Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Antiquités slaves'

La présente thèse a pour objectif de comprendre les motifs qui ont été à la base de l’apparition dans l'archéologie soviétique moldave de deux discours sur la place des peuples slaves dans l’histoire du territoire de Moldavie et du rôle qu’elles ont joué dans la genèse des Moldaves et de leur culture. Le premier discours réserve aux Slaves un rôle très important dans l’histoire médiévale de ce territoire ainsi que dans la genèse de l’ethnie moldave et de sa culture, tandis que le deuxième a tenté de minimaliser ce rôle en mettant l’accent sur l’importance d’une peuplade romanisée (néo-latine). Pour atteindre notre but, nous nous sommes inspirés de la sociologie de sciences. Nous avons donc interrogé les contextes sociopolitiques et culturels dans lesquels deux discours sont apparus, l’histoire du champ archéologique moldave, ses paradigmes, les profils personnels des archéologues, leur formation, leur attachement théorique et idéologique, leurs relations et leurs interactions à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de ce champ. Les sources que nous avons employées sont les textes publiés (articles, monographies) et les documents d'archives.<br>This thesis’s main goal is to understand the reasons behind the emergence of two separate discourses in Soviet Moldavian archeology. These discourses explained the place of Slavic peoples in the history of the Moldavian territory, as well as the role they played in the master narrative of the genesis of Moldavian people and their culture. While the first discourse attributed the Slavic peoples a very important role in the medieval history of this territory, and the birth of the Moldavian ethnic group and its culture, the second discourse minimized this role and focused on the importance of Romanized peoples. The present analysis used as a frame the sociology of sciences. We have therefore questioned the socio political and cultural contexts that led to the emergence of the two discourses, the history of the Moldavian archeological field, its paradigms, the personal profiles of the archeologists, their professional training, their theoretical and ideological background, their relations and interactions inside and outside their field. The sources used for this thesis were published texts such as articles and monographs, as well as archival documents.

Rome's dependence upon slaves has been well established in terms of economics and general society. This paper, however, seeks to demonstrate this dependence, during the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire, through detailed examples of slave use in various areas of Roman life. The areas covered include agriculture, industry, domestic life, the state, entertainment, intellectual life, military, religion, and the use of female slaves. A look at manumission demonstrates Rome's growing awareness of this dependence. Through this discussion, it becomes apparent that Roman society existed during this time as it did due to slavery. Rome depended upon slavery to function and maintain its political, social, and economic stranglehold on the Mediterranean area and beyond.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Bamberg--Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2001. Titre de soutenance : Slawische Besiedlung nordwestlich von Leipzig. Dargestellt anhand der Grabungen in Delitzsch, Lissa und Glesien.<br>Notes bibliogr.

According to its first great historian, the story of the English Church began in a street market in Rome sometime around 580. There, Bede reported, a young cleric named Gregory joined a large crowd examining what newly arrived merchants had to sell: Dicunt, quia die quadam cum, aduenientibus nuper mercatoribus, multa uenalia in forum fuissent conlata, multi ad emendum confluxissent, et ipsum Gregorium inter alios aduenisse, ac uidisse inter alia pueros uenales positos candidi corporis, ac uenusti uultus, capillorum quoque forma egregia. Quos cum aspiceret, interrogauit, ut aiunt, de qua regione uel terra essent adlati. Dictumque est, quia de Brittania insula, cuius incolae talis essent aspectus. The conversation continued as Gregory quizzed them regarding their religion and homeland, including the part usually summarized as “non Angli, sed Angeli!” The slaves were from Deira and their king was named Ælla; Gregory made further puns on these. Afterward, he went to the Bishop of Rome, begging to be sent as a missionary to the English. Though the Pope was willing to send him, the Roman people would not allow Gregory to leave the city. Eventually, Gregory himself became Pope and dispatched Augustine and his companions to fulfil his ambition. Gregory’s encounter with the angelic slaves has long been one of the most familiar stock-images of English history even though, in the principal source, Bede himself warns that he cannot testify to its veracity as he only knows the story from oral accounts. However, the very strength of an oral tradition makes it seem likely that the idea of English slaves being sold in Rome did not surprise Bede or his audience while, as Pope, Gregory himself wrote instructing his representatives in Marseille to purchase English slaves there. Other written evidence demonstrates that, at the end of the sixth century, there was a movement of slaves from the Anglo- Saxon kingdoms southwards to Gaul as well as a further movement of slaves from Gaul into the Mediterranean world. Whether or not Gregory ever actually had the reported conversation, it was widely seen as likely that slaves from Britain would be offered for sale in Rome. This slave trade across Gaul, as well as a second route along the Atlantic coasts of western Europe, brought a steady supply of goods from the developed economies of the eastern and southern Mediterranean to these western lands while, in return, the peoples of those regions exported both raw materials and other humans. At the time of Gregory’s papacy, this system of exchange linked all the parts of the former Roman Empire. Within little more than a century, however, it had all but disappeared. That trade within the former boundaries of the Roman Empire and its disappearance in the period between the time of Gregory’s visit to the market (roughly 580) and Bede’s recording of it (sometime before 731) is the subject of this thesis. Investigating the slave trade in the long seventh century in the post-Roman world will involve investigations into both slavery and commerce in a period in which neither was static. Instead, the seventh century was an era of rapid and profound change in many things, not least of which were transformations within the slave trade itself. Yet, the slave trade, as argued in this thesis, can be seen as providing a critical framework for understanding the economic and cultural developments of the entire period. The slave trade and its fluctuations may even have been a driving force in some of the enormous social changes of the time that continue to shape the present world. Four principal theses will be advanced and supported through the combination of a reading of the written sources (primarily, though not exclusively, those in Arabic, Greek, and Latin), an examination of relevant archaeological data, and the use of analogous evidence from other periods. These four propositions may be seen as the basis of the overall argument demonstrating 1) that slaves were numerous and that they played a crucial role in the societies of the post-Roman world, 2) that the continuing function of these societies required a greater supply of slaves than could be provided internally, 3) that this resulted in a long-distance slave trade that was a key force in the post-Roman system of exchange in the Mediterranean world, 4) and that the breakdown of this system of trade and of many contacts across the Mediterranean during the seventh century was caused primarily by alterations in the sources of the slave supply of the most developed economies. None of these four has been argued previously though academics have been increasingly examining the pre-modern history of slavery and of the slave trade. Though numerous articles and volumes have looked at particular aspects of slave-systems in the periods immediately before or after, none have examined the slave trading systems of the long seventh century itself. Similarly, those works that do touch on it have been largely concerned with other issues or focussed solely on a single region, whether that is the Byzantine Empire, the British Isles, Spain, Gaul, or the earliest Islamic societies. Older works were similarly limited in geographic scope, with even the broadest concentrating solely on European or Islamic materials. No one has previously attempted to bring together materials from the whole of the post-Roman world in a single coherent account nor has any prior scholarship shown either the ubiquity of slavery in the period or the extent of the slave trade at the time. By putting together these four arguments, an overall thesis that provides an original synthesis and reconciliation between divergent interpretations of the economies of the end of the Roman Empire and the formation of the medieval world will be created.

La figure du uicarius, esclave appartenant à un esclave en chef (ordinarius) dans le pécule duquel il se trouve, traduit une hiérarchisation à l’intérieur du microcosme de la sous-dépendance. Comme en témoignent les sources, à la fois multiples et diversifiées, le vicariat complexifie à l’évidence l’appréhension des stratifications serviles. Ce travail entreprend d’éclairer l’origine de ce statut (achat ou héritage cognatique). Ce faisant, il révèle une stratégie de parenté qui contribue à la consolidation et à la réinvention des logiques de la famille servile. Il éclaire par ailleurs l’utilité, tant domestique que professionnelle, du vicariat. Pépinière de jeunes esclaves, le vicariat est une « école servile ». En formant les vicaires à leur propre « métier d’esclave », les ordinarii, véritables magistri, leur dispensent un savoir spécialisé (peritia) de haute technicité. Véritables chevilles ouvrières de l’Empire, ils constituent dans la familia Caesaris, où ils sont massivement représentés, le socle de l’appareil d’Etat romain<br>The vicariat was a subownership system based on a slave (uicarius) belonging to another slave (ordinarius). The uicarii were included in the peculium of the first-degree slaves. The vicariat testified of hierarchies among slaves. This study aims to enlight origin of this status (purchase or cognatic inheritance). By doing so, it disclosed strategies in order to strengthen the slaves families. It also demonstrates vicariat’s utility on the domestic level as well as professional. The vicariat was a nursury for young slaves and a “slave school”. By training uicarii for a specific work, the chief slaves were magistri who taught them specialized knowledges. In the familia Caesaris, the vicariat was a important linchpin of administration in Roman State

Le but de ce travail est d’étudier une composante de la société de l’Afrique romaine, constituée par les allogènes originaires de la partie orientale de l’Empire. Le cadre de cette étude est le Haut-Empire romain, car l’essentiel de la documentation dont on dispose date de cette époque. L’épigraphie est la principale documentation. Avant de passer à l’étude de ce sujet, il était essentiel de déterminer les clés de sélection qui ont aidé à fixer l’origine de ces allogènes et à dégager le corpus des 260 notices épigraphiques qui constituent le support de ce travail. Le principal outil pris en considération est l’onomastique, tout en tenant compte du caractère parfois imprécis de cet indice. Ensuite, plusieurs aspects de la présence de ces Orientaux étaient étudiés. En premier lieu l’aspect démographique ainsi que la répartition sur le sol africain. Le second aspect est le volet social. Il a pour but d’étudier les diverses caractéristiques de la présence de cette communauté d’Orientaux. D’abord, la nature des activités qu’ils pratiquaient. Si le métier des armes était leur vocation majeure, ils exerçaient néanmoins plusieurs autres activités. L’étude de leur vie religieuse a montré qu’ils sont restés majoritairement fidèles aux cultes de leurs pays. L’onomastique ou encore les pratiques matrimoniales ont été des indices qui ont servi à étudier la nature des contacts qu’ils ont eu avec les Afro-romains et à évaluer leur intégration dans la société d’accueil. En dernier lieu, une partie du travail a été consacrée à l’étude du phénomène culturel qu’est l’hellénisme et du rôle que ces Orientaux ont joué dans la promotion de ce genre de culture<br>The aim of the present work is to study a component of the Roman African society: the one constituted by the aliens originating from the Eastern part of the Roman Empire. The study is framed within the Early Roman Empire, as most of the documentation available dates back to that period. Epigraphy is the primary documentation for this work. Before turning to the study of this subject, it was essential to identify selection keys that helped fix the origin of these non-natives and come up with the body of 260 epigraphic records that constitute the corpus of this work. The main tool taken into consideration is onomastic, notwithstanding the vagueness sometimes inherent in this index. Thereafter, light was shed on the many aspects of the presence of these Orientals. First, the demographic layer: figuring, motives, conditions and structures of departure and the distribution on the African soil. The second layer concerns the social aspect. It aims to explore the various features of the presence of the Oriental community in Roman Africa. First, the nature of the activities they exercised. If the job of arms was their main vocation, they still exercised several other activities. The study of their religious life showed that they remained largely faithful to the worship practices of their home countries. Onomastic and also marriage practices were clues that were used to study the nature of the contacts they had with Africans and evaluate their integration within the host society. The last part of the work was devoted to the study of the cultural phenomenon of Hellenism and the role that these Orientals played in promoting this kind of culture in a predominantly Latin province

Listening to Birth asserts that structures of power reproduce themselves by instituting particular modes of listening and sound production. Situating my research within feminist sound studies, I argue that meanings conjured around the audible, material bodies of women were carefully crafted by elites in antiquity, in order to construct gendered ideologies of kingship, civilisation, and nature. I examine these power dynamics as expressed in mythic and magical texts and iconographies, dating from the Bronze Age to later Roman antiquity. Throughout the thesis, I examine the development of symbolic systems and narrative tropes that linked mining and metallurgy with reproduction and vocality. My analysis emphasises how the invention of nature was accomplished, in part, through a metallurgical reclassification of the voices and sexualities of women as indiscrete phenomena: womb, mouth, and voice were elided with mining and smelting to form a unified semantic realm. I argue that this invention of ‘vulvar vocality’ reclassified female sounds as illicit, providing a plaform for the removal of women from the public sphere. I attempt to connect the gendered discourse found in myths and magical rituals to the political and economic domain of state-craft, to demonstrate the importance of hegemonic mythopoeic control of audible female reproduction for establishing ideologies of colonisation and extraction. I link analyses of texts and iconographies from the Bronze Age Mesopotamians, Hittites, Canaanites, Minoans, and Egyptians to later materials from the Iron Age Greeks, Israelites, and Romans—my goal is to demonstrate both the ubiquity and the continual reproduction of metallurgical ideology across the ancient world. I also present my preliminary research into the lasting impact that antique notions of vulvar vocality had on later state-craft. I begin to trace the preservation and elaboration of antique metallurgical literature by Byzantine and Islamic scholars, who in turn exerted strong influence on the Ottomans and late medieval and early modern Europeans. I outline future work to investigate the exponential rise of entrepreneurial metallurgy in late medieval and early modern Europe, arguing that this metallurgical discourse provided symbolic re-enforcement for the rapidly-accelerating mining and metal trade that formed the core of European colonial expansion. I suggest that vulvar vocality was central to early modern metallurgical, demonological, and colonial discourse, and that specific female vocalities and silences were purposefully crafted into the colonial project in order to forcibly redefine women, along with the lands and children stolen from them, as mere natural resources.

L'objectif de la présente thèse est d'établir un dictionnaire de courtisanes ("hetairai") de la période classique, accompagnée de l'ensemble des textes y faisant référence. Ces sources grecques et latines, écrites de la période classique à la période byzantine, font l'objet d'une traduction française. L'enquête discute également du terme "hetaira" lorsqu'il est associé à une femme de la période classique et étudie les contextes dans lesquels il est employé. Le travail vise à comprendre ce que représente une "hetaira" pour les Grecs et cherche à mettre en lumière les mécanismes qui régissent citoyenneté et non citoyenneté. Le discours social sur ces femmes et leur implication au sein de la société athénienne sont également analysées, notamment à travers l'étude du "contre Nééra". Par l'exhaustivité du corpus, quelques parallèles entre les personnes renommées, telles Aspasie, Laïs ou Phrynê, et d'autres figures moins connues offrent des clés de compréhension pour examiner le degré de singularité d'un parcours. De même, la confrontation de ces femmes à l'univers prostitutionnel interroge la légitimité du lien traditionnellement établi entre "hetairai" et prostitution<br>The purpose of this thesis is to offer a Who's who of the courtesans ("hetairai") of the classical period, including all those texts which relate to them written from the classical period to the Byzantine period, in Greek and Latin, with their French translation. The survey also discusses the term "hetaira" when it is associated with a woman from the classical period, and examines the contexts in which it is used. The study seeks to understand what hetaira meant to the Greeks, and te reveal the mecanisms that governed citizenship and non-citizenship. The social discourse regarding women and their involvement in Athenian society is also analyzed, including a study of the "Against Neaera". Because of the exhaustive corpus, several parallels with well-known courtesans, such as Aspasia, Lais, and Phryne, as well as other less well-known people, provide keys to evaluating how original a given career was. At the same time, the comparison of these women with the world of prostitution reconsiders the appropriateness of the link between "hetairai" and prostitution

Découvert dans les années 1970 sur le site palafitte aujourd’hui immergé du Crêt de Châtillon (lac d’Annecy, Haute-Savoie, France), le four de Sévrier, daté de l’âge du Bronze, est considéré comme un des plus anciens fours de potier d’Europe occidentale. Il incarne l’arrivée d’une nouvelle technologie qui marquera la disparition progressive des modes de cuisson en fosse ou en meule en usage depuis l’invention de la poterie. En cette fin de l’âge du Bronze l’acmé de l’art céramique, représenté par les productions de poteries fines, pouvait donc être lié à l’utilisation d’un tel dispositif. Le caractère unique de cette construction en argile, de dimensions modestes et à parois étonnamment minces, réside dans sa conception modulaire et portable. La découverte publiée en 1975 (Bocquet et Couren 1975) recueille aussitôt un échoeuropéen et près de quarante ans après, elle reste pratiquement sans équivalent. L’utilisation de fours de potier à l’âge du Bronze, dans un contexte occidental, demeure pourtant une question ouverte et depuis les années 80, l’interprétation avancée pour le four de Sévrier alimente régulièrement ce débat. L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est de porter un nouveau regard sur cet objet de référence quelque peu voilé par sa célébrité et réexaminer les hypothèses fonctionnelles non encore étudiées. Après une présentation du contexte et de l’historique de la découverte, un premier volet aborde différents aspects de l’objet archéologique: sa morphologie, sa conception, sa restauration, son comportement lors d’expérimentations de cuissons de céramiques, ses traits singuliers qui le rapprochent ou le distinguent des fours de potiers plus tardifs ou des structures d’argile à parois fines diversement interprétées. Notre analyse du four de Sévrier comporte trois volets : a) l’inventaire du matériel découvert sur le Crêt de Châtillon et l’intégration éventuelle d’éléments non pris en compte dans la reconstruction, b) une analyse archéométrique (minéralogie des argiles) portant sur les tessons du four et sur des argiles des gisements situés à proximité du Crêt de Châtillon. Une analyse des changements de phases des argiles cuites en fonction de l’intensité de la température, c) l’évaluation de la température minimale et maximale subie par le four afin de confirmer ou exclure certaines utilisations. L’analyse fonctionnelle du four aborde, en premier lieu, l’hypothèse privilégiée, celle consacrée à la cuisson des poteries. Une méthode expérimentale comparative permet de préciser les avantages et inconvénients de différents procédés de cuisson de poteries noires et cherche à évaluer l’apport technologique supposé avoir été introduit par le four de Sévrier. D’autres alternatives sont abordées, en particulier la fonction culinaire. Cette interprétation est confortée par la découverte d’inédits indices d’usages observés lors de cette étude sur des matériels similaires de même époque et provenance. L’inventaire des structures comparables constitue un autre volet de cette recherche. Elle témoigne de l’usage courant des structures de cuisson en argile de faible épaisseur aux âges du Bronze et du Fer. Leur diffusion géographique s’étend des Balkans à l’Espagne et de la Grande Bretagne à la Grèce. Le recensement d’une famille large et multiforme de dispositifs portables en argile à vocation domestique nous permet de poser les bases d’une typologie et de proposer un scénario d’évolution et d’influences entre des régions parfois très éloignées<br>This study focuses on a unique archaeological finding from the Crêt de Châtillon, a late Bronze Age lacustrine village situated on a now submerged island in Lake Annecy (Haute-Savoie, France). The Sévrier kiln is considered to be one of the oldest pottery kiln in Western Europe. Over the years it has become internationally known and still forms the basis of research projects and experiments relating to Bronze Age ceramic technology. It embodies the arrival of a new technology that would mark the gradual disappearance of the open fire or pit firing modes that had been used since the invention of pottery. As such, the acme of ceramic art which marks the end of the Bronze Age, may therefore be related to the use of such a device. The uniqueness of this clay building of modest proportions and surprisingly thin walls, lies in it modular and portable design. The discovery, published in 1975 (Bocquet and Couren 1975) soon received a valuable feedback in Europe and nearly forty years later remains virtually unparalleled. However, the use of pottery kilns in the Bronze Age in a Western context remains an open question. Since the 1980s, several arguments will gradually undermine this interpretation. The purpose of this study is to take a fresh look at this inescapable object, somewhat veiled by its celebrity and review functional hypotheses hitherto not studied. After describing the background and the history of the discovery, we discuss various aspects of the archaeological kiln: morphology, design, restoration, use, experimentations and singular features that approximate or distinguish this furnace from later pottery kilns or thin-walled clay structures wich have been variously interpreted. This analysis of the kiln of Sévrier has been threefolds: (a) an inventory of the findings from the Crêt de Châtillon and a discussion about the integration of many components excluded from the reconstruction ; (b) archaeometric analysis (clay mineralogy) of the kiln and the clay deposits located near the site and (c) identification of the changing phases in clays, subjected to high temperatures and determination of the temperature experienced by the furnace. The functional analysis, reviews different hypotheses : (a) pottery firing : a comparative experimental method that aims to highlight the benefits and disadvantages of different processes to produce black pottery. The purpose is to underscore the technological contribution assumed to have been introduced by the Sévrier kiln. (b) Other functional alternatives will be discussed, especially the culinary function. This interpretation is supported by the discovery of unprecedented indices discovered during this study. The inventory of comparable structures is another aspect of this research. The relatively widespread use of such thin-walled clay structures during the Bronze and Iron ages is highlighted. Their geographical distribution extends from the Balkans to Spain and from Great Britain to Greece. The census of a multiform family of domestic portable clay ovens allows us to propose a new typology and a scenario of diffusion between regions sometimes very remote, completes this new outlook and draw new perspectives for the research

The work deals with the system of slavery in ancient Israel. The first part describes the history of this country and development of its society including specific categories of slaves that used to be part of it. It deals with the houshold slaves in the possession of their owners, as well as slaves-for-debts. In connection with a debt slavery the thesis also elaborates on the Old Testament Israel loan system. The next part concerns a detailed analysis of various regulations for treating slaves, which are divided according to the particular books of the Old Testament where they can be found. The results are then summarized in the conclusion.

The focus of this thesis is on the most commonly used types of stone, the methods of quarrying stone, stone working, the tools developed and used for that purpose, and the ways in which stone was transported and hoisted into place. This is starting from the earliest times in which large temples or buildings were constructed, namely the Neolithic, up till the time of the Roman Empire. Besides being a kind of compendium of most aspects of stone working, which could be found, also attention is given to the ideal conditions under which the construction of a large temple or monument could take place. The framework, which is developed from the description of the construction of Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem in I Kings 5 and I Chronicles 28, is used to analyse the construction of a number of other temples in different times, places and settings, and with the use of different materials, to test if the framework is applicable in all these situations. Moreover, also other aspects of stone working, such as mosaics and the manufacturing of stone vessels in Jerusalem are described and analysed as to their origins and uses. The intention is to give an overview of the many ways in which stone has been used, so that the reader can get an idea of how large temples and monuments were built and to gain an understanding of what kind of technical know-how and ingenuity existed in antiquity.<br>Religious Studies and Arabic<br>D. Phil. (Religious Studies (Biblical Archaeology))

The focus of this thesis is on the most commonly used types of stone, the methods of quarrying stone, stone working, the tools developed and used for that purpose, and the ways in which stone was transported and hoisted into place. This is starting from the earliest times in which large temples or buildings were constructed, namely the Neolithic, up till the time of the Roman Empire. Besides being a kind of compendium of most aspects of stone working, which could be found, also attention is given to the ideal conditions under which the construction of a large temple or monument could take place. The framework, which is developed from the description of the construction of Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem in I Kings 5 and I Chronicles 28, is used to analyse the construction of a number of other temples in different times, places and settings, and with the use of different materials, to test if the framework is applicable in all these situations. Moreover, also other aspects of stone working, such as mosaics and the manufacturing of stone vessels in Jerusalem are described and analysed as to their origins and uses. The intention is to give an overview of the many ways in which stone has been used, so that the reader can get an idea of how large temples and monuments were built and to gain an understanding of what kind of technical know-how and ingenuity existed in antiquity.<br>Religious Studies and Arabic<br>D. Phil. (Religious Studies (Biblical Archaeology))