolate Lactobacillus spp. bacteria from the feces of healthy newborns and investigate their susceptibility to antibiotic resistance. 120 fecal samples were obtained from infants under 12 months of age and susceptibility was identified using biochemical tests and molecular identification methods. A total of 30 positive isolates, chosen randomly from the 90 positive samples, were selected to conduct a safety assessment. the isolates were analyzed for their hemolytic activity and susceptibility to antibiotics. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, a total of 30 positive isolates were determined to be lactobacillus spp. The results of the antibiotic resistance test indicated that the majority of the isolates showed susceptibility to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, clindamycin, and amoxicillin while demonstrating resistance to vancomycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and amikacin. conclusion: Based on these specific traits, the isolates of Lactobacillus spp. demonstrated favorable qualities as probiotics.
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Muhammad Qasim, Arbab Haroon, Mehboob Ullah, et al. "Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from the Foot Ulcer of Diabetic Patients in Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Pakistan." Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 4, no. 2 (2024): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i2.877.
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Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes mellitus, affecting 15% of diabetic patients and often leading to severe outcomes like amputation. These ulcers frequently become infected with bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is known for its robust antibiotic resistance. Objective: To investigate the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the foot ulcers of diabetic patients in Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Methods: A total of 103 clinical samples from diabetic foot ulcers were collected and analyzed for the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using culture techniques and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method to identify effective treatments. Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified in 48 (46.60%) of the samples. High resistance was noted against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), and notable sensitivity was observed to gentamicin (79.16%) and cefoperazone-sulbactam (87.5%). The susceptibility to other tested antibiotics varied, with moderate resistance seen in agents like cefotaxime (25%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33.33%). Conclusion: The study highlights a significant presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in diabetic foot ulcers with substantial antibiotic resistance, emphasizing the need for precise susceptibility testing to guide effective treatment strategies.
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CHARTERIS, WILLIAM P., PHILLIP M. KELLY, LORENZO MORELLI, and J. KEVIN COLLINS. "Antibiotic Susceptibility of Potentially Probiotic Lactobacillus Species." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 12 (1998): 1636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.12.1636.
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In recent years, the time-honored reputation of lactobacilli as promoters of gastrointestinal and female urogenital health has been qualified. This has occurred due to a rare association with human infection in the presence of certain predisposing factors and their potential to act as a source of undesirable antibiotic resistance determinants to other members of the indigenous microbiota. This necessitates greater caution in their selection for use in microbial adjunct nutrition and disease management (prophylaxis and therapy). It was against this background that 46 Lactobacillus strains from human and dairy sources were assayed for susceptibility to 44 antibiotics. All strains were resistant to a group of 14 antibiotics, which included inhibitors of cell wall synthesis (cefoxitin [30 μg] and aztreonam [30 μg]), protein synthesis (amikacin [30 μg], gentamicin [10 μg], kanamycin [30 μg], and streptomycin [10 μg]), nucleic acid synthesis (norfloxacin [10 μg], nalidixic acid [30 μg], sulphamethoxazole [100 μg], trimethoprim [5 μg], co-trimoxazole [25 μg], and metronidazole [5 μg]), and cytoplasmic membrane function (polymyxin B [300 μg] and colistin sulphate [10 μg]). All strains were susceptible to tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), and rifampicin (5 μg). Four human strains and one dairy strain exhibited atypical resistance to a penicillin, bacitracin (10 μg), and/or nitrofurantoin (300 μg). One human strain was also resistant to erythromycin (15 μg) and clindamycin (2 μg). These resistances may have been acquired due to antibiotic exposure in vivo, but conclusive evidence is lacking in this regard. Seven microorganism-drug combinations were evaluated for β-lactamase activity using synergy and nitrocefin tests. The absence of activity suggested that cell wall impermeability appeared responsible for β-lactam resistance. The occurrence of a minority of lactobacilli with undesirable, atypical resistance to certain antibiotics demonstrates that not all strains are suitable for use as probiotics or bacteriotherapeutic agents. The natural resistance of lactobacilli to a wide range of clinically important antibiotics may enable the development of antibiotic/probiotic combination therapies for such conditions as diarrhea, female urogenital tract infection, and infective endocarditis.
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Busche, Jan F., Svenja Möller, Matthias Stehr, and Andreas Dietzel. "Cross-Flow Filtration of Escherichia coli at a Nanofluidic Gap for Fast Immobilization and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing." Micromachines 10, no. 10 (2019): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10100691.
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Infections with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria are globally on the rise. In the future, multi-resistant infections will become one of the major problems in global health care. In order to enable reserve antibiotics to retain their effect as long as possible, broad-spectrum antibiotics must be used sparingly. This can be achieved by a rapid microfluidic phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility test, which provides the information needed for a targeted antibiotic therapy in less time than conventional tests. Such microfluidic tests must cope with a low bacteria concentration. On-chip filtering of the samples to accumulate bacteria can shorten the test time. By means of fluorescence microscopy, we examined a novel nanogap filtration principle to hold back Escherichia coli and to perform cultivation experiments with and without antibiotics present. Microfluidic chips based on the nanogap flow principle showed to be useful for the concentration and cultivation of E. coli. With a concentration of 106 cells/mL, a specific growth rate of 0.013 min−1 and a doubling time of 53 min were achieved. In the presence of an antibiotic, no growth was observed. The results prove that this principle can, in future, be used in fast and marker-free antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST).
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N'goran, Richard Kouadio, Camara Fatoumata, and Gozoua Emmanuel. "Evaluation of antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics of native lactic acid bacteria from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Ivory Coast." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 1 (2024): 225–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13461409.
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Lactic Acid Bacteria probiotics play a crucial role in improving aquaculture productivity however, their use required beforehand a rigorous selection. This study appeared as a preliminary research in LAB potential probiotics selection. The aim of study was to select LAB strains potentially probiotic isolated from gut intestine of tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) based on antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics tests. The antibacterial activity was carried by agar well diffusion method against five pathogen indicators (<em>E. coli</em> ATCC 25922,<em> K. pneumoniae </em>ATCC 43816, <em>P. aeruginosa</em> ATCC 27853, <em>P. mirabilis</em> JCM1669, and <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 25913). The susceptibility antibiotic test was performed by disc diffusion method by 12 antibiotics use. Seventy-two (72) from 154 LAB isolates completed the antibacterial activity test. With 79.08% inhibition, <em>S. aureus</em> was the pathogen most inhibited, whereas E. coli had the least inhibition, at 61.44%. In terms of antibiotic susceptibility testing, out of the 72 LAB isolates from earlier studies, only 25 LAB isolates demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and oxacillin and sensitivity to nine out of the twelve antibiotics employed. The 25 LAB isolates seemed suitable candidates for more probiotic tests.
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N'goran, Richard Kouadio, Camara Fatoumata, and Gozoua Emmanuel. "Evaluation of antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics of native lactic acid bacteria from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Ivory Coast." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 1 (2024): 225–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13461409.
Full textAbstract:
Lactic Acid Bacteria probiotics play a crucial role in improving aquaculture productivity however, their use required beforehand a rigorous selection. This study appeared as a preliminary research in LAB potential probiotics selection. The aim of study was to select LAB strains potentially probiotic isolated from gut intestine of tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) based on antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics tests. The antibacterial activity was carried by agar well diffusion method against five pathogen indicators (<em>E. coli</em> ATCC 25922,<em> K. pneumoniae </em>ATCC 43816, <em>P. aeruginosa</em> ATCC 27853, <em>P. mirabilis</em> JCM1669, and <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 25913). The susceptibility antibiotic test was performed by disc diffusion method by 12 antibiotics use. Seventy-two (72) from 154 LAB isolates completed the antibacterial activity test. With 79.08% inhibition, <em>S. aureus</em> was the pathogen most inhibited, whereas E. coli had the least inhibition, at 61.44%. In terms of antibiotic susceptibility testing, out of the 72 LAB isolates from earlier studies, only 25 LAB isolates demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and oxacillin and sensitivity to nine out of the twelve antibiotics employed. The 25 LAB isolates seemed suitable candidates for more probiotic tests.
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N'goran, Richard Kouadio, Camara Fatoumata, and Gozoua Emmanuel. "Evaluation of antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics of native lactic acid bacteria from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Ivory Coast." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 1 (2024): 225–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13461409.
Full textAbstract:
Lactic Acid Bacteria probiotics play a crucial role in improving aquaculture productivity however, their use required beforehand a rigorous selection. This study appeared as a preliminary research in LAB potential probiotics selection. The aim of study was to select LAB strains potentially probiotic isolated from gut intestine of tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) based on antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics tests. The antibacterial activity was carried by agar well diffusion method against five pathogen indicators (<em>E. coli</em> ATCC 25922,<em> K. pneumoniae </em>ATCC 43816, <em>P. aeruginosa</em> ATCC 27853, <em>P. mirabilis</em> JCM1669, and <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 25913). The susceptibility antibiotic test was performed by disc diffusion method by 12 antibiotics use. Seventy-two (72) from 154 LAB isolates completed the antibacterial activity test. With 79.08% inhibition, <em>S. aureus</em> was the pathogen most inhibited, whereas E. coli had the least inhibition, at 61.44%. In terms of antibiotic susceptibility testing, out of the 72 LAB isolates from earlier studies, only 25 LAB isolates demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and oxacillin and sensitivity to nine out of the twelve antibiotics employed. The 25 LAB isolates seemed suitable candidates for more probiotic tests.
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N'goran, Richard Kouadio, Camara Fatoumata, and Gozoua Emmanuel. "Evaluation of antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics of native lactic acid bacteria from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Ivory Coast." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 1 (2024): 225–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13461409.
Full textAbstract:
Lactic Acid Bacteria probiotics play a crucial role in improving aquaculture productivity however, their use required beforehand a rigorous selection. This study appeared as a preliminary research in LAB potential probiotics selection. The aim of study was to select LAB strains potentially probiotic isolated from gut intestine of tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) based on antibacterial activity and susceptibility antibiotics tests. The antibacterial activity was carried by agar well diffusion method against five pathogen indicators (<em>E. coli</em> ATCC 25922,<em> K. pneumoniae </em>ATCC 43816, <em>P. aeruginosa</em> ATCC 27853, <em>P. mirabilis</em> JCM1669, and <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 25913). The susceptibility antibiotic test was performed by disc diffusion method by 12 antibiotics use. Seventy-two (72) from 154 LAB isolates completed the antibacterial activity test. With 79.08% inhibition, <em>S. aureus</em> was the pathogen most inhibited, whereas E. coli had the least inhibition, at 61.44%. In terms of antibiotic susceptibility testing, out of the 72 LAB isolates from earlier studies, only 25 LAB isolates demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and oxacillin and sensitivity to nine out of the twelve antibiotics employed. The 25 LAB isolates seemed suitable candidates for more probiotic tests.
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Khaleel Ibrahim, Hanaa. "Screening and sensitivity of non-lactose fermenting bacteria to antibiotics by Vitek-2 compact system." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (2019): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v7i1.256.
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We are collected 150 clinical sample from different private veterinary clinics in Basrah province . Included 25 isolates from nasal discharge, 45 from feces , 35 from pus/wound infections, 20 from blood and 25 from ear swab .All isolates were subjected to microscopic examination and diagnosed 4 species of Non- Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli (NFGNB) bacteria based on 47 biochemical tests by Vitek 2 a compact system where the species were 48 strain (32%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 32 strain (21.33%) of Burkholderia cepacia, 31strain (20.66%) of Sphingomonas paucimobilis, 20 strain (13.33%) of Proteus mirabilis and 19 strain (12.66%) of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus . NFGNB results showed antibiotic susceptibility to different antibiotic resistance and susceptibility, where isolates showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia and Proteus mirabilis were susceptibility to antibiotic Meropenem (80% -98%), while Acinetobacter spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa least susceptible to Cefuroxime and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (20% – 30%). The bacteria showed Sphingomonas paucimobilis showed resistance to all the antibiotics tested. The current study was carried out with the aim of diagnosing and identifying NFGNB isolated from clinical samples and evaluating their clinical importance and study of antibiotic resistance.
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Wingard, J. B., E. G. Romanowski, R. P. Kowalski, et al. "A Novel Cell-Associated Protection Assay Demonstrates the Ability of Certain Antibiotics To Protect Ocular Surface Cell Lines from Subsequent ClinicalStaphylococcus aureusChallenge." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 8 (2011): 3788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01828-10.
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ABSTRACTIn vivoeffectiveness of topical antibiotics may depend on their ability to associate with epithelial cells to provide continued protection, but this contribution is not measured by standard antibiotic susceptibility tests. We report a newin vitromethod that measures the ability of test antibiotics azithromycin (AZM), erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET), and bacitracin (BAC) to associate with mammalian cells and to protect these cells from destruction by bacteria. Mammalian cell lines were grown to confluence using antibiotic-free medium and then incubated in medium containing a single antibiotic (0 to 512 μg/ml). After incubation, the cells were challenged withStaphylococcus aureusocular isolates, without antibiotics added to the culture medium. Epithelial cell layer integrity was assessed by gentian violet staining, and the minimum cell layer protective concentration (MCPC) of an antibiotic sufficient to protect the mammalian cells fromS. aureuswas determined. Staining was also quantified and analyzed. Bacterial viability was determined by culture turbidity and growth on agar plates. Preincubation of Chang and human corneal limbal epithelial cells with AZM, ERY, and TET at ≥64 μg/ml provided protection against AZM-susceptibleS. aureusstrains, with increasing protection at higher concentrations. TET toxicity was demonstrated at >64 μg/ml, whereas AZM displayed toxicity to one cell line at 512 μg/ml. BAC failed to show consistent protection at any dose, despite bacterial susceptibility to BAC as determined by traditional antibiotic susceptibility testing. A range of antibiotic effectiveness was displayed in this cell association assay, providing data that may be considered in addition to traditional testing when determining therapeutic dosing regimens.
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Setu, Sanjida Khondakar, Abu Naser Ibne Sattar, Ahmed Abu Saleh, et al. "Study of Bacterial pathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and their antibiotic resistance profile in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology 10, no. 1 (2017): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v10i1.31449.
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Analyzing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens help to overcome the therapeutic difficulties created by the rising antimicrobial resistant bacteria and guides in choosing appropriate antibiotics. Hence, we aimed at evaluating the pathogens causing UTI and study their antibiogram. Midstream urine samples were collected, cultured and appropriate biochemical tests were performed for proper identification of urinary pathogens in BSMMU from January 2013 to December 2013. The most common isolated Gram negative uropathogens were Escherichia coli (63.93%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.09%), other bacterial species, named Pseudomonas spp. Enterobacter Acinetobacter spp. Citrobacter spp Proteus spp. Morganella. Among Gram positive organism S. aureus S. saprophyticus S. agalectiae and Enterococci were found. Urinary tract infections were more prevalent in women than men (61.68% vs. 38.32%). High level of sensitivity was found to imipenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, cefuroxime in most of the isolates. Almost all the test organisms exhibited multiple antibiotic resistances. The high multiple antibiotics resistance identified makes it necessary for antibiotic susceptibility testing to be conducted prior to antibiotic(s) prescription.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2016; 10 (01): 22-26
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ER, Halil, Özlem KOCA, and Nevgün Sepin ÖZEN. "Evaluation of distribution and susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from joint fluid cultures: five-year data." Anatolian Current Medical Journal 5, no. 4 (2023): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1342396.
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Aims: Septic arthritis is joint inflammation. It is an orthopedic emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. In this study, it was aimed to examine the distribution and antibiotic resistance profiles of microorganisms isolated from joint fluid samples taken from patients who applied to the orthopedic clinic of our hospital in the last five years. 
 Methods: In our study, 1162 joint fluid samples were sent to the medical microbiology laboratory of our hospital from the orthopedics and traumatology clinic between January 01, 2018 and December 31, 2022. Joint fluid samples taken from clinically appropriate patients under sterile conditions were incubated in a BacT/Alert 3D (Biomerieux, France) culture device. Bacteria isolated from 164 specimens with growth detected, were identified by matrix-mediated laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) based VITEK MS (Biomerieux, France). Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed on the VITEK 2 Compact (Biomerieux, France) device.
 Results: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (29.3%) and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) (29.3%) were the most commonly grown microorganisms. Other microorganisms grown were Streptococcus spp. (9.1%), Enterococcus spp. (6.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeuruginosa) (7.3%), Escherichiae coli (E. coli) (4.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (4.3%). When antibiotic susceptibility results were evaluated according to EUCAST restricted reporting criteria, linezolid in Gram-positive strains, amikacin in Enterobacterales, colistin and tigecycline in nonfermentative Gram-negative bacteria were found to be the most susceptible antibiotics. 
 Conclusion: The continuous change in antibiotic susceptibility profiles in joint infections, the long duration of treatment and follow-up, and the increase in polymicrobial infections require regular monitoring of culture and antibiotic susceptibility tests. In our study, the distribution of microorganisms isolated from joint fluid samples of our hospital and the determination of antibiotic resistance profiles will contribute to the clinician in terms of guiding empirical treatment.
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Ryan, Michael P., and Catherine C. Adley. "The antibiotic susceptibility of water-based bacteria Ralstonia pickettii and Ralstonia insidiosa." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 7 (2013): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.054759-0.
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Ralstonia pickettii and Ralstonia insidiosa are waterborne bacteria that can survive and grow in various water sources, and that are emerging pathogens in hospital settings. Not much is known about the antibiotic resistance of these bacteria. Previous reports of antimicrobial susceptibility have been largely limited to a few clinical strains with no accounting for genotypic or phenotypic diversity or that these species could vary from the set breakpoints. Etests and disc diffusion tests were carried out to compare the antimicrobial susceptibilities to 12 different antibiotics of 68 different isolates of R. pickettii (53) and R. insidiosa (15) from varying environments, which have previously been well characterized both phenotypically and genetically. The majority of the R. pickettii and R. insidiosa isolates showed susceptibility to most of the antibiotics tested in this study. The most effective were found to be the quinolones and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Antibiotic susceptibility was also found not to vary between environmental niches for R. pickettii and R. insidiosa isolates.
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Shih, En-Jie, Jui-Kuang Chen, Pei-Jhen Tsai, Muh-Chiou Lin, and Youn-Shen Bee. "Antibiotic Choices for Pediatric Periorbital Cellulitis—A 20-Year Retrospective Study from Taiwan." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (2022): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101288.
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The delayed treatment of pediatric periorbital cellulitis may have severe consequences. In addition, the antibiotic efficacy against causative bacteria may change over time, and it is important to understand the appropriate antibiotic options for effective treatment in pediatric patients. We compared the changes in cultured bacteria and drug susceptibility tests between two decades, 2010–2019 and 2000–2009, to establish antibiotics for empirical use. The patient characteristics, etiologies, culture sites, and isolated bacteria, and the antibiotic susceptibility tests of the admitted pediatric patients (n = 207) diagnosed with preseptal and orbital cellulitis during 2000 to 2019, were recorded. Insect/animal bites (p = 0.084) showed an increasing trend, and sinusitis (p = 0.016) showed a significant decrease in the past decades. The most common bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections increased in recent decades (p = 0.01). Moreover, we found that vancomycin was ideal for MRSA infections. The decreasing efficacy of oxacillin correlates with the increasing proportion of MRSA in pediatric periorbital cellulitis. Our study thus offers antibiotic choices against the most common isolates that can be administered before culture results are available.
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Stock, Ingo, and Bernd Wiedemann. "Natural Antibiotic Susceptibilities ofEdwardsiella tarda, E. ictaluri, andE. hoshinae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 8 (2001): 2245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.8.2245-2255.2001.
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ABSTRACT The natural antibiotic susceptibilities to 71 antibiotics of 102Edwardsiella strains belonging to E. tarda (n = 42), E. ictaluri(n = 41), and E. hoshinae (n = 19) were investigated. MICs were determined using a microdilution procedure according to NCCLS criteria and German standards. All edwardsiellae were naturally sensitive to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, most β-lactams, quinolones, antifolates, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin. Edwardsiella species were naturally resistant to macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, glycopeptides, rifampin, fusidic acid, and oxacillin. Although slight species-dependent differences in natural susceptibilities to some antibiotics (e.g., macrolides and cefaclor) were seen, differences in natural susceptibility affecting clinical assessment criteria were only seen with benzylpenicillin. Whereas E. tarda was naturally resistant to benzylpenicillin, E. hoshinae was naturally sensitive. Natural sensitivity and resistance to this penicillin were found among the strains of E. ictaluri.The observed oxacillin sensitivity of E. ictaluriwas attributed to the failure of the species to grow at higher salt concentrations found in oxacillin-containing microtiter plates. The present study describes a database concerning the natural susceptibility of Edwardsiella species to a wide range of antibiotics, which can be applied to validate forthcoming antibiotic susceptibility tests of these microorganisms.
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Abdul, Qadir Zafar Ahmad Kamran Taj Abdul Samad Muhammad Rizwan Muhammad Ali Muhammad shafee Shehzad Ahmad Mujahid Farooq. "BIOMOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND SCREENING OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STRAIN FROM PUS /WOUND SAMPLE IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL QUETTA." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 08 (2018): 7532–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345127.
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The aim of this study was the bio-molecular identification of Staphylococcus aureus and screening of methicillin resistant strain. To evaluate the study, 60 samples of pus and wound were collected from Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta, Balochistan during period from September 2016 to December 2017. Out of 60 samples processed for isolation, ten (10) were found positive for staphylococcus aureus. Isolates were recognized by growth characteristic on selective media, Gram staining and different biochemical tests like oxidase, catalase, coagulase, motility, thermonuclease (DNase), haemolysis and mannitol fermentation and citrate utilization test. All the isolates found positive through biochemical tests also confirmed by PCR based on 16S rRNA and Nuc gene. In the present study antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus was recorded to the following antibiotics; Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Vancomycin, Penicillin, Ampicillin, gentamicin, Cloxacillin, Methicillin and Novobiocin were 30%, 80%, 70%, 100%, 10%, 10%, 70%, 40%, 80% and 30% respectively. Two isolates which showed resistant to methicillin were also found resistant to all other antibiotics except Vancomycin. Keyword: MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic susceptibility, Biomolecular identification.
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Rotem, Shahar, Ida Steinberger-Levy, Ofir Israeli, Eran Zahavy, and Ronit Aloni-Grinstein. "Beating the Bio-Terror Threat with Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (2021): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071535.
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A bioterror event using an infectious bacterium may lead to catastrophic outcomes involving morbidity and mortality as well as social and psychological stress. Moreover, a bioterror event using an antibiotic resistance engineered bacterial agent may raise additional concerns. Thus, preparedness is essential to preclude and control the dissemination of the bacterial agent as well as to appropriately and promptly treat potentially exposed individuals or patients. Rates of morbidity, death, and social anxiety can be drastically reduced if the rapid delivery of antimicrobial agents for post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment is initiated as soon as possible. Availability of rapid antibiotic susceptibility tests that may provide key recommendations to targeted antibiotic treatment is mandatory, yet, such tests are only at the development stage. In this review, we describe the recently published rapid antibiotic susceptibility tests implemented on bioterror bacterial agents and discuss their assimilation in clinical and environmental samples.
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Ullah, Salim, Habib Salam, Muhammad Israr Ullah, Imran Khan, and Muhammad Azam Khan. "ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF E. COLI ISOLATED FROM THE URINE SAMPLES OF PATIENTS VISITED CIVIL HOSPITAL MADYAN SWAT." Insights-Journal of Health and Rehabilitation 3, no. 3 (Health & Allied) (2025): 181–87. https://doi.org/10.71000/pfpf5663.
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Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge, particularly in urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is a leading pathogen in both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility profiles is essential due to the rising prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria. This study focused on evaluating the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of E. coli isolated from urine samples of patients attending Civil Hospital Madyan, Swat, to guide effective empirical therapy. Objective: To determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of E. coli isolated from urine samples of UTI patients visiting Civil Hospital Madyan, Swat. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to July 2023 in the Department of Microbiology, Government Degree College Madyan, Swat. A total of 450 mid-stream urine samples were collected from patients with suspected UTIs. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°C for 24–48 hours under aerobic conditions. Isolated bacterial colonies were identified using gram staining, microscopy, and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method with multiple antibiotic discs. The bacterial isolates were categorized into resistant (R), sensitive (S), or intermediate (I) groups by measuring inhibition zone diameters. Data were statistically analyzed and presented in figures and tables. Results: Out of 450 urine samples, 125 (27.0%) were culture-positive, with E. coli being the most frequently isolated bacterium (60%). Culture positivity was higher in females (70%) than males (30%). Among hospital areas, samples from the outpatient department (70%) showed the highest culture positivity, followed by wards (25%) and the emergency department (5%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that E. coli exhibited the highest resistance to ampicillin (97.1%), ceftriaxone (92%), moxifloxacin (88.2%), cefixime (86%), and ceftazidime (80.1%). Conversely, the highest sensitivity was observed to fosfomycin (95.3%), sulzone (85.2%), imipenem (85.0%), and amikacin (78%). Conclusion: This study confirmed that E. coli is the predominant pathogen causing UTIs and displayed significant resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, ceftriaxone, moxifloxacin, cefixime, and ceftazidime. However, fosfomycin, imipenem, and amikacin were found to be the most effective antibiotics against E. coli. These findings underscore the importance of conducting antibiotic susceptibility testing to guide effective therapy and combat antimicrobial resistance.
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Lopes, Luma Clarindo, Dhésmon Lima, Muhammad Hayat, Yanqi Li, Ayush Kumar, and Sabine Kuss. "Electrochemical Quantification of Tobramycin Retention in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa as Antimicrobial Susceptibility Indicator." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 42 (2024): 2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01422386mtgabs.
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The emergence and spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has developed into one of the most challenging threats to public health. Antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) for bacterial infections are now essential, because they provide guidance for physicians in the selection of antibiotics, to which bacteria will respond. Most current AST methods require long periods of time, because of bacterial growth and incubation, leading to a prolonged and overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Thus, there is a growing demand for methods and technologies that enable rapid antibiotic susceptibility assessment. Due to advantages related to cost-effectiveness, rapid response time and high sensitivity, electrochemical detection methods are promising analytical tools that can successfully quantify antibiotic uptake and retention in clinically relevant bacterial strains. This study presents the electroanalytical quantification of tobramycin (TOB) retention in susceptible and resistant bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The electrochemical behavior of TOB was characterized by voltammetry, identifying redox potentials, the current dependence on pH conditions, and the detection limit at unmodified glassy carbon electrodes. The presented methodology was able to distinguish between susceptible and resistant bacterial strains, and is also capable of identifying varying degrees of resistance against TOB. The presented approach detects the immediate interaction of bacteria with an antibiotic, without the need of complex and cost-intense equipment related to genomic testing methods