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1

&NA;. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 4, no. 6 (1991): 845–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199112000-00022.

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&NA;. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 4, no. 6 (1991): 882–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199112000-00023.

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&NA;. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 11, no. 6 (1998): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199812000-00016.

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&NA;. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 11, no. 6 (1998): 753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199812000-00019.

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5

Bush, Karen. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1, no. 2 (1997): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(97)80006-3.

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6

KAPLAN, SHELDON L., and EDWARD O. MASON. "Antimicrobial agents." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 13, no. 11 (1994): 1050–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199411000-00035.

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7

Grabe, Darren W. "Antimicrobial Agents." Seminars in Dialysis 23, no. 5 (2010): 472–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139x.2010.00774.x.

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8

Finch, R. G. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 1, no. 3 (1988): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198805000-00001.

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9

Wilterdink, J. B. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 1, no. 3 (1988): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198805000-00009.

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&NA;. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 1, no. 3 (1988): 479–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198805000-00021.

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11

&NA;. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 1, no. 3 (1988): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198805000-00022.

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12

Finch, R. G., and H. Neu. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2, no. 3 (1989): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198906000-00001.

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13

Clercq, E. De. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2, no. 3 (1989): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198906000-00008.

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14

Finch, Roger G., and Harold C. Neu. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 6 (1990): 741–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199012000-00001.

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15

Douglas, R. Gordon. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 6 (1990): 787–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199012000-00009.

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16

&NA;. "Antimicrobial agents." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 6 (1990): 895–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199012000-00019.

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17

Glatt, Aaron. "Antimicrobial Agents." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 63, no. 2 (1988): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(12)64960-x.

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18

Embil, John M., and Lindsay E. Nicolle. "Antimicrobial Agents." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 10, no. 2 (1999): 403–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-9651(18)30203-1.

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19

Chopra, Ian. "Antimicrobial agents." Trends in Microbiology 5, no. 8 (1997): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(97)82235-4.

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20

Sárközy, G. "Quinolones: a class of antimicrobial agents." Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 9–10 (2001): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7883-vetmed.

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The fluoroquinolones are a series of synthetic antibacterial agents that are used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. These agents inhibit the DNA gyrase, abolishing its activity by interfering with the DNA-rejoining reaction. The inhibition of the resealing leads to the liberation of fragments that are subsequently destroyed by the bacterial exonucleases. All fluoroquinolones accumulate within bacteria very rapidly, so that a steady-state intrabacterial concentration is obtained within a few minutes. Resistance develops slowly and is usually chromosomal and not plasmid medi
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21

Kudiyirickal, Marina George, and Romana Ivančaková. "Antimicrobial Agents Used in Endodontic Treatment." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 51, no. 1 (2008): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2017.1.

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Biomechanical preparation alone does not completely eradicate microorganisms from the root canal, hence the next logical step is to perform root canal procedures in conjunction with antimicrobials. The use of an antimicrobial agent improves the efficacy and prognosis of endodontic treatment. This review enumerates the most widely used antimicrobial agents, their mechanism of action and their potential use in reducing the microbial load.
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22

Masoamphambe, Effita Fifi, Bright Lipenga, Raymond Pongolani, et al. "The market systems and supply chain of antimicrobial agents in Malawi." Wellcome Open Research 10 (March 5, 2025): 123. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23280.1.

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Background A central pillar of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is to optimize use of antimicrobials. Whilst excessive use of antimicrobials drives AMR, scarcity has a negative impact on patients needing access to treatment for infectious diseases. Addressing this issue necessitates concerted efforts to enhance the antimicrobial supply chain. However, achieving tangible improvements requires a comprehensive understanding of the existing processes of antimicrobial supply. Notably, there exists a gap in the literature on the market dynamics and supply chain processes of a
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23

Di Martino, Patrick. "Antimicrobial agents and microbial ecology." AIMS Microbiology 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2022001.

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<abstract> <p>Antimicrobials are therapeutic substances used to prevent or treat infections. Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents applied to non-living surfaces. Every year, several thousand tonnes of antimicrobials and their by-products are released into the environment and in particular into the aquatic environment. This type of xenobiotic has ecological consequences in the natural environment but also in technological environments such as wastewater treatment plants and methane fermentation sewage sludge treatment plants. The constant exposure of microbial communities not only
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24

Jenssen, Håvard, Pamela Hamill, and Robert E. W. Hancock. "Peptide Antimicrobial Agents." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19, no. 3 (2006): 491–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00056-05.

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SUMMARY Antimicrobial host defense peptides are produced by all complex organisms as well as some microbes and have diverse and complex antimicrobial activities. Collectively these peptides demonstrate a broad range of antiviral and antibacterial activities and modes of action, and it is important to distinguish between direct microbicidal and indirect activities against such pathogens. The structural requirements of peptides for antiviral and antibacterial activities are evaluated in light of the diverse set of primary and secondary structures described for host defense peptides. Peptides wit
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25

Wolfson, J. S., and D. C. Hooper. "Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2, no. 4 (1989): 378–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.2.4.378.

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The fluoroquinolones, a new class of potent orally absorbed antimicrobial agents, are reviewed, considering structure, mechanisms of action and resistance, spectrum, variables affecting activity in vitro, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy, emergence of resistance, and tolerability. The primary bacterial target is the enzyme deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase. Bacterial resistance occurs by chromosomal mutations altering deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase and decreasing drug permeation. The drugs are bactericidal and potent in vitro against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus
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26

Wolfson, J. S., and D. C. Hooper. "Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2, no. 4 (1989): 378–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.2.4.378-424.1989.

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27

Neu, Harold C. "Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents." Annual Review of Medicine 43, no. 1 (1992): 465–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.me.43.020192.002341.

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28

Goldfarb, Johanna. "New Antimicrobial Agents." Pediatric Clinics of North America 42, no. 3 (1995): 717–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38987-8.

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29

Oliphant, Catherine M. "New Antimicrobial Agents." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 12, no. 3 (2016): e91-e100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.10.008.

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30

Hooper, David C., and John S. Wolfson. "Fluoroquinolone Antimicrobial Agents." New England Journal of Medicine 324, no. 6 (1991): 384–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199102073240606.

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31

Fernandes, Prabhavathi B. "Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 78, no. 9 (1989): 787–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600780922.

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32

Honda, Hitoshi, Shutaro Murakami, Yasuharu Tokuda, Yasuaki Tagashira, and Akane Takamatsu. "Critical National Shortage of Cefazolin in Japan: Management Strategies." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 7 (2020): 1783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa216.

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Abstract The shortage of antimicrobials poses a global health threat. In Japan, for instance, the current, critical shortage of cefazolin, a first-line agent for the treatment of common infectious diseases and surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis, has had a substantial impact on inpatient care. A shortage of essential antimicrobial agents like cefazolin leads to increased consumption of alternative antimicrobial agents with broad-spectrum activity, with the unintended consequence of militating against antimicrobial stewardship efforts in inpatient settings and potentially promoting antimicrobial
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33

Kaikade, Swapnil, and Nitin Paise. "Analysis of cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial agents prescribed in tertiary care rural setup of central India." Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 9, no. 1 (2022): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2022.008.

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Antimicrobial agents are most commonly prescribed drug and share major cost of the treatment. In india, health insurance doesn’t cover all people leading to out-of-pocket expenditure. To study the cost-effectiveness of Antimicrobial agents and to recommend the proper therapeutic strategy for the use antimicrobial agents.The present cross sectioned study was carried out in by collecting data from admitted patient’s case paper, tabulated in seven groups of disease and four groups of antimicrobial agents, scrutinized for its pharmacoeconomics. Statistical analysis done by using Fisher’s Z- test.
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34

Cowan, Marjorie Murphy. "Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12, no. 4 (1999): 564–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.4.564.

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SUMMARY The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of seconda
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35

Alotaibi, Areej M., Nasser B. Alsaleh, Alanoud T. Aljasham, et al. "Silver Nanoparticle-Based Combinations with Antimicrobial Agents against Antimicrobial-Resistant Clinical Isolates." Antibiotics 11, no. 9 (2022): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091219.

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The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria along with the limited development of antimicrobials warrant investigating novel antimicrobial modalities. Emerging inorganic engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), most notably silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), have demonstrated superior antimicrobial properties. However, AgNPs, particularly those of small size, could exert overt toxicity to mammalian cells. This study investigated whether combining AgNPs and conventional antimicrobials would produce a synergistic response and determined the optimal and safe minimum inhibitory concentr
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36

Bin Liew, Kai, Ashok Kumar Janakiraman, Ramkanth Sundarapandian, et al. "A review and revisit of nanoparticles for antimicrobial drug delivery." Journal of Medicine and Life 15, no. 3 (2022): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2021-0097.

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Antimicrobials are widely used to treat bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Therefore, research and development of newer types of antimicrobials are important. Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major challenge to the healthcare system, although various alternative antimicrobials have been proposed. However, none of these show consistent and comparable efficacy to antimicrobials in clinical trials. More recently, nanoparticles have emerged as a potential solution to antimicrobial agents to overcome antimicrobial resistance. This article revisits and updates applications of various t
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37

Kim, Jaeeun, Betsey Pitts, Philip S. Stewart, Anne Camper, and Jeyong Yoon. "Comparison of the Antimicrobial Effects of Chlorine, Silver Ion, and Tobramycin on Biofilm." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 4 (2008): 1446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00054-07.

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ABSTRACT The systematic understanding of how various antimicrobial agents are involved in controlling biofilms is essential in order to establish an effective strategy for biofilm control, since many antimicrobial agents are effective against planktonic cells but are ineffective when they are used against the same bacteria growing in a biofilm state. Three different antimicrobial agents (chlorine, silver, and tobramycin) and three different methods for the measurement of membrane integrity (plate counts, the measurement of respiratory activity with 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride [CTC
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KOCADAĞ, Meryemnur, Pinar SANLIBABA, Rezzan KASIM, and Mehmet Ufuk KASIM. "Natural and commercial antimicrobial agents that inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes strains." Scientia Agropecuaria 13, no. 4 (2022): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2022.032.

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Vinegar products have gained popularity as an all-natural antimicrobial agent in recent years. In the present study, the antimicrobial susceptibility of 29 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from ready-to-eat foods was detected against natural and commercial antimicrobial agents, vinegar produced from different raw materials, lemon juice, sodium bicarbonate, and hydrogen peroxide, by using the disc diffusion method. Different concentrations of antimicrobial agents were tested against varying cell densities of the L. monocytogenes strain (105, 106, and 107 CFU/mL). The inhibition zone diam
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39

Fernandes, Tiago Gomes, Amanda Rafaela Carneiro de Mesquita, Karina Perrelli Randau, Adelisa Alves Franchitti, and Eulália Azevedo Ximenes. "In VitroSynergistic Effect ofPsidium guineense(Swartz) in Combination with Antimicrobial Agents against Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusStrains." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/158237.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract ofPsidium guineenseSwartz (Araçá-do-campo) and five antimicrobials (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem) against twelve strains ofStaphylococcus aureuswith a resistant phenotype previously determined by the disk diffusion method. FourS. aureusstrains showed resistance to all antimicrobial agents tested and were selected for the study of the interaction between aqueous extract ofP. guineenseand antimicrobial agents, by the checkerboard method. The criteria used to eva
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40

Brady, A. J., T. B. Farnan, J. G. Toner, D. F. Gilpin, and M. M. Tunney. "Treatment of a cochlear implant biofilm infection: a potential role for alternative antimicrobial agents." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 124, no. 7 (2010): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215110000319.

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AbstractObjective:This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial treatment of an infected cochlear implant, undertaken in an attempt to salvage the infected device.Methods:We used the broth microdilution method to assess the susceptibility of meticillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolate, cultured from an infected cochlear implant, to common antimicrobial agents as well as to novel agents such as tea tree oil. To better simulate in vivo conditions, where bacteria grow as microcolonies encased in glycocalyx, the bactericidal activity of selected antimicrobial agents against the isolate grow
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41

Oliphant, Catherine M. "Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Therapy for Infectious Diseases." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 8, no. 1 (1995): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009500800103.

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Optimal use of antimicrobial agents is dependent on a multitude of factors. Empiric therapy should be based on the patient's underlying disease states, the most likely organisms suspected, and susceptibility patterns. Once susceptibilities are known, therapy should be streamlined. A number of factors must be evaluated during therapy. The site of infections must be considered when choosing antimicrobial agents. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) should be evaluated ; the antimicrobial agent's MIC should be at or below the breakpoint for the organism to be considered susceptible. Antimic
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42

Manorama, Garima Awasthi. "A Overview Of The 2-Aminopyrimidine Derivatives As Antimicrobial Agents." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 8 (2024): 2420–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13167948.

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The ongoing challenge of antimicrobial resistance necessitates the continuous exploration of new antimicrobial agents. Among various chemical scaffolds, 2-aminopyrimidine derivatives have garnered significant attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of 2-aminopyrimidine derivatives, highlighting their chemical synthesis, structural diversity, and mechanisms of action. Emphasis is placed on recent advancements in the development of these compounds, their activity against a variety of microbial pathogens, and their potential as
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43

Yamashiro, Yoshiko, Yoshikazu Fukuoka, Akira Yotsuji, Takashi Yasuda, Isamu Saikawa, and Yasushi Ueda. "Interactions of antimicrobial agents and antineoplastic agents." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 18, no. 6 (1986): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/18.6.703.

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44

Levison, Matthew E. "PHARMACODYNAMICS OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 9, no. 3 (1995): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30682-6.

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45

Aung, Ar Kar, David W. Haas, Todd Hulgan, and Elizabeth J. Phillips. "Pharmacogenomics of antimicrobial agents." Pharmacogenomics 15, no. 15 (2014): 1903–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.14.147.

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46

Walsh, M. Lynn, and Caroline C. Johnson. "Update on Antimicrobial Agents." Nursing Clinics of North America 26, no. 2 (1991): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6465(22)00251-1.

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47

Al-Majedy, Yasameen K., Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, Ahmed A. Al-Amiery, and Abu Bakar Mohamad. "Coumarins: The Antimicrobial agents." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 8, no. 1 (2017): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/srp.2017.1.11.

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48

Mustafa, Mahmoud M., and George H. McCracken. "Antimicrobial Agents in Pediatrics." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 3, no. 3 (1989): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30285-3.

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49

Kolokotronis, A. "Susceptibility ofCapnocytophagato Antimicrobial Agents." Journal of Chemotherapy 7, no. 5 (1995): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/joc.1995.7.5.414.

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50

Rey, Aixa M., John G. Gums, and Ken Grauer. "The new antimicrobial agents." Postgraduate Medicine 88, no. 2 (1990): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1990.11704697.

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