Journal articles: 'Antimicrobial phytochemicals'

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Kumar Shrestha, Bijay, Bidhya Dhungana, Jenish Shakya, Romika Shrestha, and Sujata Chauhan. "Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Bark Extract of Shorea robusta (Sal)." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 10, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54796/njb.v10i1.227.

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Different parts of Shorea robusta (Sal) are being used in ancestral and ayurvedic medicines and are known to cure health ailments. The different phytochemicals present in S. robusta is known to possess antimicrobial property. The different botanical parts of this plant have been used in ayurvedic medicines to cure certain infectious diseases. The main aim of this study was to screen phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of bark extract of S. robusta. Literatures were collected through books, journals and further additional information were collected from residents and traditional ayurvedic practitioners. The ethanolic bark extract of S. robusta was obtained through 70% ethanol in rotatory shaker for 72 hours at 37 ℃ and then the crude extract was dried, preserved and analyzed for phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of bark of S. robusta indicated presence of phytochemicals like, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, anthraquinone and absence of phlobatannins, terpenoids, starch and proteins. The extract of S. robusta on Staphylococcus aureus exhibited clear zone of inhibition of 21mm at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/mL while on Escherichia coli exhibited clear zone of inhibition of 9 mm at MIC of 4 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity may be conferred due to the presence of plant phytochemicals. S. robusta bark extract exhibiting significant minimum inhibitory concentration and antimicrobial activity indicates the efficacy of this plant to be considered for discovering and extracting new antimicrobial products against the pathogens. These findings need further support for appropriate formulation of the drug and its therapeutic use in clinical settings.

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Bhalla, Nikhil, Vijay Kumar, and Susmita Shukla. "Study of Daucus carota ssp. Sativus and Butea monosperma to analyse their Applicability in Pharmaceutical Industry as Antimicrobial Agents." International Journal of Phytomedicine 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5138/09750185.2178.

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Human Beings have been using plant products to heal the Wounds and Diseases from the inception of humankind. Even when it was not known that microorganisms exist, People have been using antimicrobial agents prepared from plants. These antimicrobial products were prepared by extracting the plant in a suitable solvent. Antimicrobial property is conferred to plants by the presence of various phytochemicals which are the products of several Secondary metabolic pathways. The aim of this project was to decipher the potential use of Daucus carota ssp. Sativus and Butea monosperma in the pharmaceutical industry. In this research, Qualitative phytochemical screening and antimicrobial potential of Black carrot and Kamarkas has been studied.Black carrot showed good antimicrobial activity against A. brasiliensis, E. coli and S. enterica, arranged in descending order of the Slope obtained in each antimicrobial assay. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of Flavonoids, Soluble Phenolic Compounds, Naphthoquinone and traces of Saponins and Alkaloids. The Kamarkas showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and to some extent against A. brasiliensis. Phytochemical analysis of Kamarkas showed positive for all phytochemicals.

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B. Deepa and T. Sivakumar. "Screening of Phytochemicals and in vitro studies of Garlic: An Updated review." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i01.002.

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Herbal remedies are an integral part of ancient folk medicinal systems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents, adjacent composition and antimicrobial of (Garlic) Allium sativum L. extract. The qualitative phytochemical screening of Allium sativum aqueous and ethanol extracts indicated the presence of Alkaloid, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroid, phenol, Anthraquinones, saponin, tannin and glycoside. Quantitatively phytochemical was analysed alkaloid, tannin and saponin and adjacent composition of nutrients carbohydrates, protein, fats, fibre, moisture and ash. Garlic extract has antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and antidiabetic activity. Garlic contains high levels of sulfur compounds that are responsible for its medicinal effects. The available reports on phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antimicrobial, antidiabetic activity of Garlic are discussed in this review.

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Jebamalai, Suresh Kumar, Nirmala Ramachandran, and Venkatraman Arumugam. "Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on Hygrophila auriculata Schumach." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 8, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2021.812.004.

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In the present study, the medicinal plant Hygrophila auriculata was selected and the screening of the qualitative and quantitative of phytochemicals. The phytochemical profiles were estimated through the Gas chromatography-Mass spectrophotometer, which containing twenty compounds were listed out. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the entire plant was studied against five selected bacterial and five selected fungal pathogens using well diffusion method. The results revealed that the methanolic extract of Hygrophila auriculata possessed alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and various other phytochemicals. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with a range of 8-16 mm zone of diameter, This study gives a new route to discovery of new drug for the control of microorganisms.

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Muddapur, Uday M., Aejaz A. Khan, Amal Bahafi, S. M. Shakeel Iqubal, Abdul Rahman Ikbal, Tasneem Mohammed, Kayamkani Abedulla Khan, and Muazzam Sheriff Maqbul. "Extraction of the Metabolites from Medicinal plant Euphorbia leaf." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 1257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370535.

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The antimicrobial, phytochemical contents of extracts obtained from the leaf extract of mature Euphorbia pilulifera (E. pilulifera) were examined in this research work. Using ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves of Euphorbia pilulifera, phytochemical metabolites were studied. Further using chromatography, different components were separated and its antimicrobial activity was studied. Different types of bacterial organisms were used for evaluating the antimicrobial activity. The results indicated that leaf extracts are more sensitive towards organisms. Thus the presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract can be used for the treatment of different diseases.

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Das, Sumit, Nuruzzaman Dewan, Kapil Joyti Das, and Dhritishmita Kalita. "PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF FLACOURTIA JANGOMAS FRUITS." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 4 (July 14, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20965.

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Objective: To determine phytochemical, antimicrobial and in vitro antioxidant activity of Flacourtia jangomas (Family: Flacourtiaceae)Methods: The fruit extracts of the plant was taken for the phytochemical screening to identify the phytochemicals present in it. The extracts of the fruits were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and Escherichia coli by disc diffusion method. In vitro, antioxidant activity was performed by reducing power method, TBA method.Results: The n-butanol extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against all the strains as compared to the standard drug. The extracts also showed antioxidant activity against the standard ascorbic acid.Conclusion: The extracts showed a high amount of antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity.

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Zalegh, Imane, Mohamed Akssira, Mohammed Bourhia, Fouad Mellouki, Naima Rhallabi, Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah, Mohammed Saeed Alkaltham, Heba Khalil Alyahya, and Rajaa Ait Mhand. "A Review on Cistus sp.: Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activities." Plants 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061214.

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Resistance to drugs is reaching alarming levels and is placing human health at risk. With the lack of new antimicrobials drugs, infectious diseases are becoming harder to treat. Hence, there is an increasing awareness of active phytochemicals with therapeutic functions. The tremendous research interest on the Cistus L. genus includes numerous plants used in traditional medicine by people living around the Mediterranean Sea, also resulted in some interesting discoveries and written literature. This review aimed at gathering scientific literature about Cistus species, describing phytochemical profiles and the various pharmacological activities. We also extensively reviewed the antimicrobial activities, including antiviral, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antibacterial potentials of Essential Oils (EO), raw extracts as well as isolated compounds. Mechanisms of action along with methods used are also investigated in this review. Considering the findings of the Cistus species extracts, this genus offers an adequate reserve of active phytochemicals since many have been used to create drugs. Therefore, this review work can serve society by providing a global view on Cistus L. sp. regarding pharmacological potentials and their chemical profiles.

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Ribeiro, Marta, Joana Malheiro, Liliana Grenho, Maria Helena Fernandes, and Manuel Simões. "Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial action of selected phytochemicals against planktonic and sessile Streptococcus mutans." PeerJ 6 (June 4, 2018): e4872. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4872.

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Background Dental caries remains the most prevalent and costly oral infectious disease worldwide, encouraging the search for new and more effective antimicrobials. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the antimicrobial action of selected phytochemicals (eugenol, citronellol, sabinene hydrate, trans-cinnamaldehyde, terpineol and cinnamic acid) against Streptococcus mutans in planktonic and biofilm states as well as the cytotoxicity of these compounds. Methods The antibacterial activity of the selected compounds was evaluated by the determination of the minimal bactericidal concentration. The resazurin assay was used to assess the metabolic activity of sessile S. mutans. The cytotoxicity was determined using a fibroblast cell line. Results Among the tested phytochemicals, citronellol, cinnamic acid and trans-cinnamaldehyde were the most effective against both planktonic and sessile S. mutans, an effect apparently related to their hydrophobic character. Additionally, these three compounds did not compromise fibroblasts cell viability. Discussion Citronellol, cinnamic acid and trans-cinnamaldehyde demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity proposing their potential as a novel group of therapeutic compounds to control oral infectious diseases. Moreover, their effects are particularly relevant when benchmarked against eugenol, a phytochemical commonly used for prosthodontic applications in dentistry.

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Momanyi Kerubo Rachael, Rajiv P, and Sugapriya Dhanasekaran. "Screening for Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 5787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3226.

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The plants are producing different types of secondary metabolites and are employed either indirectly or directly in the pharmaceutical industries. The chemical constituents of secondary metabolites improve the primary health and physiological activity in human systems. Tridax procumbens is belonging to Asteraceae family. T. procumbens is classified as a weed. In traditional medicine, the leaves, root, and stem of T. procumbens were used to treatment of stomach pain, diarrhoea, colds, inflammations, hepatopathies, bacterial and skin infections. The main objectives of present study were to screen the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of weed plant (T. procumbens). The phytochemical screening was carried out using the stranded methods. The evaluation of antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract of T. procumbens was done by agar well diffusion method using bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Fusarium oxysporium and Trichoderma reesei. All the phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, phenolic groups, glycosides, tannin, alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids and steroids were present in the extract of T. procumbens and were confirmed by phytochemical analysis. The aqueous extract has not shown antibacterial and antifungal activity against tested pathogens. Other evaluation process is to be done on isolation of phytochemicals and chemical structure determination of bioactive compounds.

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Kalita, Lawrence, Biswajit Dash, Uttam Borah, Juman Deka, and Suvakanta Dash. "PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF DRIED FRUITS OF SOLANUM TORVUM (FAMILY-SOLANACEAE)." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 3 (May 5, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017.v9i3.19982.

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Objective: To study the antimicrobial activity ethanolic extracts of dried fruits of Solanumtorvum (family-solanaceae) along with preliminary phytochemical analysis.Methods: The ethanolic extract of dried fruits of the herb Solanumtorvum (family-solanaceae) were prepared and analyzed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts were examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is gram positive and other is gram negative and 2 fungus using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present experiment shows the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of dried fruits of the plant Solanumtorvum (family-solanaceae). Various phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, Steroids, proteins and amino acids and tannins. All the extracts of the plant showed antimicrobial activity against most of the test organisms.Conclusion: It can be concluded ethanolic extract of whole aerial parts of the Solanumtorvum (family-solanaceae) contain the high presence of phytochemicals. This extract was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.

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Sunday, Ogah. "PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF THE STEM BARK EXTRACTS OFPTEROCARPUS ERINACEUS (POIR)." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12875.

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Medicinal plants are very rich in phytochemicals and have been widely used in modern-day processing drugs. Pterocarpus Erinaceus and has been commonly utilized in Nigerian folk medicine to treat various illnesses such as diarrhea, dysentery, urethral discharges, fever. In this study, the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Pterocarpus Erinaceus were analyzed. The result of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and flavonoids. The antimicrobial screening showed that the plant is active against Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli.

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Thammanna Gowda SS, Parimala B Hanumesh, and Manjula RV. "Antimicrobial activity of Punica grantum leaves." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.3.2.0162.

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Natural phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants acts as inhibitors for pathogenic microorganisms which causes contagious diseases to human beings. The present study was done to explore the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and aqueous-ethanol extract of Punica grantum leaves. The phytochemical analysis of both the extracts revealed the presence of total phenolics & flavonoids at varied concentration. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was carried out by disc diffusion method. Both the aqueous and aqueous-ethanol extract showed the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, Shi. dysentriae & Shi. flexineri. The antimicrobial activity of the Punica grantum leaves extracts could be attributed by the presence of phenolics and flavonoids.

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Borah, Uttam, Biswajit Dash, Suvakanta Dash, and Lawrence Kalita. "PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF WHOLE AERIAL PART OF THE HERB LEUCAS PLUKENETII SPRENG (FAMILY-LAMINACEAE)." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 3 (May 5, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017.v9i3.19598.

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Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Leucas Plukenetii Spreng (family-laminaceae) in conjugation with phytochemical analysis.Methods: The ethanolic extract of whole aerial parts of the herb Leucas Plukenetiispreng (family-laminaceae) was prepared and analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is gram positive and other is gram negative and 2 fungal strains using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present investigation shows the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of the plant Leucas Plukenetii Spreng. Various phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, Steroids, proteins and amino acids and tannins. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of the plant showed significant result against all the of the test organisms.Conclusion: The present study concluded that ethanolic extract of whole aerial parts of the Leucas Plukenetii Spreng contains the high presence of phytochemicals. The ethnaolic extract of the plant was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.

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Selvaraj, Venkatesan, Anithakumari M., Balamurugan V., Sundaresan Arjunan, Susindren Perumal, and Vasanthi K. "Phytochemical screening, FT-IR analysis and antimicrobial activity of Wattakaka volubilis." International Journal of Biological Research 4, no. 2 (August 23, 2016): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6457.

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The present study was evaluated the phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Wattakaka volubilis leaf extract. The Wattakaka volubilis is medicinal plant used in the treatment of various diseases (Wound, diabetics, rheumatic and diarrhea). The ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether and DMSO extract from the leaf of Wattakaka volubilis were screened on their phytochemicals analysis. Among thesePhytochemicals were alkaloids, anthroquione, caumarin, flavanoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids for present in the following extracts ethanol, methanol. The petroleum ether and DMSO only present in several phytochemicals like alkaloid, anthroquinone, terpenoids and tannins. Wattakaka volubilis against the antibacterial like E. coli, B. pumilus, Enterobacter aerogens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The zone of inhibition of Wattkaka voulubilis leaf extract against the bacteria was maximum inhibition Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogens, Bacillus pumilis. The least zone of inhibition was recorded against E.coli. The characterization of the plant extract and the functional groups was analyzed in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The absorbance bands analysis were observed in the region of 4000-400cm-1 are 23 compounds derived. The compounds represented the ranges from 3905.21 to 436.41 peaks were shown. This study which is the primary report on the phytochemicals analysis and antibacterial properties of Wattakaka volubilis supports its traditional uses in the treatment of infectious and non- infectious diseases.

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Ishaq, Muhammad Saqib, Muhammad Medrar Hussain, Muhammad Siddique Afridi, Ghadir Ali, Mahrukh Khattak, Sohail Ahmad, and Shakirullah. "In VitroPhytochemical, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activities of Leaf, Stem, and Root Extracts ofAdiantum capillus veneris." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/269793.

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Adiantum capillus venerisis a medicinally essential plant used for the treatment of diverse infectious diseases. The study of phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and medically important fungi is of immense significance. Extracts from the leaves, stems, and roots ofAdiantum capillus veneriswere extracted with water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane and screened for their antimicrobial activity against ten MDR bacterial strains and five fungal strains isolated from clinical and water samples. Ash, moisture, and extractive values were determined according to standard protocols. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy) studies were performed on different phytochemicals isolated from the extracts ofAdiantum capillus Veneris. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, and reducing sugars. Water, methanol, and ethanol extracts of leaves, stems, and roots showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities against most of the MDR bacterial and fungal strains. This study concluded that extracts ofAdiantum capillus venerishave valuable phytochemicals and significant activities against most of the MDR bacterial strains and medically important fungal strains.

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Alim, Md Abdul, Md Farzanoor Rahman, Tamim Ahsan, Toufiqul Islam, Md Morshedul Alam, and Mohammad Nazir Hossain. "Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant potentiality and antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts of Rosenvingea sp. of Bay of Bengal." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 45, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v45i1.54260.

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The objective of the present study was to explore the phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of 50% ethanolic extract of Rosenvingea sp. found in the Bay of Bengal of Bangladesh. Seven phytochemicals were tested from the ethanolic extract of Rosenvingea, where four phytochemicals, namely steroid, glycosides, alkaloids, and tannins were present. However, ethanol extract exhibited low antioxidant activity compared to standard ascorbic acid as measured by DPPH-Free radical scavenging assay. In Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay, 50% ethanolic extract showed an LC50 value of 10.88 mg/mL, whereas positive control (K2Cr2O7) showed LC50 59.97 µg/mL suggesting the less toxic property of the ethanolic extract. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Rosenvingea sp. was investigated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria species (Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Klebsiella) by agar disc diffusion method. The highest antibacterial activity was noticed against Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus hominis with a zone of inhibition of 5.00±1.00 mm, 3.66±0.57 mm, and 3.33±0.57 mm, respectively. This is the first study on Rosenvingea sp. from the Bay of Bengal, reporting its phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potentiality. However, more study is required to elucidate its commercial viability in the food and medicine industries. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 45(1); 59-71: June 2021

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Ali, Junab, Biswajit Das, and Trideep Saikia. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMON PEEL (CITRUS LIMON) EXTRACT." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 4 (July 14, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20962.

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Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract from the peel of the fruit of Citrus Limon (Family-Rutaceae) in conjugation with phytochemical analysis.Methods: The methanolic extract from the peel of the fruit of Citrus Limon (Family-Rutaceae) was separated from fruits, shade dried, powdered and extracted using methanol, analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extract was examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and other is Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and 1 fungal strains (Candida albicans) using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present investigation shows the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the fruits peel Citrus limon. Various phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides and citric acids and tannins. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the plant showed significant result against all the of the test organisms.Conclusion: The present study concluded that methanolic extract of the peel of Citrus Limon contains the high presence of phytochemicals. The methanolic extract of the plant was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.

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Khameneh, Bahman, N. A. Michael Eskin, Milad Iranshahy, and Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz. "Phytochemicals: A Promising Weapon in the Arsenal against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria." Antibiotics 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091044.

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The extensive usage of antibiotics and the rapid emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microbes (AMR) are becoming important global public health issues. Many solutions to these problems have been proposed, including developing alternative compounds with antimicrobial activities, managing existing antimicrobials, and rapidly detecting AMR pathogens. Among all of them, employing alternative compounds such as phytochemicals alone or in combination with other antibacterial agents appears to be both an effective and safe strategy for battling against these pathogens. The present review summarizes the scientific evidence on the biochemical, pharmacological, and clinical aspects of phytochemicals used to treat microbial pathogenesis. A wide range of commercial products are currently available on the market. Their well-documented clinical efficacy suggests that phytomedicines are valuable sources of new types of antimicrobial agents for future use. Innovative approaches and methodologies for identifying plant-derived products effective against AMR are also proposed in this review.

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Falaknaaz Shaikh, Dipeshkumar Patel. "Invitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Salvadora persica (Meswak) Roots, Leaves and Stems Extracts." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1009.058.

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As microorganisms have developed the inherent ability to develop and adopt a mechanism of resistance against antibiotic. The harmful side effect of antibiotic including their cost of drug development have slowly shifted toward the plant derived phytochemical based medicines. Screening of antimicrobial property of medicinal plants S. persica gives a positive result against the different species of bacteria (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa) and fungi (A.niger, Fusarium). Firstly, a study of phytochemicals shows that the important part to prevent and protect the plant against the microorganisms. Secondly, the importance of phytochemicals of S.perica provide the information about the compound which are responsible for the antimicrobial activity like alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids etc. Finally, an antioxidant activity involves in the prevention of plant cell tissue damage. Antioxidant activity is measured by DPPH. The total phenolics content of this plant was good and there for this, has high antimicrobial activity. The S.persica has many applications in mouth associated problems, useful to produce antiplaque, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antimycotic, cytotoxic, antifertility, deobstruent, carminative, diuretic, and also applicable in rheumatism.

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Mohammad Waqar Ashraf, M. Amin Mir,. "Equisetum diffusum its Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial and Antifungal activity." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 5599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2979.

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Equisetum diffusum was analysed for the presence of various phytochemicals and it had been found that the concerned plant is enriched with many phytochemicals with wide range of applications in daily life. In addition the plant was found to good antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergills Niger, Fusarium, Nigrospora oryzae. The concerned plant being anti fungal in nature is one of its best natures as least number of phytochemicals is antifungal in nature. In addition the plant extracts show antimicrobial activity against the concerned bacteria viz, E.coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Typhi, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis, Micrococcous luteus, Streptococcus mutans. The plant extracts show a good range of Rf values where a good number of phytochemicals are isolable with potential medicinal properties.

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Rao, Uma maheswara V., and Pradyutha A.Ch. "Phytochemical, Antimicrobioal and Antioxidant Potential of Various Solvent Extracts of Euphorbia Milii DES MOUL Moul." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 13, no. 6 (November 16, 2020): 5190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.6.3.

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The present study was intended to explore the phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of the E. milii stem. The stem of E. milii was extracted using solvents of various polarities such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, ethyl alcohol and water. Solvent extracts of E. milii stem were screened for phytochemicals, total phenol, flavonoid and tannin contents by using conventional protocols. Antimicrobial activity of bacteria and fungi was carried out by using agar well diffusion method. MIC, MBC and MFC were evaluated by broth dilution method. Antioxidant activity was investigated by DPPH (2,2-dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The results revealed that most of the phytochemicals tested were positive in crude stem extracts. Ethyl alcohol, methanol and aqueous extracts of E. milii stem were found to be more positive towards most of the phytochemicals such as steroids, terpenoids, saponins and flavonoids except free and combined reducing sugars. Methanol extract was found more potential and displayed very good antibacterial activity than the positive control (Streptomycin) and other solvent extracts. MIC values were observed to be in the range of 12.5 mg/ml to 75mg/ml and MBC values from 25 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml. Methanol and aqueous extracts of E. milii stem showed the highest antifungal activity against all the fungal strains tested than the positive control fluconazole with MIC values ranged between 6.25 to 25 mg/ml and MFC values from 12.5 to 50 mg/ml. Ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited highest antioxidant activity and total phenol, flavonoid and tannin contents. The phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity results suggesting that the stem of E. milii plant possesses potential bioactive compounds.

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Pinilla, Cristian Mauricio Barreto, Nathalie Almeida Lopes, and Adriano Brandelli. "Lipid-Based Nanostructures for the Delivery of Natural Antimicrobials." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123587.

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Encapsulation can be a suitable strategy to protect natural antimicrobial substances against some harsh conditions of processing and storage and to provide efficient formulations for antimicrobial delivery. Lipid-based nanostructures, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLCs), are valuable systems for the delivery and controlled release of natural antimicrobial substances. These nanostructures have been used as carriers for bacteriocins and other antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial enzymes, essential oils, and antimicrobial phytochemicals. Most studies are conducted with liposomes, although the potential of SLNs and NLCs as antimicrobial nanocarriers is not yet fully established. Some studies reveal that lipid-based formulations can be used for co-encapsulation of natural antimicrobials, improving their potential to control microbial pathogens.

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da Silva, Elisia Gomes, Guerino Bandeira Junior, Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti, Roberto Christ Vianna Santos, André Gündel, and Bernardo Baldisserotto. "In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of S-(-)-Limonene and R-(+)-Limonene against Fish Bacteria." Fishes 6, no. 3 (August 19, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030032.

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Brazilian fish farming goes together with the emergence of numerous bacterial diseases, with Aeromonas hydrophila being the main bacterial pathogen. As a consequence, antimicrobials are excessively used. Considering that antimicrobials are relatively stable and nonbiodegradable, medicinal plants and their phytochemicals have been used as alternative treatments of bacteriosis in fish farming. Limonene is a monoterpene available in two enantiomers: R-(+)-limonene and S-(-)-limonene. This study analyzed the antibacterial activity of the phytochemicals S-(-)-limonene and R-(+)-limonene against some bacteria isolated from silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Furthermore, by means of spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy, we also investigated the combination therapy of phytochemicals with antimicrobials and their activity in terms of inhibiting biofilm formation. Six clinical isolates and a standard strain were selected for antimicrobial activity testing. Biofilm formation was tested in 96-well plates and nylon cubes. The most sensitive of the strains tested was the A. hydrophila strain (MF 372510). S-(-)-limonene and R-(+)-limonene had high minimum inhibitory concentrations; however, they strongly inhibited A. hydrophila biofilm formation. R-(+)-limonene and S-(-)-limonene had an additive effect when combined with florfenicol and an antagonistic effect with oxytetracycline. In general, the phytochemicals tested showed strong antibiofilm activity against A. hydrophila, and when in combination therapy with florfenicol, they showed an additive effect against the treatment of A. hydrophila.

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Cowan, Marjorie Murphy. "Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 564–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.4.564.

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SUMMARY The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.

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Anooj S M, Betty T, Malini R P, Vasini V, and Sumathi P. "Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigations on the aerial plant parts of pergularia daemia forsk. (asclepiadaceae): a perennial twinning herb." Kongunadu Research Journal 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj.2022.21.

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Scientific investigations of medicinal plants have been initiated in many parts of our country because of their contribution to health care. The medicinal properties of plants are due to the presence of phytochemicals. The phytochemicals have anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties. The resistance to antibiotics by bacteria is increasingly becoming a concern to public health. Currently used antibiotic agents fail to bring an end to many bacterial infections due to super-resistant strains. Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents from which new drugs can be obtained. The phytochemical constituents of plants are desirable, not only for the discovery of therapeutic agents, but also because such information may be of value in disclosing new sources. The present study has been carried out on the phytochemical, anti- oxidant and anti-bacterial character of aerial plant parts of Pergularia daemia. The phytochemical result shows that the flavonoids, phenols and tannins were present abundantly in the Ethanolic extracts of aerial plant parts. Both total phenol and tannins are high in ethanolic extract. The antioxidant activity of the plant was done by using DPPH radical scavenging assay. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Pergularia daemia aerial plant parts was tested against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii.

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Kubo, A., C. S. Lunde, and I. Kubo. "Indole and (E)-2-hexenal, phytochemical potentiators of polymyxins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 6 (June 1996): 1438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.6.1438.

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Combinations of polymyxins and phytochemicals were tested for antimicrobial activity against two gram-negative bacteria. Various degrees of potentiation were found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with (E)-2-hexenal and indole. Three-compound combinations were found to further increase the activity of polymyxin B sulfate and colistin methanesulfonate against both bacteria. Combinations with colistin against P. aeruginosa resulted in the highest degree of potentiation, with a 512-fold increase in colistin antimicrobial activity. These results indicate the potential efficacy of phytochemical combinations with antibiotics to enhance total biological activity.

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ADENIYI, Tiwalade Adeyemi, Peter A. ADEONIPEKUN, and Elizabeth A. OMOTAYO. "Investigating the Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Properties of Three Sedge (Cyperaceae) Species." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, no. 3 (September 22, 2014): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb639356.

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In order to evaluate the medicinal value of notorious sedge weeds, three species:Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus rotundus and Mariscus alternifolius were investigated for their phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical constituents and in vitro antimicrobial activities were evaluated against four fungi species: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum and Candida albicans, and three bacteria species: Escherichia coli,Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. Two solvents, water and ethanol, were used to produce the extracts and were screened for their antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity evaluation of the extracts against pathogens was carried out at 100 mg/ml concentration by Disc Diffusion method for fungi, Disc Diffusion and Agar Well Diffusion methods for bacteria. Observed activities were related to standard antibiotics, antifungal and antibacterial, which served as controls. Phytochemically, the plant extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, ketose sugars, steroids, reducing sugars and tannins. The ethanolic extract of C. rotundus exhibited the highest activity against A. niger, E. coli and S. aureus. No extract was active against C. albicans. From these findings, it was concluded that C. rotundus is a potential source of bioactive compounds for new drugs upon isolation and purification for treating infections caused by these pathogens.

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Poongodi K and Tamiliniyan P. "Qualitative phytochemical assessment of Leucas aspera (willd.) Link using various solvent extracts." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4224.

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Leucas aspera (Willd.) Linn. belonging to family Lamiaceae is well-known as ‘Thumbai' in Tamil Nadu with traditional medicinal value as an antipyretic and insecticide. The current research work has been carried out to screen the phytochemical content of the aqueous, hexane, ethanol and methanol extract from the whole plant of Leucas aspera. The percentage of yield of the extracts varied according to the organic solvents used in which aqueous yielded 5.4% and methanol yielded 7.8%, respectively. Among the 11 phytochemicals screened, the whole-plant extract showed the presence of 10 phytochemicals. The phytochemical screening result showed that the carbohydrate, protein, lipids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols were present in the plant sample. Among the different solvent extract, methanol extract exhibited more number of phytochemical presence, and aqueous extract showed the least number of phytochemical presence. Among the different phytochemicals screened, carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins were present in all the solvent extracts. In contrast, steroids were absent in all the solvent extracts, and lipid was present only in methanol extract. The result suggested that the presence of secondary metabolites of Leucas aspera could be a potential source for antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity and the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera could be explored for its potent pharmacological activities.

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Hochma, Efrat, Ludmila Yarmolinsky, Boris Khalfin, Marina Nisnevitch, Shimon Ben-Shabat, and Faina Nakonechny. "Antimicrobial Effect of Phytochemicals from Edible Plants." Processes 9, no. 11 (November 22, 2021): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9112089.

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Current strategies of combating bacterial infections are limited and involve the use of antibiotics and preservatives. Each of these agents has generally inadequate efficacy and a number of serious adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial drugs and food preservatives with higher efficacy and lower toxicity. Edible plants have been used in medicine since ancient times and are well known for their successful antimicrobial activity. Often photosensitizers are present in many edible plants; they could be a promising source for a new generation of drugs and food preservatives. The use of photodynamic therapy allows enhancement of antimicrobial properties in plant photosensitizers. The purpose of this review is to present the verified data on the antimicrobial activities of photodynamic phytochemicals in edible species of the world’s flora, including the various mechanisms of their actions.

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Kurup, Aravind R., Divya Rajan, Dr Jency Blesson, Sruthy Chandran, Thampatty A. R. Thampatty A. R, and Veena P. V. Veena P. V. "Detailed Analysis on Phytochemicals, Antioxidants, Antimicrobial Activity of Eichhornia Crassipes." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2013/7.

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Saini, Amandeep Kaur, P. K. Chauhan, V. Singh, and Pankaj Sharma. "Phytochemical, Antioxidant and in vitro Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Fruit Extracts of Kigelia Africana." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1, no. 02 (June 30, 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.2.12.

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Phytochemicals presents in plants probably explain the various uses of plants for traditional medicine. In this study Kigelia Africana fruit was selected for assessing the level of various Phytochemicals, enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidants and antimicrobial activity. Fruits of the plant taken, dried, grind to powder and then aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared. Antimicrobial activity of these extracts was then studied using agar well plate method. Results of the study showed that aqueous extract of Kigelia Africana have significant amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant enzymes so useful to prevent chronic diseases related to oxidative stress in human body. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract was more than the ethanolic extract.

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Nzeako, J., G. I. Ndukwe, J. D. Habila, E. A. Oluwabukola, and I. Owoicho. "Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Analysis of Fadogia andersonii Robyn Plant Extrac." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i2.13.

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Medicinal plants extracts are now generally considered as effective medicines that play a major role in modern pharmacy. The plant Fadogia andersonii belonging to the Family Rubiaceae, which is used in ethno-medicine was studied. Preliminary phytochemical analyses of the whole plant revealed the presence of the following metabolites: Saponins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates. Anthraquinones was found to be absent. Antimicrobial screening of the methanol plant’s extract carried out (in vitro) on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albican and Aspergillus flavus showed that the extract has activity on the tested microorganisms. However, it showed no inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli. The extract was found to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, B. cereus, S. pyogenes and C. albican at 25mg/ml with a corresponding MBC at 50mg/ml. S.typhi and S. pneumonia were inhibited at 50mg/ml with a corresponding MBC at 100mg/ml. It also inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia and A. flavus at 100mg/ml with a corresponding MBC at 200mg/ml. The observed antimicrobial effects were believed to be due to the presence of active principles which were detected in the phytochemical screening. Keywords: Phytochemicals, Antimicrobials, Fadogia andersonii Robyn

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Deka, Juman, Uttam Borah, Biswajit Dash, Suvakanta Dash, and Lawrence Kalita. "PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF STEM OF THE HERB BASELLA ALBA L. VAR RUBRA (L.) STEWART (FAMILY-BASELLACEAE)." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 3 (May 5, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017.v9i3.19599.

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Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity ethanolic extracts of Basella alba L. var. rubra (L.) stewart (family-basellaceae) along with phytochemical analysis.Methods: The ethanolic extract of stems of the herb Basella alba L. var. rubra (L.) stewart (family-basellaceae) were prepared and analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts were examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is gram positive and other is gram negative and2 fungal strains using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Basella alba L. var. rubra (L.) stewart. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract were carried out and it revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, terpene, saponin. The presence of these bioactive constituents is associated with the antimicrobial activity of the plant. The extract solvated by ethanol showed varying levels of antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria namely E. coli, S. aureus, and fungi namely Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. The study showed that the extract has a marked Sensitivity towards antibacterial strains namely E. coli, S. aureus, and antifungal strain namely Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum.Conclusion: The present study concluded ethanolic extract of stem of theBasella alba L. var. rubra (L.) stewartrevels many phytochemicals such as carbohydrate,tenin, saponin etc. This extract was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.

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Forstinus Nwabor, Ozioma, and Sudarshan Singh. "A Systematic Review on Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk: A Potential Source of Pharmacological Relevant Bioactive Compounds with Prospects as Alternative Remedies in Varied Medical Conditions." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 5875–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2022.15.2.7.

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Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a medicinal plant with vast phytochemical diversity. Its major bioactive constituents include acylphloroglucinols, terpenoids, polyphenol, and flavonoids. Phytochemicals form the plant possess a wide range of biological activities and many are prospect as possible alternative compounds for the management of various health disorders. The review presents the antimicrobial mechanism of action of extracts from the plant and its derivative compounds as reported by published research articles. The search showed that 126 documents have been published on the chemical composition and bioactivities of the plant, in addition, 35 documents were published on rhodomyrtone, the major bioactive acylphloroglucinol from the plant. Retrieved data suggested that the plant is rich in bioactive phytochemicals including rhodomyrtone and its derivatives, Myricitrin, Piceatannol, quercetin, dihydromyricetin, kaempferol, and vitexin. Furthermore, antimicrobial assays indicated that the plant is a source of effective antimicrobial compounds with various mechanisms of action. This paper reviews current knowledge the chemical composition, pharmacology, and toxicology of the plant and its principal compound. The review is intended to inform scientists with interested in drug development on the excellent qualities of the plant and to encourage further research aimed at shedding light on its medical relevance, biocompatibility, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics.

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Paritala, Vikram, Kishore K. Chiruvella, Chakradhar Thammineni, Rama Gopal Ghanta, and Arifullah Mohammed. "Phytochemicals and antimicrobial potentials of mahogany family." Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 25, no. 1 (January 2015): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2014.11.009.

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Chakraborty, Soumallya, Somenath Bhattacharya, Rohan Pal, Sanjit Mandal, Sourav Biswas, Chiranjit Mandal, Dr Amitava Roy, and Dr Arin Bhattacharjee. "A Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity of Vigna unguiculata And Cynodon dactylon." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1900–1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46541.

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Abstract: Extract from different parts of medicinal plant contains lots of phytochemicals and helps to cure different types of diseases. Vigna unguiculata and Cynodon dactylon both are annual herbs and found all over the country. Both annual herbs are numerous used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicines. Vigna unguiculata is a leguminous plant and contain various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Amino acid, phenols, and phytic acid. Vigna unguiculata extract have been reported to cure different type of diseases like anthelmintic activity, antibacterial activity, antimicrobial activity, antidiabetic activity, antiviral and antifungal activity, antioxidant activity ,hypocholesteerolemic activity and hypolipidemic activites. Extracts from different parts of Cynodon dactylon are widely used to prevent different kinds of diseases like antiviral and antimicrobial activity, against snake bites, gout and rheumatic affection, anthelmintic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, reduce burning sensation, hyperdipsia, haematuria, leprosy, bronchitis, piles, asthma, enlargement of the spleen, tumors, dysentery, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, vomiting etc due to the lot of phytochemical likes flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, resins, tannins, reducing sugar, phytosterols, proteins, carbohydrates, volatile oil and fixed oils presents in the plant.

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Kant, Ravi, Rishi Kumar Shukla, Abha Shukla, Vineet Kumar Vishnoi, and Neelesh Babu. "AN EXPERIMRNTAL ASSESMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF PHYTOCHEMICAL DERIVATIVES EXTRACTED FROM THE PEACH (Prunus persica L. Batsch) LEAVES." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 03 (2022): 1888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1536684.

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This study focuses on the preliminary phytochemical screening, nutritive value, and antimicrobial activity of Prunus persica leaves extracts. Proximate analysis of the P. persica leaves shows the moisture content (10.615%), crude fiber.534%), crude fat (4.443%), total protein (27.468%), total carbohydrate (41.566%), and nutritive value (316.123kcal/100g). The qualitative phytochemical studies show the presence of tannins, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. The antimicrobial activity of P. persica leaves extracts was performed against three bacteria (Escherichia coli MTCC-40, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC-2474, Staphylococcus aureus- MTCC-1144) and two fungal strains (Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp.) The ethyl acetate leaves extract of P. persica showed the highest antibacterial activity and the highest antifungal activity compared to other extracts (ethyl acetate > ethanol> chloroform). Overall, this study suggests that P. persica has good nutritive value, is an excellent source of phytochemicals, and shows good antimicrobial activity.

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Adrian Srikishen, Phillip Da Silva, and Gomathinayagam Subramanian. "Comparison of the phytochemical characteristics of Batis maritima with traditional uses." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2022.5.1.0045.

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Batis maritima, commonly referred to as Saltwort, is a halophyte found in coastal regions of various parts of North America, South America and Africa. It has historically been used in traditional medicine in the treatment of ailments such as eczema and cutaneous infections, among others. Since many of these ailments are known to be caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens, it is highly likely that extracts of B. maritima possesses strong antimicrobial properties, and, as such, may contain phytochemicals which have been known to display these phytochemical properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a phytochemical screening of alcoholic extracts of B. maritima leaves and compare these to the traditional uses of the herb. Alcoholic crude extracts of leaves of the B. maritima shrub were subjected to a series of phytochemical analyses. The results of these analyses indicated the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, tannins and terpenoids. Upon a comparison of the phytochemicals detected and the documented traditional uses of the herb, a correlation may be seen between the two. Many of the phytochemicals present in the extract have been previously noted to be used in medicine to treat many diseases that are similar to those that have historically been treated with B. maritima.

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Suriyaprom, Sureeporn, Pascale Mosoni, Sabine Leroy, Thida Kaewkod, Mickaël Desvaux, and Yingmanee Tragoolpua. "Antioxidants of Fruit Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents against Pathogenic Bacteria." Antioxidants 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030602.

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Fruit is an essential part of the human diet and is of great interest because of its richness in phytochemicals. Various fruit extracts from citrus, berries and pomegranates have been shown to possess a broad spectrum of medicinal properties. Fruit phytochemicals are of considerable interest because of their antioxidant properties involving different mechanisms of action, which can act against different pathogenic bacteria. The antioxidant capacity of fruit phytochemicals involves different kinds of reactions, such as radical scavenging and chelation or complexation of metal ions. The interaction between fruit phytochemicals and bacteria has different repercussions: it disrupts the cell envelope, disturbs cell–cell communication and gene regulation, and suppresses metabolic and enzymatic activities. Consequently, fruit phytochemicals can directly inhibit bacterial growth or act indirectly by modulating the expression of virulence factors, both of which reduce microbial pathogenicity. The aim of this review was to report our current knowledge on various fruit extracts and their major bioactive compounds, and determine the effectiveness of organic acids, terpenes, polyphenols, and other types of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties as a source of antimicrobial agents.

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Seidu, R., A. K. Quainoo, S. J. Cobbina, and L. Quansah. "Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of False Yam (Icacina oliviformis) Extracts on Microbes." Ghana Journal of Science 60, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjs.v60i2.3.

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This study compares the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of Icacina oliviformis tuber and seed extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. False yam tubers were washed and peeled and the mesocarp removed to obtain the seeds. Methanol was used to obtain tuber and seed extracts of the false yam, after they were pulverized. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids and glycosides in both extracts but the proportion of tannins and alkaloids were relatively higher in false yam seed extract than tuber extract. Antimicrobial assay showed that both extracts had antimicrobial activity justifying its use in the treatment of diseases in Northern Ghana. False yam seed extract had a relatively higher antimicrobial activity than tuber extract. The least minimum inhibition concentration recorded was 1.56 mg/ ml for false yam seed on Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. False yam seed extract exhibited a higher antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms than the tuber extract, this provides a cheaper source of antimicrobial agent to treat infectious diseases. Keywords: False yam tuber, False yam seed, Icacina oliviformis, Phytochemical screening, Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), Microorganisms

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K, Shanmugapriya, Akanya S, Anderson Clinton B, Berril Nanzy S, Prakash Pr, and Suganya V. "PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ARTOCARPUS HIRSUTUS AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17669.

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Objective: In the present study, the effort was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical components, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity of Artocarpus hirsutus fruit and leaf. Methods: Each plant materials were extracted with two suitable solvents such as acetone and ethanol. Then, the extracts were tested for the presence of active phytoconstituents and antimicrobial activity. Then, it was subjected to antimicrobial activity against fungal and bacterial strains. Results: The present study suggested that the selected plant extracts of A. hirsutus exhibit major phytoconstituents, such as alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, and saponins. Furthermore, the results showed that acetone fruit extract of A. hirsutus and ethanolic fruit extract of A. hirsutus exhibited significant antimicrobial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus tamarii. Conclusion: The present study also exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against all the test microorganisms due to the presence of major bioactive phytochemicals

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LAGUDU, Mutyala Naidu, and Aniel Kumar OWK. "Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae): Evaluation of its Foliar Phytochemical Constituents for Antimicrobial Activity." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10110180.

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The phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Litsea glutinosa revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, volatile compounds, amino acids and carbohiydrates. The antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibition concentration values were determined for these phytochemical constituents as crude extracts using the agar well diffusion and two-fold serial dilution methods. The results indicated that Bacillus subtilis was the most susceptible bacterium with high inhibition zones for the methanol and chloroform extracts of 31 mm and 26 mm, respectively. The MIC values indicated that extracts possess good antimicrobial activity with significant MIC value against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus pneumoniae at 31.2 µg/ml concentrations. The extracts showed marked antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi. Among the bacterial strains, gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than the gram-negative. All the 13 microorganisms tested showed dose dependent susceptibility towards the phytochemicals present in the foliar extracts. The study suggests that Litsea glutinosa leaves possess potent antimicrobial activity and can be a good source for the development of new antibiotics.

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Abir, Mehedy Hasan, and Monsur Ahmad. "Phytochemical, Nutritional and Pharmacological Potentialities of Amaranthus spinosus Linn. : A review." Archives of Ecotoxicology 3, no. 2 (August 18, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ae.2021.3.2.49-59.

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Amaranthus spinosus has long been cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, especially in South Asia. It is well accepted by the people for its nutritional, pharmacological, phytochemical, and therapeutic functions in the human body. Tender stems, leaves, shoots, grains and sometimes the whole part of A. spinosus are eaten by humans or fed to farm animals, which contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibers, vitamins, minerals and many other phytochemicals. This review aims to represent the nutritional and pharmacological activities of A. spinosus. To have a better understanding, we have discussed the nutritional status of A. spinosus, its available phytochemicals and their functional properties. Further, we demonstrated the potentiality of A. spinosus in various disease condition by discussing its functional activities, which includes antioxidant, antidiabetic, immuno-modulatory, hematological, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antimicrobial, antimalarial, anti-ulcer, antipyretic, and antigenic activity. The availability of various important phytochemicals along with their functional properties make Amaranthus spinosus valuable for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals industry.

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Bashir, M., and Ruqayyah A. Usman. "Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry Profile and In vitro Antimicrobial Potentials of Mentha piperita (Mint) Hexane Extract on some Food-borne pathogens." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2162.007.

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Mint herbs have been reported to possess several biological effects, and the dried leaves are traditionally used for herbal tea or medicine. Extraction of plant materials was by maceration method. Both preliminary qualitative screening of phytochemicals and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LCMS) profiling revealed many useful metabolites. The phytochemicals include: Saponin, Carbohydrate, Alkaloids, Cardiac glycoside, and Steroid. Some LCMS compounds among others were also evaluated such as Quassin, Epioxylubimin, furocoumarinic acid glycoside and Dioctylamine. The antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita extract against some food-borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated using agar well diffusion method at different concentrations ranging from 2000 µg/ml - 250µg/ml. The results revealed that hexane mint extracts had activity against the bacterial isolates. The highest activity was against E. coli (11.50 ±1.50) while the least activity was against Enterobacter spp (6.14 ± 0.13). The potential bioactive metabolites identified could be responsible for the antimicrobial activities observed. These findings have thus proven that Mentha piperita is more effective against E. coli. Therefore this extract could be used in the control and prevention of many food-borne pathogens and can be of importance in developing new biopreservatives. Key words: Metabolite, phytochemical, Mint, Antimicrobial, Pathogen.

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Jia, Fengjing, Qun Yu, Ling Zhao, Yunhui Shen, Haidong Guo, and Feng He. "Sodium New Houttuyfonate Inhibits Cancer-Promoting Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) to Reduce Colorectal Cancer Progression." Cancers 14, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 6111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14246111.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies showed that the common anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is closely associated with a higher risk for carcinogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance of CRC. However, there is no specific antimicrobial therapy for CRC treatment. Herbal medicine has a long history of treating diseases with remarkable effects and is attracting extensive attention. In this study, we tested six common phytochemicals for their antimicrobial activities against Fn and whether anti-Fn phytochemicals can modulate CRC development associated with Fn. Among these antimicrobials, we found that SNH showed the highest antimicrobial activity and little cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and normal cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SNH may target membrane-associated FadA, leading to FadA oligomerization, membrane fragmentation and permeabilization. More importantly, SNH blocked the tumor-promoting activity of Fn and Fn-associated cancer-driven inflammation, thus improving the intestinal barrier damaged by Fn. SNH reduced Fn load in the CRC-cells-derived mice xenografts with Fn inoculation and significantly inhibited CRC progression. Our data suggest that SNH could be used for an antimicrobial therapy that inhibits Fn and cancer-driven inflammation of CRC. Our results provide an important foundation for future gut microbiota-targeted clinical treatment of CRC.

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Hassan, Syeda Mona, Abdul Majeed, Abdul Majeed, and Naureen Naeem. "Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 1, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2017.010284.

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The flower bud of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is one of the most imperative remedies used in indigenous medicine in Pakistan. Syzygium aromaticum is an effective drug for different ailments, and it is used as anti-gas activity, antioxidant activity, anticoagulant activity, anesthetic activity and mucus clearing activity. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanol, acetone and nhexane extracts of Syzygium aromaticum against four bacterial (E. coli, B. subtilus, S. aureus and P. multocida strains) and three fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Alternaria alternate) were investigated by disc diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis of Syzygium aromaticum revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannic acid and cardiac glycosides. The present investigation revealed that methanol extracts had more potent activity (25 mm DIZ) than other extracts. A strong correlation was observed between phytochemicals and tested biological activities. The results of this investigation advocate that clove seed can be explored as a viable source of bioactives for the improvement of chemotherapeutic medicine against cancer in addition to acting as nutraceutical and functional food ingredient.

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47

Khan, Shahbaz, Harpreet Singh, Arun K. Mishra, and Najam Ali Khan. "Quantification of Lupeol as Secondary Metabolite by HPTLC Technique and Assessment of Antimicrobial Potential of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Betula alnoides Bark." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370223.

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The present work includes extraction of Betula alnoides bark using ethyl acetate as a solvent, preliminary phytochemical test, quantification of phytochemicals and quantification of lupeol in Betula alnoides by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) instrument along with the assessment of the antimicrobial potential of Ethyl Acetate Extract (EAE). The marc obtained after defatting of the coarsely powdered crude drug in Petroleum ether (60-80) was extracted using ethyl acetate. Afterward, preliminary phytochemical tests were done. For High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), the solvent used was n-hexane: ethyl acetate (8:2 v/v) and scanning was performed at wavelength 254 nm. EAE was screened for antimicrobial potential. The extraction yield was 3.45% w/w. The result of the phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of some important phytochemicals in EAE. A clear and resolved peak of lupeol was observed at Rf 0.61. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The concentration (%) of the marker compound (lupeol) was found to be 0.0168. Disk diffusion method using Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis as bacterial strains and Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Epidermophyton floccosum as fungal strains against ciprofloxacin (for antibacterial activity) and fluconazole (for antifungal activity) as standard drugs was employed. The finding suggested that EAE possess significant antibacterial and antifungal activity when comparison was made with standard drugs. The proposed elucidated mechanism behind this action may be due to the presence of triterpenoids in EAE.

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Kumar, S. Ranjith, K. Chozhan, and K. A. Murugesh. "Determination of Bioactive compounds in the leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri, Emblica officinalis and Psoralea corylifolia." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2022.8104.

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A major part of the total populace relies upon the conventional plant based medicines. The study was carried out to determine the bioactive compounds in the botanicals viz., Phyllanthus niruri, Emblica officinalis and Psoralea corylifolia through phytochemical screening tests and to estimate the total phenol and flavonoid contents in three botanicals. The results of the phytochemical screening tests indicate the presence of phenols, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids. Phytochemicals from medicinal plants/some botanicals are likely to possess many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial effects against various pathogens. The Total Phenol content in Phyllanthus niruri is 115 mg/g and with flavonoid value 70.15 mg/g. The Flavonoid content in Emblica officinalis was found to be 22.52 mg/g. The value varies from plants to plants and the results clearly indicate that plants are rich in various phytochemicals components and it will be more advantage to use these botanicals as natural medicine compared with chemical drugs.

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Pradeepkumar, Sobiya, Suriyavathana Muthukrishnan, Anandhi Eswaran, Nirubama Kumar, Thamaraiselvi Ganesan, and R. Jayaprakash. "SCREENING OF GENETIC VARIANTS, PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Physalis minima FRUITS EXTRACT." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 02 (2022): 1517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.1526772.

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Medicinal herbs are playing a major role in the therapeutic field due to the combination of phytochemicals and are the alternatives to chemical drugs. Physalis minima fruit has also exhibited multiple biological activities due to its richness in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant chemicals. This work investigated the phytochemical variations of the genetic variants collected from four districts around Salem, Namakkal, Erode, and Dharmapuri with the help of polymerase chain reaction and random amplified polymorphic DNA methods. Phytochemicals of the fruits were examined through thin layer chromatography using chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts. The polar solvent ethanol crude extract was characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis to identify the functional groups. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Physalis minima fruits was evaluated against Streptococci acidominimus, Pseudomonas aeuriginosa, Penicillium expansum, and Aspergillus fumigatus strains by the cup diffusion method using serially diluted ethanolic extracts of Physalis minima fruit. The sample’s inhibition zones were compared with 25µl of the standards such as tetracyclin and fluconazole. The genetic variants were identified through the RAPD analysis and proved to have both phenotypic and genotypic characteristics in Physalis minima fruits. The thin-layer chromatography outcomes exposed the presence of phytochemicals in an evident manner, and the antimicrobial activity of the fruits exhibited good inhibition against the selected pathogens. The fruit extracts showed good inhibition between 1.5 mm and 5 mm against bacteria. Likewise, 0.5mm to 2.18mm was observed against fungus pathogens.

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Chandra Paul, Dhiman, Sahil Afridi, Surjya Loying, Devabrata Saikia, Minakshi Bhattacharjee, Prasenjit Bhagawati, Manash Pratim Kashyap, and Deep Prakash Parasar. "Comparative Phytochemical study of total compound of Glycyrhiza glabra (Yasthimadhu) and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and their antimicrobial activity." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28 (2022): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i07s.035.

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The study was carried out to identify the phytochemicals present in total compound of the medicinal plants Glycyrhiza glabra (Yasthimadhu) and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy). The antimicrobial sensitivity of the total compound was checked against Gram Negative Bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram Positive Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Water and solvent extract of both the samples were tested for different phytochemical test. In case of solvent extract of total compound of both samples S1 and S2, sample1 (Glycyrrhiza glabra) showed the better antimicrobial activity result then sample2 (Tinospora cordifolia) against both microorganism Staphyllococcus aureas (gram +ve) and Escherichia coli (gram –ve). Where was in case of water extract of total compound of both sample S1 and S2, S1 and S2 showed the almost same antimicrobial activity against Staphyllococcus aureas (gram +ve) but against Escherichia coli (gram –ve) sample2 (Tinospora cordifolia) showed the better antimicrobial activity then sample1 (Glycyrrhiza glabra).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Antimicrobial phytochemicals'

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