Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Antiradical activity'

Šio tyrimo tikslas yra įvertinti gervuogių (Rubus caesius L. ir Rubus nessensis Hall.) vaisių antocianinų sudėtį ir jos įvairavimą skirtingu nokimo metu bei vaisių ekstraktų antiradikalinį aktyvumą. Vienas iš tyrimo objektų yra dviejų skirtingų Rubus genties atstovų (Rubus caesius L. ir Rubus nessensis Hall.) vaisiai, kurie buvo renkami periodiškai kas savaitę nuo pat vaisių derėjimo pradžios, Šilutės rajone. Nustačius optimalias ekstrahavimo sąlygas, vaisių etanoliniai ekstraktai buvo tiriami spektrofometrijos metodu bei nustatomas ekstraktų antiradikalinis aktyvumas, atliekant fotometrinius 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazilo (DPPH) bei 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-etilbenztiazolin-6-sulfono rūgšties) (ABTS) radikalo katijono sujungimo metodus, o gauti rezultatai vertinami remiantis pagal tai, kurią nokimo savaitę buvo renkami vaisių mėginiai. Antrasis tyrimo objektas – R.caesius L. vaisiai, surinkti iš įvairių Lietuvos vietovių, kurių etanolinių ekstraktų sudėtyje esantis antocianinų suminis kiekis taip pat buvo vertinamas spektrofotometrijos metodu, tačiau šioje tyrimo dalyje buvo siekiama nustatyti antocianinų sudėties įvairavimą priklausomai nuo gervuogių vaisių rinkimo vietovės. Tyrimo rezultatai. Nustatyta, jog iš dviejų tirtų gervuogių rūšių, gausesne antocianinų frakcijos sudėtimi pasižymi R. caesius L. vaisių ekstraktai, kuriuose antocianinų kiekis siekė nuo 4,16 proc. iki 4,89 proc. sausoje žaliavos masėje. Atitinkamai R. nessensis Hall. vaisių ekstraktuose nustatyta antocianinų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The objective of this study is to evaluate the blackberry (Rubus caesius L and Rubus nessensis Hall.) fruit’s anthocyanin composition and its variation during different ripening time and also to measure the antiradical activity in fruit extracts. One of the objects of the study is two different Rubus genus (Rubus caesius L. and Rubus nessensis Hall.) fruits, which were collected weekly from the beginning of fruit bearing in Šilutė’s area. Once the optimum extraction conditions were determined, the ethanol extracts of the fruits have been investigated using spectrophotometry and their antiradical activity was investigated using photometric 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2 '-azine-bis-(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ) (ABTS) radical scavenging techniques, and the results were evaluated according to the time, when fruit samples were collected. The second object of the research - R.caesius L. fruits collected from different locations in Lithuania. The total amount of anthocyanins in the extracts was also determined using spectrophotometry, but in this part of the study the main point was to determine how the variation of anthocyanins depends on the blackberry fruit collection area. The results showed that from two studied species of blackberry, R. caesius L. fruit extracts contained a larger amount of anthocyanin’s fraction, compared to R. nessensis Hall. fruits. In R. caesius L. fruit extracts anthocyanin’s concentration ranged from 4,16 percent to 4.89... [to full text]

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The preparation of fish protein hydrolysates by a fermentative process is an alternative to classical preparation using added proteolytic enzymes, taking advantage of the wide spectrum of proteolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms and increasing the complexity of the peptide mixture obtained. Thus, the objective of this work was to prepare fermentative protein hydrolysates (FPH) from a commercial cod protein hydrolysate (CPH) using an indigenous marine proteolytic strain. The bacterial growth was performed in liquid culture media, containing three concentrations of CPH (1, 2 and 4%), yeast extract (0.5%) and sucrose (0.5%), with continuous shaking, at 30 ºC for 24, 50 and 72 hours. The parameters evaluated were the culture growth, enzymatic activity, protein content and recovery, peptide profile, degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant activity, measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity. Bacterial growth and enzymatic activity reached their maximums after 24 hours of fermentation, and all FPH showed the disappearance of peptides in the range of 200 – 400 Da. In the set of samples, 4 % FPH recorded the highest values of protein content and recovery, but 1 % and 2 % FPH were the samples that presented improved antioxidant activity.

Différents extraits ont été préparés à partir de racines de H. johannis et différents tests biologiques ont été appliqués en vue de rechercher différentes activités. L'extrait aqueux s'est montré particulièrement actif sur Enterococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus aureus et Bacillus. Les extraits aqueux dépourvus de tanins et les tanins isolés ne présentent pas d'activité antibactérienne. L'effet synergétique des composés serait donc responsable de l'activité antibactérienne de la plante. Une activité antifongique sur Microsporum canis, une propriété antiradicalaire et une activité antiglycation ont été constatées avec les deux extraits. Une étude toxicologique de la poudre de plante et de l'extrait éthanolique sur des rats révèle une toxicité au niveau du foie et de la rate. Cinq composés ont été isolés puis identifiés. Il s'agit de 3',4',5-Trihydroxy-6,7-diméthoxyflavone ; 3,5-Dihydroxy-4,7-diméthoxy dihydroflavonol, Catéchine, Vanilline et l'acide Protocatechuic. Du stigmastérol, de l'acide oléique, de l'acide myristique et de l'acide palmitique ont été également identifiés. Le travail sur C. lanatus var. citroides a montré que l'extrait méthanolique (70%) des pulpes de fruits possède une activité contre B. subtilis, S. aureus et E. coli. Les extraits butanolique et à l'acétate d'éthyle ne sont pas toxiques contre les larves de crevettes. L'extrait butanolique possède une propriété significative antiradicalaire. Deux composés ont été isolés et identifiés. Ce sont la Cucurbitacine E 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside et la Cucurbitacine L 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside. Ces composés montrent une activité antibacterienne contre E. coli. La Cucurbitacine L 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside possède une activité antibactérienne contre P. aeruginosa et une propriété modérée anti-radicaux libres
Different extracts were prepared from the roots of H. johannis and different biological tests were performed. Water extract exhibited significant activity against Enterococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus. Water extract devoid from tannin or the tannin fraction did not show any antibacterial activity reflecting the synergistic property of active compounds. Both extracts showed antifungal, antiradical capacity as well as antiglycation activity. Toxicological study of the powder and ethanol extract on rats showed toxicity to the liver and kidney tissues. Five compounds were isolated namely; 3,4,5- Trihydroxy- 6,7-dimethoxy flavone ; 3,5-Dihydroxy- 4,7- dimethoxy dihydroflavonol, Catechin, Vanillin and Protocatechuic acid. Stigmasterol, Oleic acid, Myristic acid and Palmitic acid were also identified. A study on the fruit pulps of C. lanatus var. citroides revealed that the methanolic extract displayed an antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli. The butanolic extract showed antiradical capacity and was not toxic to brine shrimps larvae. Two compounds were isolated namely; Cucurbitacine E 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside and Cucurbitacine L 2-O- [bêta] -glucopyranoside. Both compounds showed antibacterial activity against E.coli whereas, Cucurbitacine L 2-O-[bêta]-glucopyranoside showed antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa as well as antiradical activity

O chá obtido por infusão de Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae) contém polifenóis, principalmente catequinas e flavonóis que apresentam atividade antioxidante, atuando como sequestradores de íons metálicos ou pelo sequestro de espécies reativas de oxigênio ou de nitrogênio. A erva-mate utilizada para o preparo da bebida chimarrão é feita a partir das folhas da arvore Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae). A bebida da erva-mate é reconhecida como uma rica fonte de substâncias antioxidante, como os ácidos fenólicos que são responsáveis pelo efeito antioxidante in vitro e in vivo da bebida. Neste trabalho foi determinada a atividade antirradicalar de infusões obtidas de diferentes chás comerciais, o chá verde orgânico (CVorg) e um composto comercial de erva mate com chá verde (M+V). Os principais constituintes químicos dos chás foram identificados por Cromatografia de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) e alguns dos constituintes foram quantificados. Dessa forma foi possível identificar em ambos os chás ao todo cinco flavonoides glicosilados, cinco ácidos clorogênicos, cinco catequinas e um alcaloide. As infusões e algumas das substâncias identificadas foram avaliadas em relação à atividade antirradicalar utilizando diferentes métodos, um colorimétrico com os radicais 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH·) e ácido 2,2\'-azino-bis(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico) (ABTS·+) e um método baseado na quimiluminescência do luminol. A infusão do CVorg mostra capacidade antirradicalar elevada quando o método com o radical ABTS·+ é utilizado, com valores similares aos obtidos com o padrão trolox®. Quando dois derivados catequinas foram submetidas ao mesmo ensaio com os dois radicais, observou-se que estes apresentaram uma capacidade antirradicalar maior frente ao radical ABTS·+, sugerindo que a elevada atividade antirradicalar da infusão CVorg pode ser atribuída à presença das catequinas analisadas. No método quimiluminescente a infusão do M+V apresentou uma capacidade antirradicalar mais alta que a infusão do CVorg. O ácido 5-cafeoilquinico, um derivado do ácido clorogênico, testado no mesmo ensaio, apresentou um potencial antirradicalar maior que as catequinas. Este resultado pode sugerir que a maior capacidade antirradicalar da infusão M+V comparado com a de CVorg, quando determinada com o ensaio luminol, pode ser atribuída à presença dos derivados do ácido clorogênico, tendo em vista que esta classe de compostos não foi identificada na infusão CVorg.
Tea obtained by infusion of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae) contains polyphenols, especially catechins and flavonols which exhibit antioxidant activity, acting as scavengers of metal ions or by sequestering reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The mate herb used for brewing the mate beverage \'erva-mate\' is made from the leaves of the tree Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae). The beverage \'erva-mate\' is known as a rich source of antioxidant substances, such as phenolic acids that are responsible for the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effect of the beverage. In this work the antiradical activity of infusions obtained from different commercial teas, organic green tea (CVorg) and a commercial mixture of mate herb and green tea (M + V) was determined. The main chemical constituents of the teas were identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and some of the constituents quantified. Thus it was possible to identify in both teas a total number of five glycosylated flavonoids, five chlorogenic acids derivatives, five catechins and one alkaloid. The infusions and some of the identified constituents were evaluated for its antiradical activity using different methods, a colorimetric one with the stable radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH·) and 2,2\'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonico acid (ABTS·+) and an alternative method based on luminol chemiluminescence. The infusion of CVorg shows high antiradical capacity when evaluated by the method with the radical ABTS·+, with values similar to that of the standard trolox®. When two catechins derivatives were subjected to the same test with both radical, it was observed that these showed higher antiradical capacity with the radical ABTS·+, as compared to DPPH·, suggesting that the high antiradical capacity of the CVorg infusion can be attributed to the presence of analyzed catechins. With the chemiluminescence method the M+V infusion showed a higher antiradical capacity that the CVorg infusion. 5-Cafeoilquinic acid, a chlorogenic acid derivative, tested in this assay showed a higher antiradical capacity than catechins. This result might suggest that the higher antiradical capacity of the M+V infusion as compared to the CVorg, when measured with the luminol method, can be attributed to the presence of chlorogenic acid derivatives, since this class of compounds was not identified in the CVorg infusion.

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] The species of stingless bee Melipona mandacaia is popularly known as mandaçaia and is native to northeastern Brazil. This study analyzed honey and geopropolis of mandaçaia. For honey were carried out pollen, physical and chemical analysis such as moisture, pH, free acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural, ash content, reducing sugars and water activity, amino acids, minerals and antiradical activity of four samples of honey. The major phenolic constituents of honey were extracted and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Efficiency coupled to the Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). Pollen analysis showed that the dominant pollen in honey samples was the plant species Mimosa arenosa (Fabaceae / Mimosoideae) ranging from 44.4% to 61.7%. The identified flavonoids quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol acid derivatives: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, 1,2-dihydroxybenzoic, caffeic, cinnamic and ferulic were quantified. All honey samples showed the amino acid proline, alanine, serine and threonine. The minerals were the predominant calcium and potassium. All honeys showed scavenging activity of free radical front to DPPH and ABTS. For geopropolis of mandaçaia was determined to botanical origin, phenolics were quantified by HPLC-DAD and the antioxidant activity was determined by testing with DPPH, ABTS and beta carotene / linoleic acid system. Pollen analysis of nine samples geopropolis showed the presence of 25 types of pollen representing fifteen families. The Senna species (Leguminoseae) was the predominant pollen in eight of the nine samples. The phenol content in the geopropolis of mandaçaia were identified as caffeic acid, coumaric acid, trans-3-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-methoxycinnamic acid and abscisic. All samples geopropolis showed antioxidant activity, except hexanic fractions that have been inactive for the free radical DPPH.
A espécie de abelha sem ferrão Melipona mandacaia é conhecida popularmente como mandaçaia e é nativa do Nordeste brasileiro. Neste estudo foi analisado o mel e a geoprópolis da mandaçaia. Foram realizadas as análises palinológicas, físico-químicas tais como umidade, pH, acidez livre, hidroximetilfurfural, teor de cinzas, açucares redutores e atividade de água, aminoácidos, minerais e atividade antirradicalar em quatro amostras de mel. Os principais constituintes fenólicos do mel foram extraídos e analisados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência acoplada ao Detector de Arranjo de Diodos (CLAE-DAD). A análise palinológica mostrou que o pólen predominante nas amostras de mel foi da espécie vegetal Mimosa arenosa (Fabaceae/Mimosoideae), variando de 44,4% a 61,7%. Os flavonoides identificados quercetina, luteolina, kampferol e os derivados de ácido: 3,4-dihidroxibenzoico, 1,2-dihidroxibenzoico, cafeico, cinâmico e ferúlico foram quantificados. Todas as amostras de mel apresentaram os aminoácidos prolina, alanina, serina e treonina. Os minerais predominantes foram o cálcio e potássio. Todos os méis apresentaram atividade sequestradora de radical livre frente ao DPPH e ABTS. A origem botânica da geoprópolis da mandaçaia foi determinada e os compostos fenólicos foram quantificados por CLAE-DAD e a atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelos testes com DPPH, ABTS e o sistema beta caroteno/ácido linoleico. A análise palinológica das nove amostras de geoprópolis mostraram a presença de 25 tipos de pólen representando quinze famílias. O tipo polínico Senna (Leguminoseae) foi o predominante em oito das nove amostras analisadas. Os fenólicos presentes na geoprópolis da mandaçaia foram identificados como sendo ácidos cafeico, cumárico, trans-3-hidroxicinâmico, abscísico e 4-metoxicinâmico. Todas as amostras de geoprópolis apresentaram atividade antioxidante, exceto as frações hexânicas que foram inativas para o radical livre DPPH.

Fungicide application is now the most efficacious method for controlling plant diseases caused by oomycetes and fungi. As legislation is limiting and reducing their use, it is strongly stimulating studies for the identification of additional and environmentally friendly approaches in the control of their associated diseases. Among these, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) offers the prospect of long-lasting, broad-spectrum disease control through activation of the resistance defence machinery of the plant itself. Plant activators are products employed in crop protection able to elicit SAR. Therefore, they may trigger the plant own defence response against pathogen attacks, mainly stimulating mechanisms such as the biosynthesis of phytoalexins, plant secondary metabolites with a broad spectrum biological activity. In this study, two plant defence inducers, benzothiadiazole (BTH) and chitosan (CHT), deserving particular attention because of their efficacy and low toxicity, have been used. CHT is a natural and low-cost polymer (from the waste products of the crustacean carapace), obtained by chitin deacetylation. Its effectiveness is higher when molecular weight is between 10 and 100 kD and the deacetylation degree range is from 80 to 90 percent. BTH [benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester] is a synthetic compound and a functional analogue of salicylic acid, a plant hormone-like compound deeply involved in resistance against pathogens. Two different phytoiatric campaigns were planned, in 2009 and 2010, on two red grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties cultivated in experimental vineyards located at distinct sites: Groppello, an autochthonous cultivar of Lombardia, at Raffa di Puegnago (Brescia), and Merlot at Conegliano Veneto (Treviso). Open field treatments carried out on Groppello grapevines were: i) 0.03% (w/v) CHT (76 kDa molecular weight and 85% deacetylation degree), ii) 0.03% CHT in combination with 150 g hL-1 copper hydroxide (CHT/Cu) and iii) 0.3 mM BTH; whereas, on Merlot, besides CHT and CHT/Cu, BTH were replaced by 300 g hL-1 potassium phosphites. Untreated vines were used as negative control, while plants treated with conventional fungicides (penconazole and methyldinocap) were the positive control. In both field surveys, the trial was set up as a complete randomized block design in 4 replications, with 10 vines (a parcel) per treatment in each block. Plants were sprayed approximately every 10 days, according to the meteorological conditions, from the beginning of grape susceptibility to fungal diseases until the complete véraison. The phytosanitary status of vineyards was assessed weekly on leaves and bunches, by visual inspections, though both sites were not particularly predisposed to severe fungal or other epidemics. The epidemiological evaluations were performed on bunches alone and infection indexes were calculated. All the treatments were effective in controlling fungal infections (downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola and powdery mildew, Erysiphe necator), in terms of disease incidence (I %), disease severity (S %) and infection degree (ID %), though these indexes were low in untreated control grapevines, particularly in 2010. Sampling was scheduled at two phenological phases: pre-véraison and 100% véraison; bunches were randomly collected from plants during the morning and stored at -20 °C until analyses. Berry tissues were separated into skin, flesh and seeds, powdered and extracted. Then, extracts were tested to evaluate their melatonin levels [by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS], total polyphenols (TP, by Folin-Ciocalteau assay) and antiradical activity [by DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycryl hydrazyl and ABTS, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay]. Groppello and Merlot experimental wines were produced, by standard microvinification techniques, in the Centro Vitivinicolo Provinciale of Brescia and Centro di Ricerca per la Viticoltura of Conegliano (TV), respectively, and stored at 4 °C in the dark until analyses. Microvinificates were produced from grapes treated with both elicitors and conventional fungicides (controls), and the following analyses, besides those also conducted for all berry tissues, were carried out: tryptophan, serotonin and melatonin detection (by UPLC-MS/MS); content of cis and trans resveratrol (by UPLC-MS/MS); levels of mycotoxins (manly ochratoxin A, OTA, by UPLC-MS/MS). In general, berry tissues treated with elicitors and the corresponding experimental wines showed higher levels of melatonin and polyphenols, as well as a higher antiradical activity than samples treated with conventional fungicides. High concentrations of tryptophan were detected in all samples, contrary to serotonin, which was not detected. The most effective elictors were CHT/Cu and CHT. In all wines, the level of OTA was below the allowable threshold of 2 ng/mL. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the first data on the effects of agrochemicals on the melatonin content of red wine, and the presence of melatonin was reported, for the first time, in berry seeds and flash, after its previously detection in skin. Furthermore, the level of the indolamine in berry tissues varies according to the phenological stage, resulting more abundant in seed at pre-véraison and in skin at véraison. The good agreement between the data obtained in 2009 and 2010 for Groppello cultivar, and, in 2009, between Groppello and Merlot varieties cultivated in different geographical areas, suggests that, in general, plant activators may improve some qualitative/healthy treats ascribed to red wine, though their efficacy in controlling grapevine fungal diseases should be better ascertained. Finally, the role of melatonin, a powerful antioxidant, in grapevine physiology is still somewhat obscure. It is possible that, at pre-véraison, when skin anthocyanic pigmentation is still lacking, this compound may defend berry from damage due to photooxidation or UV radiation, whereas, at véraison, the indolamine may protect the germ tissues, particularly rich in storage lipids and membranes and vulnerable to oxidative damage. In conclusion, the possibility of enhancing the pharmaconutritional potential of grape/wine with phytosanitary treatments should be further tajen into account.

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Considering the high production of agri-industrial waste and the possibility of this material have bioactive phytochemicals, this work aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the guava waste (seed) from an industry of frozen fruit pulps. Hydroacetone, hydroethanolic, hydromethanolic and aqueous extracts, obtained by sequential extraction procedure, were submitted to the determination of total phenolic and antioxidant activity in β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation system and by ferric thiocyanate method and screened for their free [DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazil) and ABTS•+ (2,2'-azino-bis-(3- etilbenzotiazolina 6-sulfonic acid)] scavenging activity. The hydroacetone and hydromethanolic extracts exhibited the highest content of total phenolics (5317.27 and 2176.46 ag catechin equivalent mL-1, respectively), while the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were excluded from antioxidant analysis. Hydroacetone extract exhibited high percentage of the inhibition of oxidation (81.95%) in β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation system; high percentage of the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (74.32% and 80.13%at concentrations 140 and 240mg/L, respectively), good DPPH• scavenging activity (scavenging percentage >60%; low value of EC50 and TEC50, middle value of AE), and good ABTS•+ scavenging activity (875.79mM TEAC.g-1). The hydromethanolic extract exhibited low percentage of the inhibition of oxidation (38.92%) in β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation system, inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation of the 50.50% and 73.70% (at concentrations 140 and 240mg/L, respectively), DPPH• scavenging activity (scavenging percentage < 30%, high EC50 and TEC50, and low value of AE), and bad ABTS• + scavenging activity (57.16 mM TEAC.g -1). Combining of the hydroacetone extract with BHT at different concentrations, the scavenging activity and inhibition of oxidation, in β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation system were similar to that BHT alone, which demonstrated synergism between them. Hydroacetone extract from guava waste (seeds) has a significant potential antioxidant since it has shown better performance in scavenging DPPH • and ABTS• + radical, important antioxidant activity in lipid emulsion system, and synergism with BHT. Thus, the agri-industrial waste from guava can be considered as alternative of natural antioxidants.
Diante da elevada produção de resíduo agroindustrial e da possibilidade deste material conter fitoquímicos bioativos, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial antioxidante de resíduo de goiaba (semente) proveniente de uma indústria de polpas de frutas congeladas. Extratos hidroacetônico, hidrometanólico, hidroetanólico e aquoso, obtidos por extração sequencial, foram utilizados para quantificar o teor de fenólicos totais e determinar a atividade antioxidante em sistema da co-oxidação β-caroteno/ácido linoléico e pelo método tiocianato férrico e a capacidade de seqüestrar radicais livres [DPPH• (1,1- difenil-2-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS•+ (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico]. Os extratos hidroacetônico e hidrometanólico exibiram os maiores teores de fenólicos totais (5.317,27 e 2.176,46ag em equivalente de catequina mL-1, respectivamente), sendo, portanto, o aquoso e hidroetanólico excluídos da avaliação do potencial antioxidante. O extrato hidroacetônico exibiu elevado percentual de inibição da oxidação (81,95%) no ensaio da co-oxidação do β-caroteno/ acido linoléico; elevado percentual de inibição da peroxidação do ácido linoléico (74,32% e 80,13%, respectivamente, nas concentraçõesde 140 e 240mg/L); boa capacidade de sequestrar o radical DPPH (percentual de sequestro >60%, baixo valor de EC50 e de TEC50, e médio EA); e o radical ABTS•+ (875,79 mM TEAC.g-1). O extrato hidrometanólico exibiu baixo percentual de inibição da oxidação (38,92%) no ensaio da co-oxidação do β-caroteno/ acido linoléico; inibição da peroxidação do ácido linoléico de 50,50% e 73,70% (nas concentrações de 140 e 240mg/L, respectivamente); e fraca capacidade de sequestrar o radical DPPH (percentual de sequestro < 30%, alto valor de EC50 e de TEC50, e baixo EA) e o radical ABTS•+(57,16 mM TEAC.g-1). Ao associar o extrato hidroacetônico com o BHT, em diferentes concentrações, o percentual de sequestro do DPPH e de inibição da oxidação, em sistema da co-oxidação β-caroteno/ácido linoléico foi semelhante ao do BHT isolado, demonstrando haver sinergismo entre eles. O extrato hidroacetônico do resíduo agroindustrial de goiaba apresenta um expressivo potencial anti-radical, uma vez que demonstrou eficiência na captura dos radicais DPPH• e ABTS•+, relevante ação antioxidante em meio lipídico, além de sinergismo com o BHT. Desta forma, o resíduo agroindustrial de goiaba surge como alternativa de antioxidante natural.

Tyrimo tikslas - parinkti neetanolinio propolio ekstrakto technologiją ir atlikti veikliųjų medžiagų analizę. Uždaviniai: nustatyti propolio koncentracijos, ekstrakcijos tirpiklių bei jų koncentracijų, ekstrakcijos laiko, temperatūros, ekstrakcijos metodo įtakas fenolinių junginių išsiskyrimui. Nustatyti propolio ekstrakto antiradikalinį aktyvumą ir flavonoidų kiekį bei efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodu nustatyti propolio ekstrakte esančius cheminius junginius ir jų antiradikalinį aktyvumą. Metodika. Bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis, buvo nustatytas naudojant farmakopėjinį Folino Ciocalteu metodą pagal galo rūgšties ekvivalentą. Flavonoidų kiekis nustatytas naudojant spektrofotometrinį metodą pagal rutino ekvivalentą. Antioksidacinis aktyvumas spektrofotometriškai buvo nustatomas naudojant DPPH radikalą. Efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos su elektrocheminiu detektoriumi būdu buvo identifikuoti fenoliniai junginiai ir nustatytas jų antiradikalinis aktyvumas. Rezultatai. Didinant propolio koncentraciją, naudojant tirpiklius didėja bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis (p<0,05). Technologiniai procesai t.y. ekstrakcijos trukmė, temperatūros padidinimas daro reikšmingą įtaką fenolinių junginių išsiskyrimui (p<0,05). Didžiausias bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis 35,60 mg/ml buvo gautas naudojant ultragarsu skatinamą ekstrakciją 10 min esant 70 ⁰C temperatūrai, ekstrakcijos tirpikliu naudojant 30 proc. makrogolio ir vandens mišinį. Šiame ekstrakte nustatytas 88,76±1... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of survey - to select the technology of nonethanolic propolis extract and analyse the active substances. Tasks: To examine the influence of concentration, solvent and its concentration, extraction time, temperature, the extraction method on release of total phenolic compounds. Determine the radical scavenging activity and flavonoid content of propolis extract and using high performance liquid chromatography method identify active substances and its antiradical activity. Methods: Total phenolic compounds were determined by using pharmacopoeial Folin Ciocalteu method expressed in gallic acid equivalents. Flavonoids were determined using a spectrophotometric method in rutin equivalent. Radical scavenging activity was determined by spectrophotometry using DPPH radical. High performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection were used to identify phenolic compounds and its radical scavenging activity. Results: Increasing of propolis concentration made a significance impact on the amount of total phenolic content (p<0,05). Extraction time, increase of temperature made a significance impact on increase of the amount of total phenolic content (p<0,05). The highest amount of total phenolic compounds 35,60 mg/ml were obtained using ultrasonic induced extraction for 10 minutes at 70 ⁰ C temperature and using 30 % macrogol – water solution as solvent. The radical scavenging capacity of this extract was 88,76 ± 1,27% and amount of flavonoids were 3,89 ± 0,43 mg/ml... [to full text]

Prema postavljenim ciljevima u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji sakupljeno je i determinisano ukupno sedam vrsta autohtonih gljiva sa područja Fruške gore, Tare i  Vršačkog brega, pet lignikolnih ‐ Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurocybella  porrigens, Stereum hirsutum, Stereum subtomentosum i Trametes versicolor, i dve  terikolne ‐ Amanita  strobiliformis i Hydnum repandum. Utvrđena je  njihova biološka aktivnost (antiradikalska, antioksidativna, antimikrobna, anti‐acetilholinesterazna i citotokisčna) spram hemijskog sastava njihovih vodenih (H₂O), etanolnih (EtOH), metanolnih (MeOH) i polisaharidnih (PSH) ekstrakata. Analiza hemijskog sastava odabranih vrsta uključila je određivanje hemijske karakterizacije PSH ekstrakata ‐ FTIR analizom, određivanje fenolnog profila ‐ HPMC/MS‐MS, sadržaja organskih kiselina ‐ HPLC, sadržaja masnih kiselina ‐ GC‐FID i sadržaja biogenih elemenata ‐ AAS. Spektrofotometrijskim metodamaodređen je ukupan sadržaj proteina i ukupan sadržaj fenola i flavonoida. Prema antiradikalskoj aktivnosti OH^{• ,} O2^•‐, OH^•, Asc^•, DPPH^•  i ABTS^•+ izdvojili su  se  ekstrakti lignikolnih vrsta:  MeOH ekstrakt vrste P. porrigens, H₂O  ekstrakt P. porrigens, MeOH ekstrakt T. versicolor, H₂O ekstrakt S. hirsutum, MeOH ekstrakt S. subtomentosum i H₂O ekstrakt B. adusta, navedenim redom. Najjaču antioksidativnu aktivnost dobijenu FRAP i polarografskom HPMC metodom ispoljili su PSH i H₂O ekstrakti terikolne vrste A. strobiliformis. Antimikrobna aktivnost analiziranih ekstrakata određena je ispitivanjem antibakterijskog, antifungalnog i antiviralnog potencijala, pri čemu se izdvojila vrsta  H.  repandum ispoljavajući najbolji efekat na Gram‐pozitivne i Gram‐negativne bakterije i na sve analizirane fitopatogene izolate (Fusarium i Alternaria) i T. versicolor na analizirani bakteriofag. Anti‐acetilholinesterazna aktivnost određena je testovima in solid i in liquid, a najbolji procenat inhibicije AChE ispoljili su EtOH ekstrakti vrsta S. hirsutum, B. adusta, S. subtomentosum i T. versicolor. Citotoksična aktivnost ekstrakata određena je MTT testom, a prema najboljoj ispoljenoj aktivnosti izdvojili su se MeOH ekstrakt P. porrigens i ekstrakti B. adusta, H₂O i EtOH. Citotoksična aktivnost ovih lignikolnih vrsta naročito je izražena nakon 72 h. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, gde su se istakle različite vrste i njihovi različiti ekstrakti u primenjenim testovima, jasno je da biološka aktivnost i hemijski sastav zavise od porekla, vrste i tipa ekstrakta analiziranih gljiva. Na osnovu tipa rastvarača odnosno ekstrakata vrsta, koje su pokazale najbolju aktivnost spram pomenutih  testova i na osnovu dobijenih korelacija kao i na osnovu detektovanih jedinjenja,  pretpostavljamo da su za ispoljene aktivnosti u najvećoj meri odgovorna fenolna  jedinjenja i polisaharidi.   Ispoljeni biopotencijal analiziranih vrsta gljiva upućuje na njihovu potencijalnu upotrebu kao funkcionalne hrane i nutraceutika, kao i u biokontroli fitopatogena.
According  to  the  set  aims  of  the  presented  PhD  thesis,  seven  autochthonous fungal species from the region of Fruska Gora, Tara  and Vršac Mountains were collected and determined: five lignicolous ‐ Bjerkandera  adusta,  Pleurocybella  porrigens,  Stereum  hirsutum,  Stereum subtomentosum and Trametes versicolor, and two terricolous ‐ Amanita strobiliformis and Hydnum repandum. Biological activity of these  species  (antiradical,  antioxidant,  antimicrobial,  anti‐ acetylcholinesterase and cytotoxic) was determined in relation to the chemical composition of the extracts, aqueous (H₂O), ethanolic (EtOH), methanolic (MeOH) and polysaccharide (PSH). Analysis of the chemical content of analyzed species included chemical characterization of PSH extracts  –  by  FTIR  analysis,  determination  of  phenolic  profile ‐ by HPMC/MS‐MS, content of organic acids ‐ by HPLC, fatty acid content ‐ by  GC‐FID  and  content  of  biogenic  elements ‐ by  AAS. Spectrophotometric methods were applied for determination of the content of total proteins, polyphenols and flavonoids. According to the antiradical activity obtained towards OH^•, О2^•‐, OH^•, Asc^•, DPPH^• and ABTS^•+ extracts of lignicolous species were singled out: P. porrigens  (MeOH  extract),  P.  porrigens  (H₂O  extract), T. versicolor (MeOH   extract), S. hirsutum (H₂O extract), S. subtomentosum (MeOH extract) and B. austa (H₂O  extract),  respectively. The  highest antioxidant activity obtained by FRAP and the polarographic HPMC method was exhibited  for PSH  and  H₂O extracts of the terricolous species A. strobiliformis. The intimicrobial activity of analyzed extracts was determined by examination of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potentials, whereby  the species  H.  repandum was separated by exhibiting the best effect on Gram‐positive  and Gram‐negative bacteria, and all the analyzed hytopathogenic isolates (Fusarium, Alternaria)  and T. versicolor against analyzed bacteriophage. Anti‐cetylcholinesterase activity was determined by tests in solid and in liquid, while the best  percent of AChE inhibition was showed by EtOH extracts of the species S. hirsutum, B. adusta, S. subtomentosum and T. versicolor.bThe cytotoxic activity of extracts was determined by MTT assay, and according to the best activity, the MeOH extract of P. porrigens, and H₂O and EtOH extracts of B. adusta were distinguished particularly after 72 h. Based on the results obtained, favoring different species and their different extracts in the applied tests, it is clear that the biological activity and chemical composition depend on the origin, species and type of extract of the analyzed fungi. Based on the type of solvent or extract of the species that showed the best activity in relation to the above tests and on the basis of the obtained correlations as well as on  the basis of the detected compounds, we assume  that  the  phenol compounds  and  polysaccharides  are responsible for the activities performed.Demonstrated bio‐potential of analyzed fungal species indicates their  potential use as functional foods and nutraceutics, as well as in the biocontrol of phytopathogens.

Etanolni ekstrakti tropa odabranih sorti cvekle (Detroit, Cardeal-F1, Egipatska, Bikor i Kestrel) prečišćeni su primenom ekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi (SPE). Sadržaj ukupnihfenolnih jedinjenja, flavonoida i betalaina u prečišćenim ekstraktima određeni su spektrofotometrijskim metodama. HPLC analizom utvrđen je kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav fenolnih jedinjenja i betalaina ekstrakata tropa odabranih sorti cvekle. ESR spektroskopijom ispitana je antiradikalska aktivnost ekstrakata topa cvekle na stabilne DPPH i reaktivne superoksid anjon i hidroksil radikale.Spektrofotometrijski je određena antioksidativna aktivnost na DPPH radikale i redukciona sposobnost po Oyaizu u ekstraktima odabranih sorti cvekle. Ispitana je in vitroantiproliferativna aktivnost frakcija ekstrakata, njihovim delovanjem na rast tri histološki različite humane ćelijske linije: MCF-7 (adenokarcinom dojke), HeLa (epitelni karcinom cerviksa)i MRC-5 (fetalni fibroblastni karcinom pluća). U završnoj fazi rada određena je antimikrobna aktivnost ekstrakata tropa odabranih sorti cvekle.
Beetroot (Detroit, Cardeal-F1, Egipatska, Bikor i Kestrel) pomace ethanol extracts were purified using solid phase extraction (SPE). Contents of total phenols, flavonoids and betalains in purified extracts were determined by spectrophotometric methods. HPLC analysis were used for quantitative and qualitative characterization of phenolic compounds and betalains in investigated extracts. ESR spectroscopy was used for investigation of antiradical activity of beetroot pomace extracts on stable DPPH and reactive superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. Antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically on DPPH radicals and reducing power according to Oyaizu in the beetroot pomace extracts. Antiproliferative activity of investigated extracts was determined in vitro, testing their influence on the growth of three histologically different human cell lines: MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (cervix epithelioid carcinoma) and MRC-5 (fetal lung). Also, antimicrobial activity of beetroot pomace extracts was determined.

Acetonski ekstrakti bobičastog voća iz familija Ericaceae(borovnica, Vaccinium myrtillus L., i brusnica, Vacciniummacrocarpon L.) i Rosaceae (šipak, Rosa canina L., i glog,Crataegus oxyacantha L.) prečišćeni su i frakcionisaniprimenom ekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi (SPE). Sadržaj ukupnihpolifenolnih jedinjenja, flavonoida i antocijana u prečišćenimekstraktima određeni su spektrofotometrijskim metodama.HPLC analizom utvrđen je kvalitativni i kvantitativnisastav frakcija ekstrakata ispitivanih bobica. ESR spektroskopijomispitana je antiradikalska aktivnost frakcija ekstrakatabobica na stabilne DPPH^● i reaktivne superoksid anjon ihidroksil radikale. ESR spektroskopijom ispitano je iprisustvo slobodnih radikala antioksidanata nastalih tokomreakcije frakcija ekstrakata bobica sa superoksid anjonradikalima. U završnoj fazi rada ispitana je in vitroantiproliferativna aktivnost frakcija ekstrakata bobica, njihovimdelovanjem na rast tri histološki različite humane ćelijskelinije: HeLa (epitelni karcinom cerviksa), HT-29 (adenokarcinomdebelog creva) i MCF-7 (adenokarcinom dojke).
Acetone extracts of berries form Ericaceae (bilberry, Vacciniummyrtillus L., and cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarponL.) and Rosaceae (rose hip, Rosa canina L., and hawthorn,Crataegus oxyacantha L.) families were purified and fractionatedusing solid phase extraction (SPE). Contents of totalpolyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins in purified extractswere determined by spectrophotometric methods.HPLC analysis were used for quantitative and qualitativecharacterization of investigated berry extracts fractions. ESRspectroscopy was used for investigation of antiradical activityof berry extracts fractions on stable DPPH^● andreactive superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. Thepresence of antioxidant free radicals formed during reactionof investigated berry extracts fractions with superoxideanion radicals was also investigated by ESR. Antiprolixferativeactivity of investigated berry extracts fractions wasdetermined in vitro, testing their influence on the growth ofthree histologically different human cell lines: HeLa (cervixepithelioid carcinoma), HT-29 (colon adenocarcinoma) iMCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma).

Hladno presovano ulje semena uljane tikve je proizvod specifičan za Srbiju, za razliku od zemalja u regionu koje imaju dugu tradiciju proizvodnje devičanskog tikvinog ulja. Tokom postupka hladnog presovanja sirovogosušenog semena uljane tikve na pužnoj presi temperatura izdvojenog ulja ne prelazi 50 ^oC, što se odražava na fizičko-hemijske, nutritivne i senzorne karakteristike kao i na oksidativnu stabilnost i antioksidativni potencijal ovog ulja. U cilju što bolje karakterizacije ovog proizvoda na našem tržištu, ispitan je kvalitet hladno presovanog tikvinog ulja poreklom iz semena više različitih slobodnooplodnih sorti i F1 hibrida, golosemenih i uljanih tikvi sa ljuskom, koje uspevaju u našoj zemlji. Hladno presovano ulje semena tikve odlikuju specifične senzorne karakteristike: pored izuzetno blage arome, mirisa na sirovo seme tikve i ukusa koji podseća na meso tikve, ovo ulje se posebno izdvaja po boji koja je kod ispitivanog ulja bila svetlo-smedja do crvenkasta. Prema senzornim karakteristikama (naročito boji) izdvojili su se uzorci ulja poreklom iz semena austrijskih hibrida. Na osnovu sastava masnih kiselina ovo ulje pripada olinsko-linolnom tipu, što ga svrstava u nutritivno veoma vredna biljna ulja, čemu doprinosi i visok sadržaj gama-tokoferola, koji je dominantan u tikvinom ulju. Određivanje sastava i sadržaja sterola je posebno bilo značajno kada je u pitanju hladno presovano tikvino ulje s obzirom da nema literaturnih podataka na tu temu. U ispitivanim uzorcima su bili dominantni delta-7 steroli, a određen je i izuzetno visok sadržaj skvalena, koji ima veoma važnu biološku funkciju. Ispitivano ulje je posedovalo dobar antiradikalski potencijal, koji je bio u snažnoj linearnoj zavisnosti sa sadržajem fenolnih materija. Ulje dobijeno ekstrakcijom iz pogače, koja je zaostala nakon hladnog presovanja semena, posedovalo je veći antiradikalski potencijal u odnosu na hladno presovano što je rezultat sadržaja fenolnih materija u većem procentu i nešto nižeg sadržaja tokoferola u odnosu na hladnopresovano ulje.
Cold-pressed pumpkin oil is a product specific to Serbia, given that other countries in the region traditionally produce virgin pumpkin oil. In the process of cold pressing raw-dried pumpkin seeds by screw press, the temperature of extracted oil does not exceed 50oC, which affects physical, chemical, nutritional and sensory characteristics of this oil, as well as its oxidative stability and antiradical capacity. For the purpose of more precise characterization of this product in the domestic market, the quality of cold pressed oil from seeds of many free breeding varieties and F1 hybrids – of both naked and husk seed pumpkins being grown in our country – was examined. Specific sensorial properties: light brown to reddish color, mild aroma, a smell similar to that of raw pumpkin seeds and a taste resembling that of pumpkin pulp are characteristic for this oil. As for sensory characteristics, the samples of oil from Austrian hybrid seeds, stood out. On the basis of fatty acid content, this oil belongs to the oleic-linoleic type, meaning it is a highly nutritional vegetable oil, which is also due to high levels of dominant gamma-tocopherol. Determination of the types and content of sterols was particularly important, given that there are no data specific to cold-pressed pumpkin oil in the literature. Delta-7 sterols are the most dominant sterols in examined oil samples and also very high content of squalene was found, which a compound with an important biological function is. The oil has an excellent antiradical capacity, showing a strong linear correlation with the amounts of phenolic compounds. Oil extracted from the cake, left over after the cold pressing of pumpkin seeds, had greater antiradical capacity than the samples of cold pressed oil, due to higher percentage of phenolic compounds and a slightly lower content of tocopherols compared to cold pressed oil.

Many studies have shown that regular consumption of olive oil lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases, breast, ovarian and prostate cancers. These benefits are thought to be due primarily to the high level of monounsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phenolic compounds in the olive oil. An increased awareness of these health benefits has led to a significant increase in the demand for olive oil around the world. However, the current production volume of olive oil is unable to meet the increasing demand. The techniques currently used by the industry extract less than 60 % of oil and 10 % of bioactive phenolic compounds from the olive fruits. There is therefore a need to not only increase the yield of oil extraction but also the extent of recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds.The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of extending the length of olive paste mixing period to 60 minutes and addition of processing aids to the olive paste (citric acid, Viscozymes and Pectolyase) on the extraction and quality of olive oil. The study was conducted over a 2 year period on Frantoio olives harvested from Gingin, Swan Valley and Margaret River in Western Australia at various maturity levels. The effects of these processing techniques were assessed on the yield of oil extraction, oil recovery, concentration of total phenolic compounds, antiradical activity, peroxides value, acidity level, fatty acid composition in terms of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), level of conjugated diene (K232) and conjugated triene (K270), variation of specific extinction (AK), colour in terms of brightness (L*), greenness (a*) and yellowness (b*) as well as the sensory properties of the extracted olive oil samples. The oil samples extracted were also compared to the commercial olive oil samples in terms of these parameters. Significant differences between the quality of the extracted olive oil samples were detected at C=0.05 level on the estimated marginal means value as generated by the Univariate ANOVA procedure.The results from this study indicate that the interaction between the processing techniques and maturity levels did not significantly affect the quality of extracted oil. However, the interaction between the processing techniques and the olive growing sites did significantly affect the quality of the extracted oil. In addition, the quality of the olive oil samples varied in relation to the different processing techniques applied.Among the processing techniques investigated, addition of 0.15 g/mL of citric acid or Viscozymes were both effective in increasing the yield of oil extraction to around 12 % and the oil recovery to above 60 %. However, they were not effective at improving the extraction of phenolic compounds to the oil. Addition of citric acid at the higher concentration of 0.30 g/mL was the most effective technique in increasing the concentration of total phenolic compounds in the extracted oil. The concentration of total phenolic compounds was increased to 266.32 mg/kg oil when compared to the control sample (113.09 mg/kg oil). The antiradical activity of the extracted oil (47.61 % inhibition of DPPH radicals) was also higher than that of the control sample (32.49 % inhibition of DPPH radicals). Addition of 0.30 g/mL citric acid to olive paste lowered the percentage of saturated palmitic acid and increased the monounsaturated fatty acids: polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio. The addition of citric acid at 0.30 g/mL to the olive paste was beneficial in protecting the extracted olive oil against oxidation, as the peroxides value was significantly reduced. The olive oil extracted by addition of 0.30 g/mL citric acid also has comparable colour compared to the control olive oil sample. In addition, the quality of olive oil extracted by addition of 0.30 g/mL citric acid has comparable sensory profile to the commercial EVOO samples.

L'oligomérisation enzymatique de la rutine et esculine a donné lieu à cinq fractions d'oligomères de masse moléculaire moyenne entre 2127,42 et 8331,85 g/mol pour la rutine et 688,12 et 6973 g/mol pour l'esculine. L'analyse de ces fractions par FTIR montre que les fractions d'oligorutines sont obtenues à travers des liaisons C-C, C-O et C=O. Les fractions d'oligoesculines sont obtenues à travers des liaisons C-C. Une meilleure solubilité des oligorutines et des oligoesculines dans l'eau et une plus faible solubilité de ces oligomères dans l'éthanol comparé à leurs monomères a été mis en évidence. Une diminution de l'activité antiradicalaire vis-à-vis de DPPH., ABTS+. et OH. proportionnelle à la masse moléculaire moyenne des fractions d'oligorutines a été observé, contrairement aux fractions d'oligoesculines qui montrent un important pouvoir chélateur de ces mêmes radicaux comparé à leurs monomère. Une augmentation du pouvoir chélateur de fer, inhibiteur de la xanthine oxydase, réducteur du cuivre (CUPRAC), de l'activité antigénotoxique, ainsi que de l'activité stimulatrice de la prolifération des splénocytes, et des lymphocytes (B et T) proportionnelle au degré d'oligomérisation des oligomères étudiées a été noté. L'effet des fractions d'oligorutines et oligoesculines étudiées sur les macrophages en suivant la production de monoxyde d'azote (NO) montre un pouvoir anti-inflammatoire comparé à leurs monomères. L'étude de l'activité lysosomale induite par les fractions d'oligorutine révèle un pouvoir immunostimulateur proportionnelle à la masse moléculaire moyenne des oligorutines, et inversement proportionnelle à celle-ci pour les oligoesculines
Rutin and esculin have been polymerized by laccase. Five fractions with between 2127.42 and 8331.85 g/mol for oligorutins, and between 688.12 and 6973 g/mol for oligoesculins, were obtained. Fourier transformed infrared analysis showed that oligorutins were formed through C-C, C-O and C=O linkages, while oligoesculins were obtained through C-C linkages. Oligorutins and oligoesculins show a higher solubility in water and a lower solubility in ethanol compared to their monomers. The oligomerization of rutin decrease its antiradical capacity, while oligoesculin fractions demonstrated a high antiradical activity compared to monomeric esculin. Oligomer fractions showed a better iron chelating power, xanthine oxidase inhibition, copper reducing power (CUPRAC), antigenotoxic activity, and splenocytes stimulator activity compared to their monomers. Oligorutin and oligoesculin exhibited an important anti-inflammatory capacity through the nitric oxide inhibition. Moreover, oligorutin fractions demonstrated an immunostimulatory effect proportional to their degree of oligomerization, while oligoesculin fractions showed an immunostimulatory effect inversely proportional to their degree of oligomerization

The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of five moss species are presented in this diploma thesis. The total phenol content was estimated as gallic acid equivalents by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method, while the qualitative composition of the extracts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and by gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy detection. The antioxidant properties assessed included iron(III) reduction, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl anion free radical scavenging and the ability of extracts to protect 2-deoxy-D-ribose against hydroxyl radical- mediated degradation was assessed. The extracts contained phenolic compound. Free phenolic acids as benzoic acid derivatives and glycosides as vitexin-like structures.The ethanolic extracts of five moss species demonstrated antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity; however, they were not as potent as the positive control.

碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
水產食品科學研究所
99
Abstract Gracilaria tenuistipitata, as human food or abalone feed in Taiwan, is a edible red seaweed in aquaculture. It is recently discovered that Gracilaria tenuistipitata contains certain functional ingredients for health. In order to increase the use value of Gracilaria tenuistipitata, the functional assessment of the protein hydrolysates was carried out in this study. Treated with the papain, the fresh seaweed was hydrolyzed at 37 ℃for 15 h. The obtained hydrolysates derived from the process above were divided into two parts. The first part was carried out freeze-drying and then SDS-PAGE analysis to determine their molecular weight distributions. The second part was precipitated by various concentration ranges of ammonium sulfate (AS) including 0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60%, 60-80% and 80-100% (salting out) and then AS was removed via dialysis. The precipitants of the five protein hydrolysates were evaluated their DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. In addition, the protective effect of DNA oxidative damage derived from hydroxyl radical was also investigated. DPPH scavenging activity of the protein hydrolysate precipitants from 20-40%, 40-60%, 60-80%, and 80-100% AS showed a dose-dependent effect. The protein hydrolysate precipitant from 80-100 % AS (800 ppm) carried the best capacity of the DPPH radical scavenging (36.02%), while the protein hydrolysate precipitants from 20-40% (800 ppm), 40-60 % (800 ppm), and 60-80% (400 ppm) AS showed DPPH scavenging rates of 30.19%, 30.79%, and 30.05%, respectively. The results of protective effects of DNA oxidative damage showed that the protein hydrolysate (5 mg/ml) from 20-40% AS precipitation was the highest efficacy (96.32%), while those of 40-60% and 80-100% AS precipitation were 49.66% and 59.81%, respectively. However, protein hydrolysate precipitants from 0-20% and 60-80% AS performed no significant effect on DNA oxidative damage protection. In addition, the protein hydrolysate precipitant from 20-40% AS showed a dose-dependent trend of DNA oxidative damage protection effect. Moreover, it showed that the five protein hydrolysate precipitants demonstrated no significant effect on DPPH scavenging. In the determination of the superoxide anion scavenging, it indicated that protein hydrolysate precipitant from 0-20% AS (50 ppm) showed the most significant scavenging activity (91.98%), while the those from of 0-20%, 40-60%, 60-80%, and 80-100% AS exhibited scavenging ability of 80.60%, 80.56%, 66.24%, and 67.13%, respectively. To summarize, the protein hydrolysates from AS precipitation with noticeable protective effect of DNA oxidative damage and antiradical activity may have a great potential for developing natural antioxidant products. Keywords: Gracilaria tenuistipitata, protein hydrolysate, antiradical activity, oxidative damage, antioxidant

Шевченко А. В. Створення біорегуляторів на основі (8-метоксихінолін-4-ілтіо) карбонових кислот : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 102 "Хімія" / наук. керівник В. І. Генчева. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 65 с.
UA : В роботі 65 сторінок, 4 таблиці, 13 рисунків, було використано 66 літературних джерел, із них 25 іноземною мовою. Об’єкт дослідження – (8-метоксихінолін-4-ілтіо)карбонові кислоти та їх калієві солі. Предмет дослідження – фізико-хімічні та біологічні властивості (8-метоксихінолін-4-ілтіо)карбонових кислот та їх калієвих солей. Методи дослідження та апаратура – теоретичний, розрахунковий, експериментальний; спектральний; спектрофотометричний; аналітичні терези, спектрофотометр СФ-46, скляні кювети 10 мм, комп’ютер (ChemDraw Ultra 12.0, ChemDraw Professional 15.1, Chem3D 15.1, ACDlabs 10); комп’ютерні програми SPSS. Метою роботи є пошук біорегуляторів серед (8-метоксихінолін- 4-ілтіо)карбонових кислот. Проведено віртуальний скринінг біологічної активності похідних хіноліну. Прояв активності залежить від особливості будови структур. Розшифровано експериментальні 1Н ЯМР-спектри та підтверджена структура синтезованих похідних хіноліну. Визначено гостру токсичність (8-метокси-2-метил(феніл)хінолін- 4-ілтіо)карбонових кислот та їх калієвих солей, які є малотоксичними або нетоксичними (ЛД50 від 898±71 мг/кг до 1131±136 мг/кг). Виявлена рістстимулююча активність (8-метокси- 2-метил(феніл)хінолін-4-ілтіо)карбонових кислот та їх калієвих солей; деякі сполуки істотно збільшують довжину гіпокотиля та довжину зони бічних кореней; довжину головного кореня та кількість бічних кореней. Встановлена антирадикальна активність на моделі in vitro.
EN : 65 pages, 4 tables, 13 figures are in this paper. 66 references, including 25 foreign language were used. The object of study is (8-methoxyquinolin-4-ylthio) carboxylic acids and their potassium salts. Subject of study – physical and chemical and biological properties (8-methoxyquinolin-4-ylthio) carboxylic acids and their potassium salts. Research methods and equipment − theoretical, calculated, experimental; spectral; spectrophotometric; analytical balance, SF-46 spectrophotometer, 10 mm glass cuvettes, computer (ChemDraw Ultra 12.0, ChemDraw Professional 15.1, Chem3D 15.1, ACDlabs 10); SPSS computer programs. The aim of the work is to search for bioregulators among (8-methoxyquinoline-4-ylthio) carboxylic acids. A virtual screening of the biological activity of quinoline derivatives was carried out. The manifestation of activity depends on the structural features of the structures. The experimental 1H NMR spectra were decoded and the structure of the synthesized quinoline derivatives was confirmed. Acute toxicity of (8-methoxy-2-methyl (phenyl) quinoline-4-ylthio) carboxylic acids and their potassium salts, which are low-toxic or non-toxic (LD 50 from 898 ± 71 mg / kg to 1131 ± 136 mg / kg). Growth-stimulating activity (8-methoxy-2-methyl (phenyl) quinoline- 4-ylthio) carboxylic acids and their potassium salts; some compounds significantly increase the length of the hypocotyl and the length of the lateral root zone; length of main root and number of lateral roots. Anti-radical activity was established in vitro.

Джерело В. О. Якість та антиоксидантний потенціал червоних сухих вин, імпортованих з Грузії : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 102 "Хімія" / наук. керівник М. М. Корнет. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 65 с.
UA : В роботі 65 сторінок, 9 таблиць, 15 рисунків, було використано 50 літературних джерел, із них 19 на іноземній мові. Об’єктом дослідження є зразки сухого червоного вина вітчизняного виробництва. Матеріалом дослідження є антиоксидантні властивості, фізико-хімічні властивості, органолептичні характеристики обраних зразків вина. Мета даної роботи – дослідження впливу антиоксидантів на якість харчових продуктів, зокрема, червоного сухого вина та вивчення органолептичних та фізико-хімічних показників продукту. Методи досліджень та апаратура – органолептичний аналіз, фізико-хімічний, теоретичний, хімічний, розрахунковий, лабораторні терези, хімічний посуд, бюретка, СФ-46, водяна баня, насос вакуумний, термометр, рН-метр. В результаті експериментальних досліджень був проведений органолептичний аналіз 3-х обраних зразків червоного сухого вина різних грузинських виробників. Розраховано титровану кислотність в червоних винах, вміст спирту та вміст інвертного цукру. Проведено дослідження антирадикальної активності на моделі аутоокиснення адреналіну.
EN : 65 Pages, 9 tables, 15 figures were used in the work 50 literary sources, 19 of them in a foreign language. The objects of the study are samples of dry red wine of domestic production. The research material is antioxidant properties, physicochemical properties, organoleptic characteristics of selected wine samples. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of antioxidants on the quality of food, in particular, dry red wine and to study the organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of the product. Research methods and equipment – organoleptic analysis, physicochemical, theoretical, chemical, calculation, laboratory scales, chemical utensils, burette, SF-46, water bath, vacuum pump, thermometer, pH meter. As a result of experimental researches the organoleptic analysis of 3 selected samples of red dry wine of different Georgian producers was carried out. The titrated acidity in red wines, alcohol content and invert sugar content were calculated. A study of antiradical activity in a model of adrenaline autooxidation.

Можаєва М. І. Біологічна дія алкоксизаміщених тіопохідних хіноліну : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 091 «Біологія» / наук. керівник О. О. Клімова. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 82 с.
UA : Дана pобота викладена на 82 стоpiнках дpукованого тексту, мiстить 3 таблиці, 2 рисунки, 3 додатки. Список лiтеpатуpи включає 68 джеpел. Об’єктом дослiдження були нові алкоксизаміщені тіопохідні хіноліну. Метою pоботи було дослідження віртуальної та експериментальної біологічної дії серед 6-алкоксизаміщених похідних 3-(6-R-2-метилхінолін-4-іл)-2-амінопропанової кислоти та їх структурних аналогів для оцінки біологічного потенціалу та знаходження перспективних біологічно активних сполук. Методи дослiдження: загально-клінічні (визначення токсичної дії, антирадикальна активність in vitro, моделі гемолізу еритроцитів, барбітуратовій інтоксикації) та статистичні. У pезультатi дослiдження встановлено, що 6-алкоксизаміщені похідні 3-(6-R-2-метилхінолін-4-іл)-2-амінопропанової кислоти та їх структурні аналоги мають високі антирадикальні та цитопротекторні властивості та є нетоксичними сполуками. Новизна pоботи. Досліджені сполуки захищають клітинні мембрани від впливу гемолітичних агентів і зменшують ступінь їх пошкоджень, стабілізують мембрани клітин, нормалізують стан метаболічних процесів. Встановлено, що найбільші зміни показників відбувались в залежності від наявності аміно- або гідрокси- радикалу залишку тіокарбонової кислоти та замісників 6-го положення хіноліну. Значущiсть pоботи – pезультати дослiдження пошиpюють уявлення пpо біологічний потенціал в ряду алкоксизаміщених тіопохідних хіноліну, як перспективних цитопротекторів, що підтвердило комп’ютерні розрахунки.
EN : This work is presented on 82 pages of printed text, contains 3 tables, 2 figures, 3 appendix. The list of literature includes 68 sources. New alkoxy-substituted quinoline thio derivatives were studied. The aim of the study was to study the virtual and experimental biological action among 6-alkoxy-substituted derivatives of 3-(6-R-2-methylquinoline-4-yl)-2-aminopropanoic acid and their structural analogues to assess the biological potential and find promising biologically active compounds. Research methods: general clinical (determination of toxic action, antiradical activity in vitro, models of erythrocytes hemolysis, barbiturate intoxication), and statistical. The study showed that 6-alkoxy-substituted derivatives of 3-(6-R-2-methylquinoline-4-yl)-2-aminopropanoic acid and their structural analogues have high antiradical and cytoprotective properties and are non-toxic compounds. Novelty of the work. The studied compounds protect cell membranes from the effects of hemolytic agents and reduce the degree of their damage, stabilize cell membranes, normalize the state of metabolic processes. It was found that the largest changes in the indicators occurred depending on the presence of amino or hydroxy radicals of the thiocarboxylic acid residue and substituents of the 6th position of quinoline. Significance of the work – study results widen the idea of the biological potential of a number of alkoxy-substituted thio derivatives of quinoline as promising cytoprotectors, which was confirmed by computer calculations.