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1
Dewi, Ratna Sari, Desy Ayu Irma Permatasari, Tatiana Siska Wardani, and Muladi Putra Mahardika. "Antioxidant Activity Evaluation from Tomatoes’ N-Hexane, Ethyl Asetate, and Water Fraction with DPPH." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2, no. 2 (March 7, 2022): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jfaps.v2i2.13023.
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Antioxidants are compounds that can stabilize free radicals in the body. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules as they have unpaired electrons to interact with body cell molecules. Tomatoes contain flavonoids, saponins, solanine tannins, folic acid, malic acid, citric acid, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and histamine, which can be used as antioxidants. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, water fraction, and ethanol extracts of Tomatoes and to determine the greatest antioxidant activity between n-hexane, ethyl acetate, water and vitamin C. Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) was extracted using the maceration method with ethanol followed by fractionation using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The test of antioxidant activity to DPPH radical was conducted on n-hexane, ethyl acetate, water, and vitamin C. The antioxidant activity results, expressed by IC50 value to the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, water fraction of Tomatoes fruit, were 4.4603 ppm; 4.0868 ppm; and 4.0527 ppm, respectively. Thus, the greatest antioxidant activity was the water fraction.
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Nikolaidis, Michalis G., Chad M. Kerksick, Manfred Lamprecht, and Steven R. McAnulty. "Does Vitamin C and E Supplementation Impair the Favorable Adaptations of Regular Exercise?" Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/707941.
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The detrimental outcomes associated with unregulated and excessive production of free radicals remains a physiological concern that has implications to health, medicine and performance. Available evidence suggests that physiological adaptations to exercise training can enhance the body’s ability to quench free radicals and circumstantial evidence exists to suggest that key vitamins and nutrients may provide additional support to mitigate the untoward effects associated with increased free radical production. However, controversy has risen regarding the potential outcomes associated with vitamins C and E, two popular antioxidant nutrients. Recent evidence has been put forth suggesting that exogenous administration of these antioxidants may be harmful to performance making interpretations regarding the efficacy of antioxidants challenging. The available studies that employed both animal and human models provided conflicting outcomes regarding the efficacy of vitamin C and E supplementation, at least partly due to methodological differences in assessing oxidative stress and training adaptations. Based on the contradictory evidence regarding the effects of higher intakes of vitamin C and/or E on exercise performance and redox homeostasis, a permanent intake of non-physiological dosages of vitamin C and/or E cannot be recommended to healthy, exercising individuals.
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Buehler, Bruce A. "The Free Radical Theory of Aging and Antioxidant Supplements." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 17, no. 3 (April 11, 2012): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587212441939.
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Free radical excess occurs when cells are exposed to reactive oxygen species greater than the amount that can be neutralized by cellular produced antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase. This is termed oxidative stress, which can be caused by excessive energy intake or external pollutants. Excess free radicals are proposed to increase the rate of cell aging, injury, and mutations leading to a shortened cell life span. Vitamins A, C, and E and flavoproteins are supplements that function as free radical scavengers. Antioxidants are present in natural foods but added amounts beyond the diet may detoxify excess free radicals during “oxidative stress.” Antioxidant supplements decrease cellular damage from excess reactive oxygen species but they have not been proven to prolong life span.
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Richardson, Russell S., Anthony J. Donato, Abhimanyu Uberoi, D. Walter Wray, Lesley Lawrenson, Steven Nishiyama, and Damian M. Bailey. "Exercise-induced brachial artery vasodilation: role of free radicals." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292, no. 3 (March 2007): H1516—H1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01045.2006.
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Originally thought of as simply damaging or toxic “accidents” of in vivo chemistry, free radicals are becoming increasingly recognized as redox signaling molecules implicit in cellular homeostasis. Indeed, at the vascular level, it is plausible that oxidative stress plays a regulatory role in normal vascular function. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, we sought to document the ability of an oral antioxidant cocktail (vitamins C, E, and α-lipoic acid) to reduce circulating free radicals, and we employed Doppler ultrasound to examine the consequence of an antioxidant-mediated reduction in oxidative stress on exercise-induced vasodilation. A total of 25 young (18–31 yr) healthy male subjects partook in these studies. EPR spectroscopy revealed a reduction in circulating free radicals following antioxidant administration at rest (∼98%) and as a consequence of exercise (∼85%). Plasma total antioxidant capacity and vitamin C both increased following the ingestion of the antioxidant cocktail, whereas vitamin E levels were not influenced by the ingestion of the antioxidants. Brachial artery vasodilation during submaximal forearm handgrip exercise was greater with the placebo (7.4 ± 1.8%) than with the antioxidant cocktail (2.3 ± 0.7%). These data document the efficacy of an oral antioxidant cocktail in reducing free radicals and suggest that, in a healthy state, the aggressive disruption of the delicate balance between pro- and antioxidant forces can negatively impact vascular function. These findings implicate an exercise-induced reliance upon pro-oxidant-stimulated vasodilation, thereby revealing an important and positive vascular role for free radicals.
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Kanter, Mitchell M. "Free Radicals, Exercise, and Antioxidant Supplementation." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 4, no. 3 (September 1994): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.3.205.
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Free radicals have been implicated in the development of diverse diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cataracts, and recent epidemic-logical data suggest an inverse relationship between antioxidant intake and cardiovascular disease risk. Data also suggest that antioxidants may delay aging, Research has indicated that free radical production and subsequent lipid peroxidation are normal sequelae to the rise in oxygen consumption with exercise. Consequently, antioxidant supplementation may detoxify the peroxides produced during exercise and diminish muscle damage and soreness. Vitamin E, beta carotene, and vitamin C have shown promise as protective antioxidants. Other ingestible products with antioxidant properties include selenium and coenzyme. The role (if any) that free radicals play in the development of exercise-induced tissue damage, or the protective role that antioxidants may play, remains to be elucidated. Current methods used to assess exercise-induced lipid peroxidation are not extremely specific or sensitive; research that utilizes more sophisticated methodologies should help to answer many questions regarding dietary antioxidants.
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Gautam, Narayan. "Free radicals and vitamin antioxidants in health and lung diseases." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v3i3.24249.
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Several lung diseases have undergone oxidative stress due to free radical insult. Consequently, antioxidant vitamin C and vitamin E play important role in defense against cellular injury by scavenging free radicals. This article reviews the potential mechanism of free radicals generation and vitamin antioxidant defense to link amongst various lung diseases. One of the manifestations of free radical mediated process is lipid peroxidation subsequently producing malondialdehyde (MDA) in these patients. Supplementation of vitamin C and vitamin E as an adjuvant therapy as well as high intake of fresh fruits and vegetables appear to have a beneficial effect on lung health. Moreover, their consumption should be recommended on a daily basis. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of antioxidants as an adjuvant therapy in patients with lung diseases.
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Higgins, Madalyn Riley, Azimeh Izadi, and Mojtaba Kaviani. "Antioxidants and Exercise Performance: With a Focus on Vitamin E and C Supplementation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 15, 2020): 8452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228452.
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Antioxidant supplementation, including vitamin E and C supplementation, has recently received recognition among athletes as a possible method for enhancing athletic performance. Increased oxidative stress during exercise results in the production of free radicals, which leads to muscle damage, fatigue, and impaired performance. Despite their negative effects on performance, free radicals may act as signaling molecules enhancing protection against greater physical stress. Current evidence suggests that antioxidant supplementation may impair these adaptations. Apart from athletes training at altitude and those looking for an immediate, short-term performance enhancement, supplementation with vitamin E does not appear to be beneficial. Moreover, the effectiveness of vitamin E and C alone and/or combined on muscle mass and strength have been inconsistent. Given that antioxidant supplements (e.g., vitamin E and C) tend to block anabolic signaling pathways, and thus, impair adaptations to resistance training, special caution should be taken with these supplements. It is recommended that athletes consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, which provides vitamins, minerals phytochemicals, and other bioactive compounds to meet the recommended intakes of vitamin E and C.
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Tabet, Naji, David Mantle, Zuzana Walker, and Martin Orrell. "Endogenous Antioxidant Activities in Relation to Concurrent Vitamins A, C, and E Intake in Dementia." International Psychogeriatrics 14, no. 1 (March 2002): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610202008232.
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Previous reports on the activities of essential endogenous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione in dementia patients have not included a simultaneous quantitative assessment of dietary antioxidant intake. This is important because the reported differences in endogenous antioxidant levels among dementia patients may have reflected variations in the total antioxidants' intake. In this study we measured the levels of antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E in the diet of 81 dementia patients and controls at the same time as assessing blood levels of three endogenous antioxidants. Results showed a significant decrease in the intake of vitamins C (p < .001) and E (p < .01) in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) when compared to controls. Patients with mild/moderate AD differed from controls only in the intake of vitamin C (p < .01). The blood levels of catalase but not superoxide dismutase and glutathione were significantly decreased in the patients with severe AD when compared to controls (p < .01), patients with mild/moderate AD (p < .01), and patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (p < .05). The blood catalase levels of dementia patients, as a whole, were significantly and positively associated with the intake of vitamins A (p < .05), C (p < .01), and E (p < .05). The results indicated that dietary intake of vitamins A, C, and E may influence blood levels of catalase possibly through their antioxidant effects on free radicals. The data underscore the importance of concurrent quantitative assessment of nutritional intake when measuring endogenous antioxidant activities and support a role for antioxidant supplementation in the treatment of dementia disorders.
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Goldfarb, Allan H. "Nutritional Antioxidants as Therapeutic and Preventive Modalities in Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 24, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h99-021.
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Several mechanisms have been forwarded to explain the etiology of exercise-induced muscle damage. Free-radical mediated processes appear to be an important component of the inflammatory mediated response. Free radicals have also been demonstrated to be a contributing factor in the loss of calcium homeostasis within the cell. Therefore, one of the proposed treatments for preventing or reducing the extent of this damage is the intervention of free-radical mediated processes. Antioxidants are agents that typically work to prevent free-radical mediated alterations within cells by quenching free radicals. The traditional dietary antioxidants most commonly investigated to inhibit free-radical damage are vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta carotene. Other nutritional agents have also been noted to posses antioxidant properties. Isoflavonoids and some phytochemicals have been proposed to contain antioxidant properties. This paper briefly reviews some aspects of these agents and their role, either proven or proposed, in the prevention of oxidative stress and muscle damage. Key words: vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene, genistein, oxidative stress
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Rizkayanti, Rizkayanti, Anang Wahid M. Diah, and Minarni Rama Jura. "Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Air dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera LAM)." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 6, no. 2 (December 8, 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2017.v6.i2.9244.
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Moringa (moringa oleifera Lam) leaves contains many molecules as inhibitors for free radicals such as phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, coumarins, lignans, stilbenes, tannins), nitrogen compounds (alkaloids, amines, betalain), vitamins, terpenoids (including carotenoids), and several other endogenous metabolites as antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant potency of water and ethanol extracts of moringa (moringa oleifera Lam) leave obtained by maceration and dekok. The concentration of free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer after addition of various concentrations of Moringa leaves extracts. Various concentrations of moringa leave extracts used were 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 60 ppm and 80 ppm. Vitamin C solutions as the positive control were prepared on similar various concentrations. The negative control was prepared using DPPH solutions dissolved in absolute ethanol. The results indicated that the ethanol extract of moringa leaves prepared by maceration method showed the antioxidant potency with an IC50 value of 22.1818 ppm, but the IC50 value of water extract of moringa leaves prepared by dekok was 57.5439 ppm. While, the IC50 value of Vitamin C was 8.8084 ppm. Based on the IC50 data it can be concluded that Vitamin C is a stronger antioxidant than moringa leaves extracts.
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Chiuman, Linda, and Nelvi Sutanto. "A Healthier Antioxidants-Rich Food with Vitamin C and E." Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research 2, no. 2 (May 17, 2020): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v2i2.96.
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There is no doubt that the incredible advances in medicine will be perceived as one of the spectacular achievements of the twentieth century right along with some other innovations. Hazards such as radiation, pollution, smoke, nutrient poor diet handle many common diseases. This article demonstrates knowledge of the antioxidant to practice real preventive medicine by understanding the role that free radicals play in the onset and progression of known disease and how antioxidants can control them.
Keywords: antioxidant; antioxidant activity; free radicals, vitamin C, vitamin E
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Wattamwar, P. B., AMAR UMAKANT UPASE, S. B. Gholve, S. G. Zingade, and O. G. Bhusnure. "Formulation and Evaluation of Traditional Antioxidant Grape Seeds Extract in the Form of Tablets." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 5 (September 15, 2019): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i5.3228.
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Oxygen uptake while breathing cause’s free radical production and in addition to that environmental factors such as pollutants, smoke and certain chemicals also contribute to their formation. Reactive oxygen species is a collective term that includes all reactive forms of oxygen, including both oxygen radicals and several non-radical oxidizing agents that participate in the initiation and/or propagation of chain reaction. Free radicals are atoms, molecules or ions with unpaired electrons that are highly unstable and active towards chemical reactions with other molecules. Antioxidant is any substance that when present at low concentrations compared to those of an oxidizable substrate significantly delays or prevents oxidation of that substrate. Antioxidants block the process of oxidation by neutralizing free radicals. Antioxidant power of proanthocyanidins is 20 times greater than vitamin E and 50 times greater than vitamin C. Proanthocyanidins in Grape seeds have been shown to exhibit strong antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and antiviral activity.
Keywords- Antioxidants, Grape seed, Proanthocyanidins, DPPH activity.
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Powers, Scott K., and Shannon L. Lennon. "Analysis of cellular responses to free radicals: focus on exercise and skeletal muscle." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 4 (November 1999): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199001342.
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Muscular exercise results in an increased production of radicals and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent evidence suggests that radicals and other ROS are an underlying aetiology in exercise-induced disturbances in muscle redox status. These exercise-induced redox disturbances in skeletal muscle are postulated to contribute to both muscle fatigue and/or exercise-induced muscle injury. To defend against ROS, muscle cells contain complex cellular defence mechanisms to reduce the risk of oxidative injury. Two major classes (enzymic and non-enzymic) of endogenous protective mechanisms work together to reduce the harmful effects of oxidants in the cell. Primary antioxidant enzymes include superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1; SOD), GSH peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9; GPX), and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6); these enzymes are responsible for removing superoxide radicals, H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides, and H2O2 respectively. Important non-enzymic antioxidants include vitamins E and C, β-carotene, GSH and ubiquinones. Vitamin E, β-carotene and ubiquinone are located in lipid regions of the cell, whereas GSH and vitamin C are in aqueous compartments of the cell. Regular endurance training promotes an increase in both total SOD and GPX activity in actively-recruited skeletal muscles. High-intensity exercise training has been shown to be generally superior to low-intensity exercise in the upregulation of muscle SOD and GPX activities. Also, training-induced upregulation of antioxidant enzymes is limited to highly-oxidative skeletal muscles. The effects of endurance training on non-enzymic antioxidants remain a relatively uninvestigated area.
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Chan, Alvin C. "Partners in defense, vitamin E and vitamin C." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-109.
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In addition to the enzymic mechanism of free-radical removal, essential nutrients that can scavenge free radicals, such as vitamins E and C, constitute a strong line of defense in retarding free radical induced cellular damage. Distinct pathways for the repair of oxidized vitamin E in human cells have been recently identified. Within 0.5 min after the addition of arachidonic acid to a human platelet homogenate, over half of the platelet vitamin E and added arachidonate were metabolized by platelet cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. After adding nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lipoxygenase inhibitor and a strong reductant, over 60% of the oxidized vitamin E was regenerated. To test other physiological, water-soluble reductants that may help regenerate vitamin E, eicosatetraynoic acid, a lipoxygenase inhibitor that is not an antioxidant, was used. In this system, both ascorbate and glutathione provided significant vitamin E regeneration. Kinetic analysis and studies of vitamin E regeneration in a protein-denaturing system revealed that ascorbate regenerates vitamin E by a nonenzymic mechanism, whereas glutathione regenerates vitamin E enzymatically. These studies suggest that significant interaction occurs between water- and lipid-soluble molecules at the membrane–cytosol interface and that vitamin C may function in vivo to repair the membrane-bound oxidized vitamin E.Key words: vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin E cycle, glutathione, human platelets.
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Rahmah, Widya, Hasyrul Hamzah, Siti Hajar, Sylvan Septian Ressandy, and Erlisa Maharani Putri. "POTENTIAL OF MATOA FRUIT EXTRACT (POMETIA PINNATA) AS ANTIOXIDANT SOURCE." Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis 7, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/pharmacy.v7i1.4240.
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Pometia pinnata or commonly known as matoa is a typical plant of Eastern Indonesia or Papua that grows throughout the Papua archipelago. Matoa contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and vitamins A, C, E which can boost the immune system. The study aims to examine whether the matoa (Pometia pinnata) has acted as a source of antioxidants where one of the functions of the antioxidants themselves is to increase the body's immune system by fighting free radicals. This study uses a narrative review approach, which is a secondary research method that does not have specific guidelines in its preparation (non-systematic review) using data collected assembled with research topics from various electronic and non-electronic libraries. Based on the results of the study using comparisons with other foods such as lime, spirulina, and carrots, it turns out that the fruit and fruit skins of Matoa contain more vitamin C. It is known that the skin of the fruit and matoa fruit contains vitamin C which works as an antioxidant to increase the body's immune system by fighting free radicals. Also, based on several studies, it is known that the extract of the stem and matoa bark obtained an IC50 value of more than 70 ppm where this value is classified as strong antioxidant activity.
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Mohsina Hyder, Raja D, Visakh Varma, and Ponnusankar S. "Oxidative stress during insulin resistance in prediabetes : a review on role of antioxidants." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 3511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2503.
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Oxidative stress is one of the major causal factors behind insulin resistance during prediabetes. It can impair insulin signalling by triggering stress activated signaling pathways and can also directly oxidize and damage the proteins of these pathways. Although cells have impressive stock of antioxidant enzymes and minor antioxidant moieties, these agents may not be adequate to maintain the redox balance during oxidative stress. The important functional antioxidant vitamins for tissue protection from excess free radicals comprises vitamin C, E and A. Vitamin C can improve insulin resistance by altering endothelial function and reducing oxidative stress. Vitamin E is an excellent trap for peroxyl radicals which suppresses ROS production in the pancreas, preserves pancreatic β cell function and maintains structural integrity of pancreatic islet cells. Vitamin A prevents tissue oxidative damage as well as exhibits a regenerative role in the pancreas. Like vitamins, minerals play a crucial role during oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Zinc is crucial for insulin actions and carbohydrate metabolism. Chromium activates insulin receptors through the oligopeptidechromudulin, which occurs in the insulin sensitive cells that binds to the insulin receptor, thereby increasing insulin signal transduction and sensitivity. Selenium up regulates glutathione peroxidase activity can inhibit NF-kappa B activation. The risk of diabetes and its complications will be more with elevating oxidative stress. Interventions with these antioxidants have proven beneficial role in reducing oxidative stress which can be utilized for reduction of insulin resistance in prediabetes.
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Chen, Alex F., Dan-Dan Chen, Andreas Daiber, Frank M. Faraci, Huige Li, Christopher M. Rembold, and Ismail Laher. "Free radical biology of the cardiovascular system." Clinical Science 123, no. 2 (March 23, 2012): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20110562.
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Most cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), as well as age-related cardiovascular alterations, are accompanied by increases in oxidative stress, usually due to increased generation and/or decreased metabolism of ROS (reactive oxygen species; for example superoxide radicals) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species; for example peroxynitrite). The superoxide anion is generated by several enzymatic reactions, including a variety of NADPH oxidases and uncoupled eNOS (endothelial NO synthase). To relieve the burden caused by this generation of free radicals, which also occurs as part of normal physiological processes, such as mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, mammalian systems have developed endogenous antioxidant enzymes. There is an increased usage of exogenous antioxidants such as vitamins C and E by many patients and the general public, ostensibly in an attempt to supplement intrinsic antioxidant activity. Unfortunately, the results of large-scale trails do not generate much enthusiasm for the continued use of antioxidants to mitigate free-radical-induced changes in the cardiovascular system. In the present paper, we review the clinical use of antioxidants by providing the rationale for their use and describe the outcomes of several large-scale trails that largely display negative outcomes. We also describe the emerging understanding of the detailed regulation of superoxide generation by an uncoupled eNOS and efforts to reverse eNOS uncoupling. SIRT1 (sirtuin 1), which regulates the expression and activity of multiple pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes, could be considered a candidate molecule for a ‘molecular switch’.
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Afifi, Mohamed, and Ali Alkaladi. "Antioxidant system in Uromastyx philbyi during hibernation and activity periods." Open Life Sciences 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-014-0318-x.
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AbstractHibernation is an extreme physiological state characterized by profound decreases in oxidative metabolism and body temperature during bouts of prolonged torpor, interrupted by brief periods of arousal with sudden increases in oxidative metabolism, with alterations in antioxidant defenses. We monitored the activities of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress during hibernation and activity in Uromastyx philbyi. 20 animals were used, 10 of which were collected in the hibernation season (group I) and the other 10 collected during the active period (group II). Blood, liver, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and brain samples were used to determine free radical and antioxidant levels. The results indicated a significant decrease of free radicals and increase of vitamin C, especially in serum during hibernation. In contrast, during the active period free radicals, enzymatic antioxidants as glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and non-enzymatic antioxidants as reduce glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E increased in all studied tissues. It can be concluded that Uromastyx philbyi has a strong antioxidant defense system that protects it from the injurious effects of free radicals either at the periods of arousal or during activity periods.
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Silva, Elga Batista da, Marcela Cristina Machado Raposo, Michele Matias da Conceição, and Vanessa De Oliveira dos Santos. "Capacidade antioxidante de frutas e hortaliças." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 10, no. 5 (December 31, 2015): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v10i5.3636.
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<p>A definição de alimentos funcionais ainda é controversa na literatura, são definidos como aqueles que apresentam concentrações de um ou mais ingredientes modificados ou manipulados para melhorar sua contribuição para dieta saudável. Esses alimentos apresentam ainda nutrientes em quantidades apreciáveis, como é o caso das frutas e hortaliças que apresentam em sua composição compostos antioxidantes capazes de combater os radicais livres. Objetivou-se com essa revisão bibliográfica discutir os benefícios dos compostos com atividade antioxidantes presentes em frutas e hortaliças. Este estudo se utilizou da revisão de literatura para buscar evidencias sobre o tema abordado. Os carotenoides formam uma classe de pigmentos presentes nos vegetais, além das propriedades biológicas envolvendo sua atividade antioxidante<strong>,</strong> destacarmos a função antioxidante dos compostos fenólicos e das vitaminas A, C e E. As vitaminas são substâncias orgânicas presentes em muitos alimentos em pequenas quantidades e essenciais para o bom funcionamento de muitos processos fisiológicos do corpo humano. O aumento do consumo de frutas e hortaliças deve ser estimulado, pois diversos compostos presentes na célula vegetal como visto no presente trabalho, dentre eles a função antioxidante das vitaminas A, C e E, desempenham proteção e redução do risco de diversas doenças.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Antioxidant capacity of fruits and vegetables</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The definition of a functional food is still controversial in literature, they are defined as those having concentrations of ingredients one or more modified or manipulated to enhance their contribution to healthy diet. These foods still have appreciable amounts of nutrients, such as fruit and vegetables that have in their composition antioxidant compounds capable of combating free radicals. The aim of this review was to discuss benefits of compounds with antioxidant activity present in fruits and vegetables. This study used the literature review to seek evidence on the topic discussed. Carotenoids are a class of pigments present in plants, involving biological properties beyond its antioxidant activity, we deploy the antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds and vitamins A, C and E. Vitamins are organic substances present in small amounts in many foods and essential for the proper functioning of many physiological processes of the human body. Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables should be encouraged, because many compounds present in the plant cell as seen in this study, including the antioxidant function of vitamins A, C and E play an important role in protection of various diseases.<strong></strong></p>
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Sureshkumar, Kshirsagar Shubhangi, Anjali D. Turale, Mangesh Hedau, and Ashish Jaiswal. "ROLE OF AMALAKI RASAYAN AS AN ANTIOXIDANT IN OXIDATIVE STRESS." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 2486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj3009102021.
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Ayurveda is the science of life. The main aim of Ayurveda is to maintain the health of a healthy person and to cure the diseased person. For the maintenance of the health of a healthy person, rasayan chikitsa is advised in Ayurve- da. Rasayan chikitsa is the separate branch of Ayurveda, which deals with various aspects of preventive health care. In today’s modern era, the incidence of lifestyle disorders like hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases increased, because of altered dietary and living patterns. Oxidative stress may be respon- sible for most of the diseases. Lack of dietary antioxidants supplements and generation of free radicals induces disease associated with oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is essentially an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. Free radicals contain unpaired electrons, and they are unstable and highly reactive. They donate or accept an electron from other molecules, therefore behaving as oxidants. An antioxidant is a stable molecule, enough to donate an electron to rampaging free radical and neutralize it, thus reducing its capacity to damage. Ac-cording to Ayurveda, Amalaki is the best rasayan, tridoshhar. As per modern science, it contains the largest amount of vitamin C (6oomg), and vitamin C has the best antioxidant property. Amalaki rasayan plays an im- portant role as an antioxidant and thus relives oxidative stress, thus helpful in the prevention of many diseases. Keywords: Rasayan, antioxidant, free radicals, Amalaki
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Naghii, M. R. "A Suggested Method for the Prediction of the Oxidation Resistance of Low Density Lipoprotein by Determination of the Lag Time." Nutrition and Health 16, no. 2 (April 2002): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010600201600204.
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A simple clinical blood test, which measures the total antioxidant status of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and therefore its vulnerability to oxidative stress is suggested, and as a first stage this was tried on a small sample of eight healthy adult males. The body's natural defence and repair systems try to handle all free radicals, but these systems are not hundred percent effective. Thereby, the role of antioxidants (particularly natural antioxidants) becomes evident and vitamins such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and compounds like beta-carotene are under especially extensive study. Vitamin C is the most abundant water-soluble antioxidant acting in extracellular fluid, while Vitamin E is the most abundant fat-soluble antioxidant, and it protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids within the LDL from oxidation and helps to prevent the process of atherogenesis. The determination of ‘lag-phase’ during continuous monitoring of oxidation of LDL in vitro is a convenient and objective procedure for determining the susceptibility of LDL from different donors towards oxidation as well as of pro- and anti-oxidants. The Lag-time for LDL samples, obtained from eight healthy adult males was found to be between 40–50 minutes. The measurement of this Lag-phase could be a highly promising routine method for measuring the total antioxidant status of LDL.
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Hosseinabadi, Majid Bagheri, Narges Khanjani, Pirasteh Norouzi, Mehdi Mirzaii, Jamal Biganeh, and Freshteh Nazarkhani. "Investigating the effects of vitamins E and C on oxidative stress and hematological parameters among power plant workers: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial." Toxicology and Industrial Health 36, no. 2 (February 2020): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233720908993.
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The present study aimed to determine the effect of taking antioxidant vitamins including vitamins E and C in reducing oxidative stress levels and improving blood parameters. This double-blind randomized controlled trial study was conducted among the employees working in different parts of a power plant in Semnan, Iran, in 2017. A total of 91 employees were randomly allocated to four groups including vitamin E (400 units per day), vitamin C (1000 mg per day), vitamin E + C for 90 days, and control. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (Cat), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma, and hematological parameters were measured in the participants before and after the intervention. A significant increase was seen in the mean level of SOD, Cat, and TAC in the vitamin-treated groups as well as a significant decrease in mean MOD in vitamin C and vitamin E groups after the intervention. In the intervention groups, the number of red blood cells, hematocrit, and the level of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration significantly increased. After the intervention, the mean levels of MDA, SOD, and Cat in vitamin E group were significantly lower than the control group. The mean level of TAC decreased only in the vitamin C group compared to the control group. Taking vitamins E and C as nonenzymatic scavengers of free radicals appears to decrease lipid peroxidation and increase the level of antioxidant enzymes, which can be imbalanced by exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields in power plant employees. Furthermore, some hematological parameters can be improved by consuming these vitamins.
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Ramnath, Shubharani, and Sivaram Venkataramegowda. "Antioxidant Activity of Indian Propolis - An In Vitro Evaluation." International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine 5 (October 2016): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijppe.5.79.
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Antioxidants from the natural products are essential to prevent the progression of free radical mediated diseases. In the present study, ethanol extract of propolis collected from different geographical origin were evaluated for their free radical scavenging potential by employing different in-vitro assays such as DPPH, ABTS, Nitric oxide and Hydrogen peroxide. All the tested samples contained considerable amount of total phenols and vitamin C content. In the entire assay, the percentage of inhibition increased with the increase in concentration. Among the propolis samples collected, the highest activity was found in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Haryana. The difference in the antioxidant activity level was obtained from the assay may reflect a relative difference in the ability of antioxidant compounds to scavenge different free radicals in the extract. Phenols and vitamin C are the major contributors to antioxidant activity in propolis. The propolis from these locations may be of considerable interest in preventing the ill effects of excessive free radical generation in the human body.
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Balakrishnan, Brindha Banu, and Kalaivani Krishnasamy. "EVALUATION OF FREE RADICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF MORINGA CONCANENSIS NIMMO-A MEDICINAL PLANT USED IN INDIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICATION SYSTEM." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i7.26403.
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Objective: We aimed to investigate the free radical scavenging, antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of M. concanensis Nimmo leaves.Methods: Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by employing various accepted in vitro systems, such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl (OH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical. Antioxidant potential of M. concanensis Nimmo extract was assessed against H2O2 in goat liver by determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), total reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E activity, and lipid peroxidation (LPO).Results: Results showed that the amount of plant extract of M. concanensis Nimmo required to scavenge 50% of the DPPH radicals was 401.80 μg/ml, ABTS radical was 353.14 μg/ml, OH radical was 433.71 μg/ml and NO radical was 371.24 μg/ml. Also, the pre-treatment of ethanolic extract of M. concanensis Nimmo leaves in goat liver showed a significant protection against H2O2 induced oxidative stress by retaining of antioxidants of SOD (4.76±0.25), CAT (26.81±0.25), GPx (6.41±0.34), GST (2.31±0.10), G-6-PDH (0.84±0.02), GSH (37.30±1.12), vitamin C (3.01±0.07), vitamin E (14.43±0.45) within normal range.Conclusion: In conclusion, promising free radical scavenging, the antioxidant activity of M. concanensis Nimmo leaves can be able to treat various diseases caused by free radicals.
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Qasim, Nimra, Muhammad Shahid, Fatima Yousaf, Muhammad Riaz, Fozia Anjum, Muhammad Adeel Faryad, and Remsha Shabbir. "Therapeutic Potential of Selected Varieties of Phoenix Dactylifera L. Against Microbial Biofilm and Free Radical Damage to DNA." Dose-Response 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 155932582096260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325820962609.
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Phoenix dactylifera L. (Date palm) is the most widely consumed fruit around the world and is rich source of nutrients containing dietary fibers, minerals, vitamins, sugar, protein and antioxidants with potent bioactivities against various microbial pathogens. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of 2 varieties of ethanolic extracts of Phoenix dactylifera i-e Ajwa and Khalas against bacterial biofilms. This study also investigated the protective effect of Ajwa and Khalas against hydroxyl radical damage to calf thymus DNA. Antioxidant potential through different antioxidant assays showed that Ajwa has higher antioxidant potential than Khalas. Both Ajwa and Khalas presented good antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Pasteurella multocida. Biofilm inhibition assay showed that increasing concentration of Ajwa and Khalas exhibited higher percentage of bacterial biofilm inhibition. Microscopic examination revealed significant inhibition of microbial biofilm. Ajwa and Khalas protected the calf thymus DNA against damage caused by hydroxyl radicals produced by fenton reagent. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the presence of O–H, C=C and C–O functional groups in tested extracts. The study concluded that tested varieties of Date palm have the potential to inhibit bacterial biofilms and can be used for therapeutic purposes against biofilm producing pathogens.
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Liakopoulos, Vassilios, Stefanos Roumeliotis, Andreas Bozikas, Theodoros Eleftheriadis, and Evangelia Dounousi. "Antioxidant Supplementation in Renal Replacement Therapy Patients: Is There Evidence?" Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (January 15, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9109473.
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The disruption of balance between production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant systems in favor of the oxidants is termed oxidative stress (OS). To counteract the damaging effects of prooxidant free radicals, all aerobic organisms have antioxidant defense mechanisms that are aimed at neutralizing the circulating oxidants and repair the resulting injuries. Antioxidants are either endogenous (the natural defense mechanisms produced by the human body) or exogenous, found in supplements and foods. OS is present at the early stages of chronic kidney disease, augments progressively with renal function deterioration, and is further exacerbated by renal replacement therapy. End-stage renal disease patients, on hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD), suffer from accelerated OS, which has been associated with increased risk for mortality and cardiovascular disease. During HD sessions, the bioincompatibility of dialyzers and dialysate trigger activation of white blood cells and formation of free radicals, while a significant loss of antioxidants is also present. In PD, the bioincompatibility of solutions, including high osmolality, elevated lactate levels, low pH, and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products trigger formation of prooxidants, while there is significant loss of vitamins in the ultrafiltrate. A number of exogenous antioxidants have been suggested to ameliorate OS in dialysis patients. Vitamins B, C, D, and E, coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, a-lipoic acid, curcumin, green tea, flavonoids, polyphenols, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, statins, trace elements, and N-acetylcysteine have been studied as exogenous antioxidant supplements in both PD and HD patients.
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Ureta, Romnick, Siegfred Mejico, and Yvonne Maranan. "Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Antioxidants of Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (Pennywort): Baseline Study in Developing Biocosmetic-Antidote for Pathological Aging." International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine 10 (July 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijppe.10.1.
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Pathological aging due to harmful free radicals and oxidative stress has been a serious threat to human health (Kensella & He, 2008). Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity, antioxidants, essential vitamins, and physicochemical properties of Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (Pennywort) which could serve as basis in developing a biocosmetic antidote for pathological aging. H.vulgaris L. plant was harvested, air dried and then extracted via soxhlet. UV-vis spectroscopy was used for scavenging activity and antioxidants of the plant while High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was applied for the identification of essential vitamins. Phytochemicals, pH and spreadability values of the plant were also tested. Results revealed that H.vulgaris L. has an abundant presence of flavonoid and alkaloid while traced presence of tannin. Good trend for scavenging activity was also observed exhibiting low absorbance of possible free radicals with IC50 of 29.75 and antioxidant activity of 158.13 (Total Phenolics as gallic acid in %w/w). Meanwhile, β-carotene (10.4 mg/kg), Riboflavin (4.08mg/kg), and Vitamins C (70.2mg/kg) and E (26.9mg/kg) were also found in the plant. Non-irritating pH levels of 5.7 and 7.14 for 50% and 75% concentrations of the extracts with good spreadability value of 17.51 g∙cm/sec (for 75% concentration) were also obtained. Based on the findings of the study, Pennywort has a very promising therapeutic characteristics with its good scavenging activity and antioxidants. Thus, the development of a biocosmetic product that could serve as an antidote for pathological aging from Pennywort appeared to be very apparent.
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Zulaikhah, Siti Thomas. "The Role of Antioxidant to Prevent Free Radicals in The Body." Sains Medika 8, no. 1 (April 4, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/sainsmed.v8i1.1012.
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AbstractAntioxidants are compounds that can counteract or reduce the negative impact oxidants in the body. Antioxidants work by donating an electron to compounds that are oxidant so that the oxidant compound activity can be inhibited. Antioxidants are classified into two, namely antioxidant enzymes and non-enzyme. Antioxidant enzymes as enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a non-enzyme antioxidant found in many vegetables and fruits, which include reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, E, β- carotene, flavonoids, isoflavones, flavones, antosionin, catechins, and isokatekin, and lipoic acid. Low antioxidant enzymes can be used as a marker of high levels of free radicals in the body. Following review aims to provide an overview of the role of antioxidants in preventing the formation of free radicals in the body.
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Onyema-iloh, Bridget Obiageli, Samuel C. Meludu, Emmanuel Iloh, Johnkennedy Nnodim, Onyema Onyegbule, and Blessing Mykembata. "Biochemical changes in some trace elements, antioxidant vitamins and their therapeutic importance in prostate cancer patients." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 1 (July 25, 2014): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i1.10799.
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Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the serum levels of some trace-elements (zinc, copper and selenium) and antioxidant vitamins (vitamin A, C and E) in prostate cancer patients. Method: A total of 50 prostate cancer patients aged 50-70 years with PSA > 4.0 ng/dl were recruited for the study while 50 apparently healthy individual were used as control subjects. Zinc, copper and selenium were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer while vitamin A, C and E were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Result: The result showed that the mean levels of Se (0.77±0.26), Zn(147.75±42.05) were significantly lower (p <0.05) when compared with the control (1.47±0.13) and (168.78±59.80) respectively. The serum copper level (187. 76±66.05) was significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared with control (126.40±31.24).The antioxidant vitamin A (0.42±0.19), vitamin C (3.62±1.81) and vitamin E (0.39±0.13) were Significantly lower p(<0.05) when compared with the control (0.68±0.32)(12.16±4.07) and (1.40±0.16) respectively. Concusion: The decreased trace elements and antioxidant vitamins may be associated with high free radicals generated due to oxidative stress in prostate cancer patient. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i1.10799 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(1) 2015 95-97
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Grundman, Michael, and Patrick Delaney. "Antioxidant strategies for Alzheimer's disease." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 2 (May 2002): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2002146.
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Oxidative damage is present within the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is observed within every class of biomolecule, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Oxidative injury may develop secondary to excessive oxidative stress resulting from β-amyloid-induced free radicals, mitochondrial abnormalities, inadequate energy supply, inflammation or altered antioxidant defences. Treatment with antioxidants is a promising approach for slowing disease progression to the extent that oxidative damage may be responsible for the cognitive and functional decline observed in AD. Although not a uniformly consistent observation, a number of epidemiological studies have found a link between antioxidant intake and a reduced incidence of dementia, AD and cognitive decline in elderly populations. In AD clinical trials molecules with antioxidant properties such as vitamin E andGinkgo bilobaextract have shown modest benefit. A clinical trial with vitamin E is currently ongoing to determine if it can delay progression to AD in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Combinations of antioxidants might be of even greater potential benefit for AD, especially if the agents worked in different cellular compartments or had complementary activity (e.g. vitamins E, C and ubiquinone). Naturally-occurring compounds with antioxidant capacity are available and widely marketed (e.g. vitamin C, ubiquinone, lipoic acid, β-carotene, creatine, melatonin, curcumin) and synthetic compounds are under development by industry. Nevertheless, the clinical value of these agents for AD prevention and treatment is ambiguous, and will remain so until properly designed human trials have been performed.
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Riccioni, DOrazio, Salvatore, Franceschelli, Pesce, and Speranza. "Carotenoids and Vitamins C and E in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000090.
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Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major source of mortality and morbidity in the general population. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) represents the most important determinant factor in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Oxidative damage and the production of free radicals (FRs) in the endothelium are some of the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic process that causes CVD. Appropriate nutritional practices are of central importance in managing risk and treatment of CVD; in fact, many current guidelines for a healthy general population contain nutritional recommendations to reduce the risk of these diseases. Observational studies of vitamins C and E, the most prevalent natural antioxidant vitamins, suggest that supplemental use of these vitamins may lower the risk for coronary events. Despite these data, several large, randomized controlled trials have failed to confirm the benefits of vitamin C and E in cardiovascular prevention. The aim of this review is to examine the published studies regarding the effect of vitamins (C and E) and beta-carotene supplementation in the prevention of CVD due to atherosclerosis.
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Mardiyah, Siti. "Uji Antioksidan Belimbing Wuluh dan Ampas Nanas Terhadap Kualitas Minyak Goreng Habis Pakai." JOURNAL OF MUHAMMADIYAH MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/jmlt.v4i1.7509.
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Anti-Oxidant Tests of starfruit and pineapple pulp on the quality of Used Cooking Oils ABSTRACTUsed Cooking Oil is oil produced from frying residue and is carcinogenic because it causes oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerization to produce toxic peroxides and free fatty acids that are difficult for the body to digest. Measurement of oil quality can be measured through 3 parameters, namely, the peroxide number, the acid number and the oil color. Efforts to control the quality of cooking oil are the addition of natural antioxidants, starch wuluh and pineapple pulp. Starfruit contains flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and pectins as well as Vitamins C and A which can absorb free radicals in oil. Meanwhile, pineapple pulp contains high levels of vitamin C, flavonoids and polyphenols which can eat free radicals. This Research aims to determine the differences in the antioxidant power of starfruit and pineapple pulp to maintain the quality of used cooking oil. This research is experimental, which will study the antioxidant power of starfruit and pineapple pulp at the acid number, peroxidant and color intensity of used cooking oil. 3 grams of dry starfruit and 0.4 grams of dried pineapple pulp are added to each pad 100 mL of used cooking oil. The application of starfruit and pineapple pulp in used cooking oil had a significant effect on the 3 oil quality parameters, namely the acid number, the peroxide number and the oil color intensity, with a significance value of P <0.05. This is because the antioxidant content and composition of the two ingredients are different. Wuluh starfruit in the addition of 3 grams provides a fairly large antioxidant effect, while pineapple pulp at a concentration of 0.4 grams has shown anti-oxidant power so a higher concentration is needed to produce optimal antioxidant power. Keywords: Antioxidants, Starfruit, Pineapple Dregs
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Zocoler, Analice Martins Daleffi, Andréia Cristina Conegero Sanches, Ingrid Albrecht, and João Carlos Palazzo de Mello. "Antioxidant capacity of extracts and isolated compounds from Stryphnodendron obovatum Benth." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 45, no. 3 (September 2009): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502009000300009.
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The extract from stem bark of Stryphnodendron obovatum Benth. was chromatographed on a Sephadex® LH-20 column, and yielded nine compounds: gallic acid (GA), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB), gallocatechin (GC), epigallocatechin (EPG), 4'-O-methylgallocatechin (MGC), epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-epigallocatechin (EPEP), epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-gallocatechin (EPGC), robinetinidol-(4α→8)-gallocatechin (ROGC) and robinetinidol-(4β→8)-epigallocatechin (ROEP). Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity in vitro by the methods of DPPH free radical (IC50; μg/mL) and reduction of the phosphomolybdenum complex (RAC) gave the following results, respectively: crude extract 4.52 and 0.8242; ethyl-acetate fraction 4.04 and 0.9537; aqueous fraction 5.58 and 0.9275. The crude extract and ethyl-acetate fraction were shown to possess an antioxidant capacity comparable to that of vitamin C (4.93 and 1.0). The values obtained by the DPPH free-radical method for the isolated compounds were IC50 (μM): GA=8.89; PHB=10.12; GC=16.46; EPG=13.20; MGC=21.00; EPEP=6.89; EPGC=4.91; ROGC=7.78 and ROEP=6.20. Vitamin C and trolox showed 30.11 and 30.10, respectively. Dimers showed greater activity in scavenging free radicals, possibly related to the number of hydroxyls. However, compounds without a hydroxyl at position 5 of the A-ring (5-deoxy-proanthocyanidins) did not change the antioxidant activity of the DPPH free radical, as evaluated here for the first time. Among the monomers, there appeared to be a direct relationship in scavenging of free radicals because of the stereochemistry of the compounds. The presence of a methyl radical on the B-ring significantly reduced the scavenging of free radicals of gallocatechin. All compounds showed greater scavenging of radicals than vitamin C and trolox, and these two compounds showed no significant difference from each other.
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Gackowski, D., M. Ciecierski, A. Jawień, and R. Oliński. "Background level of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in lymphocyte DNA does not correlate with the concentration of antioxidant vitamins in blood plasma." Acta Biochimica Polonica 48, no. 2 (June 30, 2001): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2001_3936.
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Antioxidant vitamins, being effective free radical scavengers, can protect cellular DNA from oxidative damage. Therefore, in the present study we report on the relationship between basal level of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in human lymphocyte DNA and the concentration of antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E). The average level of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in lymphocytes of the studied group (15 males and 20 females) was 9.57 per 10(6) dG molecules. The endogenous level of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the plasma was, on average, 56.78 microM, while the mean concentrations of retinol (vitamin A) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) were 1.24 uM and 25.74,uM, respectively. No correlations were found between individual 8-oxo-2 micro-deoxyguanosine levels in lymphocyte DNA and endogenous concentration of the vitamins.
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Madhikarmi, Nirjala Laxmi, Shambhu Kumar Panjijyar, and Madhav Gautam. "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Role of Oxidative stress and Antioxidants." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 5, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v5i4.356.
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Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications. This study was undertaken to find the oxidative stress and antioxidant conditions in diabetic and healthy individuals.Method: A case-control study was carried out at Kantipur Dental College Teaching Hospital & Research center, Kathmandu, Nepal from January 2018 to January 2019 with 200 subjects. Amongst them 100 were diagnosed as diabetic individuals and rest 100 were healthy controls with age and gender matched. Blood samples were drawn after overnight fasting for the analysis of glucose, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides, nitric oxide, total antioxidant activity, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxidase and catalase.Result: The plasma glucose, lipid peroxidation parameters: TBARS, lipid hydroperoxide and nitric oxide were increased in diabetic patients. Antioxidants markers included: total antioxidant activity, reduced glutathione, vitamins A, C & E levels were significantly decreased in diabetic patients compared to healthy control counterpart.Conclusion: Increased evidence of free radicals/ oxidative stress with respect to decreased levels of antioxidants has implicated a strong role in progression of diabetes and its associated complications. Appropriate medications with antioxidants supplementation, physical exercise, and restricted diet can improve diabetes through the reduction of oxidative stress.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 04 October’21 Page: 454-458
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Dobriyan, E. I. "Dairy antioxidant system." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 2 (September 18, 2020): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-2-101-106.
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A review of dairy antioxidants was done based on local and international sources. Oxidative processes of fat are the main cause of chemical spoilage of milk and dairy products. Lipid oxidation is associated mainly with the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the shells of fat globules and plasma phospholipids, as well as with the amount of free fat. The products of oxidative reactions at different stages of lipid oxidation with atmospheric oxygen are fatty acid hydroperoxides, peroxides, aldehydes, ketones, hydroxy acidswhich not only worsen the organoleptic characteristics of milk, but some of them are toxic substances. The antioxidant ability of milk is due to vitamins A, C, E, carotenoids, enzymes, lactoferin, sulfur-containing amino acids. One of the most powerful natural antioxidants is ascorbic acid, which is able to absorb superoxide anion radicals, alkoxyl radicals, superoxide, iron oxide, nitric oxide. Group E vitaminsare described, being the primary fat-soluble antioxidants. Among this group of substances, the most biologically active form is ?-tocopherol. The contribution of carotenoids to antioxidant protection has been determined. Beta carotene is considered as a preventive antioxidant, as it can block singlet oxygen which ishighly toxic. The mechanisms of antioxidant action of various enzymes are disclosed. Xanthioxidase has been shown to oxidize various aldigides and purine bases to the corresponding acids. Lactoperoxidase catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate with hydrogen peroxide to form thiociagen. Catalase oxidizes hydrogen peroxide to form water and molecular oxygen. Glutathione peroxidase is capable of rapidly removing hydrogen peroxide and other peroxides. The mechanism of the antioxidant action of lactoferrin is described which is based on iron the chelation by it. The functions of sulfur-containing amino acids due to the binding of free radicals are disclosed. Determining the total antioxidant activity can be a biomarker of its biological value, which will allow to choose the most perspective areas of milk processing..
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Lesgards, Jean-Francois, Marie-Pascale Lehucher-Michel, Nicolas Vidal, and Pierre Stocker. "Assessment of Antioxidative Activity of Lipid- and Water-Soluble Vitamins in Human Whole Blood. Comparative Analysis Between a Biological Test and Chemical Methods." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.75.1.11.
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Assessment of the antioxidant activity of vitamins and other compounds is of interest in the understanding of their in vivo effects. In this study, we have investigated the activity of several lipid and water-soluble vitamins in human whole blood. Measurements were carried out using a biological test that enables the evaluation of both red blood cells and plasma resistance against free radical activity induced by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane)hydrochloride (AAPH). Antioxidant activity of vitamins has been determined by using the biological test versus chemical methods (chemiluminescence, DMPD radical). We have observed strong antioxidant potentials for vitamins B6 and B9 with biological tests, but not with chemical methods. At 10 μM, the vitamin B9 efficiency in inhibiting radical-induced red blood cell hemolysis was almost three times higher than vitamin C efficiency and two times higher than α-tocopherol efficiency. Antioxidant activity was not observed for vitamins B1 or B2, nor for retinol. The weak activity of β-carotene still remains to be investigated particularly in relation to oxygen pressure. Our study demonstrated that the biological test is more useful than the chemical methods employed in this instance, for the evaluation of antioxidant capacity of lipophilic and putatively biologically active compounds.
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P., Yashaswini, Geetha A., and Ravi K. "A comparative study of efficacy and safety of anti-oxidants as an add-on therapy to metformin on glycemic parameters in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212919.
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Background: Oxidative stress plays major role in diabetes mellitus (DM), abnormal high free radicals decline antioxidant defence mechanism can lead to damage of cellular organelles and enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation and insulin resistance leads to development of complications. Supplementation of antioxidants protects free radical induced damage and further complications. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of metformin versus metformin with vitamin C and E on glycaemic parameters in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: 60 newly diagnosed T2DM patients were randomized into two groups of 30 in each to receive metformin (500 mg BD) alone in group A versus metformin (500 mg BD)+vitamin C (500 mg OD)+vitamin E (400 mg OD) in group B for 12 weeks. Efficacy was measured by improvement in glycaemic (FBS fasting blood sugar, PPBS postprandial blood sugar and HbA1c glycosylated haemoglobin) parameters at week 4, 8 and 12 from baseline. Safety was assessed by monitoring treatment emergent adverse effects.Results: The baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. There was a significant reduction of glycaemic parameters seen in both the groups from baseline to week 12 (p<0.001) but the difference was not statistically significant between the two groups (p>0.05). No significant adverse effects were noted.Conclusions: Both the groups are effective in improving glycaemic indices and supplementation of vitamins along with metformin as compared to metformin alone with no significant adverse effect. Hence, daily consumption of vitamins may be beneficial in decreasing blood glucose in patients with T2DM and thus reducing the risk of complications.
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Cefali, Letícia Caramori, Ludmila de Oliveira Maia, Rebeca Stahlschimidt, Janaína Artem Ataide, Elias Basile Tambourgi, Paulo Cesar Pires Rosa, and Priscila Gava Mazzola. "Vitamin C in Acerola and Red Plum Extracts: Quantification via HPLC, in Vitro Antioxidant Activity, and Stability of their Gel and Emulsion Formulations." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 1461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0008.
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Abstract Background: The fruits acerola and red plum are known to be good sources of antioxidants, particularly vitamin C. Antioxidants are compounds that protect organisms from biomolecular damage, such as accelerated aging, caused by free radicals. Objective: The objective of this study was to extract vitamin C from acerola and red plum, incorporate these extracts into different topical formulations, and evaluate the physicochemical stabilities of these formulations under stress conditions. Methods: Vitamin C was extracted from acerola and red plum via dynamic maceration for 2 h at 50 ± 2°C and was quantified via HPLC. In vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH assays. The extracts were then incorporated into emulsion and gel formulations in two types of packaging, and stability studies were carried out. Results: Red plum and acerola extracts were orange and red and contained vitamin C concentrations of 2732.70 ± 93.01 mg/100 g and 2.60 ± 1.2 mg/100 g, respectively. In vitro antioxidant activity resulted in over 90.0% inhibition of free radicals at 0.01 mL/mL acerola extract and 0.1 mL/mL red plum extract. In the stability study, pH values decreased for both acerola formulations when stored in the oven or in transparent glass containers. Formulations containing red plum extract were stable under all conditions. Acerola extracts contained a higher concentration of vitamin C than red plum extracts. Both extracts possessed antioxidant activity, although the acerola-based formulation was unstable when stored at high temperatures or in transparent glass containers. Highlights: Extracts from red plum and acerola contained vitamin C; antioxidant activity of the extracts resulted in over 90.0% inhibition of free radicals. Formulations containing red plum were stable under all tested conditions, and formulations containing acerola were unstable when stored in the oven or in transparent glass containers.
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Johnson, Uyovwiesevwa Ataihire, Eze Kingsley Nwangwa, and John Chukwuka Igweh. "Anti-Oxidant Effects of Silybum marianum Extracts on Diabetic Wistar Rats." Journal of Medical Research 5, no. 4 (September 5, 2019): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2019.5403.
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Antioxidants are specialized macro-molecules that neutralize harmful substances; free radicals. These radicals supposedly harm tissues, destroy food items, and damage materials. In living organisms, antioxidants can take the form of enzymes, and may be regularly added to oils, metals, foodstuffs, as well as numerous other materials to mitigate the damaging effect of free radical. Current study was designed to investigate the biochemical changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, following administration of Silybum marianum (an ancient medicinal plant of the Carduus marianum family) on Alloxan-Induced, diabetic rats. One hundred and twenty-five (125) rats were procured, made to acclimatize for two weeks, and then randomly grouped into five (5) groups of (n=25). Group 1: Non-Diabetic (Control) rats, Group 2 diabetic untreated rats, while groups 3, 4 and 5 comprised of vitamin-C treated rats (diabetic), Silymarin (extract), and Vitamin C + Silymarin (extract) combined treatment respectively. After four weeks of treatment with test extract, animals were then sacrificed, and blood samples collected and assayed for biochemical [anti-oxidant] enzyme activity. Upon statistical analysis, one way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA) activities to have significantly decreased for extract + vitamin C treated group (Group V) when compared with control (Group I). It was also noted that the use of the combined antioxidants vitamin C and silymarin resulted in a significant reduction in ROS production with decreased SOD and CAT enzyme activities. It is therefore likely that, improvements in antioxidant enzyme activities are a function of extract and/or Vitamin C administration to animals. Thus, Silymarin has antioxidant and regenerative potentials to damaged tissues.
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Khojah, Hani MJ, and Sameh A. Ahmed. "Comparative assessment of individual RONS in serum of smokers compared with non-smokers and their correlation with the lipid profile and antioxidant status." Journal of International Medical Research 47, no. 12 (October 23, 2019): 6223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519882563.
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Objective Cigarette smoking generates free radicals, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) that contribute to many diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of individual RONS in serum from smokers and non-smokers, and to examine their impact on lipid profiles and the endogenous antioxidant status, which is represented by vitamins C and E. Methods Ninety-four healthy Egyptian volunteers (48 smokers and 46 non-smokers) were enrolled. Blood samples were collected and analysed for common haematological tests, lipid profiles, and serum antioxidants. Six reactive oxygen species and three reactive nitrogen species were measured. Results A significant increase in radical levels was observed, as well as significant increases in haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit, platelet count, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in smokers compared with non-smokers. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly reduced in smokers compared with non-smokers. A moderate negative correlation was found between serum levels of vitamins C and E and O2–•, HO•, H2O2, NO•, and ONO•, reflecting a negative impact of elevated RONS levels on the endogenous antioxidant status. Conclusion These results may increase our understanding of the pathological role of smoking in several diseases.
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Muslim, Zulfahmi, Aris Prasetyo, and Septa Surya Wahyudi. "Pengaruh Vitamin C terhadap Fragilitas Osmotik Eritrosit pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Jember yang Mengalami Stres Psikologis." Pustaka Kesehatan 7, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/pk.v7i1.17585.
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Medical students are constantly getting stress that could lead to oxidative stress where the level of free radicals is higher than the level of antioxidants in the body. Free radicals can bind to erythrocyte membranes and alter membrane structure that lead to the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane resulting in decreased erythrocyte ability in preventing hemolysis. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that could prevent free radicals bond to erythrocyte membrane. Vitamin C works by donating electrons to free radicals and prevent binding to erythrocyte membranes. The purposed of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin C consumption on osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in medical students with psychological stress. This research was clinical trial research with quasi experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. Researchers used Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) questionnaire to measure the stress level. Data analysis using T test obtained mean of percentage of hemolysis between pretest and posttest was p= 0,02. It can be concluded that there is significant difference on osmotic fragility due to Vitamin C consumption in medical Student of Jember University with psychological stress.
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Chibuzo, Carole Nweze, Abdurrasheed Yusuf Hauwa, and Ahmed Zubairu. "Comparative Study on Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Radical Scavenging Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Landolphia lanceolata and Nutraceutical-C24/7." International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine 10 (July 2018): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijppe.10.36.
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This study investigated the phytochemical composition andin-vitroradical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of Nutraceutical-C24/7 andLandolphialanceolatafruit. Phytochemical screening ofLandolphialanceolatafruit extractindicated the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. While nutraceutical-C24/7 showed precence of with exception of saponins, terpenoids and triterpenoids. Some of the identified Phytochemicals and vitamins concentrations quantified were higher inLandolphialanceolatafruit extractthan nutraceutical-C24/7 with statistically significant difference (p<0.05) with the former having flavonoids 0.062±0.00mg/ml, phenol 0.097±0.00mg/ml, vitamin C 206±42mg/dL, vitamin B154.16±0.00mg/dL and vitamin B20.11±0.00mg/dL while, Nutraceutical-C24/7 extract had flavonoid 0.117±0.00mg/ml, phenol 0.032±0.00, vitamin C 102.24±0.00mg/dL, vitamin B123.36±0.00mg/dL, and vitamin B20.067±0.00mg/dL. The study also showed that at higher concentration, DPPH radical, ferric ion, and hydrogen peroxide the extracts radical scavenging activity increased. The study showed that the extracts scavenging activities at different concentrations had higher percentage inhibition on DPPH radical, reducing power of ferric ion capabilities and reducing composition of hydrogen peroxide indicated that ethanolic extract ofLandolphialanceolatafruits showed statistically significant different (p<0.05) when compared with ethanolic extract of Nutraceutical-C24/7. Standard vitamin C percentage inhibition for DPPH radical compared well with that ofLandolphialanceolatafruit extract at higher concentration with no statistical significant different (p>0.05).The indigenous functional foodLandolphialanceolatafruit can be concluded to be a good antioxidant that can scavenge, inhibit and quench free radicals. This suggests thatLandolphialanceolatamay be considered a good source and alternative antioxidant for developing countries like Nigeria.
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Kumar, Vinay, Ahmed Abdullah Khan, Anu Tripathi, Praveen K. Dixit, and U. K. Bajaj. "Role of oxidative stress in various diseases: Relevance of dietary antioxidants." Journal of Phytopharmacology 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2015): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2015.4213.
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Oxidative stress plays important role in the pathophysiology of various diseases. Oxidative stress is caused in body due to an imbalance between the activities of endogenous pro-oxidative enzymes. Cellular antioxidants are known to change their redox state and they can be targeted for destruction, regulate oxidative processes involved signal transduction, effect gene expression and the pathways of cell proliferation and death. Oxidants and antioxidants play an important role in maintaining a balance between free radicals produced by metabolism or derived from environmental sources and the antioxidant system of the body. A natural antioxidant system exists in the biological systems which is responsible for prevention of damage by pro-oxidants. Impaired endogenous antioxidant system results in accumulation of free radicals, which not only induces lipid peroxidation but also imposes severe stress on the body leading to many diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, Diabetic neuropathy, various cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidant system may be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic involves body own neutralizing systems and extrinsic antioxidant involves dietary supplements that are taken in the form of food like vitamin C, vitamin E and beta carotene that can be gained from the fruits and vegetables for the prevention and management of diseases induced by free radicals.
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Singh, Poornima, Virginia Paul, and Ritu Dubey. "Antioxidant Foods." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2022.v09i04.001.
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Antioxidant is any substance that delays, prevents or removes oxidative damage to a target molecule. It can be found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables. The role of antioxidants in foods is to retard or control oxidation. The process of autoxidation and development of rancidity in foods involves a free radical chain mechanism via initiation, propagation and termination steps. While radicals are produced in the ‘initiation’ step, they react with unsaturated fatty acids by abstracting a hydrogen atom from a site which requires the least energy that is the allylic or diallylic position in the ‘propagation’ steps. The reactions in the propagation step make up a chain reaction until a ‘termination’ reaction occurs. Due to high stability and low volatility, it helps to maintain the level of nutrients, the texture, colour, taste, freshness, functionality, aroma, and appeal to consumers such as the older person. Various antioxidants found in food viz. natural antioxidants, synthetic antioxidants, dietary antioxidant, endogenous antioxidant play an important role in preservation of food. Vitamin C, Vitamin E, α-carotene, Lycopene, Polyphenol etc. is main sources of antioxidants The benefits of antioxidants include whole foods and beverages (e.g., acai berry, gogi berry, green tea) as well as isolated substances sold primarily as dietary supplements (e.g., vitamin C, lycopene, selenium) or added to foods (e.g., vitamin E). It reduces the risk of developing certain diseases such as; cancer, heart disease, stroke, and arthritis etc.
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Kumar, Vinoth, Malliga Elangovan, and Raja Sekar Srinivasan. "Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity of Pergularia tomentosa against carbon tetra chloride induced hepatic damage in Wistar albino rats." Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research 7, no. 6 (December 5, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24896/jmbr.2017761.
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Many oxidative stress related disease are due to accumulation of free radicals in the body which causes cell injury. In this study, the enzymatic antioxidants (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione-s-transferase, Glutathione peroxidase, Ascorbate oxidase and Polyphenoloxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (Total reduced glutathione and Vitamin C) activities were determined using Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) rat liver as experimental model. The ethanol and chloroform extract showed noticeable increases in enzymatic antioxidant and non- enzymatic antioxidant and thus capability to scavenge the free radicals and protect against oxidative stress causing diseases. Thus, the present study indicates that the plant may be clinically valuable agent in the prevention of hepatic failure caused by CCl4 intoxication.
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Maxwell, S. R. J., H. Thomason, D. Sandler, C. LeGuen, M. A. Baxter, G. H. G. Thorpe, A. F. Jones, and A. H. Barnett. "Poor Glycaemic Control is Associated with Reduced Serum Free Radical Scavenging (Antioxidant) Activity in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 34, no. 6 (November 1997): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329703400607.
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The diabetic patient is at significantly increased risk of developing vascular disease. Its aetiology may involve oxidative damage by free radicals and protection against such damage can be offered by radical-scavenging antioxidants. We investigated whether there was a relationship between glycaemic control as assessed by measurement of glycated haemoglobin (HbAlc) and serum antioxidant status in a population of 118 diabetic outpatients with either insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Amongst patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus there was a significant inverse correlation between levels of glycated haemoglobin and total free radical scavenging activity ( r = −0·456, P <0·0001). This association resulted primarily because of a similar correlation with uric acid ( r = −0·421, P = 0·0003). There was also a weak inverse correlation with vitamin A but no significant association with vitamin C or vitamin E levels. There were no significant associations found amongst the patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. These results indicate that poor diabetic control is associated with reduced serum free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. By implication improved glycaemic control may preserve serum antioxidant status in diabetes.
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Marwicka, Justyna, and Anna Zięba. "Antioxidants as a defence against reactive oxygen species." Aesthetic Cosmetology and Medicine 10, no. 6 (December 2021): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52336/acm.2021.10.6.02.
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Reactive oxygen species are formed as a natural product of metabolic processes occurring in the organism or under the influence of external factors. Under homeostasis, they play an important role as a cellular signaling device. During oxidative stress, when they are produced in excess, they can cause damages to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates or nucleic acids. Exposure of cells and extracellular structures to free radicals activate natural mechanisms to eliminate free radicals and their derivatives. The aim of the article was to present what antioxidants are, and how they protect cells against the free radicals. The protective system against the free radicals consists of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, and reductase. Low-molecular antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, carotenoids, coenzyme Q10, flavonoids, glutathione and melatonin also play an important role.
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Kumar, Ch Ravi S., Anjali Jha, and Sri Deepthi. "DFT Studies of Distinct Anilines with p-Hydroxycinnamic Acids for Antioxidant Profile." Medicinal Chemistry 17, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406416666200506085152.
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Background: Life style and jobs in current situations have generated increased free radicals such as hydroxyl (OH•) and superoxide (O2•) radicals, thereby increasing stress in humans. Interest in search of antioxidants that trap these free radicals has increased to relieve stress. β-carotene (provitamin A), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol or vitamin E, Trolox; butyl hydroxy toluene and phenolic compounds are the well-known antioxidants. Several methods evaluate the antioxidant property existing in natural substances (medicinal plants and agri-food products) and synthetic compounds (2-methyl-3- (pyrrolidin-2-ylideneamino) quinazolin-4 (3H) –one and 3,3'- (1,4- phenylenebis (methanylylidene)) bis (azanylylidene) (2-methyl-quinazolin-4 (3H) -one). Objective: The objective of this study is to focus on complexes with p-hydroxycinnamic acids to trap free radicals in a greener way. Method: Spectroscopic shifts and structural studies were employed to attribute electronic properties responsible for antioxidant profile. Spectroscopic shifts in wavenumbers were attributed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) and Fourier Transform Raman spectra (FT Raman Spectra). Structural studies were performed with Gaussian package, electron density method the B3LYP method, basis set 6-31(d) for attributing electronic properties responsible for antioxidant profile. Result: Interpretation of FTIR spectra revealed spectroscopic shifts in wavenumbers in all the complexes responsible for bonding. Further, studies confirmed the formation of complex with reduced intensities in Raman spectra. Computational studies revealed enhancement in molecular and electronic properties responsible for antioxidant power. Conclusion: Studies revealed that complex with p-nitroaniline contribute to greater acceptor and donor power responsible for antioxidant power. These higher powers suggest the best antiradicals to trap free radicals.
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Kiokias, Sotirios, Charalampos Proestos, and Vassilki Oreopoulou. "Effect of Natural Food Antioxidants against LDL and DNA Oxidative Changes." Antioxidants 7, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox7100133.
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Radical oxygen species formed in human tissue cells by many endogenous and exogenous pathways cause extensive oxidative damage which has been linked to various human diseases. This review paper provides an overview of lipid peroxidation and focuses on the free radicals-initiated processes of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidative modification and DNA oxidative damage, which are widely associated with the initiation and development of atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis, respectively. The article subsequently provides an overview of the recent human trials or even in vitro investigations on the potential of natural antioxidant compounds (such as carotenoids; vitamins C and E) to monitor LDL and DNA oxidative changes.