Academic literature on the topic 'Antihydrogene'

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Journal articles on the topic "Antihydrogene"

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Baker, C. J., W. Bertsche, A. Capra, et al. "Laser cooling of antihydrogen atoms." Nature 592, no. 7852 (2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03289-6.

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AbstractThe photon—the quantum excitation of the electromagnetic field—is massless but carries momentum. A photon can therefore exert a force on an object upon collision1. Slowing the translational motion of atoms and ions by application of such a force2,3, known as laser cooling, was first demonstrated 40 years ago4,5. It revolutionized atomic physics over the following decades6–8, and it is now a workhorse in many fields, including studies on quantum degenerate gases, quantum information, atomic clocks and tests of fundamental physics. However, this technique has not yet been applied to antimatter. Here we demonstrate laser cooling of antihydrogen9, the antimatter atom consisting of an antiproton and a positron. By exciting the 1S–2P transition in antihydrogen with pulsed, narrow-linewidth, Lyman-α laser radiation10,11, we Doppler-cool a sample of magnetically trapped antihydrogen. Although we apply laser cooling in only one dimension, the trap couples the longitudinal and transverse motions of the anti-atoms, leading to cooling in all three dimensions. We observe a reduction in the median transverse energy by more than an order of magnitude—with a substantial fraction of the anti-atoms attaining submicroelectronvolt transverse kinetic energies. We also report the observation of the laser-driven 1S–2S transition in samples of laser-cooled antihydrogen atoms. The observed spectral line is approximately four times narrower than that obtained without laser cooling. The demonstration of laser cooling and its immediate application has far-reaching implications for antimatter studies. A more localized, denser and colder sample of antihydrogen will drastically improve spectroscopic11–13 and gravitational14 studies of antihydrogen in ongoing experiments. Furthermore, the demonstrated ability to manipulate the motion of antimatter atoms by laser light will potentially provide ground-breaking opportunities for future experiments, such as anti-atomic fountains, anti-atom interferometry and the creation of antimatter molecules.
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Ahmadi, M., B. X. R. Alves, C. J. Baker, et al. "Observation of the hyperfine spectrum of antihydrogen." Nature 548, no. 7665 (2017): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23446.

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Abstract The observation of hyperfine structure in atomic hydrogen by Rabi and co-workers1,2,3 and the measurement4 of the zero-field ground-state splitting at the level of seven parts in 1013 are important achievements of mid-twentieth-century physics. The work that led to these achievements also provided the first evidence for the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron5,6,7,8, inspired Schwinger’s relativistic theory of quantum electrodynamics9,10 and gave rise to the hydrogen maser11, which is a critical component of modern navigation, geo-positioning and very-long-baseline interferometry systems. Research at the Antiproton Decelerator at CERN by the ALPHA collaboration extends these enquiries into the antimatter sector. Recently, tools have been developed that enable studies of the hyperfine structure of antihydrogen12—the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. The goal of such studies is to search for any differences that might exist between this archetypal pair of atoms, and thereby to test the fundamental principles on which quantum field theory is constructed. Magnetic trapping of antihydrogen atoms13,14 provides a means of studying them by combining electromagnetic interaction with detection techniques that are unique to antimatter12,15. Here we report the results of a microwave spectroscopy experiment in which we probe the response of antihydrogen over a controlled range of frequencies. The data reveal clear and distinct signatures of two allowed transitions, from which we obtain a direct, magnetic-field-independent measurement of the hyperfine splitting. From a set of trials involving 194 detected atoms, we determine a splitting of 1,420.4 ± 0.5 megahertz, consistent with expectations for atomic hydrogen at the level of four parts in 104. This observation of the detailed behaviour of a quantum transition in an atom of antihydrogen exemplifies tests of fundamental symmetries such as charge–parity–time in antimatter, and the techniques developed here will enable more-precise such tests.
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Olin, Art. "Measurements of Properties of Antihydrogen." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (January 2018): 1860069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600698.

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The ALPHA project at the CERN AD is testing fundamental symmetries between matter and antimatter using trapped antihydrogen atoms. The spectrum of the antihydrogen atom may be compared to ordinary hydrogen where it has been measured very precisely. CPT conservation, which underpins our current theoretical framework, requires equality of the masses and charges of matter and its antimatter partners, so antihydrogen spectroscopy presents a path to precision CPT tests. I will discuss the techniques used by ALPHA to trap more than 8000 antihydrogen atoms in 2016, and interrogate them for 600s. The 1S-2S transition in antihydrogen has been observed for the first time, and it agrees with its hydrogen counterpart within an uncertainty of 400 kHz or 0.2 ppb. The charge of the antihydrogen atom has been bounded below [Formula: see text]. A value of 1420.4 0.5MHz for the hyperfine splitting has been obtained from observation of the positron spin resonance spectrum.
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Eriksson, S. "Precision measurements on trapped antihydrogen in the ALPHA experiment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2116 (2018): 20170268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0268.

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Both the 1S–2S transition and the ground state hyperfine spectrum have been observed in trapped antihydrogen. The former constitutes the first observation of resonant interaction of light with an anti-atom, and the latter is the first detailed measurement of a spectral feature in antihydrogen. Owing to the narrow intrinsic linewidth of the 1S–2S transition and use of two-photon laser excitation, the transition energy can be precisely determined in both hydrogen and antihydrogen, allowing a direct comparison as a test of fundamental symmetry. The result is consistent with CPT invariance at a relative precision of around 2×10 −10 . This constitutes the most precise measurement of a property of antihydrogen. The hyperfine spectrum of antihydrogen is determined to a relative uncertainty of 4×10 −4 . The excited state and the hyperfine spectroscopy techniques currently both show sensitivity at the few 100 kHz level on the absolute scale. Here, the most recent work of the ALPHA collaboration on precision spectroscopy of antihydrogen is presented together with an outlook on improving the precision of measurements involving lasers and microwave radiation. Prospects of measuring the Lamb shift and determining the antiproton charge radius in trapped antihydrogen in the ALPHA apparatus are presented. Future perspectives of precision measurements of trapped antihydrogen in the ALPHA apparatus when the ELENA facility becomes available to experiments at CERN are discussed. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Antiproton physics in the ELENA era’.
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Kolbinger, B., C. Amsler, H. Breuker, et al. "Recent Developments from ASACUSA on Antihydrogen Detection." EPJ Web of Conferences 181 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818101003.

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The ASACUSA Collaboration at CERNs Antiproton Decelerator aims to measure the ground state hyperfine splitting of antihydrogen with high precision to test the fundamental symmetry of CPT (combination of charge conjugation, parity transformation, and time reversal). For this purpose an antihydrogen detector has been developed. Its task is to count the arriving antihydrogen atoms and therefore distinguish backgroundevents (mainly cosmics) from antiproton annihilations originating from antihydrogen atoms which are produced only in small amounts. A central BGO crystal disk with position sensitive read-out detects the annihilation and a surrounding two-layered hodoscope is used for tracking charged secondaries. The hodoscope has been recently upgraded to allow precise vertex reconstruction. A machine learning analysis based on measured antiproton annihilations and cosmic rays has been developed to identify antihydrogen events.
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Doser, M., S. Aghion, C. Amsler, et al. "AEgIS at ELENA: outlook for physics with a pulsed cold antihydrogen beam." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2116 (2018): 20170274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0274.

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The efficient production of cold antihydrogen atoms in particle traps at CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator has opened up the possibility of performing direct measurements of the Earth’s gravitational acceleration on purely antimatter bodies. The goal of the AEgIS collaboration is to measure the value of g for antimatter using a pulsed source of cold antihydrogen and a Moiré deflectometer/Talbot–Lau interferometer. The same antihydrogen beam is also very well suited to measuring precisely the ground-state hyperfine splitting of the anti-atom. The antihydrogen formation mechanism chosen by AEgIS is resonant charge exchange between cold antiprotons and Rydberg positronium. A series of technical developments regarding positrons and positronium (Ps formation in a dedicated room-temperature target, spectroscopy of the n =1–3 and n =3–15 transitions in Ps, Ps formation in a target at 10 K inside the 1 T magnetic field of the experiment) as well as antiprotons (high-efficiency trapping of , radial compression to sub-millimetre radii of mixed plasmas in 1 T field, high-efficiency transfer of to the antihydrogen production trap using an in-flight launch and recapture procedure) were successfully implemented. Two further critical steps that are germane mainly to charge exchange formation of antihydrogen—cooling of antiprotons and formation of a beam of antihydrogen—are being addressed in parallel. The coming of ELENA will allow, in the very near future, the number of trappable antiprotons to be increased by more than a factor of 50. For the antihydrogen production scheme chosen by AEgIS, this will be reflected in a corresponding increase of produced antihydrogen atoms, leading to a significant reduction of measurement times and providing a path towards high-precision measurements. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Antiproton physics in the ELENA era’.
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Malbrunot, C., C. Amsler, S. Arguedas Cuendis, et al. "The ASACUSA antihydrogen and hydrogen program: results and prospects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2116 (2018): 20170273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0273.

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The goal of the ASACUSA-CUSP collaboration at the Antiproton Decelerator of CERN is to measure the ground-state hyperfine splitting of antihydrogen using an atomic spectroscopy beamline. A milestone was achieved in 2012 through the detection of 80 antihydrogen atoms 2.7 m away from their production region. This was the first observation of ‘cold’ antihydrogen in a magnetic field free region. In parallel to the progress on the antihydrogen production, the spectroscopy beamline was tested with a source of hydrogen. This led to a measurement at a relative precision of 2.7×10 −9 which constitutes the most precise measurement of the hydrogen hyperfine splitting in a beam. Further measurements with an upgraded hydrogen apparatus are motivated by CPT and Lorentz violation tests in the framework of the Standard Model Extension. Unlike for hydrogen, the antihydrogen experiment is complicated by the difficulty of synthesizing enough cold antiatoms in the ground state. The first antihydrogen quantum states scan at the entrance of the spectroscopy apparatus was realized in 2016 and is presented here. The prospects for a ppm measurement are also discussed. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Antiproton physics in the ELENA era’.
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Madsen, N., G. B. Andresen, M. D. Ashkezari, et al. "Search for trapped antihydrogen in ALPHAThis paper was presented at the International Conference on Precision Physics of Simple Atomic Systems, held at École de Physique, les Houches, France, 30 May – 4 June, 2010." Canadian Journal of Physics 89, no. 1 (2011): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p10-085.

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Antihydrogen spectroscopy promises precise tests of the symmetry of matter and antimatter, and can possibly offer new insights into the baryon asymmetry of the universe. Antihydrogen is, however, difficult to synthesize and is produced only in small quantities. The ALPHA collaboration is therefore pursuing a path towards trapping cold antihydrogen to permit the use of precision atomic physics tools to carry out comparisons of antihydrogen and hydrogen. ALPHA has addressed these challenges. Control of the plasma sizes has helped to lower the influence of the multipole field used in the neutral atom trap, and thus lowered the temperature of the created atoms. Finally, the first systematic attempt to identify trapped antihydrogen in our system is discussed. This discussion includes special techniques for fast release of the trapped anti-atoms, as well as a silicon vertex detector to identify antiproton annihilations. The silicon detector reduces the background of annihilations, including background from antiprotons that can be mirror trapped in the fields of the neutral atom trap. A description of how to differentiate between these events and those resulting from trapped antihydrogen atoms is also included.
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Dufour, G., D. B. Cassidy, P. Crivelli, et al. "Prospects for Studies of the Free Fall and Gravitational Quantum States of Antimatter." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/379642.

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Different experiments are ongoing to measure the effect of gravity on cold neutral antimatter atoms such as positronium, muonium, and antihydrogen. Among those, the project GBAR at CERN aims to measure precisely the gravitational fall of ultracold antihydrogen atoms. In the ultracold regime, the interaction of antihydrogen atoms with a surface is governed by the phenomenon of quantum reflection which results in bouncing of antihydrogen atoms on matter surfaces. This allows the application of a filtering scheme to increase the precision of the free fall measurement. In the ultimate limit of smallest vertical velocities, antihydrogen atoms are settled in gravitational quantum states in close analogy to ultracold neutrons (UCNs). Positronium is another neutral system involving antimatter for which free fall under gravity is currently being investigated at UCL. Building on the experimental techniques under development for the free fall measurement, gravitational quantum states could also be observed in positronium. In this contribution, we report on the status of the ongoing experiments and discuss the prospects of observing gravitational quantum states of antimatter and their implications.
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Yu. Voronin, A., V. V. Nesvizhevsky, G. Dufour, et al. "A spectroscopy approach to measure the gravitational mass of antihydrogen." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 30 (January 2014): 1460266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451460266x.

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We study a method to induce resonant transitions between antihydrogen [Formula: see text] quantum states above a material surface in the gravitational field of the Earth. The method consists of applying a gradient of magnetic field, which is temporally oscillating with the frequency equal to a frequency of transition between gravitational states of antihydrogen. A corresponding resonant change in the spatial density of antihydrogen atoms could be measured as a function of the frequency of applied field. We estimate an accuracy of measuring antihydrogen gravitational states spacing and show how a value of the gravitational mass of the [Formula: see text] atom could be deduced from such a measurement. We also demonstrate that a method of induced transitions could be combined with a free-fall-time measurement in order to further improve the precision.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antihydrogene"

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Comini, Pauline. "Étude de la formation d'antihydrogène neutre et ionisé dans les collisions antiproton-positronium." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066639/document.

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L’expérience GBAR propose de mesurer, au CERN, l’accélération de la pesanteur terrestre sur l’antimatière grâce à des atomes froids (neV) d’antihydrogène soumis à une chute libre. Ceux-ci sont obtenus en refroidissant d’abord des ions positifs d’antihydrogène, obtenus grâce à deux réactions consécutives se produisant lors de la collision d’un faisceau d’antiprotons avec un nuage dense de positronium.Le travail de thèse porte sur l'étude de ces réactions dans le but d’optimiser la production des ions d’antihydrogène. Pour cela, les sections efficaces des deux réactions ont été calculées dans le cadre d’un modèle de théorie des perturbations (Continuum Distorted Wave – Final State) pour des antiprotons ayant une énergie comprise entre 0 et 30 keV ; différents états excités du positronium ont été examinés. Ces sections efficaces ont ensuite été intégrées à une simulation de la zone d’interaction entre positronium et antiprotons afin de définir les paramètres expérimentaux optimaux pour GBAR. Les résultats suggèrent d’utiliser les états 2P, 3D ou, dans une moindre mesure, 1S du positronium, respectivement pour des antiprotons de 2, moins de 1 ou 6 keV. L’importance de compresser les impulsions temporelles d’antiprotons est soulignée ; le positronium devra être confiné dans un tube de 20 mm de long pour 1 mm de diamètre.Un laser en impulsion à 410 nm permettant d’exciter la transition à deux photons vers l’état 3D du positronium avait déjà été proposé. Son principe repose sur le doublage en fréquence d’un laser titane-saphir à 820 nm. Le dernier volet de la thèse fut dédié à la réalisation de ce laser, qui délivre des impulsions courtes (9 ns) de 4 mJ à 820 nm<br>The future CERN experiment called GBAR intends to measure the gravitational acceleration of antimatter on Earth using cold (neV) antihydrogen atoms undergoing a free fall. The experiment scheme first needs to cool antihydrogen positive ions, obtained thanks to two consecutive reactions occurring when an antiproton beam collides with a dense positronium cloud.The present thesis studies these two reactions in order to optimise the production of the anti-ions. The total cross sections of both reactions have been computed in the framework of a perturbation theory model (Continuum Distorted Wave – Final State), in the range 0 to 30 keV antiproton kinetic energy; several excited states of positronium have been investigated. These cross sections have then been integrated to a simulation of the interaction zone where antiprotons collide with positronium; the aim is to find the optimal experimental parameters for GBAR. The results suggest that the 2P, 3D or, to a lower extend, 1S states of positronium should be used, respectively with 2, less than 1 or 6 keV antiprotons. The importance of using short pulses of antiprotons has been underlined; the positronium will have to be confined in a tube of 20 mm length and 1 mm diameter.In the prospect of exciting the 1S-3D two-photon transition in positronium at 410 nm, a pulsed laser system had already been designed. It consists in the frequency doubling of an 820 nm pulsed titanium-sapphire laser. The last part of the thesis has been dedicated to the realisation of this laser system, which delivers short pulses (9 ns) of 4 mJ energy at 820 nm
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Comparat, Daniel. "EXPERIENCES AVEC DES ATOMES DE RYDBERG ET DES MOLECULES ULTRA-FROIDS." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343528.

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Chamberlain, Charles William. "Hydrogen-antihydrogen interactions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395602.

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Todd, Allan. "Helium-Antihydrogen Interactions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485533.

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Vieille, Grosjean Mélissa. "Atomes de Rydberg : Étude pour la production d'une source d'électrons monocinétique. Désexcitation par radiation THz pour l'antihydrogène." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS349/document.

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Depuis les années 1975, les atomes de Rydberg sont étudiés et maintenant utilisés en information quantique pour leurs propriétés particulières d’interaction. Cependant, ces objets physiques peuvent se retrouver impliqués dans différentes autres applications, où leurs caractéristiques remarquables en font de parfaits outils. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous intéresserons à deux applications distinctes faisant intervenir des atomes de Rydberg de césium. Tout d’abord, nous verrons comment utiliser de tels atomes pour produire une source d’électrons monocinétiques, grâce au mécanisme d’ionisation singulier de ce type d’atomes à une valeur précise de champ électrique dépendante du niveau d’excitation. Les électrons ainsi produits sont ensuite extraits et leur dispersion en énergie mesurée. On montrera notamment de façon théorique et d’après les premières mesures expérimentales réalisées pendant la thèse, que l’on peut espérer obtenir une dispersion en énergie des électrons produits par cette technique de l’ordre du meV, résolution jamais atteinte à ce jour. Ce type de source devient aujourd’hui un outil indispensable pour accéder à la mise au point et l’étude de nouveaux matériaux par contrôle de réactions chimiques à l’échelle moléculaire, et à la cartographie des phonons. Dans un second temps, nous verrons qu’il est possible de désexciter un nuage d’atomes de Rydberg de niveaux variés grâce à une source externe dans le domaine térahertz. Ce projet s’inscrit dans le cadre des expériences d’étude de l’antimatière menées actuellement au CERN, qui visent à élucider le mystère de l’asymétrie matière/antimatière. Les méthodes actuelles de production de l’antihydrogène, forment des nuages de ces anti-atomes dans différents états de Rydberg. Pour les étudier, il est alors nécessaire de désexciter le plus d’atomes d’antihydrogène possible vers le niveau fondamental. Nous présenterons la méthode envisagée, ainsi que les résultats obtenus expérimentalement sur un dispositif créé pendant la thèse pour montrer la faisabilité de la technique. Ces premiers résultats montrent qu’il est possible d’accélérer la désexcitation d’un atome de Rydberg sur un état très élevé grâce à une lampe se comportant comme un corps noir. Nous détaillerons les améliorations envisagées, en particulier pour adapter le spectre des fréquences THz à utiliser et empêcher la photoionisation des atomes, par des filtres ou par le façonnage spectral via l’utilisation d’un photomixer<br>Since 1975, Rydberg atoms have been studied and now used in quantum information for their particular interaction properties. However, these physical objects can be involved in various other applications, where their remarkable characteristics make them perfect tools. In this paper, we will focus on two distinct applications involving cesium Rydberg atoms. First, we will see how to use such atoms to produce a source of monocinetic electrons, thanks to the singular ionization mechanism of this type of atoms at a precise value of electric field dependent on the excitation level. The electrons thus produced are then extracted and their energy dispersion measured. Theoretically and according to the first experimental measurements made during the thesis, we will show that we can hope an energy dispersion of the electrons produced by this meV technique, a resolution never reached before. Today, this type of source is becoming an indispensable tool for the development and study of new materials by molecular scale chemical reaction control and for phonon mapping. In a second step, we will see that it is possible to de-energize a cloud of Rydberg atoms of various levels thanks to an external source in the tera-hertz domain. This project is part of the ongoing anti-matter experiments at CERN, which aim to unravel the mystery of the matter/anti-matter asymmetry. The current methods of production of antihydrogen, forms clouds of these anti-atoms in different Rydberg states. To study them, it is then necessary to de-energize as many antihydrogen atoms as possible to the fundamental level. We will present the method envisaged, as well as the results obtained experimentally on a device created during the thesis to show the feasibility of the technique. These first results show that it is possible to accelerate the deenergization of a Rydberg atom on a very high state thanks to a lamp behaving like a black body. We will detail the improvements envisaged, in particular to adapt the spectrum of the THz frequencies to use and prevent the photoionization of atoms, by filters or by spectral shaping via the use of a photomixer
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Maia, Leite Amélia Mafalda. "Development of a buffer gas trap for the confinement of positrons and study of positronium production in the GBAR experiment." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS380/document.

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L’expérience GBAR repose sur la production d’ions antihydrogène positifs dans le but de mesurer l’accélération gravitationnelle à laquelle est soumise l’antimatière au repos. Le projet ANTION, sous-projet de GBAR, a pour but la production de ces ions d’antimatière. Il vise également à mesurer la section efficace de production d’antihydrogène dans les collisions d’antiprotons sur des atomes de positronium, ainsi que les sections efficaces correspondantes avec la matière, de production d’hydrogène et de l’ion hydrogène négatif. Ces expériences reposent sur la formation d’un nuage très dense de positronium, et nécessitent donc une grande quantité de positons qui seront implantés sur un matériau convertisseur de positons en positronium. Cette thèse décrit la construction d’un piège à “buffer gas” à trois étages, destiné à piéger et accumuler des positons pour le projet ANTION. L’association d’un piège de Penning avec une source basée sur un Linac constitue un montage expérimental unique. Le piège a été construit et optimisé, et est maintenant pleinement opérationnel. Les protocoles de piégeage ont été étudiés et les effets du gaz tampon et du gaz de refroidissement sur le taux de piégeage et la durée de vie des positons ont été quantifiés. Afin de faciliter la mesure de la section efficace de production de l’hydrogène, une simulation avec GEANT4 a été mise au point. Elle décrit l’évolution temporelle et spatiale des atomes d’ortho-positronium dans la cavité où aura lieu la production d’hydrogène. On estime que 2.7 atomes d’hydrogène sont produits pour des proton de 6 keV d’énergie incidente, en utilisant les sections efficaces calculées avec le modèle “Coulomb-Born Approximation”, et 1.6 atomes d’hydrogène pour des protons de 10 keV, si l’on utilise la méthode “two-center convergent close-coupling”. Les simulations permettent également d’estimer le bruit de fond associé aux positons et à l’annihilation du para-positronium. Cette étude amène à proposer une modification permettant d’augmenter le nombre d’atomes de positronium dans la cavité. En parallèle, une étude a porté sur l’efficacité de modération de positons d’une couche épitaxiale de carbure de silicium 4H-SiC. Une efficacité de modération de 65% a été mesurée pour des positons implantés avec une énergie de l’ordre du kilo- électronvolt. Ce résultat intéresse les expériences de physique utilisant des positons lents, car il permet d’améliorer la luminosité de faisceaux de positons; dans le cas de GBAR cela permettrait d’augmenter l’efficacité de piégeage des positons<br>The GBAR experiment relies on the production of antihydrogen positive ions to achieve its goal of measuring the gravitational acceleration of antimatter at rest. The ANTION project, included in the GBAR enterprise, is responsible for the production of these antimatter ions. Moreover, it also aims to measure the cross section of antihydrogen production throughout the collision of antiprotons and positronium atoms, as well as the matter cross sections of hydrogen and the hydrogen negative ion. These experiments imply the formation of a very dense positronium cloud, thus a large amount of positrons will be implanted on a positron/positronium converter material. This thesis reports the construction of a three stage buffer gas trap with the goal of trapping and accumulating positrons for the ANTION project. The combination of the Penning-type trap with a LINAC source constitutes a unique experimental setup. The trap was commissioned and optimized and is now fully operational. Trapping protocols were studied and the effect of the buffer and cooling gases on the positron trapping rate and lifetime was assessed. In order to assist the cross section measurement of hydrogen, a GEANT4 simulation was developed. It evaluates the time and spatial evolution of the ortho-positronium atoms in a cavity, where hydrogen production will take place. It was estimated that 2.7 hydrogen atoms are produced for proton impact energy of ∼ 6 keV, according to the cross sections computed with the Coulomb-Born Approximation model, and 1.6 hydrogen atoms for a proton impact energy of ∼ 10 keV, according to the two-center convergent close-coupling method. The simulations also allow the estimation of the background associated with the positron and para-positronium decay. In addition, a suggestion is proposed to increase the number of positronium atoms in the cavity. In parallel, the positron moderation efficiency of a commercially available 4H-SiC epitaxial layer was studied. A 65% moderation efficiency was observed for kiloelectronvolt implanted positrons. This result can be of interest to slow positron physics experiments by improving the brightness of positron beams, and in particular to GBAR as it can potentially increase the efficiency of positron trapping
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Kalra, Rita Rani. "An Improved Antihydrogen Trap." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14226066.

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The recent demonstration of trapped atomic antihydrogen for 15 to 1000 seconds is a milestone towards precise spectroscopy for tests of CPT invariance. The confinement of a total of 105±21 atoms in a quadrupole magnetic trap was made possible by several improved methods. Improved accumulation techniques give us the largest numbers of constituent particles yet: up to 10 million antiprotons and several billion positrons. A novel cooling protocol leads to 3.5 K antiprotons, the coldest ever observed. Characterizing and controlling the geometry and density of these confined antimatter plasmas allow for consistency in antihydrogen production. Continued use of these methods along with the larger trap depth of a unique second-generation magnet are expected to yield greater numbers of trapped antihydrogen. The new magnet generates both quadrupole and octupole trap geometries, which should make it possible to reduce charged particle loss and will prove useful for laser cooling and spectroscopy. The ultra-low inductances of the magnet have been shown to vastly reduce turn-off times, which will optimize single-atom detection. Finally, improved detector characterization already makes us sensitive to smaller numbers of trapped antihydrogen atoms than before.
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Latacz, Barbara Maria. "Study of the antihydrogen atom and ion production via charge exchange reaction on positronium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS266/document.

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Le but principal de la collaboration GBAR est de mesurer le comportement d'atomes d'antihydrogène sous l'effet de la gravité terrestre. Ceci est fait en mesurant la chute libre classique d'atomes d'antihydrogène, qui est un test direct du principe d'équivalence faible pour l'antimatière. La première étape de l'expérience est de produire des ions d'antihydrogène et de les amener dans un piège de Paul, où ils peuvent être refroidis à une température de l'ordre du μK en utilisant la technique du refroidissement sympathique avec des ions Be⁺ eux-mêmes mis dans leur état fondamental par la technique Raman à bande latérale. Une température de l'ordre du μK correspond à une vitesse de la particule de l'ordre de 1 m/s. Une fois cette vitesse atteinte, l'ion antihydrogène peut être neutralisé et commence sa chute. Ceci permet une précision de 1 % sur la mesure de l’accélération gravitationnelle g pour l’antimatière avec environ 1500 événements. Cependant, pour mesurer la chute libre, il faut d'abord produire l'ion antihydrogène. Celui-ci est formé dans les réactions d'échange de charge entre des antiprotons et des antihydrogènes avec du positronium. Positronium et atomes d'antihydrogène peut se trouver soit à l’état fondamental, soit dans un état excité. Une étude expérimentale de la mesure de la section efficace de ces deux réactions est décrite dans cette thèse. La production de l'atome d'antihydrogène ainsi que de l'ion se passe à l’intérieur d'une cavité. La formation d'un antihydrogène ion lors d'une interaction entre faisceaux requiert environ 5x10⁶ antiprotons/paquet et quelques 10¹¹ Ps/cm⁻³ de densité de positronium à l’intérieur d'une cavité. Celle-ci est produite par un faisceau contenant 5x10¹⁰ positrons par paquet. La production de faisceaux aussi intenses avec les propriétés requises est en soi un challenge. Le développement de la source de positrons de GBAR est décrite. Celle-ci est basée sur un accélérateur linéaire à électrons de 9 MeV. Le faisceau d’électrons est incident sur une cible de tungstène où les positrons sont créés par rayonnement de freinage (gammas) et création de paires. Une partie des positrons ainsi créés diffusent à nouveau dans un modérateur de tungstène en réduisant leur énergie à environ 3 eV. Ces particules sont re-accélérées à une énergie d'environ 53 eV. Aujourd'hui, le flux mesuré de positrons est au niveau de 6x10⁷ e⁺/s, soit quelques fois. Puis la thèse comporte une courte description des préparatifs pour les faisceaux d'antiprotons ou de protons, terminée par un chapitre sur le taux de production attendu d'atomes et d'ions d'antihydrogène. En aval de la réaction, les faisceaux d'antiprotons, d'atomes et d'ions d'antihydrogène sont guidés vers leur système de détection. Ceux-ci ont été conçus de façon à permettre la détection d'un à plusieurs milliers d'atomes d'antihydrogène, un seul ion antihydrogène et tous les 5x10⁶ antiprotons. Ceci est particulièrement difficile parce que l'annihilation des antiprotons crée beaucoup de particules secondaires qui peuvent perturber la mesure d'un atome ou ion. La majeure partie de la thèse consiste en la description des bruits de fond attendus pour la détection des atomes et ions d'antihydrogène. De plus, le système de détection permet de mesurer les sections efficaces pour les réactions symétriques de production d'atomes et d'ions hydrogèene par échange de charge entre protons et positronium. La partie production d’antihydrogène ions de l’expérience a été complètement installée au CERN en 2018. Les premiers tests avec des antiprotons provenant du décélérateur ELENA ont été effectués. Actuellement, l’expérience est testée avec des positrons et des protons, de façon à former des atomes et ions hydrogène. Une optimisation de la production de ces ions de matière aidera à se préparer pour la prochaine période de faisceau d'antiprotons en 2021<br>The main goal of the GBAR collaboration is to measure the Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen at Rest. It is done by measuring the classical free fall of neutral antihydrogen, which is a direct test of the weak equivalence principle for antimatter. The first step of the experiment is to produce the antihydrogen ion and catch it in a Paul trap, where it can be cooled to μK temperature using ground state Raman sideband sympathetic cooling. The μK temperature corresponds to particle velocity in the order of 1 m/s. Once such velocity is reached, the antihydrogen ion can be neutralised and starts to fall. This allows reaching 1 % precision on the measurement of the gravitational acceleration g for antimatter with about 1500 events. Later, it would be possible to reach 10⁻⁵ - 10⁻⁶ precision by measuring the gravitational quantum states of cold antihydrogen. However, in order to measure the free fall, firstly the antihydrogen ion has to be produced. It is formed in the charge exchange reactions between antiproton/antihydrogen and positronium. Positronium and antihydrogen atoms can be either in a ground state or in an excited state. An experimental study of the cross section measurement for these two reactions is described in the presented thesis. The antihydrogen atom and ion production takes place in a cavity. The formation of one antihydrogen ion in one beam crossing requires about 5x10⁶ antiprotons/bunch and a few 10¹¹ Ps/cm⁻³ positronium density inside the cavity, which is produced with a beam containing 5x10¹⁰ positrons per bunch. The production of such intense beams with required properties is a challenging task. First, the development of the positron source is described. The GBAR positron source is based on a 9 MeV linear electron accelerator. The relatively low energy was chosen to avoid activation of the environment. The electron beam is incident on a tungsten target where positrons are created from Bremsstrahlung radiation (gammas) through the pair creation process. Some of the created positrons undergo a further diffusion in the tungsten moderator reducing their energy to about 3 eV. The particles are re-accelerated to about 53 eV energy and are adiabatically transported to the next stage of the experiment. Presently, the measured positron flux is at the level of 6x10⁷ e⁺/s, which is a few times higher than intensities reached with radioactive sources. Then, the thesis features a short description of the antiproton/proton beam preparations, finalised with a chapter about the expected antihydrogen atom and ion production yield. After the reaction, antiproton, antihydrogen atom, and ion beams are guided to the detection system. It is made to allow for detection from 1 to a few thousand antihydrogen atoms, a single antihydrogen ion and all 5x10⁶ antiprotons. It is especially challenging because antiproton annihilation creates a lot of secondary particles which may disturb measurements of single antihydrogen atoms and ions. The main part of the Thesis is the description of the expected background for the antihydrogen atom and ion detection. Additionally, the detection system allows measuring the cross sections for the symmetric reactions of a hydrogen atom and ion production through charge exchange between protons and positronium. The antihydrogen ion production part of the experiment was fully installed at CERN in 2018. The first tests with antiprotons from the ELENA decelerator were done. Currently, the experiment is being commissioned with positrons and protons, in order to perform the hydrogen atom and ion formation. The optimisation of the ion production with matter will help to be fully prepared for the next antiproton beam time in 2021
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9

Butler, Eoin. "Antihydrogen formation, dynamics and trapping." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678341.

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Yzombard, Pauline. "Laser cooling and manipulation of antimatter in the AEgIS experiment." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS272/document.

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Ma thèse s’est déroulée dans le cadre de la collaboration AEgIS, une des expériences étudiant l’antimatière au CERN. L’objectif final est de mesurer l’effet de la gravité sur un faisceau froid d’antihydrogène (Hbar). AEgIS se propose de créer les Hbar froids par échange de charges entre un atome de Positronium (Ps) excité (état de Rydberg) et un antiproton piégé : 〖Ps〗^*+ pbar → (H^*)⁻ + e⁻. L’étude de la physique du Ps est cruciale pour AEgIS, et demande des systèmes lasers adaptés. Pendant ma thèse, ma première tâche a été de veiller au bon fonctionnement des systèmes lasers de l’expérience. Afin d’exciter le positronium jusqu’à ses états de Rydberg (≃20) en présence d’un fort champ magnétique (1 T), deux lasers pulsés spectralement larges ont été spécialement conçu. Nous avons réalisé la première excitation par laser du Ps dans son niveau n=3, et prouvé une excitation efficace du nuage de Ps vers les niveaux de Rydberg n=16-17. Ces mesures, réalisées dans la chambre à vide de test d’AEgIS, à température ambiance et pour un faible champ magnétique environnant, sont la première étape vers la formation d’antihydrogène. Le prochain objectif est de répéter ces résultats dans l’enceinte du piège à 1 T, où les antihydrogènes seront formés. Pour autant, malgré l’excitation Rydberg des Ps pour accroître la section efficace de collision, la production d’antihydrogène restera faible, et la température des H bar formés sera trop élevée pour toute mesure de gravité. Pendant ma thèse, j’ai installé au CERN un autre système laser prévu pour pratiquer une spectroscopie précise des niveaux de Rydberg du Ps. Ce système excite des transitions optiques qui pourraient convenir à un refroidissement Doppler : la transition n=1 ↔ n=2. J’ai étudié la possibilité d’un tel refroidissement, en procédant à des simulations poussées pour déterminer les caractéristiques d’un système laser adapté La focalisation du nuage de Ps grâce au refroidissement des vitesses transverses devrait accroitre le recouvrement des positroniums avec les antiprotons piégés, et ainsi augmenter grandement la production d’Hbar. Le contrôle du refroidissement et de la compression du plasma d’antiprotons est aussi essentiel pour la formation des antihydrogènes. Pendant les temps de faisceaux d’antiprotons de 2014 et 2015, j’ai contribué à la caractérisation et l’optimisation des procédures pour attraper et manipuler les antiprotons, afin d’atteindre des plasmas très denses, et ce, de façon reproductible. Enfin, j’ai participé activement à l’élaboration d’autre projet à l’étude AEgIS, qui vise aussi à augmenter la production d’antihydrogène : le projet d’un refroidissement sympathique des antiprotons, en utilisant un plasma d’anions refroidis par laser. J’ai étudié la possibilité de refroidir l’ion moléculaire C₂⁻, et les résultats de simulations sont encourageants. Nous sommes actuellement en train de développer au CERN le système expérimental qui nous permettra de faire les premiers tests de refroidissement sur le C₂⁻. Si couronné de succès, ce projet ne sera pas seulement le premier résultat de refroidissement par laser d’anions, mais ouvrira aussi les portes à une production efficace d’antihydrogènes froids<br>My Ph.D project took place within the AEgIS collaboration, one of the antimatter experiments at the CERN. The final goal of the experiment is to perform a gravity test on a cold antihydrogen (Hbar) beam. AEgIS proposes to create such a cold Hbar beam based on a charge exchange reaction between excited Rydberg Positronium (Ps) and cold trapped antiprotons: 〖Ps〗^* + pbar → (H^*)⁻ + e⁻. Studying the Ps physics is crucial for the experiment, and requires adapted lasers systems. During this Ph.D, my primary undertaking was the responsibility for the laser systems in AEgIS. To excite Ps atom up to its Rydberg states (≃20) in presence of a high magnetic field (1 T), two broadband pulsed lasers have been developed. We realized the first laser excitation of the Ps into the n=3 level, and demonstrated an efficient optical path to reach the Rydberg state n=16-17. These results, obtained in the vacuum test chamber and in absence of strong magnetic field, reach a milestone toward the formation of antihydrogen in AEgIS, and the immediate next step for us is to excite Ps atoms inside our 1 T trapping apparatus, where the formation of antihydrogen will take place. However, even once this next step will be successful, the production rate of antihydrogen atoms will nevertheless be very low, and their temperature much higher than could be wished. During my Ph.D, I have installed further excitation lasers, foreseen to perform fine spectroscopy on Ps atoms and that excite optical transitions suitable for a possible Doppler cooling. I have carried out theoretical studies and simulations to determine the proper characteristics required for a cooling laser system. The transverse laser cooling of the Ps beam will enhance the overlap between the trapped antiprotons plasma and the Ps beam during the charge-exchange process, and therefore drastically improve the production rate of antihydrogen. The control of the compression and cooling of the antiproton plasma is also crucial for the antihydrogen formation. During the beam-times of 2014 and 2015, I participated in the characterization and optimization our catching and manipulation procedures to reach highly compressed antiproton plasma, in repeatable conditions. Another project in AEgIS I took part aims to improve the formation rate of ultracold antihydrogen, by studying the possibility of a sympathetically cooling of the antiprotons using a laser-cooled anion plasma. I investigated some laser cooling schemes on the C₂⁻ molecular anions, and the simulations are promising. I actively contribute to the commissioning of the test apparatus at CERN to carry on the trials of laser cooling on the C₂⁻ species. If successful, this result will not only be the first cooling of anions by laser, but will open the way to a highly efficient production of ultracold antihydrogen atoms
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Books on the topic "Antihydrogene"

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Charlton, Michael, Stefan Eriksson, and Graham M. Shore. Antihydrogen and Fundamental Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51713-7.

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Hydomako, Richard. Detection of Trapped Antihydrogen. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34484-8.

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Hydomako, Richard. Detection of Trapped Antihydrogen. Springer, 2012.

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Hydomako, Richard. Detection of Trapped Antihydrogen. Springer, 2015.

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Eriksson, Stefan, Michael Charlton, and Graham M. Shore. Antihydrogen and Fundamental Physics: Testing Fundamental Physics. Springer, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Antihydrogene"

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Charlton, Michael, Stefan Eriksson, and Graham M. Shore. "Antihydrogen." In Antihydrogen and Fundamental Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51713-7_3.

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Gabrielse, G., L. Haarsma, S. L. Rolston, and W. Kells. "Antihydrogen Production." In Laser Spectroscopy VIII. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47973-4_6.

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Butler, E., G. B. Andresen, M. D. Ashkezari, et al. "Trapped antihydrogen." In LEAP 2011. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5530-7_3.

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Charlton, Michael, Stefan Eriksson, and Graham M. Shore. "Introduction." In Antihydrogen and Fundamental Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51713-7_1.

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Charlton, Michael, Stefan Eriksson, and Graham M. Shore. "Fundamental Principles." In Antihydrogen and Fundamental Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51713-7_2.

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Charlton, Michael, Stefan Eriksson, and Graham M. Shore. "Other Antimatter Species." In Antihydrogen and Fundamental Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51713-7_4.

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Charlton, Michael, Stefan Eriksson, and Graham M. Shore. "Summary and Outlook." In Antihydrogen and Fundamental Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51713-7_5.

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Fujiwara, M. C., D. R. Gill, L. Kurchaninov, et al. "Towards antihydrogen confinement with the ALPHA antihydrogen trap." In TCP 2006. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73466-6_11.

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Poth, H. "Synthesis of Antihydrogen." In Atomic Physics with Positrons. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0963-5_27.

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Jacobsen, F. M., L. H. Andersen, B. I. Deutch, et al. "On Antihydrogen Production." In Atomic Physics with Positrons. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0963-5_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Antihydrogene"

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Walz, Jochen. "Antihydrogen." In 11th European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/EQEC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2009.5192011.

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Schmidt, Iván. "Antihydrogen." In First Latin American symposium on high energy physics and The VII Mexican School of Particles and Fields. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.53213.

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Gabrielse, G. "Slow Antihydrogen." In ATOMIC PROCESSES IN PLASMAS: 14th APS Topical Conference on Atomic Processes in Plasmas. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1824851.

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Rizzini, Evandro Lodi, Luca Venturelli, Nicola Zurlo, Yasuyuki Kanai, and Yasunori Yamazaki. "Antihydrogen production." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON COLD ANTIMATTER PLASMAS AND APPLICATION TO FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2977847.

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Poth, H. "Physics with antihydrogen." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 150. AIP, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.36118.

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FUJIWARA, M. C., G. B. ANDRESEN, M. D. ASHKEZARI, et al. "ALPHA ANTIHYDROGEN EXPERIMENT." In Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814327688_0011.

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Brian, J., and A. Mitchell. "Antihydrogen production schemes." In 3rd Conference on the Intersections Between Particle and Nuclear Physics. American Institute of Physics, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.37751.

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Gabrielse, Gerald. "Observation of cold antihydrogen." In Frontiers in Optics. OSA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2003.tua3.

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GABRIELSE, G., J. N. TAN, N. S. BOWDEN, et al. "COLD ANTIHYDROGEN AND CPT." In Proceedings of the Second Meeting. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812778123_0025.

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AMSLER, Claude. "The ATHENA antihydrogen detector." In International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics. Sissa Medialab, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.007.0270.

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Reports on the topic "Antihydrogene"

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Blanford, Glenn DelFosse. Observation of relativistic antihydrogen atoms. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/16551.

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Cabrielse, Gerald. Antiprotons, Antihydrogen and Mass Spectroscopy. Defense Technical Information Center, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388318.

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Keating, Christopher. Using Strong Laser Fields to Produce Antihydrogen Ions. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6403.

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Gabrielse, Gerald. The Production and Study of Antiprotons and Cold Antihydrogen. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada563600.

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Gabrielse, Gerald. The Production and Study of Antiprotons and Cold Antihydrogen. Defense Technical Information Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada461017.

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Gabrielse, Gerald. The Production and Study of Cold Antiprotons and Antihydrogen. Defense Technical Information Center, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada626745.

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Wurtele, Jonathan, and Joel Fajans. Collaborative Research: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Plasma Physics of Antihydrogen Generation and Trapping. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1504778.

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Robicheaux, Francis. Collaborative Research: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Plasma Physics of Antihydrogen Generation and Trapping. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1072055.

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Robicheaux, Francis. Experimental and theoretical study of the plasma physics of antihydrogen generation and trapping. Final Scientific Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1573060.

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Ordonez, Carlos. Collaborative Research: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Plasma Physics of Antihydrogen Generation and Trapping. Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1561529.

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