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Journal articles on the topic 'Anticholinergic burden'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 April 2022
Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Wilczyński, Krzysztof, Marta Gorczyca, Jagna Gołębiowska, and Jan Szewieczek. "Anticholinergic Burden of Geriatric Ward Inpatients." Medicina 57, no. 10 (2021): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101115.

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Background and Objectives: Anticholinergic drug use in the pharmacotherapy of elderly persons is common despite the increased risk of side effects. We examined the prevalence of anticholinergic drug use and total anticholinergic drug burden among patients admitted to an acute care geriatric ward in Poland. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study of 329 subjects hospitalized at the geriatric ward. Patient condition was assessed with a comprehensive geriatric assessment. The Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale was used to estimate the total anticholinergic load. Results: Mean patie
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Chang, Wei Terk, and Shu Yi Lydia Au. "Anticholinergics in Older Adults- Avoid, Replace and Monitor." Singapore Family Physician 48, no. 5 (2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33591/sfp.48.5.uo1.

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Many medicines have varying degrees of anticholinergic activity. Some of these drugs, particularly those with intermediate or low activity, are not commonly known to possess anticholinergic properties. Regardless of their anticholinergic potency, when used concurrently, they could collectively contribute to the anticholinergic burden in elderly patients. While most of the adverse effects from the anticholinergic burden are reversible upon withdrawal of the anticholinergics, some of the adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) may be permanent. Fortunately, for most of the indication
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Krüger, Caroline, Ingmar Schäfer, Hendrik van den Bussche, et al. "Anticholinergic drug burden according to the anticholinergic drug scale and the German anticholinergic burden and their impact on cognitive function in multimorbid elderly German people: a multicentre observational study." BMJ Open 11, no. 3 (2021): e044230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044230.

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ObjectivesThe aims of our study were to examine the anticholinergic drug use and to assess the association between anticholinergic burden and cognitive function in the multimorbid elderly patients of the MultiCare cohort.SettingMultiCare was conducted as a longitudinal cohort study in primary care, located in eight different study centres in Germany.Participants3189 patients (59.3% female).Primary and secondary outcome measuresBaseline data were used for the following analyses. Drugs were classified according to the well-established anticholinergic drug scale (ADS) and the recently published G
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Akpan, Anietie, Bruno De Blaquiere, Issadevi Nellaya, Cornelia Termure, and Sujoy Mukherjee. "Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in older adults referred to a memory clinic." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (2021): S306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.810.

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AimsThe older adult is more likely to be prescribed a lot of medications (polypharmacy) on account of multi-morbidity and consequently being under the care of several specialists. Adverse drug events and reactions account for significant morbidity and mortality in this population group. Common sequelae include confusional episodes, dementia syndromes, falls, and higher rates of acute hospital admissions.Medications are not routinely reviewed in elderly care. We sought to estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy, and potentially inappropriate medications (e.g. anticholinergics or medications wit
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Ulley, Joanna, Sakila Sickander, and Ahmed H. Abdelhafiz. "Polypharmacy and Anticholinergic Burden in Hospitalised Older Patients - A Cross Sectional Audit." International Journal of Biomedical Science 14, no. 1 (2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59566/ijbs.2018.14036.

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Objectives: To investigate the impact of hospital admission on polypharmacy and anticholinergic burden and explore doctors’ awareness of cognitive side effects of anticholinergics use. Methods:A cross sectional retrospective audit of older patients admitted to a care of elderly ward over three months. We have collected patients’ demographic data, number of medications and anticholinergic burden scale on admission compared to on discharge and investigated doctors’ knowledge about polypharmacy by answering a questionnaire. Results: 100 patients were included. Mean number of medications and antic
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Posis, Alexander Ivan B., Wassim Tarraf, Kevin A. Gonzalez, et al. "Anticholinergic Drug Burden and Neurocognitive Performance in the Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 86, no. 1 (2022): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-215247.

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Background: Studies of cumulative anticholinergic drug burden on cognitive function and impairment are emerging, yet few for Hispanics/Latinos. Objective: To examine associations between anticholinergic use and neurocognitive performance outcomes among diverse Hispanics/Latinos. Methods: This prospective cohort study included diverse Hispanic/Latino participants, enrolled in the Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive, from New York, Chicago, Miami, and San Diego (n = 6,249). Survey linear regression examined associations between anticholinergic use (measured during baseline [Visit 1]
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Yeo, Su Ying, Sanny Zi Lung Choo, Nadzirah Rosli, Eng Chong Koh, and Shyh Poh Teo. "144 Polypharmacy and Anticholinergic Burden in Older People in Brunei Darussalam." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_4 (2019): iv34—iv39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz164.144.

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Abstract Introduction Polypharmacy and anticholinergic burden are associated with falls in older people. A longitudinal study found patients with five or more drugs had 21% increased falls over 2 years. [Dhalwani, Fahami, Sathanapally et al, BMJ Open, 2017,7(10), e016358]. A cohort study identified a 1.51 odds of recurrent falls with anticholinergic medication, while taking multiple anticholinergics resulted in 100% likelihood of recurrent falls. [Marcum, Wirtz, Pettinger, et al, BMC Geriatrics, 2016,16,76]. Methods Retrospective study of polypharmacy in older people in Brunei based on data fr
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Randall, J., A. Hook, C.-M. Grubb, et al. "Dementia patients have greater anti-cholinergic drug burden on discharge from hospital: A multicentre cross-sectional study." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (2021): S422—S423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1127.

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IntroductionAnticholinergic medications block cholinergic transmission. The central effects of anticholinergic drugs can be particularly marked in patients with dementia. Furthermore, anticholinergics antagonise the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors, the main dementia treatment.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess anticholinergic drug prescribing among dementia patients before and after admission to UK acute hospitals.Methods352 patients with dementia were included from 17 hospitals in the UK. All were admitted to surgical, medical or Care of the Elderly wards in 2019. Information about pat
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9

Sargent, Lana, Matthew Barrett, Huma Nawaz, et al. "VULNERABILITY TO ANTICHOLINERGIC MEDICATION ASSOCIATED FRAILTY IN LOW-INCOME MINORITY OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2126.

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Abstract Low-income minority older adults are highly susceptible to drug adverse effects of medications due to aging, comorbidities, and polypharmacy. Several studies have demonstrated anticholinergic medication is associated with frailty, supporting the hypothesis for mechanistic peripheral nervous system effects. The goal of this cohort study is to determine peripheral nervous system effects of anticholinergic medication exposure with frailty by conducting a sensitivity analysis using multiple anticholinergic tools. Spearman correlation matrix and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ar
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Kennelly, Sean P., Adam H. Dyer, Claire Murphy, and Brian Lawlor. "98 Use of Drgs with Anticholinergic Properties in People Living with Alzheimer’s Disease: Data from NILVAD." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_3 (2019): iii17—iii65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz103.58.

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Abstract Background Prolonged exposure to anticholinergic medication, particularly in midlife, is associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment/dementia. Less well explored is the ongoing use of drugs with anticholinergic properties in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), where the potential to accelerate cognitive decline may be greatest. Methods We analysed medication data from the NILVAD trial, a clinical trial examining the efficacy of Nilvadapine in mild-moderate Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Drgs were coded based on their Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and A
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11

Nawaz, Huma, Lana Sargent, Helengrace Quilon, et al. "Anticholinergic Medication Burden in Parkinson’s Disease Outpatients." Journal of Parkinson's Disease 12, no. 2 (2022): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jpd-212769.

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Background: Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may be especially vulnerable to future cognitive decline from anticholinergic medications. Objective: To characterize anticholinergic medication burden, determine the co-occurrence of anticholinergic and cholinesterase inhibitors, and to assess the correlations among anticholinergic burden scales in PD outpatients. Methods: We studied 670 PD outpatients enrolled in a clinic registry between 2012 and 2020. Anticholinergic burden was measured with the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACB), Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS), Anticholiner
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Clarke, K., P. Weedle, and A. Fleming. "491 Anticholinergic cognitive burden score in a cohort of nursing home patients; an observational study." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 31, Supplement_1 (2023): i32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riad021.037.

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Abstract Introduction Anticholinergic medications are commonly prescribed to older patients, particularly nursing home patients. Anticholinergic burden caused by these medications increases the risk of cognitive impairment, falls, delirium and increased mortality in this patient cohort. There are several published tools available to assess the impact of anticholinergic burden on patient negative outcomes (e.g. falls, cognitive impairment, hospitalisation, mortality). The Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale is a validated tool which calculates a patient’s total anticholinergic medicati
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Al Shuhaimi, L., M. C. Henman, P. McCallion, M. McCarron, and M. O’Dwyer. "Adverse effects associated with long-term use of anticholinergics amongst older adults with intellectual disability: a longitudinal cohort study." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 32, Supplement_1 (2024): i21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riae013.026.

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Abstract Introduction Intellectual disability defined as “a condition characterized by significant limitation in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour that originates before the age of 22”.[1] Older adults with intellectual disability are exposed to high anticholinergic burden, due to the high prevalence of neurological and mental health diseases compared to the general older adult population. The long-term use of anticholinergics is associated with adverse effects such as decline in physical function, cognitive function and higher risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease in the g
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14

Chung, Joohyun, Jennifer Tjia, Ning Zhang, and Brendan T. O'Connor. "Anticholinergic Burden and Xerostomia in Critical Care Settings." Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 42, no. 6 (2023): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dcc.0000000000000606.

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Background Although previous studies have established the association of medications with anticholinergic adverse effects and xerostomia, anticholinergic burden and xerostomia in critical care settings are poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of medication burdens associated with anticholinergic adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of xerostomia (dry mouth) in a critical care setting. In addition, this study explored the correlation between the timing of the first instance of xerostomia and the administration timing of medication known to have a
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Mahmoudi, Romina, Stephan Greten, Linda Veith Sanches, et al. "Impact of the Anticholinergic Burden on Disease-Specific Symptoms in Parkinsonian Syndromes." Brain Sciences 14, no. 8 (2024): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080805.

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Background: Anticholinergic adverse effects pose a relevant threat to patients, in particular elderly and cognitively impaired patients. Patients with Parkinsonian syndromes are especially at risk from anticholinergic adverse effects due to the often-required complex drug therapy. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effect of the anticholinergic burden on motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonian syndromes. Methods: This cross-sectional, monocentric retrospective data analysis included 151 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), 63 with
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Hotham, James, Muhammad Asghar, and Aparna Prasanna. "P81: Anticholinergic Burden of Patients Assessed by UK Memory Clinics: An Audit." International Psychogeriatrics 35, S1 (2023): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610223003022.

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Objective:It is estimated that there are 55 million people living with dementias globally. With so few effective treatments available for dementias, it is vital that services optimise the management of risk factors for patients to slow their disease progression as much as possible. Commonly prescribed medications with anticholinergic effects can cause iatrogenic cognitive impairment and lead to faster decline in people living with dementia. United Kingdom (UK) national guidelines recommend minimising their use when assessing people with suspected dementia or during medication reviews of people
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O'Dwyer, Máire, Ian D. Maidment, Kathleen Bennett, et al. "Association of anticholinergic burden with adverse effects in older people with intellectual disabilities: an observational cross-sectional study." British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 6 (2016): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.173971.

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BackgroundNo studies to date have investigated cumulative anticholinergic exposure and its effects in adults with intellectual disabilities.AimsTo determine the cumulative exposure to anticholinergics and the factors associated with high exposure.MethodA modified Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale score was calculated for a representative cohort of 736 people over 40 years old with intellectual disabilities, and associations with demographic and clinical factors assessed.ResultsAge over 65 years was associated with higher exposure (ACB 1–4 odds ratio (OR) = 3.28, 95% CI 1.49–7.28, AC
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18

Kehman, Cecilie Marie Bæk, Maja Schlünsen, and Lene Juel Kjeldsen. "Categorisation of Patients’ Anticholinergic Burden at Admission and Discharge from the Geriatric Ward of Sønderjylland Hospital." Pharmacy 12, no. 6 (2024): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12060160.

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Background: High anticholinergic burden is associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation, readmission, and mortality in geriatric patients. The objectives were to develop an updated anticholinergic burden scale for drugs registered in Denmark and to estimate the burden at admission and discharge for hospitalised patients at the Geriatric Ward of Sønderjylland Hospital. Methods: The updated scale was developed through a systematic evaluation of the anticholinergic effect for all active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) listed on validated burden scales. APIs registered in 2020 and 2021 w
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Hassan, Javed Ali Shahbaz and Sharoon Aqil. "A RISK OF POST-OPERATIVE DELIRIUM IN TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION: A REVIEW OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 10 (2018): 10687–701. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1470061.

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<em>This study proposed to use the Mini-Cog as a screening tool to identify patients with cognitive impairment or dementia before transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation with the hypothesis that patients screening positive on the Mini-Cog will be at higher risk of Post-operative delirium. We also hypothesized that patients with a higher anticholinergic burden will be at higher risk of Post-operative delirium. Therefore, we suggest that while identification of predisposing factors like cognitive impairment may be used for risk evaluation in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation, careful consi
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Liu, Alan King Lun, Yau Mun Lim, Ronald KB Pearce, and Steve M. Gentleman. "12.30 Do anticholinergic drugs increase alzheimer’s pathology in parkinson’s patients? A retrospective post-mortem investigation." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, no. 12 (2019): e10.2-e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-abn-2.30.

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IntroductionRecent studies have highlighted the accumulated use of anticholinergic drugs is associated with an increased risk of dementia, and many of those are used for symptomatic management in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Unfortunately, the only available post-mortem study investigating the effect of anticholinergic agents on Alzheimer’s pathology burden suffers from several methodological limitations. Therefore, we aimed to validate if cumulative use of anticholinergic medication will increase Alzheimer’s pathologies in the post-mortem PD brains.Material and methodsRetrospective case note ana
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Ramos, Hernán, Lucrecia Moreno, Jordi Pérez-Tur, Consuelo Cháfer-Pericás, Gemma García-Lluch, and Juan Pardo. "CRIDECO Anticholinergic Load Scale: An Updated Anticholinergic Burden Scale. Comparison with the ACB Scale in Spanish Individuals with Subjective Memory Complaints." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 2 (2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12020207.

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The increase in life expectancy has also been accompanied by an increase in the use of medication to treat chronic diseases. Polypharmacy is associated with medication-related problems such as the increase in the anticholinergic burden. Older people are more susceptible to anticholinergic effects on the central nervous system and this, in turn, may be related to cognitive impairment. In this paper, we develop an updated anticholinergic burden scale, the CRIDECO Anticholinergic Load Scale (CALS) via a systematic review of the literature and compare it with the currently most used Anticholinergi
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Alakeji, Isaac, Aruna Ravishankar, and Siobhan Jeffery. "Anticholinergic Burden Rationalisation Before Dementia Treatment in an Old Age Psychiatry Community Team." BJPsych Open 11, S1 (2025): S215. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10544.

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Aims: To carry out a retrospective audit of medical records of people with newly diagnosed dementia in North Devon Community Older People’s Mental Health Team for any evidence of anticholinergic burden review before dementia treatment.Methods: Data for 49 patients with dementia were identified based on evidence of clinical coding on SystmOne (the Trust’s new electronic records system) from November 2023 to August 2024. Most of the newly diagnosed patients with dementia were not captured due to missing clinical coding.Electronic records, including GP referral letters, assessment notes, and MDT
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Szabo, Shelagh M., Katherine Gooch, Carol Schermer, et al. "Association between cumulative anticholinergic burden and falls and fractures in patients with overactive bladder: US-based retrospective cohort study." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (2019): e026391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026391.

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ObjectiveTo estimate the association between cumulative anticholinergic burden and falls and fractures in patients with overactive bladder (OAB).DesignA retrospective claims-based study (2007–2015) of patients with OAB; outcomes from a subset were contrasted to a non-OAB comparison.SettingUnited States, commercially and Medicare-insured population.Participants154 432 adults with OAB and 86 966 adults without OAB, mean age of 56 years, and 67.9% women.Main outcome measuresCumulative anticholinergic burden, a unitless value representing exposure over time, was estimated over the 12 months pre-in
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Mur, Jure, Simon Cox, Riccardo Marioni, Tom Russ, and Graciela Muniz-Terrera. "Association between anticholinergic burden and dementia in UK Biobank." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (2021): 928–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3361.

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Abstract Previous studies on the association between the long-term use of anticholinergic drugs and dementia report heterogenous results. This variability could be due to, among other factors, different anticholinergic scales used, and differential effects of distinct classes of anticholinergic drugs. Here, we use 171,775 participants of UK Biobank with linked GP prescription records to calculate the cumulative annual anticholinergic burden (ACB) and ascertain dementia diagnoses through GP- and inpatient records. We then use Cox proportional hazards models to compare 13 anticholinergic scales
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Dinh, Truc Sophia, Andreas D. Meid, Henrik Rudolf, et al. "Anticholinergic burden measures, symptoms, and fall-associated risk in older adults with polypharmacy: Development and validation of a prognostic model." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (2023): e0280907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280907.

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Background Anticholinergic burden has been associated with adverse outcomes such as falls. To date, no gold standard measure has been identified to assess anticholinergic burden, and no conclusion has been drawn on which of the different measure algorithms best predicts falls in older patients from general practice. This study compared the ability of five measures of anticholinergic burden to predict falls. To account for patients’ individual susceptibility to medications, the added predictive value of typical anticholinergic symptoms was further quantified in this context. Methods and finding
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山田, 靜雄, and 正栄 望月. "Anticholinergic adverse events by polypharmacy and anticholinergic burden score." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 61, no. 3 (2024): 256–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.61.256.

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Jazbar, Janja, Igor Locatelli, and Mitja Kos. "Sedative load and anticholinergic burden among older adults in Slovenia over a decade: Potential for optimization of pharmacotherapy." Acta Pharmaceutica 74, no. 2 (2024): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acph-2024-0017.

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Abstract This study investigates the 10-year trend in the sedative and anticholinergic burden among older adults in Slovenia, with the aim of identifying opportunities to optimize pharmacotherapy in this population. A retrospective drug utilization analysis was conducted based on a national anonymized database of dispensed prescriptions from 2009 to 2019. The study employed the sedative load model and the anticholinergic cognitive burden scale to assess the sedative and anti cholinergic burden, respectively. The findings indicate that in 2019, 45.6 % and 40.8 % of older adults (≥ 65 years) use
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Tiisanoja, A., A. M. H. Syrjälä, A. Kullaa, and P. Ylöstalo. "Anticholinergic Burden and Dry Mouth in Middle-Aged People." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 5, no. 1 (2019): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084419844511.

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Introduction:Anticholinergic burden refers to the cumulative effect of taking 1 or more drugs with anticholinergic properties. At the moment, little is known about the association between the anticholinergic burden and dry mouth.Objectives:The objective of this article was to study, whether an anticholinergic burden is associated with dry mouth among middle-aged people.Methods:The study population included 1,345 people aged 46 y from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) study, who took part in a clinical medical and dental examination during 2012–2013. Medication data comprised bo
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Akpan, Anietie, and Omolade Longe. "Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications (PIMS) in older adults referred to a liaison psychiatry service." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (2021): S306—S307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.811.

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AimsThe older adult is more likely to be prescribed a lot of medications (polypharmacy) on account of multi-morbidity and being under the care of several specialists. Adverse drug events and reactions account for a significant number of acute hospital presentations in this population group with increased risks of delirium, lasting cognitive impairment, falls and death.Medications are not routinely reviewed or rationalised in the elderly, often contributing to preventable harm.We sought to estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications, anticholinergics in par
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Al Shuhaimi, Lamya, Martin Henman, Philip McCallion, Mary McCarron, and Maire O'Dwyer. "The impact of long-term exposure to anticholinergics among people with intellectual disabilities: a scoping review protocol." HRB Open Research 4 (June 7, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13266.1.

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Background: Older adults with intellectual disability often take multiple medicines with anticholinergic activity and sedative properties to manage multi-morbidity; the use of medication with anticholinergic activity has been found to be associated with various cognitive and physical impairments. However, there are limited studies that have examined the long-term impact of anticholinergic use among older adults. Therefore, this protocol is designed to conduct a scoping review to examine the available data on the long-term impact of anticholinergic use in older adults with intellectual disabili
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O'Reilly, K., P. O'Connell, G. Donohoe, et al. "Anticholinergic burden in schizophrenia and ability to benefit from psychosocial treatment programmes: a 3-year prospective cohort study." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 15 (2016): 3199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716002154.

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BackgroundMany medications administered to patients with schizophrenia possess anticholinergic properties. When aggregated, pharmacological treatments may result in a considerable anticholinergic burden. The extent to which anticholinergic burden has a deleterious effect on cognition and impairs ability to participate in and benefit from psychosocial treatments is unknown.MethodSeventy patients were followed for approximately 3 years. The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB) was administered at baseline. Anticholinergic burden was measured with the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB)
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Kumar, Hasan, Wong, Chong, and Kairuz. "Anticholinergic Burden, Sleep Quality and Health Outcomes in Malaysian Aged Care Home Residents." Pharmacy 7, no. 4 (2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7040143.

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The use of anticholinergic medications by residents in aged care homes is associated with increased risk of adverse effects. These include cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, and falls, and necessitate increased healthcare visits and the associated burden on healthcare systems. The objective of this study was to investigate associations between anticholinergic burden and health outcomes such as independence in activities for daily living, frailty, quality of life, and sleep quality. The study was conducted among residents in Malaysian aged care homes, aged 60 years and above. Anticholine
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ATTOH-MENSAH, Elpidio K., Gilles Loggia, Remy Morello, et al. "ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS: CUT-OFF FOR IMPAIRED COGNITION AND MOBILITY IN SENIORS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S92—S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.351.

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Anticholinergic drugs are commonly prescribed in older adults despite growing evidence of their adverse outcomes. We aimed to improve knowledge about deleterious effects of anticholinergic drugs on both cognition and mobility, in particular whether there is a threshold value for the number of anticholinergic drugs or for the anticholinergic burden leading to mobility or cognitive impairment. Methods: 177 community-dwelling individuals aged 55 years or over, with a fall history in the previous year, took part in the study. Anticholinergic drugs were identifie
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Al Shuhaimi, Lamya, Martin C. Henman, Philip McCallion, Mary McCarron, and Maire O'Dwyer. "Prescriber’s view on anticholinergic deprescribing among older adults with intellectual disability: A qualitative study protocol." HRB Open Research 6 (August 1, 2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13680.1.

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Background: High anticholinergic burden is associated with physical and cognitive functional decline however, these medications are still being prescribed for older adults with intellectual disability. People with intellectual disability exposed to higher anticholinergic burden compared to general population. Additionally, anticholinergic exposure is higher with aging, neurological and psychiatric health conditions, living in nursing homes or community group setting. The long-term exposure to high anticholinergic burden was associated with physical decline, cognitive impairment, higher risk of
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Al Shuhaimi, Lamya, Martin Henman, Philip McCallion, Mary McCarron, and Maire O'Dwyer. "The adverse effects of long-term exposure to anticholinergics among people with intellectual disabilities: a scoping review." HRB Open Research 5 (September 30, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13599.1.

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Background: Older adults with intellectual disability are exposed to a higher anticholinergic burden compared to general older adults. This is due to a higher rate of both mental and neurological disorders among people with intellectual disability. The use of medications with a high anticholinergic burden is associated with adverse effects including daytime dozing, constipation and higher dependence level in the Barthel index for measuring activities of daily living. This scoping review aims to map and examine the existing research on physical and cognitive adverse effects associated with the
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Gorup, Eva, Janez Rifel, and Marija Petek šter. "Anticholinergic burden and most common anticholinergic-acting medicines in older general practice patients." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 57, no. 3 (2018): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2018-0018.

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AbstractIntroductionAnticholinergic burden in older adults has been correlated with cognitive decline, delirium, dizziness and confusion, falls and hospitalisations. Nevertheless, anticholinergic-acting medications remain commonly prescribed in up to a third of older adults in primary care population. Our aim was to study the anticholinergic burden in older adults in Slovenian ambulatory setting and explore the most commonly involved medications which could be avoided by the physicians.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 general practices in Slovenia as part of a larger trial. D
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Lee, Mei Shiang, Steve Kisely, Boris Zolotarev, Andrew Warren, Jack Henderson, and Manoj George. "Anticholinergic burden in older inpatients on psychotropic medication: do we care?" Australasian Psychiatry 25, no. 6 (2017): 566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217726687.

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Objectives: This quality activity explored the prescribing patterns in an Older Persons Mental Health Inpatient Unit in order to establish whether the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACB Scale) score on admission was reviewed to minimise anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB) while maintaining therapeutic effects. Methods: A retrospective electronic chart review of 50 discharged patients for any documented ACB review by the treating team, as well as the ACB Scale scores on admission and discharge. Findings: ACB was rarely considered. On average, the total ACB Scale scores on admission
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Naples, Jennifer G., Zachary A. Marcum, Subashan Perera, et al. "Concordance Between Anticholinergic Burden Scales." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63, no. 10 (2015): 2120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13647.

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Lertxundi, Unax, Saioa Domingo-Echaburu, Rafael Hernández, Javier Peral-Aguirregoitia, and Juan Medrano. "Confusion Regarding Anticholinergic Burden Measurement." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63, no. 5 (2015): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13411.

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Cheah, Hyuling, Michael Gray, Shahenda Aboelmagd, Abdul Barmak, and Szilvia Arany. "Anticholinergic Medication and Caries Status Predict Xerostomia under 65." Dentistry Journal 11, no. 4 (2023): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj11040087.

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The use of anticholinergic medications is increasing in younger ages, yet information about xerostomia, the most common anticholinergic side effect, is limited. This case–control retrospective study examines the relationship between anticholinergic medication-induced xerostomia and caries status among adults between 18 and 65 years of age. The study sample comprised 649 cases with xerostomia and 649 age- and gender-matched controls. The anticholinergic burden was estimated using the anticholinergic drug scale (ADS). Caries experience was recorded by calculating the Decayed, Missing, Filled Too
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Mould, Anna. "Exploring anticholinergic burden in older adults in the acute hospital setting." Journal of Prescribing Practice 1, no. 11 (2019): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2019.1.11.544.

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Anticholinergic medications are widely used to treat a variety of health conditions. Anticholinergic burden has a negative impact on the overall wellbeing of older adults. The aim of this study was to explore tthe extent to which anticholinergic burden was a feature in the presentation of older individuals referred to the Mental Health Liaison Service (MHLS) with confusion, which increases risk of falling. To do this, a retrospective review was conducted of referrals to the MHLS of patients referred with confusion, and of a sample of drug charts from the older person's medical wards. A case st
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Amoros-Reboredo, Patricia, Dolors Soy, Marta Hernandez-Hernandez, Sabela Lens, and Conxita Mestres. "Anticholinergic Burden and Safety Outcomes in Older Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: A Retrospective Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (2020): 3776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113776.

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Aim: Older patients with chronic hepatitis C infection starting direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are frequently prescribed multiple medications that may be categorized as inappropriate. Anticholinergic burden has been shown to be a predictor of adverse health and functional outcomes. Different scales are available to calculate anticholinergic burden. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anticholinergic medication among older patients treated with DAAs and the risk factors associated using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale, the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS)
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Rodríguez-Ramallo, Héctor, Nerea Báez-Gutiérrez, Elena Prado-Mel, Eva Rocío Alfaro-Lara, Bernardo Santos-Ramos, and Susana Sánchez-Fidalgo. "Association between Anticholinergic Burden and Constipation: A Systematic Review." Healthcare 9, no. 5 (2021): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050581.

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The association between anticholinergic burden and constipation is not well defined and documented; for this reason, a systematic review was carried out in five databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and Scopus), including studies assessing the correlation between anticholinergic burden, and constipation between January 2006 and December 2020. Data extraction was conducted independently by two researchers. Abstracts and titles were reviewed to determine eligibility for review with eligible articles read in full. From 2507 identified articles, 11 wer
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Ali, E. A., O. M. Todd, and A. Clegg. "492 Anticholinergic burden in older people: descriptive analysis of the Community Ageing Research 75+ Study (CARE75+) cohort population." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 31, Supplement_1 (2023): i32—i33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riad021.038.

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Abstract Introduction Anticholinergic burden is the cumulative effect on an individual of using one or multiple drugs with anticholinergic activity . Anticholinergic activity is associated with several serious adverse events (AE), and it is often the result of Polypharmacy which is the prescribing of multiple medications. Reported AE include dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision, cognitive impairment, and falls leading to increased mortality and poor patient outcomes. Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACB) provide an estimation of total anticholinergic burden. Anticholinergic burd
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Mur, Jure, Simon Cox, Riccardo Marioni, Tom Russ, and Graciela Muniz Terrera. "Prescribing Trends of Anticholinergic Drugs Between 1989 and 2017: A UK Biobank Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.675.

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Abstract Prescription drugs with anticholinergic properties are commonly prescribed and negatively impact physical performance, cognitive function, and increase the risk of falls and dementia. The prevalence of anticholinergic drugs is high in later life, when there is an increased risk of adverse drug effects. Recent, in-depth longitudinal analyses of specifically anticholinergic prescribing in Europe is lacking. Prescriptions for the UK-Biobank participants (n=222,122) were ascertained from primary care electronic patient records. We assigned anticholinergic activity to each drug by using a
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Bhattacharya, Sanhita. "Clinical Audit on Identification, Evaluation and Optimisation of Anti-Cholinergic Burden in Older Adults With Cognitive Impairment Referred to East Hub Older Adult Community Mental Health Team at BSMHFT." BJPsych Open 11, S1 (2025): S221. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10558.

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Aims: This audit aims to assess whether the anticholinergic burden is being appropriately considered in the management of patients referred with cognitive difficulties to East Hub Older Adult community mental health team.Methods: A retrospective audit was conducted on the medical records of 49 patients referred from the Memory Assessment Clinic to the East Hub Older Adult CMHT over a one-year period. Data was collected using an audit tool that included patients with diagnosed dementia or cognitive decline, excluding those with substance abuse disorders. The primary focus was on whether anticho
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Chapuis, Justine, Francesca Siu-Paredes, Claire Pavageau, Gilles Amador, Nathalie Rude, and Frédéric Denis. "Anticholinergic drugs and oral health-related quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: a pilot study." Translational Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2020-0003.

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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore, in a sample population of people with schizophrenia (PWS), the role of the anticholinergic burden on the perception of oral health-related quality of life (OHrQoL) in France.MethodsA pilot study was performed between March 2014 and January 2016. PWS were recruited from a population in Côte d’Or department in France. Dental status was investigated using the Decayed, Missing, or Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, the Xerostomia Index (XI), and the Global Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) for OHrQoL. The anticholinergic impregnation score was reco
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De La Cruz, Maxine Grace Jaucian, Joseph Baidoo, Vishidha Reddy Balankari, et al. "Association between anti-cholinergic burden and delirium among patients with advanced cancer referred to a palliative care consult service." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 26_suppl (2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.26_suppl.213.

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213 Background: Delirium occurs in about 45-60% hospitalized patients and 80-85% at the end of life. Predisposing factors include anti-cholinergic medications as is often cited in the geriatric literature. Our study aimed to demonstrate the association of anti-cholinergic burden and delirium in patients with advanced cancer. Methods: Retrospective review of 775 consecutive patients seen by the palliative care inpatient consult team. Demographic data, MDAS, ECOG, and anti-cholinergic drugs were determined. Anticholinergic burden was measured using the anticholinergic drug scale (ADS), anticholi
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Reynolds, Hannah, Bhamini Patel, Sara Ormerod, Felicity Evison, and William Tunnicliffe. "MIND-OUT: Medications in Intensive Care, Delirium and OUTcomes." BJPsych Open 11, S1 (2025): S60—S61. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10209.

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Aims: To investigate how anticholinergic burden of medications changes during hospital stay for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients and to review whether anticholinergic burden predicts delirium and mortality.Delirium is a common cause of morbidity and mortality within ICU. Anticholinergic Burden (ACB) and Anticholinergic Effect on Cognition (AEC) tools are validated to assess anticholinergic effects from medication. Scores of ≥3 are associated with increased delirium and mortality. This study investigates anticholinergic burden from ICU admission through to hospital discharge.Methods: Retrospe
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Salahudeen, Mohammed Saji, Prasad S. Nishtala, and Stephen B. Duffull. "The Influence of Patient Characteristics on Anticholinergic Events in Older People." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 5, no. 3 (2016): 530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441718.

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Aims: To examine patient characteristics that predict adverse anticholinergic-type events in older people. Methods: This retrospective population-level study included 2,248 hospitalised patients. Individual data on medicines that are commonly associated with anticholinergic events (delirium, constipation and urinary retention) were identified. Patient characteristics examined were medicines with anticholinergic effects (ACh burden), age, sex, non-anticholinergic medicines (non-ACM), Charlson comorbidity index scores and ethnicity. The Akaike information criterion was used for model selection.
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