Journal articles: 'Antihistamine'

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Maeda, Toshiki, Akira Babazono, and Takumi Nishi. "Surveillance of First-Generation H1-Antihistamine Use for Older Patients with Dementia in Japan: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3406210.

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Background. This study aimed to investigate the rate of first-generation H1-antihistamines use for older adults with dementia in Japan. Methods. The study design was retrospective cohort using claims data between fiscal years 2010 and 2013. Subjects were 75 years or older, diagnosed with dementia, and given H1-antihistamines orally during the study period after being diagnosed with dementia. We investigated the cumulative number of oral H1-antihistamines administered and the relationship between first-generation H1-antihistamine use and each explanatory variable using crude and adjusted odds ratio. Results. The cumulative total for use of first-generation H1-antihistamine for older adults with dementia accounted for 32.1% of all antihistamine medication. The majority of first-generation H1-antihistamine prescriptions were indicated for cold treatment. Those with upper respiratory infection or asthma had a significantly positive relationship with first-generation H1-antihistamine use. Conclusion. The study showed that first-generation H1-antihistamine drugs were highly prescribed in older adults with dementia in Japan.

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Daida, Atsuro, Gaku Yamanaka, Shin-ichi Tsujimoto, Mina Yokoyama, Kuniyoshi Hayashi, Kevin Y. Urayama, Yasushi Ishida, et al. "Relationship between Sedative Antihistamines and the Duration of Febrile Seizures." Neuropediatrics 51, no. 02 (January 14, 2020): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701226.

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AbstractSome studies have shown that sedative antihistamines prolong febrile seizure duration. Although the collective evidence is still mixed, the Japanese Society of Child Neurology released guidelines in 2015 that contraindicated the use of sedative antihistamines in patients with febrile seizure. Focused on addressing limitations of previous studies, we conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the relationship between febrile seizure duration and the use of sedative antihistamines. Data were collected from patients who visited St. Luke's International Hospital due to febrile seizure between August 2013 and February 2016. Patients were divided into groups based on their prescribed medications: sedative antihistamine, nonsedative antihistamine, and no antihistamine. Seizure duration was the primary outcome and was examined using multivariate analyses. Of the 426 patients included, sedative antihistamines were administered to 24 patients. The median seizure duration was approximately 3 minutes in all three groups. There was no statistical difference in the bivariate (p = 0.422) or multivariate analyses (p = 0.544). Our results do not support the relationship between sedative antihistamine use and prolonged duration of febrile seizure. These results suggest that the use of antihistamines may be considered for patients with past history of febrile seizure, when appropriate.

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Kawano, T., B. E. Grunau, K. Gibo, F. X. Scheuermeyer, and R. Stenstrom. "LO066: H1-antihistamine administration is associated with a lower likelihood of progression to anaphylaxis among emergency department patients with allergic reactions." CJEM 18, S1 (May 2016): S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2016.103.

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Introduction: H1-antihistamines are often used to treat allergic reactions, however, the influence of H1-antihistamines on progression to anaphylaxis remains unclear. Among patients initially presenting with allergic reactions, we investigated whether H1-antihistamines were associated with a lower proportion of patients progressing to anaphylaxis during observation. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at two urban EDs from 2007 to 2012. We included adult patients with allergy and excluded those who met criteria of anaphylaxis at first evaluation by medical professionals and/or received antihistamines before the evaluation. Primary outcomes of interest were the number of patients who developed anaphylaxis during observation at ED and/or transportation by EMS. Secondary outcomes were the number of biphasic reactions and severe anaphylaxis (defined as sBP<90; SpO2<92%; and/or confusion, collapse, loss of conscious, or incontinence). Logistic regression was performed comparing primary and secondary outcomes between H1-antihistamine treated and non-treated groups with propensity score adjustment of the baseline covariates. Number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated by adjusted absolute risk reduction of H1-antihistamine compared to non H1-antihistamine use on primary outcome. Results: This study included 1717 patients with allergic reactions, of whom 1228 were treated with H1-antihistamines. In the H1-antihistamine group 1.0% and 0.2% developed anaphylaxis and severe anaphylaxis, respectively; in the non-H1-antihistamine group 2.6% and 0.6% developed anaphylaxis and severe anaphylaxis, respectively. There were no biphasic reactions (0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0 to 0.17%). Administration of H1-antihistamines was associated with a lower incidence of subsequent anaphylaxis (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.23, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.53; NNT to benefit 49.1, 95% CI 41.6 to 83.3). There were no significant associations between H1-histamines administration and secondary outcomes. Conclusion: Among ED patient with allergic reactions, H1-antihistamine administration was associated with a lower likelihood of progression to anaphylaxis. These findings suggest that H1-antihistamines should be administered early in the care of patients with allergic reactions.

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Rabari, Haribhai, Beenkumar Prajapati, and Preeti Rajput. "Synthesis and Screening of Some Novel Thieno[2,3-d][1,2,3] triazine Derivatives as Non-sedative H1 Antihistaminics." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 13, no. 4 (July 12, 2020): 5000–5004. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.4.5.

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Histamine receptor H1 antagonists are widely used as antihistamines for allergy conditions. The brain-penetrating antihistamines can cause sedation and some with poor-penetration do not cause sedation potential. In the present study, a new series of thieno[2,3-d][1,2,3]triazine derivatives 7a-e have been synthesized and screened for their H1 antihistaminic activity and sedation potential. Among all the screened compounds, compound 7b, 7c and 7d, show high H1 antihistaminic activity with IC50 value of 0.1 - 0.8 µM, which are comparable with that of the standard drug cetirizine. The sedative potential of the compounds was tested on albino mice using the photoactometer method. All the three compounds show less sedation potential than that of the standard drug diphenhydramine. In conclusion, the novel compounds appear with promising potential as non-sedating antihistamine agents.

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Oyekan, P. J., H. C. Gorton, and C. S. Copeland. "Over-the-counter antihistamines in drug-related deaths: a population-based case series." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 29, Supplement_1 (March 26, 2021): i30—i31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riab015.037.

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Abstract Introduction Antihistamines are not one of the medicine groups reported on in the Office for National Statistics drug-related death data. (1) However, there is concern that first-generation antihistamines are misused for their sedative properties. This is amplified by a recent social media challenge, which resulted in deaths due to diphenhydramine overdose. (2) The extent of the involvement of antihistamines in deaths is largely unknown. Aim We aimed to evaluate deaths related to antihistamines in England (2000–2019) by individual drug, medicine classification (POM, P, GSL), whether the drug was considered attributable to the death (known as implication rate), or incidental; and examine temporal trends. Methods Deaths are reported voluntarily by coroners to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths (NPSAD) in cases where psychoactive drugs were detected at post-mortem and/or when the decedent was known to abuse drugs. NPSAD holds data on decedent demographics (gender, age, employment status, living arrangements), details pertaining to the death (cause(s) of death, manner of death, conclusion of inquest, toxicology reports) and past social and medical histories, including drugs prescribed. From this dataset, we extracted all cases where an antihistamine was detected at post-mortem between 2000 and 2019. We report descriptive statistics to describe the reporting of antihistamines in deaths. Results We identified 1666 antihistamine detections from 1537 individuals. The significant majority of these were sedative antihistamines which are classed as pharmacy medicines (P) (85.2%, p<0.01); deaths where prescription-only antihistamines were detected represented fewer than 7.0% of cases. Despite an increasing trend for antihistamine detections in deaths over time, the proportion of deaths where the detected antihistamine was implicated in causing the death declined over the same period (average implication rate 2000–2005: 58.7%; 2014–2019: 28.4%). Whilst death was deemed accidental in the majority of cases (66.1%), a significant proportion of cases were concluded as suicide (20.9%, p<0.01).Polydrug use was evident in the vast majority of cases (98.5%), with central nervous system depressants the most commonly co-administered substances (94.8% of cases). Conclusion We describe the first report regarding antihistamine-related mortality from England. From the NPSAD, we can obtain prescription source and toxicology reports, beyond those reported in national death data. Although incomplete, the response from coroners is good (89%), and provides sufficient cause for concern. The rising trend in antihistamine-related deaths may in-part be contributed to by the perceived negligible dangers associated with antihistamines, both from the general public and professionals. Awareness of the dangerous sedative properties that some antihistamines possess is however heightened in individuals who are deliberately seeking out these effects. An urgent review of sedating antihistamines currently assigned under the P classification is needed to achieve antihistamine harm reduction, balanced against the self-care they enable. References 1. Office for National Statistics. Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2019 registration [internet]. 2020 [cited 18 Oct 2020]. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales/2019registrations 2. US FDA. Benadryl (diphenhydramine): Drug Safety Communication - Serious Problems with High Doses of the Allergy Medicine. 2020.

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Yehya, Alaa, Mohammad Numan, and Laila Matalqah. "No Time for Lullabies: Tracing down Pharmacological Effects & Uses of H1-Antihistamines in Children Younger than 6 Years." Global Pediatric Health 8 (January 2021): 2333794X2199217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x21992170.

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Objectives. To provide a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of H1-antihistamines pharmacological uses pattern among children (<6 years old) and to evaluate the parental-related awareness. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out at 5 retail pharmacies in Jordan over 5 months (October/2019-February/2020). Parents who requested any of H1-antihistmine agent for a child (<6 years) were invited to participate. Results. A total of 516 children, most of them were toddlers (1-3) years, received at least 1 H1-antihistamine. More than half of the cases received H1-antihistamine as self-medication (56.3%). Sedating antihistamine agents were the most frequently used among children (<6 years old) (77.9%) among which Chlorpheniramine maleate was the most commonly used agent (62.9%). About half of the children (47.0%) received H1-antihistamine to induce sleep. Whereas, 21.7% and 12.9% received them to manage flu, and allergic rhinitis (AR), respectively. Around 66.6% of the cases were classified as off-label use. Most of the parents (80.5%) were aware of the sedative adverse effects of H1-antihistamines, whereas a fewer number (31.9%) were aware of their cognitive effects. Finally, more than two thirds of parents (79.7%) were unfamiliar with off-label drug use in children. Conclusion. Despite the availability of less-sedating H1-antihistamines with a wide safety and efficacy record, the use of sedating H1-antihistamines remains popular in children.

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Wong-Sefidan, Ida, and Eric Roeland. "Re-evaluating the inpatient use of routine diphenhydramine transfusion premedication practices." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 31_suppl (November 1, 2013): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.31_suppl.164.

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164 Background: Routine diphenhydramine premedication to prevent allergic transfusion reactions is common practice despite lack of evidence. First-generation antihistamines are associated with a number of anticholinergic side effects such as sedation and cognitive impairment that impact patient care and increase cost. Because premedication should be evidence-based and patient-specific, the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) inpatient Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) service implemented a transfusion premedication protocol, specifically addressing antihistamine use. Methods: To revise the protocol, a committee was formed. The committee reviewed evidence-based practices, challenges, pharmacology, and costs of antihistamines, and developed an inpatient BMT antihistamine premedication protocol that omitted pre-ordered diphenhydramine and offered cetirizine as a first-choice premedication. Antihistamine premedication was encouraged for high risk patients only. A retrospective comparison of antihistamine prophylaxis pre (2010-2011) and post (2011-2012) protocol implementation was completed. The number of antihistamine doses and transfusions was computed by a count from the electronic medical records. Results: Despite a 14% increase in transfusions, the number of BMT inpatient antihistamine premedication orders decreased by 26%. Diphenhydramine use decreased from 85.9% to 34.2%, while cetirizine use increased from 3.3% to 55.9%. Conclusions: The evidence-based, risk-stratified antihistamine premedication protocol decreased the use of diphenhydramine. Limitations include the retrospective design and lack of data comparing reactions in patients who did and did not receive premedication. Our institution plans to expand this study and complete a prospective evaluation of safely and rationally administered transfusion premedication with the goal to evaluate premedication-related toxicity and methods to improve the quality of life in our patients. [Table: see text]

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Silverman, H. J., W. R. Taylor, P. L. Smith, A. Kagey-Sobotka, S. Permutt, L. M. Lichtenstein, and E. R. Bleecker. "Effects of antihistamines on the cardiopulmonary changes due to canine anaphylaxis." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.1.210.

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Histamine has long been considered to be an important chemical mediator in the pathogenesis of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. We evaluated the efficacy of antihistamines to determine the physiological role of histamine in canine anaphylaxis. Either a saline vehicle (control group), an H1 antihistamine (chlorpheniramine, 10 mg/kg), or this H1 antihistamine and an H2 antihistamine (cimetidine, 30 mg/kg) was administered to three separate groups of anesthetized dogs (n = 8). Cardiopulmonary responses and plasma histamine levels were measured after the separate intravenous injection of Ascaris suum antigen and histamine. Results were analyzed only from the animals demonstrating physiological responses or histamine release after antigen injection. In the control group, antigen produced a 43 +/- 15% (mean +/- SE) decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, a 34 +/- 13% fall in cardiac output, and a 19 +/- 9% decrease in lung compliance, whereas pulmonary vascular resistance increased 161 +/- 87% and airway resistance rose 114 +/- 66%. Similar physiological abnormalities were observed with histamine shock. However, peak plasma histamine levels were, in most cases, greater after histamine injection than after antigen injection. An H1 antihistamine alone or in combination with an H2 antihistamine did not alter the physiological changes associated with systemic anaphylaxis. In contrast, the combined use of H1 and H2 antihistamines prevented the cardiopulmonary responses associated with the intravenous administration of histamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Connell, John T., J. Campbell Howard, William Dressier, and James L. Perhach. "Antihistamines: Findings in Clinical Trials Relevant to Therapeutics." American Journal of Rhinology 1, no. 1 (March 1987): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065887781390363.

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Antihistamine therapy reduces hay fever symptoms 50–60% within 5 hours after the first dose. Treatment for 9 days maintains but does not reduce symptoms further. Patients treated with placebo for 8 days and then treated with chlorpheniramine obtained as much relief by the 5th hour after treatment as those treated with chlorpheniramine for 9 days. Increasing the dose of any antihistamine we tested over that necessary for maximal relief produces no greater benefit. Antihistamine treatment doses currently recommended may be greater than necessary for most patients. Antihistamines do not reduce nasal congestion and are not decongestants.

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Lee Barnes, Connie, Constance A. McKenzie, Kathy D. Webster, and Kim Poinsett-Holmes. "Cetirizine: A New, Nonsedating Antihistamine." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 4 (April 1993): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302700414.

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OBJECTIVE: To introduce cetirizine, a nonsedating antihistamine, and discuss its mechanism of action, chemistry, clinical and comparative trials, and adverse effects. DATA SOURCES: An English-language literature search of MEDLINE was conducted. STUDY SELECTION: Human clinical trials were selected for evaluation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Cetirizine, an investigational agent and a potent histamine1-antagonist is a piperazine derivative and carboxylated metabolite of hydroxyzine. As a second-generation, nonsedating antihistamine, cetirizine is associated with fewer adverse effects compared with first-generation antihistamines. It appears to be at least as effective as the other nonsedating antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. The recommended adult dosage of this agent is 5 or 10 mg/d. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical studies indicate that cetirizine may be more beneficial in some ways than other available agents. Two of these advantages are a rapid onset of action and a once-daily dosing regimen. Future postmarketing surveillance is warranted to further document these findings.

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Yun, JS, and SY Kim. "Antihistamines modulate the integrin signaling pathway in h9c2 rat cardiomyocytes." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 8 (November 25, 2014): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327114559988.

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The identification of biomarkers for toxicity prediction is crucial for drug development and safety evaluation. The selective and specific biomarkers for antihistamines-induced cardiotoxicity is not well identified yet. In order to evaluate the mechanism of the life-threatening effects caused by antihistamines, we used DNA microarrays to analyze genomic profiles in H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes that were treated with antihistamines. The gene expression profiles from drug-treated cells revealed changes in the integrin signaling pathway, suggesting that cardiac arrhythmias induced by antihistamine treatment may be mediated by changes in integrin-mediated signaling. It has been reported that integrin plays a role in QT prolongation that may induce cardiac arrhythmia. These results indicate that the integrin-mediated signaling pathway induced by antihistamines is involved in various biological mechanisms that lead to cardiac QT prolongation. Therefore, we suggest that genomic profiling of antihistamine-treated cardiomyocytes has the potential to reveal the mechanism of adverse drug reactions, and this signal pathway is applicable to prediction of in vitro cardiotoxicity induced by antihistamines as a biomarker candidate.

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Verdoodt, Freija, Christian Dehlendorff, Marja Jäättelä, Robert Strauss, Anton Pottegård, Jesper Hallas, Søren Friis, and Susanne K. Kjaer. "Antihistamines and Ovarian Cancer Survival: Nationwide Cohort Study and in Vitro Cell Viability Assay." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 112, no. 9 (November 5, 2019): 964–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djz217.

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Abstract Antihistamines with cationic amphiphilic drug (CAD) characteristics induce cancer-specific cell death in experimental studies. Epidemiologic evidence is, however, limited. In a Danish nationwide cohort of ovarian cancer patients diagnosed during 2000–2015 (n = 5075), we evaluated the association between filled antihistamine prescriptions and cancer mortality. We used Cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ovarian cancer mortality. In an in vitro cell viability assay, we evaluated cell death in three ovarian cancer cell lines after treatment with clinically relevant doses of eight antihistamines. In our cohort study, CAD antihistamine use (≥1 prescription; n = 133) was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.63 (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.99) compared to use of non-CAD antihistamines (n = 304), and we found a tendency toward a dose-response association. In our cell viability assay, we found consistent and dose-dependent cytotoxicity for all CAD but not non-CAD antihistamines. In this nationwide cohort study, use of antihistamines with CAD characteristics is associated with a prognostic benefit in ovarian cancer patients.

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Shabanov, D. V., and Ju E. Lutkovskaya. "Actual antihistamine therapy." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 16 (November 14, 2020): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-16-26-35.

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The significance of the issues of allergic diseases is not in doubt. It is difficult to find a person who has not suffered at least some Allergy symptom, not everyone develops diseases, but most people face Allergy symptoms. The prevalence of various allergic diseases is increasing every year, currently reaching 30% of the population, and the world health organization predicts it will reach 50% in the next few decades. The most common nosologies are allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, but there are many other conditions of hypersensitivity. This article addresses the issues of inflammatory reactions in General and specifically allergic inflammation, discusses the main aspects of the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and urticaria, and questions of drug therapy for these diseases. Most people are sure that they can take anti-allergic medications for allergies, and most often they are referring to antihistamines. Unfortunately, even some medical specialists lack an understanding of the specifics of antihistamine therapy. some people still believe that there are three or four generations of antihistamines, and patients use drugs not as prescribed by doctors, but on the recommendation of friends or pharmacists. Irrational use of antihistamines leads to a decrease in effectiveness, and it is not uncommon to discredit specific drugs and groups of drugs in General. This article demonstrates the results of various European and Asian studies on the effectiveness and safety of antihistamines and bilastin in particular, as well as their own experience of using antihistamines in practice.

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Di Gioacchino, M., N. Verna, E. Cavallucci, F. Paolini, R. Caruso, M. Grana, C. Schiavone, et al. "Steroid and Antihistamines Modulate Rantes Release in Cultured Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Atopic Patients." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 15, no. 1 (January 2002): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463200201500104.

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RANTES plays a crucial role in cell recruitment in allergic inflammation. We investigated the pharmacological modulation of RANTES release in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from allergic patients with active asthma. Chemokine production was assessed before and after 15 day treatment with histamine-1 receptor antagonists (Loratadine or Cetirizine) and a steroid (Deflazacort), both in unstimulated and PHA-stimulated cell cultures. Results were compared with those obtained from placebo-treated patients. During the treatment period, patients recorded morning and evening peak expiratory flow (PEF) by mini-Wright. PEF absolute values and diurnal variability significantly improved respect to the pre-treatment in steroid-treated patients, in comparison to the placebo and antihistamine-treated groups (p<0.001 and 0.01, respectively). PEF diurnal variability in the antihistamine-treated group were lower than placebo-treated group without statistical significance (p=0.06). No differences could be found in RANTES levels in supernatants of all cultures between the two antihistamines. RANTES release significantly decreased in supernatants of all cell cultures from steroid (p<0.01) and antihistamine (p=0.03 and 0.04) groups after treatments, compared to the basal values; whereas it increased slightly in controls. Co-variance analysis on RANTES levels, adjusting for pre-treatment values, showed a significant reduction of RANTES release by PHA-stimulated PBMCs from steroid (p=0.003) and anti-histamine (p=0.03) groups, with respect to the placebo group. The same statistical tool applied between the steroid and the antihistamine groups showed, after therapy, the lowest levels of RANTES to be associated with steroid treatment (p=0.005). The study shows that steroid is the most effective drug in modulating RANTES release from PBMCs. However, antihistamines, which are able to reduce cell recruitment due to chemokine release, avoiding important side effects, may be useful in long term therapy in controlling and preventing allergic inflammation.

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Adam, Daniela, Linus Grabenhenrich, Miriam Ortiz, Sylvia Binting, Thomas Reinhold, and Benno Brinkhaus. "Impact of Acupuncture on Antihistamine Use in Patients Suffering Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: Secondary Analysis of Results from a Randomised Controlled Trial." Acupuncture in Medicine 36, no. 3 (June 2018): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2017-011382.

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Background Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is a common disease that has detrimental effects on the quality of life (QoL) of affected individuals. Approximately 18% of patients try to alleviate their symptoms through acupuncture. The ACUSAR (ACUpuncture in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis) study (ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT00610584) assessed the impact of acupuncture on SAR, showing significant improvements in rhinitis-specific QoL (RQoL) and in rescue medication (RM) use. Objective A secondary analysis of SAR patients’ use of antihistamine. Methods Patients were randomised into three study groups: acupuncture plus RM, sham acupuncture plus RM, and RM alone. The patients documented their medication use before and during the intervention period (8 weeks). The main outcome was the number of days with antihistamine use. Statistical analyses were conducted using parametric and non-parametric tests. The robustness of the results was tested by sensitivity analyses using non-parametric bootstrapping. Results The data from 414 patients were analysed. The acupuncture group used antihistamines significantly less often compared with the other groups (acupuncture vs sham acupuncture: mean difference −4.49 days, p=0.01; acupuncture vs RM: mean difference −9.15 days, p<0.001). Approximately 38% of the acupuncture group did not use any antihistamine in contrast to only 16% in the RM group. The pre-post comparison suggested that the acupuncture patients did not need to increase the days of antihistamine use to alleviate their symptoms, unlike the other groups. Conclusions Acupuncture appeared to significantly reduce the number of days of antihistamine use while improving RQoL and SAR symptoms; it can therefore be considered a valuable, additional treatment option for patients with SAR. Trial Registration Number NCT00610584; Post-results.

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Tsarev, S. V. "Antihistamine therapy in pediatric practice." Medical Council, no. 11 (July 16, 2018): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-11-136-139.

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The article considers the role of histamine in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and other pathological conditions. The mechanisms that contribute to the development of skin itching are considered separately. The article also shows the role and function of H1-histamine receptor blockers in the treatment of allergic diseases and pseudo allergic reactions. The mechanism of action, indications, contraindications and side effects of the antihistamine therapy are presented. The article also discusses the difference in first and second-generation antihistamines and shows the possible advantages of the first-generation drugs in paediatric practice. The article presents data on the use of dimethindene maleate (Fenistil) in children’s practice, including the use for the relief of skin itching of various genesis.

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Limon, Lynn, and Denise R. Kockler. "Desloratadine: A Nonsedating Antihistamine." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 37, no. 2 (February 2003): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002800303700216.

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OBJECTIVE: To review information on desloratadine, a nonsedating antihistamine. DATA SOURCES: An English-language MEDLINE search was conducted (1966–July 2002). References of identified articles were subsequently reviewed for additional data. Schering Corporation provided unpublished information. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION: Articles and abstracts pertaining to desloratadine were considered for inclusion, with emphasis on randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. DATA SYNTHESIS: Desloratadine is approved for the treatment of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), and chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) in patients aged ≥12 years. In placebo-controlled trials, desloratadine demonstrated superior efficacy as a once-daily treatment of SAR, PAR, and CIU. Data suggest that desloratadine has antiinflammatory and decongestant activity. CONCLUSIONS: Desloratadine appears to be a “me-too” agent, with no major differences compared with other second-generation antihistamines.

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Raveendran, Vineesh V., Karen M. Kassel, Donald D. Smith, James P. Luyendyk, Kurt J. Williams, Rachel Cherian, Gregory A. Reed, et al. "H1-antihistamines exacerbate high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in wild-type but not in apolipoprotein E knockout mice." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, no. 2 (July 15, 2014): G219—G228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00027.2014.

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We examined the effects of two over-the-counter H1-antihistamines on the progression of fatty liver disease in male C57Bl/6 wild-type and apolipoprotein E (ApoE)−/− mice. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 mo, together with administration of either cetirizine (4 mg/kg body wt) or fexofenadine (40 mg/kg body wt) in drinking water. Antihistamine treatments increased body weight gain, gonadal fat deposition, liver weight, and hepatic steatosis in wild-type mice but not in ApoE−/− mice. Lobular inflammation, acute inflammation, and necrosis were not affected by H1-antihistamines in either genotype. Serum biomarkers of liver injury tended to increase in antihistamine-treated wild-type mice. Serum level of glucose was increased by fexofenadine, whereas lipase was increased by cetirizine. H1-antihistamines reduced the mRNA expression of ApoE and carbohydrate response element-binding protein in wild-type mice, without altering the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase, or ApoB100, in either genotype. Fexofenadine increased both triglycerides and cholesterol ester, whereas cetirizine increased only cholesterol ester in liver, with a concomitant decrease in serum triglycerides by both antihistamines in wild-type mice. Antihistamines increased hepatic levels of conjugated bile acids in wild-type mice, with the effect being significant in fexofenadine-treated animals. The increase was associated with changes in the expression of organic anion transport polypeptide 1b2 and bile salt export pump. These results suggest that H1-antihistamines increase the progression of fatty liver disease in wild-type mice, and there seems to be an association between the severity of disease, presence of ApoE, and increase in hepatic bile acid levels.

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Stahl, Stephen M. "Selective Histamine H1 Antagonism: Novel Hypnotic and Pharmacologic Actions Challenge Classical Notions of Antihistamines." CNS Spectrums 13, no. 12 (December 2008): 1027–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900017089.

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Numerous “antihistamines” as well as various psychotropic medications with antihistamine properties are widely utilized to treat insomnia. Over-the-counter sleep aids usually contain an antihistamine and various antidepressants and antipsychotics with antihistamine properties have sedative-hypnotic actions. Although widely used for the treatment of insomnia, many agents that block the histamine H1 receptor are also widely considered to have therapeutic limitations, including the development of next-day carryover sedation, as well as problems with chronic use, such as the development of tolerance to sedative-hypnotic actions and weight gain. Although these clinical actions are classically attributed to blockade of the H1 receptor, recent findings with H1 selective agents and H1 selective dosing of older agents are challenging these notions and suggest that some of the clinical limitations of current H1-blocking agents at their currently utilized doses could be attributable to other properties of these drugs, especially to their simultaneous actions on muscarinic, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. Selective H1 antagonism is emerging as a novel approach to the treatment of insomnia, without tolerance, weight gain, or the need for the restrictive prescription scheduling required of other hypnotics.

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Gushchin, I. S. "Polyfunctional antiallergic potencies of Д-antihistamine levocetirizine." Russian Journal of Allergy 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja490.

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The burden of allergic diseases worldwide is such that it represents a serious public health problem that attracts considerable efforts to identify effective and safe therapies. Antihistamines are an important part of the therapeutic options for allergic diseases. Levocetirizine is the R-enantiomer of cetirizine with pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically favourable characteristics. It is a potent inverse agonist of H 1-receptors with anti-inflammatory/anti-allergic properties. It appears to have grater in vivo H 1-receptor occupancy comparatively with other 2 nd generation H 1-antihistamines. This may confer an advantageous efficacy and safety profile. clinical trials indicate that it is safe and effective for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria and some other allergic conditions in adults and children with a minimal number of untoward reactions. It is also becoming clearer that, in addition to its being a potent antihistamine, levocetirizine has several anti-inflammatory/anti-allergic effects that are observed at clinically relevant concentrations that may enhance its therapeutic benefit.

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Nenasheva, N. M. "THE ROLE OF MODERN ANTIHISTAMINES IN THE TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASES." Russian Journal of Allergy 14, no. 4-5 (December 15, 2017): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja299.

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Allergic rhinitis and urticaria - are common diseases which influence on the quality of life of patients reducing day activity and educability. The second generation of antihistamines are the first choice in the treatment of these diseases. At Russian pharmaceutical market a few dozens of different preparations of this group are available. Most of them are generic forms. The purpose of this article is to show the place of modern antihistamines in allergic rhinitis and urticaria therapy and to find out the best equivalent of generic antihistamine drug in comparison with the original one.

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&NA;. "Antihistamine/decongestant." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 466 (August 1993): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199304660-00018.

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&NA;. "Antihistamine overdose." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 474 (October 1993): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199304740-00012.

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Thomas, S. H. L. "Antihistamine poisoning." Medicine 35, no. 11 (November 2007): 592–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.08.014.

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Thomas, S. H. L. "Antihistamine poisoning." Medicine 40, no. 3 (March 2012): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2011.12.012.

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Thomas, Simon H. L. "Antihistamine poisoning." Medicine 44, no. 3 (March 2016): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.12.002.

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Herman, Lori E., and Jeffrey D. Bernhard. "Antihistamine Update." Dermatologic Clinics 9, no. 3 (July 1991): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30407-8.

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Marta Pimentel, Joao Antonio. "S103 – Mometasone Is Effective With or Without Oral Antihistamines." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.276.

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Objectives Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of monotherapy with intranasal corticosteroids (INSs) for symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR). ARIA guidelines suggest adding oral antihistamines to INS monotherapy when severe symptoms do not improve. An open-label multicenter study assessed efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS) alone or combined with an oral antihistamine in subjects with AR. Methods Subjects received MFNS 200 mcg QD for 56 days, with an oral antihistamine added at Day 28 or later if baseline symptoms (sneezing, nasal discharge/obstruction, tiredness, irritability) had not improved. Subjects rated individual symptom scores, daily routine and sleep limitations, and product attributes on Days 1, 28, and 56 on a scale of 0 to 10, and completed a compliance questionnaire on Day 56. Results Mean scores for AR symptoms and limitations on sleep and daily routines significantly improved from baseline to Day 28 and from Day 28 to 56 (P less than 0.001 for all). At Days 28 and 56, 47/60 and 45/56 subjects, respectively, were receiving MFNS monotherapy, and 13 required a concomitant oral antihistamine at Day 28 or later. By Day 56, symptom severity improved in 92% of subjects receiving concomitant therapy. At study end, 88% of subjects reported compliance with QD MFNS. Average product attribute scores ranged from 7.2 to 8.4. No severe adverse events were reported. Conclusions MFNS 200 mcg QD, alone or combined with an oral antihistamine, was safe and effective against AR nasal symptoms and limitations of sleep and daily activities.

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Stojković, Nikola, Snežana Cekić, Milica Ristov, Marko Ristić, Davor Đukić, Maša Binić, and Dragan Virijević. "Histamine and Antihistamines / Histamin i antihistamini." Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afmnai-2015-0001.

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Summary In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases. Allergic immune response represents a complex network of cellular events involving numerous immune cells and mediators. It represents the interaction of innate and acquired immune response. The key role in the immune cascade is taken by histamine, a natural component of the body, which in the allergic inflammatory response is releasesd by the mast cells and basophils. The aim of this study was to highlight the role of histamine in allergic immunological events, their effect on Th1 and Th2 subpopulation of lymphocytes and the production of the corresponding cytokines, as well as the role of histamine blockers in the treatment of these conditions. Histamine achieves its effect by binding to the four types of its receptors, which are widely distributed in the body. Histamine blockers block a numerous effects of histamine by binding to these receptors. As a highly selective second-generation antihistamine, cetirizine not only achieves its effects by binding to H1 receptors, but also attenuates numerous events during the inflammatory process. Knowledge of the effects of histamine blockers, including cetirizine, may lead to the selection of proper therapy for the treatment of allegic diseases.

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Renz, Cheryl L., Dominique Laroche, John D. Thurn, Henry A. Finn, James P. Lynch, Ronald Thisted, and Jonathan Moss. "Tryptase Levels Are Not Increased during Vancomycin-induced Anaphylactoid Reactions." Anesthesiology 89, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199809000-00010.

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Background Anaphylaxis, mediated by immunoglobulin E, may be clinically indistinguishable but is mechanistically different than chemically mediated anaphylactoid reactions induced by drugs such as morphine, curare, and vancomycin. A test to distinguish anaphylactic from anaphylactoid reactions would clarify therapeutic and medicolegal issues. Tryptase levels identify anaphylactic reactions but have not been evaluated in vivo during anaphylactoid reactions. A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of antihistamine chemoprophylaxis for rapid vancomycin infusion was performed, and plasma tryptase was measured using a new immunoassay. Histamine release was established by measurement of plasma histamine and the ability of prophylactic H1 and H2 antagonists to prevent common histamine-associated side effects. Tryptase levels were compared with histamine levels and clinical symptoms. Methods Before elective arthroplasty, 40 patients received vancomycin infusion (1 g over 10 min) and pretreatment with either antihistamines (1 mg/kg diphenhydramine and 4 mg/kg cimetidine) or placebo. Changes in tryptase (at peak histamine and 10 min after vancomycin infusion), histamine levels, and histamine-mediated symptoms were assessed using Fisher's exact test, the Student's t test, or the paired t test, as appropriate. Logistic regression models were used to quantify the association of clinical symptoms with antihistamine treatment and serum levels. Results Plasma tryptase levels were unchanged (99% CI, -0.5 to 1.6) independent of increased histamine levels, antihistamine pretreatment, clinical symptoms, or all of these. Histamine levels >1 ng/ml were significantly associated with hypotension, moderate-to-severe rash, and stopped infusion. Antihistamine pretreatment significantly decreased the incidence and severity of the reactions. Conclusion Plasma tryptase levels were not significantly elevated in confirmed anaphylactoid reactions, so they can be used to distinguish chemical from immunologic reactions.

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Vally, Muhammed, and M. O. E. Irhuma. "Allergic Conjunctivitis." South African Family Practice 59, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v59i5.4744.

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Allergic conjunctivitis is a condition characterized by conjunctival inflammation caused by airborne allergens. The symptoms include: itching, excessive lacrimation, discharge, and conjunctival hyperaemia pink eye). The disease usually affects young adults and is associated with other allergic conditions like allergic rhinitis, and bronchial asthma for example. There are three types of allergic conjunctivitis, namely acute allergic conjunctivitis, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) and perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC). The diagnosis is primarily clinical and the prevalence is on the increase. Therapeutic modalities include a combination of topical vasoconstrictor and antihistamine therapies, topical antihistamines with mast cell stabilising properties, topical mast cell stabilisers, topical glucocorticosteroids and (in some cases) oral antihistamines when necessary.

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Panos, George, Dionysios C. Watson, Maria Sargianou, Dionysios Kampiotis, and Paraskevi Chra. "Red Man Syndrome Adverse Reaction following Intravenous Infusion of Cefepime." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 12 (September 4, 2012): 6387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01274-12.

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ABSTRACTWe report the first case of cefepime-induced “red-man syndrome,” which appeared 30 min following drug infusion and was confirmed with a rechallenge test. This syndrome is classically associated with vancomycin infusion and is the result of non-IgE mediated mast cell degranulation. While this adverse effect can be easily managed with drug withdrawal and antihistamine administration, it is unknown whether it can be prevented with slower cefepime infusion and preinfusion antihistamines, as is the case with vancomycin.

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Naclerio, Robert M. "The Effect of Antihistamines on the Immediate Allergic Response: A Comparative Review." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 108, no. 6 (June 1993): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989310800615.

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Antihistamines are believed to reduce the sneezing and rhlnorrhea associated with allergic rhinitis, primarily by competitive antagonism of histamine for H1 cellular receptors, but additional mechanisms of action may contribute to their clinical efficacy. To Improve our understanding of H1 antihistamine action, we studied the effects of pretreatment with terfenadine, cetirizine, ketotifen, azatadine, diphenhydramine, and azelastine on increases in vascular permeability, mast cell activation, and sneezing Induced by nasal challenge with antigen. All studied antihistamines reduced sneezing, Indicating that they all effectively antagonize histamine after its release. In addition, terfenadine and topically administered azatadine blocked the release of histamine. Studies with cetlrizine and azelastine revealed that these antihistamines significantly reduced sulfldopeptide leukotriene levels. Terfenadine and azelastine also reduced klnin production. These results confirm that antihistamines are effective in reducing sneezing and, in some cases, vascular permeability. The findings of these studies also Illustrate that the various antihistamines have multiple and different mechanisms of action that may have Implications for their clinical uses.

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Khosla, Uday, Kelly S. Ruel, and Daniel P. Hunt. "Antihistamine-induced Rhabdomyolysis." Southern Medical Journal 96, no. 10 (October 2003): 1023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000076461.67623.e4.

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Matei, Clara, Simona Roxana Georgescu, Ilinca Nicolae, Corina Daniela Ene, Cristina Iulia Mitran, Madalina Irina Mitran, and Mircea Tampa. "Variations of Thiol–Disulfide Homeostasis Parameters after Treatment with H1-Antihistamines in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 2980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132980.

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Background. The pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria involves metabolic, immunological, and psychological factors. The thiol–disulfide exchange reactions could be a mechanism to counteract oxidative stress in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Objective: The assessment of thiol–disulfide homeostasis parameters (TDHPs) according to disease severity and the influence of H1-antihistamine therapy in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Material and method. We have included 30 patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria in the study and we have determined the levels of native thiol, total thiol, disulfides as well as the disulfide/native thiol ratio, disulfide/total thiol ratio and the native thiol/total thiol ratio, before and after therapy with H1-antihistamines. Results. The results of the study showed altered levels of TDHPs and their normalization after treatment with H1-antihistamines in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. We determined a statistically significant increase in the serum levels of total thiol, native thiol, and native thiol/total thiol ratio and a significant reduction in the levels of disulfides, disulfide/native thiol ratio and disulfide/total thiol ratio after treatment with H1-antihistamines. The normalization of the serum levels of TDHPs has been associated with the relief of symptoms and reduction or resolution of pruritus and urticarial plaques. Conclusion. These results suggest the involvement of thiol–disulfide homeostasis in the defense against the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria and the potential role of TDHPs in monitoring H1-antihistamine therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating TDHPs in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria before and after treatment.

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Cookson, John. "Histamine in psychiatry: promethazine as a sedative anticholinergic." BJPsych Advances 25, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.21.

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SUMMARYThe author reflects on discoveries over the course of a century concerning histamine as a potent chemical signal and neurotransmitter, the development of antihistamines, including promethazine, and chlorpromazine from a common precursor, and the recognition of a major brain pathway involving histamine. Although chlorpromazine has been succeeded by numerous other antipsychotics, promethazine remains the antihistamine recommended for sedation in acutely disturbed patients, largely because it is potently anticholinergic at atropinic muscarinic receptors and therefore anti-Parkinsonian: this means it is also useful in combination with older antipsychotics such as haloperidol.DECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.

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Hébert, Jacques, Pierre-Michel Bédard, Jaime Del Carpio, Michel Drouin, Andrzej Gutkowski, Lynda G. Kabbash, Morris M. Nedilski, et al. "Loratadine and Pseudoephedrine Sulfate: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Comparison of a Combination Tablet (SCH 434) and Its Individual Components in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis." American Journal of Rhinology 2, no. 2 (March 1988): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065888781693159.

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SCH 434 is a combination tablet containing the nonsedating antihistamine, loratadine (5 mg), and the well-established nasal decongestant, pseudoephedrine sulfate (120 mg), for twice daily dosing. The efficacy and safety of SCH 434 was compared with its individual components in a 14-day, placebocontrolled, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, multi-center study in the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis; 437 patients were evaluated for safety, 417 of whom were also evaluated for efficacy. Throughout the study, SCH 434 provided a significantly greater degree of overall symptom relief than either component alone or placebo. Loratadine alone was also superior to placebo on day 4 and at end point and superior to pseudoephedrine alone on day 4 in decreasing total symptom score. All treatments were well tolerated and no serious or unusual adverse experiences were reported; adverse experiences associated with SCH 434 were typical of the side effects commonly associated with the use of pseudoephedrine. The combination provides for a safe, effective, and convenient alternative for patients requiring the benefits of both an antihistamine and nasal decongestant, but who cannot tolerate, or wish to avoid, the sedative effects of traditional antihistamines.

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Krivopalov, A. A., S. A. Rebrova, and P. A. Shamkina. "Features of the modern antihistamines use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 12 (September 19, 2021): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-12-101-108.

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Allergic rhinitis remains one of the most relevant problems of modern otorhinolaryngology. The widespread prevalence, late diagnosis, underestimation of the possible risks of disease progression, the development of complications (including asthma) prompts the development and improvement of new treatment options for allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is a heterogeneous disease that presents with various clinical phenotypes, and therefore the severity of nasal symptoms can vary from mild malaise to severe disease.. Today, pharmacotherapy remains the most frequently used treatment tactic for patients with allergic rhinitis. While prescribing therapy the doctor develops an individual treatment plan based on the principles of personalized medicine, considering: the dominant symptoms, anamnesis data on previous therapy and the effect of treatment, the type of inflammation (Th2-type, mixed inflammation), concomitant diseases (conjunctivitis, asthma, etc.) etc.) and patient preferences. The tissue effects of the histamine mediator lead to the development of symptoms during the course of the disease, which determines the wide-spread use of antihistamines in the treatment of rhinitis. Antihistamines of the second generation are devoid of sedative effects, have a long-lasting effect and a good safety profile. One of the modern II generation antihistamines is bilastine. The research results proved the high antihistaminic activity of bilastine 20 mg in vitro and in vivo, the absence of cardiac and sedative side effects on the central nervous system, the ability to eliminate the nasal and ocular symptoms of disease and improve the quality of life of patients with allergic rhinitis. Thus, bilastine fully complies with current EAACI / WAO ARIA requirements for drugs used to treat AR. The paper presents a clinical case of a patient with chronic persistent allergic rhinitis, household sensitization with a slight uncontrolled course. The oral antihistamine bilastine was added to intranasal glucocorticosteroids, which help to relieve symptoms of the disease, stabilize the condition and prepare the patient for subsequent allergen-specific immunotherapy.

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Spector, Sheldon L., and Robert Altman. "Cetirizine, a Novel Antihistamine." American Journal of Rhinology 1, no. 3 (September 1987): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065887781693402.

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Cetirizine, an oxidative metabolite of hydroxyzine, is a cyclizine class H1-receptor antagonist with diminished CNS activity currently under investigation. It has a novel pharmacokinetic profile with a 9-hour half-life, lower volume of distribution and total body clearance, minimal metabolism and essentially renal excretion. Minimal binding to CNS receptors has been demonstrated in animal models. In contrast to its parent compound and diphenhydramine, cetirizine has an effect comparable to placebo on psychomotor function and multiple sleep latency tests. Inhibition of histamine-induced bronchospasm and mild bronchodilation has also been demonstrated. U.S. and European clinical trials have affirmed its safety and efficacy in histamine-associated disorders.

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&NA;. "Australians given antihistamine warning." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 468 (September 1993): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199304680-00012.

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Godse, Kiran, Jeet Gandhi, and Gauri Godse. "Bilastine: A novel antihistamine." Indian Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 4, no. 1 (2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijdd.ijdd_12_18.

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ABEYAKOON, O. "Antihistamine usage in pregnancy." Obstetrics & Gynecology 101, no. 4 (April 2003): S39—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02884-3.

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Ashworth, Laurel. "Is my antihistamine safe?" Home Care Provider 2, no. 3 (June 1997): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1084-628x(97)90134-9.

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Pulier, Myron L. "Antihistamine for Cluster Headache?" Psychosomatics 29, no. 2 (January 1988): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(88)72412-3.

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Carter, Charles A., Norbert J. Wojciechowski, J. Michael Hayes, Vasilios A. Skoutakis, and Lucy A. Rickman. "Terfenadine, a Nonsedating Antihistamine." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 19, no. 11 (November 1985): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808501901103.

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Abeyakoon, Oshaani, Patrick S. Ramsey, Daniel Maddox, Kirk D. Ramin, Kristi S. Borowski, and Lesa Williams. "Antihistamine Usage in Pregnancy." Obstetrics & Gynecology 101, Supplement (April 2003): 39S—40S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006250-200304001-00090.

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Fitzsimons, Roisin, Lauri-Ann van der Poel, William Thornhill, George du Toit, Neil Shah, and Helen A. Brough. "Antihistamine use in children." Archives of disease in childhood - Education & practice edition 100, no. 3 (August 21, 2014): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-304446.

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&NA;. "Optimisation of antihistamine therapy." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 818 (December 1991): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199108180-00012.

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Limon, Lynn, and Denise R. Kockler. "Desloratadine: A Nonsedating Antihistamine." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 37 (February 2003): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1c290.

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Mamikoglu, Bulent, and Jacquelynne Corey. "Safety of antihistamine therapy." Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 6, no. 1 (February 1998): 75???79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00020840-199802000-00013.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Antihistamine'

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