Relevant bibliographies by topics / Antimicrobial study

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Antimicrobial study'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 6 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Antimicrobial study"

1

Vernaccini, Matilde, Lucia De Marchi, Angela Briganti, et al. "Antimicrobial Use in Cats in a University Veterinary Hospital in Central Italy: A Retrospective Study." Antibiotics 13, no. 10 (2024): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13100927.

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Background: Monitoring antimicrobial use is crucial for understanding current prescribing practices. Such information helps in establishing stewardship programs for effectively using antimicrobials and combating resistance to them. Objectives: This study describes how antimicrobials are prescribed at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Pisa and compares how the internal medicine and intensive care units differ in their usage of antimicrobials. Methods: The study involved cats that were presented in the units in 2021 and 2022. Antimicrobial prescriptions were obtained via the hospital’s management software (OCIROE). Results: In a population of 1164 non-surgical cats with 397 antimicrobials prescribed, the most prescribed ones were amoxicillin–clavulanic acid in the internal medicine unit and ampicillin in the intensive care unit. Twenty-five percent of all antimicrobials were Highest-Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials or Antimicrobial Advice Ad Hoc Expert Group Category B. The oral route was the main route of administration in the internal medicine unit, while parenteral was the most common route used in the intensive care unit. Most antimicrobials were prescribed to treat pathologic conditions affecting the urinary (39%), gastroenteric (21%), respiratory (13%), and integumentary (12%) systems. A diagnosis, accurate dosage, and the use of species-approved medications were recorded in the antimicrobial prescriptions. However, only 11% of these prescriptions were supported by antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Conclusions: These results suggest room for improvement, particularly in increasing the use of antimicrobial susceptibility testing to ensure more targeted antimicrobial therapy. Given the importance of antimicrobial resistance and the One Health approach, the study also highlights the need to consider the broader impact of antimicrobial use in animals, including the potential contribution to resistance in bacteria that affect both animal and human health.
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Hardefeldt, Laura Y., Glenn F. Browning, Karin A. Thursky, et al. "Cross-sectional study of antimicrobials used for surgical prophylaxis by bovine veterinary practitioners in Australia." Veterinary Record 181, no. 16 (2017): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104375.

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Antimicrobials are widely used in veterinary practices, but there has been no investigation of antimicrobial classes used or the appropriateness of their use in bovine practice. This study investigated antimicrobial use for surgical prophylaxis in bovine practice in Australia. A cross-sectional study of veterinarian antimicrobial usage patterns was conducted using an online questionnaire. Information solicited included respondent’s details, the frequency with which antimicrobials were used for specific surgical conditions (including the dose, timing and duration of therapy) and details of practice antimicrobial use policies and sources of information about antimicrobials. In total, 212 members of the Australian veterinary profession working in bovine practice completed the survey. Antimicrobials were always or frequently used by more than 75 per cent of respondents in all scenarios. Generally, antimicrobial drug choice was appropriate for the reported surgical conditions. Procaine penicillin and oxytetracycline accounted for 93 per cent of use. However, there was a wide range of doses used, with underdosing and inappropriate timing of administration being common reasons for inappropriate prophylactic treatment. There was very low use of critically important antimicrobials (3.3 per cent of antimicrobials reported). Antimicrobial use guidelines need to be developed and promoted to improve the responsible use of antimicrobials in bovine practice.
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Tirfe, Million, Asnakech Alemu, Wondie Alemu, et al. "A three years antimicrobials consumption in Ethiopia from 2017 to 2019: A cross- sectional study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0284038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284038.

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Background The widespread use and misuse of antimicrobials are the major driving factor for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that threatens the health of human beings globally. Thus, monitoring antimicrobial consumption at national level is crucial to prevent and contain AMR. Nevertheless, there is no well-established system for recording and reporting of antimicrobial consumption in Ethiopia. Hence, the national antimicrobial consumption survey was conducted to generate evidence for decision-making on the appropriate use of antimicrobials in Ethiopia and tackle AMR. Methods All imported and locally manufactured antimicrobials from 2017 to 2019 were from the Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority and local manufacturers database, respectively. Data were collected and analyzed descriptively in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) and defined daily doses (DDD) classification and methodology. Results The average DDD/1,000 inhabitants for all antimicrobials was 15.36. The DDD/1,000 inhabitants fell down sharply from 37.03 in 2017 to 4.30 in 2018, before slightly rising to 4.75 in 2019. The majority of the consumed antimicrobials were comprised of oral antimicrobials (98.6%), while parenteral antimicrobials made up 1.4%. Tetracyclines (35.81%), fluoroquinolones (20.19%), macrolides (13.92%), antiretrovirals (10.57%), and cephalosporins (9.63%) were the most frequently consumed classes of antimicrobials during the three years period. About 75.83% of the consumed antimicrobials fall under the WHO AWaRe classification and 67.87% of antimicrobial consumption was from the WHO Access class medications, with Watch and Reserve classes accounting for 32.13% and <1%, respectively. Similarly, about 86.90% of the antimicrobials fall under the Ethiopian AWaRe classification, with Access, Watch, and Reserve accounting for 87.73%, 12.26%, and <1%, respectively. Conclusion Due to the peculiarities of our settings, our findings may have some similarities and differences with similar studies from other countries. Hence, we recommend for all concerned bodies to work collaboratively to improve monitoring of antimicrobial consumption at different levels of the Ethiopian healthcare tier system. Future work is necessary to establish a strong system of reporting of antimicrobial consumption patterns in Ethiopia.
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Vanbaelen, Thibaut, Jolein Laumen, Christophe Van Dijck, Tessa De Block, Sheeba Santhini Manoharan-Basil, and Chris Kenyon. "Lack of Association between Antimicrobial Consumption and Antimicrobial Resistance in a HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Population: A Cross-Sectional Study." Antibiotics 13, no. 2 (2024): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13020188.

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Background: In antibiotic naïve populations, there is a strong association between the use of an antimicrobial and resistance to this antimicrobial. Less evidence is available as to whether this relationship is weakened in populations highly exposed to antimicrobials. Individuals taking HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have a high intake of antimicrobials. We previously found that there was no difference in the prevalence of pheno- and genotypic antimicrobial resistance between two groups of PrEP clients who had, and had not, taken antimicrobials in the prior 6 months. Both groups did, however, have a higher prevalence of resistance than a sample of the general population. Methods: In the current study, we used zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to evaluate if there was an individual level association between the consumption of antimicrobials and 1. the minimum inhibitory susceptibilities of oral Neisseria subflava and 2. the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes in the oropharynges of these individuals. Results: We found no evidence of an association between the consumption of antimicrobials and the minimum inhibitory susceptibilities of oral Neisseria subflava or the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes in these individuals. Conclusions: We conclude that in high-antimicrobial-consumption populations, the association between antimicrobial consumption and resistance may be attenuated. This conclusion would not apply to lower-consumption populations.
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Hermsen, Elizabeth D., Richard L. Sibbel, and Silas Holland. "The Role of Pharmaceutical Companies in Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Case Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 3 (2020): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa053.

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Abstract Rising levels of antimicrobial resistance pose serious dangers to patients, population health, food security, and economic stability worldwide. In response to this threat, the United Nations and the World Health Organization have called for multisectoral, multidisciplinary action, recognizing that human, animal, and environmental health are interdependent. Although the pharmaceutical industry clearly has a leading role in developing novel antimicrobials and vaccines, it is also active in many areas supporting antimicrobial stewardship. This article describes why pharmaceutical companies invest in antimicrobial stewardship, outlines why they are well suited to help address this issue, and provides examples of how the pharmaceutical industry can support the responsible use of antimicrobials. Merck & Co., Inc. (Kenilworth, NJ, USA), a large, globally operating pharmaceutical company that develops and markets both human and veterinary antimicrobials and vaccines is used as a case study for illustrating industry involvement in antimicrobial stewardship efforts.
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Chirambo, Evans Chimayi, Francis Kachidza Chiumia, Dumisani Nkhoma, et al. "Assessing antimicrobial use patterns in Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM) health facilities: A cross-sectional study protocol." PLOS ONE 19, no. 12 (2024): e0306509. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306509.

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The threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Malawi is high with reported mortality of 19,300 annually, the 23rd highest age-standardised mortality. One of the drivers of AMR is misuse of antibiotics, a phenomenon that has not been adequately researched in Malawi. This study aims to investigate antimicrobial use using health facility, prescribing and patient indicators in Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM) health facilities. This will be a multiple cross-sectional study, which will collect data from facilities (22), prescriptions (660), and patients (303). Data will be collected using KoboToolbox v2021, and exported into Microsoft Excel version 2016 for cleaning and coding. Variables will be categorised according to the antimicrobial use indicators. The study will use STATA Version 14 statistical software for data analysis. Subsequently, facilities will be entered into ArcGIS Version 10.7.1 to map hotspots of irrational antimicrobial use. The study will run from October 2024 to June 2025. This study will provide detailed information on frequently used antimicrobials, the cost of antimicrobials relative to medicine budget, the intensity of exposure to antimicrobials, the availability of antimicrobials, patients’ understanding of antimicrobials use, and availability of important documents for antimicrobial use. Secondarily, the study will unravel the prevalence of irrational antimicrobial use, the main factors contributing to it, and location where irrational use is most prevalent. These findings will inform the national antimicrobial stewardship action plan, aiming to safeguard the available antimicrobials.
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Baraka, Mohamed A., Amany Alboghdadly, Samar Alshawwa, et al. "Perspectives of Healthcare Professionals Regarding Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and Their Consequences: A Cross Sectional Study in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia." Antibiotics 10, no. 7 (2021): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070878.

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Factors reported in the literature associated with inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials include physicians with less experience, uncertain diagnosis, and patient caregiver influences on physicians’ decisions. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance is critical for identifying emerging resistance patterns, developing, and assessing the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Improvement in prescribing antimicrobials would minimize the risk of resistance and, consequently, improve patients’ clinical and health outcomes. The purpose of the study is to delineate factors associated with antimicrobial resistance, describe the factors influencing prescriber’s choice during prescribing of antimicrobial, and examine factors related to consequences of inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobial. A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare providers (190) in six tertiary hospitals in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The research panel has developed, validated, and piloted survey specific with closed-ended questions. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. All data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS version 23.0). 72.7% of the respondents have agreed that poor skills and knowledge are key factors that contribute to the inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials. All of the respondents acknowledged effectiveness, previous experience with the antimicrobial, and reading scientific materials (such as books, articles, and the internet) as being key factors influencing physicians’ choice during antimicrobial prescribing. The current study has identified comprehensive education and training needs for healthcare providers about antimicrobial resistance. Using antimicrobials unnecessarily, insufficient duration of antimicrobial use, and using broad spectrum antimicrobials were reported to be common practices. Furthermore, poor skills and knowledge were a key factor that contributed to the inappropriate use and overuse of antimicrobials, and the use of antimicrobials without a physician’s prescription (i.e., self-medication) represent key factors which contribute to AMR from participants’ perspectives. Furthermore, internal policy and guidelines are needed to ensure that the antimicrobials are prescribed in accordance with standard protocols and clinical guidelines.
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Jadhav, Pranav Sadashiv, Sabiha Saleem Tamboli, and Pradnya Sadashiv Jadhav. "A Questionnaire-based Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Resident Doctors about Antimicrobial Stewardship at a Tertiary Care Centre." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 24, no. 1 (2025): 12–15. https://doi.org/10.18579/jopcr/v24.i1.85.

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This study is aimed to identify the knowledge, attitude, and perception (KAP) of the resident doctors at a tertiary care centre about antimicrobial (AM) stewardship education so that it will be easy to address the lacunae which are identified during the training curriculum of the resident doctors. A questionnaire-based survey was carried out in the final year junior residents at a tertiary care teaching center in Maharashtra. Each respondent completed the given questionnaire in the given time. A scoring system was used to rate the KAP of the respondent as poor, average and good. 58.3% of the respondents prescribed antimicrobials for viral infection. 83.3% did not agree that antimicrobial resistance is associated with an increase in mortality, morbidity and prolonged hospitalization of the patient. The attitude of the resident doctors towards antimicrobial education is good but the deficiencies in the knowledge and perception need to be improved further. Increasing awareness about its seriousness is the initial step to curb the antimicrobial resistance. Also, various campaigns should be started to educate the general population as well along with the health care workers about antimicrobial stewardship and antimicrobial resistance. So, there is a need for new interventions to address these lacunae. Keywords: KAP, Antimicrobials, Antimicrobial stewardship, Resident doctors
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GONÇALVES, Thaís Paula Rodrigues, Adriano Guimarães PARREIRA, and Luciana Alves Rodrigues dos Santos LIMA. "STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Tecoma stans (L.) ex Kunth (BIGNONIACEAE)." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 35 (2020): 1037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.85_goncalves_pgs_1037_1043.pdf.

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Antimicrobial resistance has become a significant concern worldwide. In the present work was performed the phytochemical screening of ethanol extract and fractions of Tecoma stans flowers, and evaluated the antimicrobial potential by a broth microdilution assay against 10 isolates of clinical interest. Also was assessed the interaction of combinations of T. stans samples with commercial antimicrobials. The samples of T. stans demonstrated antibacterial activity and fungistatic potential against Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida infanticola, especially the ethanol extract and the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions, with Minimal Inhibitory Concentration values (MIC 2000 - 500 µg/mL). The combination of T. stans samples with antimicrobials showed synergistic and additive effects. In combinations classified as synergistic interaction, was observed that MIC for the antimicrobial in combination with the samples of T. stans was reduced by 2 to 7 times compared to the MIC for the antimicrobial when used alone. The best results were found for the combination of the ethanol extract with amoxicillin against P. mirabilis, and the ethanol extract and the dichloromethane fraction with tetracycline against S. aureus. Tests of combinations of extract and fractions of T. stans with antimicrobials are unprecedented, making these results promising. In the phytochemical characterization, it was possible to observe the presence of some phenolic compounds, which may justify the antimicrobial potential of T. stans. It is important to highlight the identification of new antimicrobial agents, some of which may be present in the unexplored flora of Brazil.
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Kalnins, Nicole Jacqueline, Catriona Croton, Mark Haworth, Justine Gibson, Sarah Leonie Purcell, and Allison Jean Stewart. "A VetCompass Australia Study of Antimicrobial Use in Dog-to-Dog Bite Wounds (1998–2018)." Antibiotics 11, no. 1 (2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010055.

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Although dog-to-dog bite wounds (DBW) are a common presentation to veterinary clinics, antimicrobial prescribing habits of Australian clinics have not been reported. This study determined the frequency and results of DBW cultures; antimicrobial selection; and importance class of antimicrobials prescribed relative to wound severity, geographic location, or year. A systematic sample of 72,507 patient records was retrieved from the VetCompass Australia database. Records for 1713 dog bite events involving 1655 dogs were reviewed for presenting signs, results of culture and susceptibility testing (C&S), antimicrobial treatment, geographical location, and outcome. A crossed random effects multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine if antimicrobial importance was associated with wound severity, year, and location, and to assess the differences in antimicrobial prescription between geographical locations, clinics, and veterinarians. Antimicrobials were prescribed in 86.1% of DBW. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was prescribed in 70% (1202/1713) with underdosing in 15.8% (191/1202). High-importance antimicrobial use was associated with wound severity (p < 0.001), year category (p = 0.007), and surgery (p = 0.03). C&S testing was recorded as having been performed in only one case. Differences in individual veterinarian prescribing habits were stronger than the clinic culture, suggesting that education utilizing clinic-wide antimicrobial guidelines may aid in improving antimicrobial stewardship.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antimicrobial study"

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Vieira, Mónica Andreia Almeida. "Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11350.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Química Sustentável<br>Antimicrobial agents have revolutionized medicine and promoted an increase in average life expectancy of human populations worldwide. These drugs are used not only in human medicine but also in veterinary practice, in the treatment and prevention of infections, and in some regions in the world, as well as growth promoters, ensuring a greater and better animal production. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal production causes contamination of the final product with drug residues that are eventually distributed in human food chain. Residues of antimicrobial agents provenient from human and animal consumption are also present in sewage, surface water or ground water. It is still unknown all the consequences of this contamination, but there are indications of changes in indigenous microbiota. The use of these drugs was quickly followed by the emergence of resistance, which led to decreased efficacy and compounds available. Therefore, the spread of antimicrobial agents in the environment is also associated with increased resistance to such drugs. The presented work intended to establish methods for monitoring the presence of antibiotics in animal foods, evaluate if the presence of antimicrobial agents in the environment at sub-inhibitory concentrations can contribute to the selection of resistant bacteria and characterize the biological activity of a number of compounds of the quinoxaline family as potential new antimicrobial agents. In order to achieve these objectives, chromatographic techniques were used for detection and quantification of antimicrobial agents, methods of microbiology and molecular biology to evaluate the behavior of bacteria under selective pressure. Various strains of prokaryotes and eukaryotes microorganisms were also used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of N-oxide derivatives of quinoxaline. We used, also, cell cultures to assess the potential toxicity of these new antibiotics. A new chromatographic method was developed to quantify the reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione, in order to infer the cellular oxidative stress induced by exposure to the quinoxaline derivative compounds with proven antimicrobial activity. The results confirm that the chromatographic HPLC-DAD methods are powerful tools in monitoring food quality. They also indicate that the presence of subinhibitory amounts of ciprofloxacin in water may influence the dynamic of susceptible and resistant to ciprofloxacin Escherichia coli population. An assessment of the biological activity of quinoxaline derivatives indicated the compounds studied as potential new antimicrobial agents who have shown low toxicity in cell lines and oxidative cell damage in small extent.<br>Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - bolsa de doutoramento SFRH / BD /48116 / 2008
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Parr, J. A. "Antimicrobial properties of silicone quaternary ammonium compounds." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375600.

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Trienekens, Theodora Antoinetta Maria. "Urinary tract infections and antimicrobial agents A study into factors influencing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit Limburg ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1993. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5757.

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Muppalla, Kirankirti. "Functionalization of Resorcinarenes and Study of Antimicrobial Activity." Scholar Commons, 2001. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3824.

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Cavitands are very important class of compounds in supramolecular chemistry. These molecules contain rigid enforced cavity,and have attracted considerable attention in supramolecular chemistry as building blocks for the construction of carcerands, hemicarcerands, and other host guests complexes. Nearly 40 years ago, Niederl and Vogel laid foundation for the study of such type of condensation reactions. In our laboratory we are involved in synthesis of resorcinarenes with readily available substrates such as resorcinol and aldehydes to form a cyclic tetramer. Herein, I present detailed studies about the functionalization of the synthesized tetramers and their antimicrobial activity. Octahydroxy resorcinarenes were synthesized and perallylated which served as acyclic diene precursors for ring closing metathesis reaction. Studies were carried out to see effect of C-2 substituent of resorcinol and effect of aryl substituents, and aliphatic substituents on ring closing metathesis. This thesis describes the synthesis of bridged resorcinarenes and study of antimicrobial activity of resorcinarenes.
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Shaker, L. A. "Effect of chlorohexidine on bacterial spores." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381226.

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Mather, Alison Elizabeth. "Epidemiological and ecological approaches to the study of antimicrobial resistance." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2624/.

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To date, investigation and policy development relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have focused largely on describing patterns of resistance to individual antimicrobials, often from restricted data sources. What this approach fails to accommodate is the complexity of AMR, such as genetic linkage of resistance determinants, which could potentially lead to inaccurate inference. Novel approaches are therefore required to bring new perspectives on the epidemiology of AMR. These studies take an ecological perspective of AMR, examining several key issues: The relative contribution to AMR from animal and human populations; the potential differences between passive and active surveillance of AMR; the associations of age, antimicrobial treatment and a shared environment with AMR diversity; the relationships between AMR phenotype and genotype; and exploring the additional information provided by DNA sequencing data. Novel ecological and epidemiological approaches were developed to examine long-term passive surveillance data of AMR in Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 (DT104) isolates from concurrently sampled and sympatric human and animal populations in Scotland. By examining the diversity and the phenotypic and temporal relatedness of the resistance profiles, the most likely source of resistance was assessed. The conclusions were that whilst ecologically connected, animals and humans have distinguishable DT104 communities, differing in prevalence, linkage, and diversity. Furthermore, the sympatric animal population is unlikely to be the major source of resistance for human DT104. As robust data are critical to any analysis, the potential differences between data collected by different surveillance types were examined. These systems are not generally designed to detect emerging resistances. The diversity of phenotypic AMR from passive and active surveillance data of poultry Salmonella Heidelberg and swine Salmonella Typhimurium var. 5- isolates derived from animals and foods-of-animal origin were contrasted to assess their suitability for detecting emerging resistance patterns. Results indicated that active and passive surveillance approaches were potentially sampling from distinguishable microbiological communities and are therefore complementary, and that passive surveillance is better at detecting rare profiles. The ecological and epidemiological approach was also applied to a different organism, in a different ecosystem. In order to assess the association of age and antimicrobial exposure with AMR diversity, E. coli from cows and calves on seven dairy farms were examined. There were distinguishable populations of resistance phenotypes on the farms, associated with both age and treatment. Multivariable models were developed to examine simultaneously the association of age, treatment, time, and farm with AMR diversity. These results indicated that there may be particular animal husbandry or farm management practices which influence AMR diversity, and which appear to be different for co-habiting young and adult dairy cattle. The majority of AMR data collected by surveillance systems are phenotypic in nature. However, it is often the underlying genotype that is of interest, which until now could only be achieved with the application of molecular methods. A novel latent class Bayesian model was developed to infer the prevalence of various AMR determinants in a population given a sample of phenotypes, which was applied to animal and human DT104 data. Differences were demonstrated in the estimated prevalences of a number of AMR determinants between the two populations, further supporting the previous observations that the epidemiologies of the organism, the resistance determinants, or both, are distinguishable. To obtain a greater resolution with which to compare AMR in different populations, a second-generation sequencing platform was used to obtain DNA sequencing data from select animal and human DT104 isolates. The objectives were to determine the diversity of the bacteria and of the resistance determinants. Whilst analysis of the resistance determinants is ongoing, preliminary results have suggested that the subtypes of DT104 infecting animals and humans are indeed similar. Overall, these studies comprise application of novel methods and frameworks for the analysis of AMR. The implication of these studies is that greater and more explicit thought is needed regarding the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of AMR data properly to inform policy.
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He, Jing. "Design and Study of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides with Proline Substitution." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1257779581.

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Qian, Lei. "A study of N-halamine structures in regenerable antimicrobial textiles /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Morgan, Thomas Daniel. "Aspects of oral care and antimicrobial efficacy : a microcalorimetric study." Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507958.

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Daham, S. A. "The antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine in combination with dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and some other antimicrobial agents." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378115.

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Books on the topic "Antimicrobial study"

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Janssen, Armand Maurice. Antimicrobial activities of essential oils: A pharmacognostical study. ICG Print., 1989.

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Myat, Aye Aye. Pharmacognostic and antimicrobial study of cassia alata L. (senna alata roxb). University of Mawlamyine, Dept. of Botany, 1997.

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Yang, Xu. A Study on Antimicrobial Effects of Nanosilver for Drinking Water Disinfection. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2902-8.

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Myat, Aye Aye. Pharmacognostic and antimicrobial study of cassia alata L. (senna alata roxb). University of Mawlamyine, Department of Botany, 1997.

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Noble, Suzanne Lesley. Investigations to study the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in the subgingival area. University of Birmingham, 1995.

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Renneberg, Jan. A mouse infection model for the study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents. [Drucker:] Lidbergs Blankett, 1989.

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K, Kokula Krishna Hari, and K. Saravanan, eds. A Comparative study on Antimicrobial Finish using Pisidium Guajava leaf Extraction on Cotton, Organic Cotton and Bamboo Fabrics. Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties, 2016.

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Wahyudi, Aris Tri. Sponge-associated bacteria producing bioactive compounds, screening, analysis of antimicrobial compounds, and its genetic study: Competitive grant of overseas research collaboration and international publication : research report. Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, Bogor Agricultural University, 2010.

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Watthanachōt, Čhančharat, ed. Kānsưksā prōtīn thī mī rit tān čhulinsī čhāk bǣkthīrīa thī yǣk dai čhāk fō̜ngnām thalē =: A study of antimicrobial proteins of marine bacterial isolate from some sponges : rāingān kānwičhai chabap sombūn. Sathāban Witthayāsāt thāng Thalē, Mahāwitthayālai Būraphā, 2006.

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Yang, Xu. A Study on Antimicrobial Effects of Nanosilver for Drinking Water Disinfection. Springer, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Antimicrobial study"

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Sanchez-Garcia, Maria Dolores. "Thymol in Nanocomposites. A Case Study." In Antimicrobial Polymers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118150887.ch5.

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Davies, Eryl. "Antimicrobial Stewardship." In The Final FFICM Structured Oral Examination Study Guide. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243694-124.

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Jensen, Carsten Strøby, Søren Beck Nielsen, and Lars Fynbo. "Risking Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Study of Antibiotic Use and Its Societal Aspects." In Risking Antimicrobial Resistance. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90656-0_1.

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Pal, Sukriti, and Nagasuma Chandra. "Systems Biology Approaches to Study Antimicrobial Resistance." In Antimicrobial Resistance: Factors to Findings. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65986-7_9.

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Razanamahandry, L. C., A. K. H. Bashir, K. Kaviyarasu, Lukhanyo Mekuto, S. K. O. Ntwampe, and M. Maaza. "Modelling Nanoparticles Parameters for Antimicrobial Activity." In Model Organisms to Study Biological Activities and Toxicity of Nanoparticles. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1702-0_5.

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van Saene, H. K. F., N. Taylor, N. J. Reilly, and P. B. Baines. "Antimicrobial Resistance: a Prospective 5-year Study." In Infection Control in the Intensive Care Unit. Springer Milan, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0361-x_28.

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Praveen, Ayush, Nicholas Bartelo, and Vijay Soni. "Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Antimicrobial Resistance Study." In Antimicrobial Resistance: Factors to Findings. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65986-7_11.

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Sahin, Orhan, Zhangqi Shen, and Qijing Zhang. "Methods to Study Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6536-6_4.

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Sangave, Preeti C., Nivedita M. Matkar, and Vasanti Suvarna. "Antimicrobial Activity of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Prokaryotic Model Organisms." In Model Organisms to Study Biological Activities and Toxicity of Nanoparticles. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1702-0_4.

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Pratten, Jonathan, and Derren Ready. "Use of Biofilm Model Systems to Study Antimicrobial Susceptibility." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-279-7_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Antimicrobial study"

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Watcharakitchakorn, Orrathai, Sukritta Paripurana, and Navapadol Kittiamomkul. "Study of Antimicrobial Copper Envelopes for RFID Using Impedance Matching." In 2024 International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers, and Communications (ITC-CSCC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itc-cscc62988.2024.10628243.

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dos Santos Mendes Costa, Luan, Matheus Vieira Nascimento, Artur Monteiro Da Silva, Karina Matthes de Freitas Pontes, Vinicius de Sousa Veras, and José Carlos Tatmatsu-Rocha. "Study of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Candida Albicans Culture Medium." In 2024 SBFoton International Optics and Photonics Conference (SBFoton IOPC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/sbfotoniopc62248.2024.10813499.

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Owoeye, Taiwo Felicia, Abayomi Bamisaye, Joseph Adeyemi Adekoya, Sunday A. Afolalu, Stella Isioma Monye, and Ojo Augustine Oluwatoyin. "Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial study of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Adonida merrilli leaf extract." In 2024 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seb4sdg60871.2024.10630044.

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Lozano-Rosas, Ricardo, Mayra F. Salazar-Morales, Rubén Ramos-Garcia, and Teresita Spezzia-Mazzocco. "Development of Photosensitizers Based on Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles for Use in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy." In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/laop.2024.tu4a.6.

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with metal ions enhances antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT). Doped TiO2 nanoparticles show photoactivity with visible light and increased antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans. This study includes synthesis, characterization, and application details.
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Caraba, Marioara Nicoleta, Valeriu Caraba, Gabi Dumitrescu, Elena Pet, and Roxana Popescu. "ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF METHANOLIC AND N-HEXANE EXTRACTS OF VISCUM ALBUM." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/6.1/s25.19.

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Plants are sources of compounds with medicinal potential, an impressive number of medicines have in their composition compounds isolated from natural sources, many of them being used since ancient times, in traditional medicine. Aromatic and medicinal plants are sources of various nutrients and non-nutritive molecules, many of which exhibit antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. V. album extracts have a complex chemical composition, some of the identified compounds being responsable for their antibacterial and antifungal potential. The chemical composition of V. album extracts differs depending on the provenance and especially with respect to the host plant. The antimicrobial effect of extracts in methanol and n-hexane from leaves and young branches of V. album was tested by the diffusimetric method on agar. In the study, five concentrations were tested for each extract, on four Gram positive bacterial strains: Streptoccoccus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcos aureus and three Gram negative: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, respectively two antibiotics: ampicillin and chloramphenicol were used as a reference control. Gram+ and Gram- bacterial strains showed an intermediate sensitivity at the first two concentrations tested for both extracts (methanolic and n-hexane), after which the antibacterial potential decreases with the decrease in concentration until it disappears completely. The effects of the methanolic extract of V. album is more obvious in Gram+ bacteria compared to Gram-. The n-hexane extract of V. album determines an antimicrobial effect only at the first concentrations tested, there are variations depending on the bacterial strain.
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Barrera-Patiño, Claudia P., Jennifer M. Soares, Kate C. Blanco, Natalia M. Inada, and Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato. "Identification of antibiotic resistance susceptibility in different species of microorganisms implementing machine learning." In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/laop.2024.tu4a.20.

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Based in previous publish work [1], in this study, we highlight the importance of building robust machine learning foundations to differentiate antimicrobial resistance involving between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This advance is crucial to be applied to clinical needs.
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Shevchenko, Irina, Tereza Neubauerová, Martina Macková, and Tomáš Macek. "Study of antimicrobial peptide induction in Brassica napus." In XIIth Conference Biologically Active Peptides. Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css201113127.

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Popescu, Iuliana, Diana Obistioiu, Anca Hulea, Doris Floares, and Isidora Radulov. "AN IN VITRO STUDY: CITRUS LEMON ESSENTIAL OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT AGAINST MICROBIAL INFECTIONS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s25.01.

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A genuine and urgent need is to prevent and treat bacterial diseases primarily caused by germs that have developed antibiotic resistance. These factors led to several studies focusing on alternate or supplementary antimicrobial methods. With the expectation that, unlike antibiotics, they will be effective without causing resistance, researchers are becoming increasingly interested in antimicrobial substances made from natural resources, such as plant extracts, essential oils, and peptides. The present study investigated the antimicrobial behaviour of Citrus lemon essential oil against S. pyogenes (ATCC 19615), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), E. coli (ATCC 25922), S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), H. influenzae type B (ATCC 10211), C. albicans (ATCC 10231), and C. parapsilopsis (ATCC 22019). The microdilution assay demonstrated good antimicrobial efficacy of the essential oil with variable MIC values depending on the microbial species. The chromatographic analyses by GC-MS were performed because the antimicrobial activity is correlated with the chemical composition. The results revealed 24 compounds, with D-limonene (66.67%) and beta-pinene (12.39%) as the predominant compounds.
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Lobatyuk, A., and N. Ikonnikova. "STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PHALLUS IMPUDICUS MUSHROOM EXTRACTS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2020: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. Minsk, ICC of Minfin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2020-2-108-112.

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Pergal, Marija, Igor Kodranov, Dana Vasiljević Radović, et al. "Polyurethane/ferrites composite materials: A study on antimicrobial activity." In RAD Conference. RAD Centre, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/rad.sum.abstr.book.2022.11.14.

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Reports on the topic "Antimicrobial study"

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Haynes, Dr Edward, Chris Conyers, Dr Marc Kennedy, Roy Macarthur, Sam McGreig, and Dr John Walshaw. What is the Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Selected Ready-to-Eat Foods? Food Standards Agency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bsv485.

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This study was designed to get a broad estimate of the presence and the types of antimicrobial resistance genes across 52 simple ready-to-eat foods. It was also carried out to understand the benefits and drawbacks of using metagenomic sequencing, a fairly new technology, to study AMR genes. An antimicrobial is any substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. It includes antibiotics which are used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. Given the relevant selective pressures, the bacteria itself can change and find ways to survive the effects of an antimicrobials. This results in the bacteria becoming resistant to the ‘killing’ effects of antimicrobials and is known as ‘antimicrobial resistance’. The more we use antimicrobials and antibiotics and the way that we use them can increase the chance that bacteria will become resistant to antimicrobials. This is important as it can lead to infections that become more difficult to treat with drugs and poses a risk to the public health. T Addressing AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK Government which has led to the development of a new 20-year Vision for AMR and the 5-year National Action Plan (NAP), which runs until 2024. The NAP lays out how the UK will address the AMR challenge and takes a ‘One-Health’ approach which spans people, animals, agriculture, food and the environment. The NAP includes a specific section on the importance of better food safety to limit the contamination of foods and spread of AMR. This section emphasises the need to strengthen the evidence base for AMR and food safety through research, surveillance and promoting good practice across the food chain. The FSA is playing its part by continuing to fill evidence gaps on the role that food plays in AMR through the commissioning of research and surveillance. We are also promoting and improving UK food hygiene (‘4Cs’ messages) across the food chain that will help reduce exposure to AMR bacteria.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, John Rodgers, Daisy Duncan, Joanna Lawes, Charles Byrne, and Craig Swift. Levels and trends of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. from chicken in the UK. Food Standards Agency, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dud728.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle of transmission for this organism. It is estimated there are 500,000 cases of campylobacteriosis in the UK annually, with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli) accounting for approximately 91% and 8 % of infections, respectively. Although severe infection in humans is uncommon, treatment is seldom needed for human infection but usually involves the administration of a macrolide (e.g., azithromycin) or a fluoroquinolone (e.g., ciprofloxacin). An increased rate of resistance in Campylobacter in chicken to such antimicrobials could limit effective treatment options for human infections and it is therefore important to monitor changes in rates of resistance over time. In this report we analysed trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from chicken in the UK. The chicken samples were from chicken reared for meat (ie. broiler chicken as opposed to layer chicken (ie. egg-laying chicken)) and included chicken sampled at slaughterhouses as well as from retail stores in the UK. Datasets included AMR results from retail surveys of Campylobacter spp. on chicken sampled in the UK from various projects in the time period from 2001 to 2020. In the retail surveys, samples were obtained from stores including major and minor retail stores throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each nation) and Campylobacter spp. testing was performed using standard methods with the majority of isolates obtained from direct culture on standard media (mCCDA). Data from national scale surveys of broiler chicken, sampling caecal contents and carcase neckskins at slaughterhouses, undertaken by APHA in 2007/2008, and between 2012 and 2018 were also included in the study. In the APHA-led surveys, Campylobacter were isolated using standard culture methods (culture onto mCCDA) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by a standard microbroth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolates. Care was taken when comparing data from different studies as there had been changes to the threshold used to determine if an isolate was susceptible or resistant to an antimicrobial in a small number of scenarios. Harmonised thresholds (using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values) were employed to assess AMR with appropriate adjustments made where required to allow meaningful comparisons of resistance prevalence over time. Data from additional isolates where resistance to antimicrobials were predicted from genome sequence data were also considered.
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Choudhary, Ruplal, Victor Rodov, Punit Kohli, John D. Haddock, and Samir Droby. Antimicrobial and antioxidant functionalized nanoparticles for enhancing food safety and quality: proof of concept. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597912.bard.

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General concept. The reported 1-year study tested the feasibility ofpreparing antimicrobial and antioxidant nanoparticlesfunctionalized with natural phenolic compounds, as a first step to reach the ultimate goal - improving safely and quality of foods by developing novel antimicrobial and antioxidant food-contacting materials. The secondary objectives of the study were (a) selecting the most promising phenoliccompounds, (b) building nanoparticles with the selected phenolicgrafted on their Surface, and (c) testing antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of these particles. The study was expected to provide a " go/no go" decision as concerning the prospects of phenolic- bound nanoparticles as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Results. In course of the feasibility study, curucminwas chosen as the most promising phenoliccompound due to its high antibacterial activity exceeding other tested compounds by at leas one order of magnitude. Lipsome-typephospholipid/polydiacetylene(PDA) nanoparticlesfunctionalizedwith curcuminwere successfully built. The pitfall of limited curcumin amount that could be covalently bound to theparticle surface was circumvented by inclusion of curcunun in the liposome body. It was suggested onthe basis of fluorescence spectroscopy that curcuminwas bound by hydrophobic forces in the bi1ayer periphery of the Liposomesand therefore mightexert a contact effect on microorganisms. The curcumin­ functionalizednanoparticles(CFN) were shown to have a strong bactericidal activity towards both Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (B. ce,·e11s) bacteria, but only limited effect against yeast. Furthermore, beyond the originallyplanned objectives, preliminary trials showed that CFN could be bound to silanized glass surface rendering aנבtiנnicrobial activity to the glass. Tnaddition, the particles showed antioxidantcapacity. Tberefore, it ,vas co11cluded tlוattlוeaims of tlוefeasibility study bad been successfully reached an
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Mallioris, P. Risk factors for antimicrobial usage and diseases in Dutch veal calf farms: A cross-sectional study. ResearchHub Technologies, Inc., 2025. https://doi.org/10.55277/researchhub.absbljx7.1.

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Mallioris, P. Risk factors for antimicrobial usage and diseases in Dutch veal calf farms: A cross-sectional study. ResearchHub Technologies, Inc., 2024. https://doi.org/10.55277/researchhub.absbljx7.

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Choudhary, Ruplal, Victor Rodov, Punit Kohli, Elena Poverenov, John Haddock, and Moshe Shemesh. Antimicrobial functionalized nanoparticles for enhancing food safety and quality. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598156.bard.

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Original objectives The general goal of the project was to utilize the bactericidal potential of curcumin- functionalizednanostructures (CFN) for reinforcement of food safety by developing active antimicrobial food-contact surfaces. In order to reach the goal, the following secondary tasks were pursued: (a) further enhancement of the CFN activity based on understanding their mode of action; (b) preparing efficient antimicrobial surfaces, investigating and optimizing their performance; (c) testing the efficacy of the antimicrobial surfaces in real food trials. Background to the topic The project dealt with reducing microbial food spoilage and safety hazards. Cross-contamination through food-contact surfaces is one of the major safety concerns, aggravated by bacterial biofilm formation. The project implemented nanotech methods to develop novel antimicrobial food-contact materials based on natural compounds. Food-grade phenylpropanoidcurcumin was chosen as the most promising active principle for this research. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements In agreement with the original plan, the following research tasks were performed. Optimization of particles structure and composition. Three types of curcumin-functionalizednanostructures were developed and tested: liposome-type polydiacetylenenanovesicles, surface- stabilized nanoparticles and methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (MBCD). The three types had similar minimal inhibitory concentration but different mode of action. Nanovesicles and inclusion complexes were bactericidal while the nanoparticlesbacteriostatic. The difference might be due to different paths of curcumin penetration into bacterial cell. Enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy of CFN by photosensitization. Light exposure strengthened the bactericidal efficacy of curcumin-MBCD inclusion complexes approximately three-fold and enhanced the bacterial death on curcumin-coated plastic surfaces. Investigating the mode of action of CFN. Toxicoproteomic study revealed oxidative stress in curcumin-treated cells of E. coli. In the dark, this effect was alleviated by cellular adaptive responses. Under light, the enhanced ROS burst overrode the cellular adaptive mechanisms, disrupted the iron metabolism and synthesis of Fe-S clusters, eventually leading to cell death. Developing industrially-feasible methods of binding CFN to food-contact surfaces. CFN binding methods were developed for various substrates: covalent binding (binding nanovesicles to glass, plastic and metal), sonochemical impregnation (binding nanoparticles to plastics) and electrostatic layer-by-layer coating (binding inclusion complexes to glass and plastics). Investigating the performance of CFN-coated surfaces. Flexible and rigid plastic materials and glass coated with CFN demonstrated bactericidal activity towards Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (Bac. cereus) bacteria. In addition, CFN-impregnated plastic material inhibited bacterial attachment and biofilm development. Testing the efficacy of CFN in food preservation trials. Efficient cold pasteurization of tender coconut water inoculated with E. coli and Listeriamonocytogeneswas performed by circulation through a column filled with CFN-coated glass beads. Combination of curcumin coating with blue light prevented bacterial cross contamination of fresh-cut melons through plastic surfaces contaminated with E. coli or Bac. licheniformis. Furthermore, coating of strawberries with CFN reduced fruit spoilage during simulated transportation extending the shelf life by 2-3 days. Implications, both scientific and agricultural BARD Report - Project4680 Page 2 of 17 Antimicrobial food-contact nanomaterials based on natural active principles will preserve food quality and ensure safety. Understanding mode of antimicrobial action of curcumin will allow enhancing its dark efficacy, e.g. by targeting the microbial cellular adaptation mechanisms.
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Wierup, Martin, Helene Wahlström, and Björn Bengtsson. How disease control and animal health services can impact antimicrobial resistance. A retrospective country case study of Sweden. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2021.nf.3167.

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Data and experiences in Sweden show that it is possible to combine high productivity in animal production with the restricted use of antibiotics. The major key factors that explain Sweden’s success in preventing AMR are: Swedish veterinary practitioners were aware of the risk of AMR as early as the 1950s, and the need for prudent use of antibiotics was already being discussed in the 1960s. Early establishment of health services and health controls to prevent, control and, when possible, eradicate endemic diseases reduced the need for antibiotics. Access to data on antibiotic sales and AMR made it possible to focus on areas of concern. State veterinary leadership provided legal structures and strategies for cooperation between stakeholders and facilitated the establishment of coordinated animal health services that are industry-led, but supported by the State.
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Chuanchuen, Rungtip, and Sunpetch Angkititrakul. Situation and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus suis isolated from pigs in Northern region of Thailand. Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2019.43.

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This study aims to investigate antimicrobial resistance phenotype of S. suis, examine genetics underlying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of S. suis in pigs and pork in Northern Thailand and examine genes encoding virulence factors of S. suis in pigs and pork in Northern Thailand. A total of 59 isolates of S. suis were included. All were obtained from pigs and porks in Northern Thailand including Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Phayao and Mae Hong Son during April 2018 to October 2018. All were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotic and, the presence of resistance and virulence genes. All were resistant to tilmicosin. High resistance rates were observed for chlortetracycline (98.31%), clindamycin (98.31%), tetracycline (96.61%), neomycin (88.14%), erythromycin (86.44%), tylosin (79.66%), trimethroprim (74.58%), gentamicin (69.49%), oxytetracycline (69.49%), tiamulin (55.93%), sulfamethoxazole (54.24%), enrofloxacin (45.76%) and ampicillin (33.9%),. Resistance rates to ceftriofur (18.64%), chloramphenicol (10.17%), florfenicol (1.69%) were lower. All were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR). AMR phenotypes were classified into 47 patterns, of which the most common resistance pattern was CLI-CTC-ERY-GEN-NEO-OTC-TET-TIL-TYL (5.1%). Resistance genes identified were tetM (32.3%), tetO(30.5%) and mefA (8.47%). All the isolates carried arcA, but none were positive to epf. The sly gene was very common (91.5%), followed by mrp (69.5%) and hyl (37.3%). Fifteen virulence gene patterns were obtained. The most commonly identified pattern was mrp, sly, arcA, hyl (33.9%), followed by mrp, sly, arcA (28.8%) and sly, arcA (25.4%). This study confirms the important role of subclinical carrier pigs of MDR S.suis and emphasize the need for AMR monitoring/surveillance in pigs and livestock.
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Willis, C., F. Jorgensen, S. A. Cawthraw, et al. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded or battered poultry products on retail sale in the United Kingdom. Food Standards Agency, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xvu389.

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Frozen, breaded, ready-to-cook chicken products have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis. Some of these outbreaks can be large. For example, one outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis involved 193 people in nine countries between 2018 and 2020, of which 122 cases were in the UK. These ready-to-cook products have a browned, cooked external appearance, which may be perceived as ready-to-eat, leading to mishandling or undercooking by consumers. Continuing concerns about these products led FSA to initiate a short-term (four month), cross-sectional surveillance study undertaken in 2021 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in frozen, breaded or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. This study sought to obtain data on AMR levels in Salmonella and E. coli in these products, in line with a number of other FSA instigated studies of the incidence and nature of AMR in the UK food chain, for example, the systematic review (2016). Between the beginning of April and the end of July 2021, 310 samples of frozen, breaded or battered chicken products containing either raw or partly cooked chicken, were collected using representative sampling of retailers in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland based on market share data. Samples included domestically produced and imported chicken products and were tested for E. coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant E. coli) and Salmonella spp. One isolate of each bacterial type from each contaminated sample was randomly selected for additional AMR testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a range of antimicrobials. More detailed analysis based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data was used to further characterise Salmonella spp. isolates and allow the identification of potential links with human isolates. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5 (1.6%) of the 310 samples and identified as Salmonella Infantis (in three samples) and S. Java (in two samples). One of the S. Infantis isolates fell into the same genetic cluster as S. Infantis isolates from three recent human cases of infection; the second fell into another cluster containing two recent cases of infection. Countries of origin recorded on the packaging of the five Salmonella contaminated samples were Hungary (n=1), Ireland (n=2) and the UK (n=2). One S. Infantis isolate was multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to three different classes of antimicrobials), while the other Salmonella isolates were each resistant to at least one of the classes of antimicrobials tested. E. coli was detected in 113 samples (36.4%), with counts ranging from &lt;3 to &gt;1100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/g. Almost half of the E. coli isolates (44.5%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 20.0% of E. coli isolates. E. coli isolates demonstrating the ESBL (but not AmpC) phenotype were detected in 15 of the 310 samples (4.8%) and the AmpC phenotype alone was detected in two of the 310 samples (0.6%) of chicken samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing showed that five of the 15 (33.3%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55 or CTX-M-15), which confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate demonstrated resistance to colistin and was found to possess the mcr-1 gene. The five Salmonella-positive samples recovered from this study, and 20 similar Salmonella-positive samples from a previous UKHSA (2020/2021) study (which had been stored frozen), were subjected to the cooking procedures described on the sample product packaging for fan assisted ovens. No Salmonella were detected in any of these 25 samples after cooking. The current survey provides evidence of the presence of Salmonella in frozen, breaded and battered chicken products in the UK food chain, although at a considerably lower incidence than reported in an earlier (2020/2021) study carried out by PHE/UKHSA as part of an outbreak investigation where Salmonella prevalence was found to be 8.8%. The current survey also provides data on the prevalence of specified AMR bacteria found in the tested chicken products on retail sale in the UK. It will contribute to monitoring trends in AMR prevalence over time within the UK, support comparisons with data from other countries, and provide a baseline against which to monitor the impact of future interventions. While AMR activity was observed in some of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. examined in this study, the risk of acquiring AMR bacteria from consumption of these processed chicken products is low if the products are cooked thoroughly and handled hygienically.
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