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Lestari, Indah, Emyk Windartik, and Gendewa Goa Wijaya. "HUBUNGAN LAMA PENGGUNAAN OBAT ARV TERHADAP KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PADA PENDERITA HIV/AIDS DI POLI VCT RSUD PROF. DR. SOEKANDAR KABUPATEN MOJOKERTO." Jurnal Keperawatan 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47560/kep.v5i2.167.
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Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy was undertaken with HIV/AIDS by took medication for life, to suppress the amount of virus. Most people took antiretroviral (ARV) drugs had some side effects, one of which decreased in hemoglobin (Hb), which was influenced by factors duration of therapy and CD4 levels. As a result of long use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs by the side effects that cause a decrease in hemoglobin. The research objective was to determine the relationship of long used of ARV (Antiretroviral) on levels of hemoglobin in people with HIV / AIDS. The research design corelation analytical with cross sectional approach. Entired population HIV/AIDS patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy in Polyclinic VCT at Prof. Dr. Soekandar Hospital District Mojokerto regency as many as 65 respondents. Samples of 25 respondents took by purposive sampling. Old data retrieval use of ARV drugs by used observations of medical records and hemoglobin concentration used check tool hemoglobin (Hb Quick Chek) and secondary data. Test data analysis using the Spearman rho shows ρ (0.002) < α (0.05), it means that there is a long-standing relationship to the use of ARV drugs hemoglobin levels. Decreases in hemoglobin may occur due to antiretroviral drugs tend to inhibit the enzyme reverse transcriptase and cause damage to the spinal cord so that hemoglobin in the blood is very low which leads to anemia. One way to suppress the occurrence of side effects can be done by taking supplements that can increase the levels of hemoglobin in the blood.
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Kurniawati, Lailaturohmah, Nusalam Nursalam, Boby Sinuraya, and Melya Nur Azizah. "The Correlation of Antiretroviral Consumption Adherence on the Quality of Life of HIV Patients: A Systematic Review." Indonesian Journal of Community Health Nursing 6, no. 1 (July 4, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijchn.v6i1.27218.
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Introduction: The use of antiretroviral therapy (ARV) occupies a major role in maintaining the immune system of patients with HIV / AIDS. Nowadays, there are still many cases of disobedient behavior in taking medication that affects the health condition and Quality of Life (QoL) of patients.This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of previous journals discussing the correlation of antiretroviral (ARV) consuming adherence to the Quality of Life (QoL) of HIV patients.Method: The literature searching process was specified on the five years latest research (2016-2020), selected from several indexed electronic databases (EBSCO, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Proquest, Sage. Wiley, and DOAJ). Risk of Bias assessment tool using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist, The research design selected was cross-sectional.Results: The search using a search engine resulted in a total of 723 articles and found 15 eligible journal manuscripts selected according to the criteria. The total number of respondents in this review were 5,416 respondents, with a total population involved between 83 and 1395 participants. There were 3 main discussions related to the adherence of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs consuming to the increased quality of life of HIV AIDS patients, factors that influenced adherence to Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in HIV patients, and other supporting factors that affected the Quality of Life (QoL) other than ARV in HIV patients.Conclusion: There is correlation antiretroviral (ARV) drugs consuming adherence for QoL,there can improve the Quality of Life (QoL) of HIV patients.
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Planinic, Ana, Maja Oroz, Josip Begovac, and Snjezana Zidovec Lepej. "Resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to integrase strand transfer inhibitors in Croatia." Molecular and experimental biology in medicine 2, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33602/mebm.2.1.5.
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Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are the latest class of antiretroviral drugs that prevent the integration of proviral DNA into the host genome. The aim of this study was to describe, for the first time, INSTI resistance mutations observed in Croatian HIV-infected patients. Methods: The study was conducted between March 2016 and September 2018 and included 4 previously untreated patients (antiretroviral, ARV-naive) as well as 18 unsuccessfully treated HIV-infected patients (ARV-experienced) that have been tested for INSTI resistance. The genetic data on INSTI resistance was obtained by population-based sequencing of the integrase gene. Resistance analysis to other classes of antiretroviral drugs has been performed in some patients by sequencing the protease gene and a part of the reverse transcriptase HIV-1 gene. Results: INSTI resistance mutations were not found in ARV-naive patients. Mutations associated with resistance to INSTIs have been observed in 5 of 18 (27.8%) patients failing INSTI-based ARV regiment. Resistance to INSTIs in ARV-experienced patients was attributed to major resistance mutations Q148R, N155H and E92Q that confer resistance to two INSTIs (raltegravir and elvitegravir). Conclusions: The results of this study describe the first 5 cases of ARV-experienced HIV-1 infected patients with clinically significant resistance to INSTIs, and emphasize the need for continuous surveillance of INSTI resistance in patients experiencing virological failure to antiretroviral treatment in Croatia.
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Komarov, T. N., M. V. Belova, D. D. Stolyarova, I. E. Shohin, D. S. Bogdanova, O. A. Miskiv, Yu V. Medvedev, and I. M. Korenskaya. "Chemical and Toxicological Analysis of Antiretroviral Drugs." Drug development & registration 8, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2019-8-4-53-60.
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Introduction. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the main socially significant infection all over the world. HIV-positive patients take medical care, including antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) pharmacotherapy. Like all drugs, ARVs have lots of side effects that should be taken when prescribing drugs as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy. There are many cases when side effects of ARVs caused patients to enter the toxicology department. Therefore, the development of new methods for the analysis of ARV in biological fluids for the timely diagnosis of treatment of poisoning of this group of drugs is relevant today.Aim. The aim of this study is development of screening analysis of atazanavir, abacavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, lopinavir, zidovudine, darunavir and efavirenz in the urine to identify these drugs as possible toxicants for poisoning by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem massselective detection (HPLC-MS/MS).Materials and methods. Identification of ARV was performed by HPLC-MS/MS. Methanol precipitation method was used as a sample preparation.Results and discussion. The optimal conditions for sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and mass-spectrometric detection were selected to determine the studied ARVs. This method was tested on urine samples from patients in the Department of Acute Poisoning and Somatopsychiatric Disorders (OOSPD) with acute ARV poisoning.Conclusion. This screening method for analyse atazanavir, abacavir, nevirapine, ritonavir, lopinavir, zidovudine, darunavir and efavirenz in human urine has been developed by HPLC-MS/MS. The developed method can be used to identify these drugs as possible toxicants in case of poisoning. The prospect for the development of the topic is the inclusion of new molecules in the method and quantitative determination of the studied ARVs.
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Maemun, Siti, Syahrizal Syarif, Adria Rusli, and Renti Mahkota. "Gambaran Ketahanan Hidup (Kesintasan) Satu Tahun Pasien Koinfeksi TB-HIV Berdasarkan Waktu Awal Pengobatan Antiretroval (ARV) pada Fase Lanjut di Rumah Sakit Penyakit Infeksi (RSPI) Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Periode Januari 2011-Mei 2014." Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, no. 2 (November 6, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32667/ijid.v3i2.32.
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AbstrakLatar Belakang : Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) merupakan jenis retrovirus yang menginfeksi sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia yang menyebabkan Acquired Immunodefiency Syndrome (AIDS),. Kehadiran kuman TB menyebabkan progresivitas kasus ko-infeksi TB-HIV bertambah buruk sehingga mengancam jiwa penderitanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kesintasan satu tahun pasien ko-infeksi TB-HIV berdasarkan waktu awal pengobatan ARV.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif di RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso tahun 2013-2015. Sumber data yang digunakan berasal dari penelusuran pada register pra ARV dan ARV, Form TB 01, buku monitoring ARV, monitoring farmasi ARV, pelacakan ikhtisar ARV dan status rekam medis. Pengumpulan data melibatkan petugas Pokja HIV/AIDS dan dokter (validasi diagnosa dan kovariat) yang di blind atas hipotesis penelitian.Hasil : Probabilitas ketahanan hidup kumulatif satu tahun pasien ko-infeksi TB-HIV yang mendapatkan awal pengobatan ARV di RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso periode Januari 2011-Mei 2014 adalah 81,5%. Probabilitas ketahanan hidup pasien TB-HIV berdasarkan waktu awal menunjukan bahwa ketahanan hidup satu tahun pada pasien yang mendapatkan pengobatan ARV pada fase intensif adalah 89,1% dan pada pasien yang mendapatkan pengobatan ARV pada fase lanjut adalah 74,5%.Kesimpulan : Pasien ko-infeksi TB-HIV yang mendapatkan ARV pada fase intensif cenderung memiliki probalitas ketahanan hidup yang lebih besar di tahun pertama dibandingkan pasien ko-infeksi TB-HIV yang mendapatkan ARV pada fase lanjut. Abstract Background : Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a type of retrovirus that infects the human immune system that causes Acquired Immunodefiency Syndrome (AIDS). The presence of TB germs cause progression of cases of co-infection of TB-HIV getting worse so threatening sufferers. This study aims to reveal the one-year survival rate of patients co-infected TB-HIV based on time start of antiretroviral treatment.Methods : This study used a retrospective cohort design in RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso years 2013-2015. The data used comes from searches on the register of pre ARV and ARV form, TB Form, the book ARV monitoring, monitoring of pharmaceutical drugs, ARV overview and status tracking of medical records. The data collection involves the officer HIV / AIDS and the doctor (validation diagnosis and covariates) were in blind on the research hypothesis. Results : The cumulative probability of survival for one year patients co-infected TB-HIV get antiretroviral treatment early in RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso period January 2011-May 2014 was 81.5%. The probability of survival for patients of TB-HIV based on the initial time showed that one-year survival in patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in the intensive phase was 89.1% and in patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in advanced phases was 74.5%.Conclusion : Co-infected TB-HIV patients get antiretroviral drugs in the intensive phase tend to have a probability of survival is greater in the first year compared to co-infection TB-HIV patients get antiretroviral drugs in the advanced phase
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Dahoklory, Beatrice Mardiana, Petrus Romeo, and Afrona E. L. Takaeb. "Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga ODHA dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Antiretroviral di Klinik VCT Sobat Kupang." Timorese Journal of Public Health 1, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/tjph.v1i2.2129.
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Family support to people with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) plays an important role in improvement of PLWHA to take antiretroviral drugs (ARV) obediently. Commonly, PLWHA is an introvert person mainly about his/her health condition, so if the family have less knowledge and support during the treatment process, she/he would not be obedient to take ARV drugs and the therapeutic effect could not work optimally. This study aimed to determine the relationship between family support with compliance taking ARV drugs on PLWHA in-Clinic VCT Sobat RSUD Dr. W. Z. Johannes Kupang. The type of this research was analytical survey with a crosssectional study design. The number of respondents were 44 people which obtained by using accidental sampling technique. The data was collacted by using questionnaire and was analysed by using Chi-square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between support for assessment (p = 0,003), instrumental support (p = 0,001), emotional support (p = 0,028), and no relation of informational support (p = 0,336) with compliance taking ARV drugs on PLWHA. Thus, it is expected that family should continue to support the PLWHA to provide accurate information about ARV treatment and to remind PLWHA to take ARV drugs regularly.
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Nwogu, Jacinta Nwamaka, Qing Ma, Chinedum Peace Babalola, Waheed Adeola Adedeji, Gene D. Morse, and Babafemi Taiwo. "Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacogenetic, and Other Factors Influencing CNS Penetration of Antiretrovirals." AIDS Research and Treatment 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2587094.
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Neurological complications associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a matter of great concern. While antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are the cornerstone of HIV treatment and typically produce neurological benefit, some ARV drugs have limited CNS penetration while others have been associated with neurotoxicity. CNS penetration is a function of several factors including sieving role of blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and activity of innate drug transporters. Other factors are related to pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of the specific ARV agent or mediated by drug interactions, local inflammation, and blood flow. In this review, we provide an overview of the various factors influencing CNS penetration of ARV drugs with an emphasis on those commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa. We also summarize some key associations between ARV drug penetration, CNS efficacy, and neurotoxicity.
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Ogunwuyi, Oluwaseun, Namita Kumari, Kahli A. Smith, Oleg Bolshakov, Simeon Adesina, Ayele Gugssa, Winston A. Anderson, Sergei Nekhai, and Emmanuel O. Akala. "Antiretroviral Drugs-Loaded Nanoparticles Fabricated by Dispersion Polymerization with Potential for HIV/AIDS Treatment." Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 9 (January 2016): IDRT.S38108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/idrt.s38108.
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Highly active antiretroviral (ARV) therapy (HAART) for chronic suppression of HIV replication has revolutionized the treatment of HIV/AIDS. HAART is no panacea; treatments must be maintained for life. Although great progress has been made in ARV therapy, HIV continues to replicate in anatomical and intracellular sites where ARV drugs have restricted access. Nanotechnology has been considered a platform to circumvent some of the challenges in HIV/AIDS treatment. Dispersion polymerization was used to fabricate two types (PMM and ECA) of polymeric nanoparticles, and each was successfully loaded with four ARV drugs (zidovudine, lamivudine, nevirapine, and raltegravir), followed by physicochemical characterization: scanning electron microscope, particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, and in vitro availability. These nanoparticles efficiently inhibited HIV-1 infection in CEM T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells; they hold promise for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The ARV-loaded nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol on the corona may facilitate tethering ligands for targeting specific receptors expressed on the cells of HIV reservoirs.
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Anggriani, Ani, Ida Lisni, and Olga Susana Liku. "POLA PENGGUNAAN OBAT ANTIRETROVIRAL (ARV) PADA RESEP PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DARI KLINIK HIV/AIDS SALAH SATU RUMAH SAKIT SWASTA DI KOTA BANDUNG." Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 1, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v1i1.10.
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ABSTRACT
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to be a major global public health issue, which targets the human immune system. The using of ARVs in the treatment of HIV / AIDS increased life expectancy for PLHIV (People With HIV / AIDS). This study aims to determine the description of the using of ARV drugs in outpatients of the HIV / AIDS Clinic and assessed their suitability with established treatment standards. This research was carried out in a descriptive non-experimental manner, with data collection carried out retrospectively, used patient prescription data from April to December 2017. The results of quantitative studies showed 87% were male patients, and the largest age group was 20-29 years (39%) . Class of antiretroviral drugs used were Nucleoside / Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs), Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), and Protease Inhibitors (PI), with a combination of antiretroviral drugs most was the combination of first-line tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz (69%) while the second-line drug zidovudine + lamivudine + lopinavir / ritonavir was 1%. The most commonly used comorbid drug was cotrimoxazole. For qualitative data, the accuracy of combination and dose of ARV drugs was 100% in accordance with Permenkes No. 87/ 2014, with 79% of patients adhered to antiretroviral treatment every month. The potential for most ARV drug interactions with other drugs for the moderate category was zidovudin + cotrimoxazole (11%) which occured pharmacokinetically by decreasing renal clearance of zidovudine and glucuronide metabolites. In conclusion, the pattern of used of ARV drugs had met the standard of Permenkes No.87/2014, with the most used were the first line combination of tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz.
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Maulidya Sari, Aisha, Ika Ratna Hidayati, and Rizka Novia Atmadani. "The Relationship between The Level of Side Effects of ARV Drugs in ODHA Patients to The Level of The Compliance Use of ARV Drugs." Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2021.006.02.8.
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HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus is one of the causes of AIDS ( Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) that is a disease that attacks the body's immunity. One therapy for treating HIV/AIDS is with antiretroviral therapy. In antiretroviral therapy high adherence is needed at least 95% of the dose should not be forgotten to achieve desired virological suppression. One factor affecting compliance is the side effects of ARV drugs that appear in ODHA patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. This study aims at knowing the relationship of the level of drug side effects to the level of compliance in the treatment of ARVs in ODHA patients. This research uses cross-sectional in ODHA patients in Puskesmas Dinoyo, Malang City. The results of the study were found that the level of ODHA patient drug side effects at the Puskesmas Dinoyo VCT Clinic, the ODHA patient who did not experience side effects, was 5.8% , side effects a little 21.3%, moderate side effects 21.2% and high side effects 51.8%. Compliance with taking ODHA patient medication at the VCT Clinic Puskesmas Dinoyo patients with low adherence of 1.2%, moderate compliance 69.4% and high compliance 29.4%. There is no significant relationship between the level of side effects of ARV drugs in ODHA patients with the level of compliance with ARV drug use with values p- the value obtained is 0.412.
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Devi, S. Bhagyabati, T. Jeetenkumar Singh, Kshetrimayum Birendra Singh, N. Biplab Singh, Robinson Ningshen, and Thiyam Brojendro Singh. "Survival analysis of people living with human immunodeficiency virus: a study in a teaching hospital." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 7, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20203596.
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Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) have changed the outlook of people living with HIV (PLHIV) by transforming the dreaded infection to a chronically manageable disease. However, there is scant of reports which analyses quantitatively the survival benefit of PLHIV under ART. Objectives of this study were to determine the survival time of adult PLHIV who are on ARV. To analyse the factors determining survival outcome of PLHIV on ARV.Methods: This was an observational study in centre of excellence (COE) ART Centre, RIMS, Imphal from April 2004 to December 2009. Details from the data entered in documents of the ART programme were followed up every 3 months for 60 months from the date of initiation of ARV. All PLHIV above 18 years of age and undergoing antiretroviral therapy were included.Results: Survival rate following initiation of ARV was found to be significantly high among PLHIV. Higher CD4 count at the time of ARV initiation had better prognosis. Mortality was high among IDUs and they had high incidence of co-infections with HCV and HBV. The currently available ARV drugs under NACO programme have better suppression of HIV, are less toxic, low pill burden. The combined regimen used in the earlier days were not much inferior to the current ARV drugs if initiated timely with proper prophylaxis of OIs, good adherence, good nutrition and timely management of toxicities and IRIS.Conclusions: Timely treatment with ARV drugs provided under the national programme with good adherence and regular follow-up improves the survival of PLHIV.
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Giancola, Maria Letizia, Patrizia Lorenzini, Antonella Cingolani, Francesco Baldini, Simona Bossolasco, Teresa Bini, Laura Monno, et al. "Virological Response in Cerebrospinal Fluid to Antiretroviral Therapy in a Large Italian Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients with Neurological Disorders." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/708456.
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The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and single antiretroviral drugs on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV-RNA burden in HIV-infected patients affected by neurological disorders enrolled in a multicentric Italian cohort. ARVs were considered “neuroactive” from literature reports. Three hundred sixty-three HIV-positive patients with available data from paired plasma and CSF samples, were selected. One hundred twenty patients (33.1%) were taking ARVs at diagnosis of neurological disorder. Mean CSF HIV-RNA was significantly higher in naïve than in experienced patients, and in patients not taking ARV than in those on ARV. A linear correlation between CSF HIV-RNA levels and number of neuroactive drugs included in the regimen was also found (r=−0.44,P<0.001). Low -plasma HIV-RNA and the lack of neurocognitive impairment resulted in independently associated to undetectable HIV-RNA. Taking nevirapine or efavirenz, or regimen including NNRTI, NNRTI plus PI or boosted PI, was independently associated to an increased probability to have undetectable HIV-RNA in CSF. The inclusion of two or three neuroactive drugs in the ARV regimen was independently associated to undetectable viral load in CSF. Our data could be helpful in identifying ARV regimens able to better control HIV replication in the CNS sanctuary, and could be a historical reference for further analyses.
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Meintjes, G., G. Maartens, and On behalf of the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society. "Guidelines for antiretroviral therapy in adults." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 13, no. 3 (August 16, 2012): 114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v13i3.125.
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These guidelines are intended as an update to those published in the Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine in January 2008. Since the release of the previous guidelines, the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Southern Africa has continued to grow. Cohort studies from the region show excellent clinical outcomes; however, ART is still being started late (in advanced disease), resulting in relatively high early mortality rates. New data on antiretroviral (ARV) tolerability in the region and several new ARV drugs have become available. Although currently few in number, some patients in the region are failing protease inhibitor (PI)-based second-line regimens. To address this, guidelines on third-line (or ‘salvage’) therapy have been expanded.
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Peixoto, Roca Tárcio, Lima Felipe Souza Nogueira, Santos Alcione de Oliveira, Vieira Deusilene Souza, and Botelho-Souza Luan Felipo. "Study of HIV Resistance Mutations Against Antiretrovirals using Bioinformatics Tools." Current HIV Research 17, no. 5 (December 4, 2019): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162x17666191019114250.
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Background: Antiretroviral drugs to HIV-1 (ARV) are divided into classes: Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs); Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs); Protease Inhibitors (PIs); Integrase Inhibitors (INIs); fusion inhibitors and entry Inhibitors. The occurrence of mutations developing resistance to antiretroviral drugs used in HIV treatment take place in a considerable proportion and has accumulated over its long period of therapy. Objective: This study aimed to identify resistance mutations to antiretrovirals used in the treatment of HIV-1 in strains isolated from Brazilian territory deposited at Genbank, as well as to relate to the clinical significance and mechanism of action. Methods: Elucidation of these mutations was by comparative method of peptide sequence resulting from genes encoding therapeutic targets in HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) of the strains with a reference sequence through bioinformatic genetic information manipulation techniques. Results: Of the 399 sequences analyzed, 121 (30.3%) had some type of mutations associated with resistance to some class of antiretroviral drug. Resistance to NNRTIs was the most prevalent, detected in 77 (63.6%) of the 121 mutated sequences, compared to NRTIs and PIs, whose resistance was detected in 60 (49.6%) and 21 (17.3%), respectively, and to INIs, only 1 (0.8%) sample showed associated resistance mutation. Conclusion: Resistance to HIV ARV was detected at a considerable rate of 30.3%, showing some concerns about the percentage of viral strains that escape the established therapeutic regimen and that circulate currently in Brazil. The non-use of NNRTIs in Brazil is justified by the emergence of resistance mutations. The low prevalence of mutations against INIs is because drugs in this class have a high genetic barrier.
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Byrd, Kathy K., Tim Bush, and Lytt I. Gardner. "Do Persons Living with HIV Continue to Fill Prescriptions for Antiretroviral Drugs during a Gap in Care? Analysis of a Large Commercial Claims Database." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 6 (September 13, 2017): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957417729750.
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The significance of a gap in HIV care depends, at least partially, on whether patients continue to fill prescriptions for antiretroviral (ARV) drugs during the gap in care. We used a billing claims database to determine the proportion of persons who filled ≥1 prescription for ARV drugs during a gap in care (no clinic visit in >6 months). Persons were stratified into 3 groups: “never” (prescriptions never filled), “sometimes” (prescriptions filled >0%-<100% of months), and “always” (prescriptions filled monthly). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with “never” filling ARV drugs. Of 14 308 persons, 69% (n = 9817), 13% (n = 1928), and 18% (n = 2563) “never,” “sometimes,” and “always” filled ARV drugs during the gap in care. Persons aged 18 to 29 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39-1.74), women (OR = 1.67, CI 1.52-1.83), and persons from the Northeast region of the United States (OR = 1.86, CI 1.69-2.03) were more likely to never fill ARV drugs than persons aged ≥30 years, men, and persons outside the Northeast, respectively. Efforts should be made to minimize gaps in care, emphasize importance of therapy, and provide adherence support.
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Grierson, Jeffrey, Richard de Visser, and Michael Bartos. "More cautious, more optimistic: Australian people living with HIV/AIDS, 1997–1999." International Journal of STD & AIDS 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462011923903.
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The aim of this study was to assess whether the lives of Australian people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) have improved to the extent hoped for following the introduction of new antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for HIV. In 1997, 925 Australian PLWHA completed the first national survey of the social impacts of HIV/AIDS. In 1999, 924 Australian PLWHA were recruited for a repeat of the survey. Study participants completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The data revealed that although new ARV drugs have improved the clinical profiles of many PLWHA, there have not been corresponding improvements in the physical well-being, levels of employment, or financial circumstances of many PLWHA. Nevertheless, PLWHA express favourable attitudes toward ARV drugs. Australian PLWHA have a complex relationship with their ARV medication that is likely to change over time as their HIV disease progresses and new treatments become available.
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Lailiah, Novianti, Nursalam Nursalam, and Ninuk Dian Kurniawati. "Relationship between Information Skills and Antiretroviral Adherence in People Living With HIV/AIDS." Fundamental and Management Nursing Journal 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmnj.v4i1.25551.
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Introduction: Adherence in ARV therapy is an important mechanism in preventing drug resistance. The level of adherence is influenced by several factors, one of which is the information skills factor. This study aims to analyze the relationship between information skills and ARV adherence in People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).Method: This was a cross-sectional approach with a sample size of 100 respondents who were selected through simple random sampling technique. The inclusion criteria for respondents were PLWHA who were undergoing ARV therapy, cooperative, aged 20-60 years. The instrument used was information skills questionnaire and Medical Adherence Rating Scale (MARS). The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and logistic regression test with p value ≤ 0.05.Results: Information skills were associated with ARV adherence (p = 0.01). Information skills consisting of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and ARV therapy can increase ARV adherence in PLWHA with indicators taking drugs regularly and have medical control on schedule.Conclusions: The information skills factor has an effect on ARV adherence. Increasing information skills can be done through educational activities or peer-group support aimed at gaining insight into disease and treatment, especially for newly diagnosed PLWHA.
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Van Nguyen, Lam, Thao N. P. Nguyen, Anh N. Thach, Anh N. Lam, Duc Q. Lam, Chu X. Duong, Suol T. Pham, et al. "Knowledge of Antiretroviral Treatment and Associated Factors in HIV-Infected Patients." Healthcare 9, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040483.
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This study aimed to assess the knowledge of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and the associated factors in HIV-infected patients in Vietnam. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of 350 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients being treated with ARV at outpatient clinics at Soc Trang, Vietnam, from June 2019 to December 2019. Using an interview questionnaire, patients who answered at least eight out of nine questions correctly, including some required questions, were considered to have a general knowledge of ARV treatment. Using multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with knowledge of ARV treatment, we found that 62% of HIV-infected patients had a general knowledge of ARV treatment, with a mean score of 8.2 (SD 1.4) out of 9 correct. A higher education level (p < 0.001); working away from home (p = 0.013); getting HIV transmitted by injecting drugs or from mother-to-child contact (p = 0.023); the presence of tension, anxiety, or stress (p = 0.005); self-reminding to take medication (p = 0.024); and a high self-evaluated adherence (p < 0.001) were found to be significantly associated with an adequate knowledge of ARV treatment. In conclusion, education programs for patients, as well as the quality of medical services and support, should be strengthened.
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Nugraheni, Ambar Yunita, Rizki Amelia, and Inesya Febrianing Rizki. "Evaluasi Terapi Antiretroviral Pasien HIV/AIDS." Jurnal Farmasetis 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32583/farmasetis.v8i2.567.
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Pengobatan antiretroviral (ARV) bertujuan untuk menurunkan jumlah virus (viral load) serta menghambat perburukan infeksi oportunistik. Ketidakrasionalan terapi ARV akan menyebabkan peningkatan resiko morbiditas dan mortalitas, serta resiko resistensi obat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi rasionalitas antiretroviral pada pasien HIV/AIDS di rumah sakit umum X Surakarta yang meliputi tepat indikasi, tepat pasien, tepat obat, dan tepat dosis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 99 pasien dengan metode purposive sampling. Data diambil melalui rekam medis pasien HIV/AIDS rawat inap di rumah sakit X Surakarta. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 87 Tahun 2014 tentang Pedoman Pengobatan Antiretroviral (2014), Pedoman Penerapan Terapi HIV pada Anak (2014), Pedoman Nasional Tatalaksana Klinis Infeksi HIV dan Terapi Antiretroviral pada Orang Dewasa (2011). Evaluasi dari 99 pasien yang memenuhi inklusi didapatkan hasil 100% tepat indikasi, 88,89% tepat pasien, 96,97% tepat obat dan 96,97% tepat dosis. Rasionalitas penggunaan terapi ARV pada pasien HIV/AIDS di rumah sakit umum X Surakarta sebesar 85,86%.
Katakunci: antiretroviral, HIV/AIDS, rasionalitas
EVALUATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN HIV/AIDS PATIENTS
ABSTRACT
Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment aims to reduce the amount of virus (viral load) and inhibit opportunistic infections. The irrationality of ARV therapy will cause an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, as well as the risk of drug resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rationality of antiretroviral in HIV/AIDS patients at general hospital X Surakarta which includes the right indication, the right patient, the right drug, and the right dose. This study was an observational study. The research sample was 99 patients with purposive sampling method. Data was collected from medical records of inpatient HIV / AIDS patients at general hospital X Surakarta. Data were analyzed descriptively based on Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 87 Tahun 2014 tentang Pedoman Pengobatan Antiretroviral (2014), Pedoman Penerapan Terapi HIV pada Anak (2014), Pedoman Nasional Tatalaksana Klinis Infeksi HIV dan Terapi Antiretroviral pada Orang Dewasa (2011). An evaluation of 99 patients showed 100% correct indications, 88,89% right patients, 96,97% right drugs and 96,97% right doses. The rationality of antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients at general hospital X Surakarta was 85,86%.
Keywords: antiretroviral, HIV/AIDS, rasionality
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Cruz, Camille Carvalho Peixoto, Sóstenes Mistro, Carlos Maurício Cardeal Mendes, Robert Turner Schooley, and Roberto José da Silva Badaró. "Monitoring of Delay to Pharmacy Refill in Assessing Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 33, no. 2 (August 20, 2018): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190018795339.
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Background: Adherence to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy remains a major challenge in HIV therapeutics. Objective: To assess the adherence to ARV therapy by measuring the delay in monthly refilling of ARV drugs using pharmacy records and to correlate this with HIV plasma RNA measurements and CD4+ cell count. Method: Records of 170 HIV-positive patients were examined to identify HIV viral load (VL)/CD4+ results and the time interval to refill ARVs at the pharmacy. The correlation between the number of days missed to refill ARVs and plasma HIV-RNA detectability/CD4+ count was performed using the Spearman’s correlation coefficient ( r). Results: Fewer days missed to refill ARV was positively correlated with undetectable VL and increase in CD4+ count ( r = 0.407 and 0.237, respectively). Increase in adherence was correlated with longer retention in the cohort ( r = 0.208). Conclusion: Monitoring the delay to pick up ARVs from the pharmacy can be an important and simple tool to identify patients requiring assessment of their adherence.
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Areechokchai, Darin, Chureeratana Bowonwatanuwong, Benjaluck Phonrat, Punnee Pitisuttithum, and Wirach Maek-a-Nantawat. "Pregnancy Outcomes Among HIV-Infected Women Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy." Open AIDS Journal 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2009): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613600903010008.
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Background The use of antiretroviral drugs (ARV) to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) promises to be effective. However, limited data on the adverse effects of ARV among pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes have been reported in clinical practice. Objectives This study aimed to assess adverse effects and outcomes among pregnant HIV-infected women receiving antiretroviral drugs for either antiretroviral therapy (ART) or PMTCT. Study Design This cohort study was at Chonburi Hospital, Thailand, in 2002-2006. Results A total of 246 pregnant HIV-infected women with the median age (range) of 27 (16-41) years were included in this study. ART was initiated in 16.3% for treatment during ANC, 66.7% for PMTCT during ANC, and 17.1% for PMTCT in labor. Adverse effects, especially anemia, were significantly associated with continuing combined ART in pregnancy (p<0.001). 88.9% delivered normal-term neonates. The prevalence of pre-term delivery was 10.2%. Overall, 24 adverse events from 21 pregnant women (8.5%) were noted. A significantly higher prevalence of pre-term delivery was noted in the groups continuing combined ART, or initiating of PMTCT during labor rather than ANC (p=0.02). The incidence of low Apgar scores was 3.6%, and these were associated with initiation of PMTCT during labor (p=0.004). Conclusion Adverse ARV events were more numerous among the pregnant women who needed ART than PMTCT. ANC is beneficial and strongly recommended for all pregnant HIV-infected women for better pregnancy outcomes.
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Véronique Chaumont, Claire Gabrielle, Sergio Bautista-Arredondo, Juan José Calva, Roberto Isaac Bahena-González, Gerda Hitz Sánchez-Juárez, Arturo González de Araujo-Muriel, Carlos Magis-Rodríguez, and Mauricio Hernández-Ávila. "Antiretroviral purchasing and prescription practices in Mexico: constraints, challenges and opportunities." Salud Pública de México 57 (March 5, 2015): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/spm.v57s2.7606.
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Objective. This study examines the antiretroviral (ARV) market characteristics for drugs procured and prescribed to Mexico’s Social Protection System in Health beneficiaries between 2008 and 2013, and compares them with international data. Materials and methods. Procurement information from the National Center for the Prevention and the Control of HIV/AIDS was analyzed to estimate volumes and prices of key ARV. Annual costs were compared with data from the World Health Organization’s Global Price Reporting Mechanism for similar countries. Finally, regimens reported in the ARV Drug Management, Logistics and Surveillance System database were reviewed to identify prescription trends and model ARV expenditures until 2018. Results. Results show that the first-line ARV market is concentrated among a small number of patented treatments, in which prescription is clinically adequate, but which prices are higher than those paid by similar countries. The current set of legal and structural options available to policy makers to bring prices down is extremely limited. Conclusions. Different negotiation policies were not successful to decrease ARV high prices in the public health market. The closed list approach had a good impact on prescription quality but was ineffective in reducing prices. The Coordinating Commission for Negotiating the Price of Medicines and other Health Supplies also failed to obtain adequate prices. To maximize purchase efficiency, policy makers should focus on finding long-term legal and political safeguards to counter the high prices imposed by pharmaceutical companies.
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Courlet, Perrine, Monia Guidi, Susana Alves Saldanha, Matthias Cavassini, Marcel Stoeckle, Thierry Buclin, Catia Marzolini, Laurent A. Decosterd, and Chantal Csajka. "Population pharmacokinetic modelling to quantify the magnitude of drug-drug interactions between amlodipine and antiretroviral drugs." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 77, no. 7 (January 16, 2021): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-020-03060-2.
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Abstract Purpose Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) represent an important issue in elderly people living with HIV (PLWH). Amlodipine is a commonly prescribed antihypertensive drug metabolized by CYP3A4, thus predisposed to a risk of DDIs. Guidance on the management of DDIs is mostly based on theoretical considerations derived from coadministration with other CYP3A4 inhibitors. This study aimed at characterizing the magnitude of DDIs between amlodipine and ARV drugs in order to establish dosing recommendations. Methods A population pharmacokinetic analysis was developed using non-linear mixed effect modelling (NONMEM) and included 163 amlodipine concentrations from 55 PLWH. Various structural and error models were compared to characterize optimally the concentration-time profile of amlodipine. Demographic and clinical characteristics as well as comedications were tested as potential influential covariates. Model-based simulations were performed to compare amlodipine exposure (i.e. area under the curve, AUC) between coadministered ARV drugs. Results Amlodipine concentration-time profile was best described using a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and a lag-time. Amlodipine apparent clearance was influenced by both CYP3A4 inhibitors and efavirenz (CYP3A4 inducer). Model-based simulations revealed that amlodipine AUC increased by 96% when coadministered with CYP3A4 inhibitors, while efavirenz decreased drug exposure by 59%. Conclusion Coadministered ARV drugs significantly impact amlodipine disposition in PLWH. Clinicians should adjust amlodipine dosage accordingly, by halving the dosage in PLWH receiving ARV with inhibitory properties (mainly ritonavir-boosted darunavir), whereas they should double amlodipine doses when coadministering it with efavirenz, under appropriate monitoring of clinical response and tolerance.
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Widiyanti, Mirna, Eva Fitriana, Evi Iriani Natalia, and Irawati Wike. "IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL MUTATION IN PROTEASE AND REVERSE TRANCRIPTASE INHIBITOR IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-1 OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IN MIMIKA REGENCY, PAPUA." Folia Medica Indonesiana 53, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v53i1.5491.
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Treatment with RT Inhibitors has been used as first line program in Mimika. Regular use of antiretroviral drugs can lower the amount of the virus, but after that HIV can become resistant to the drugs given. Viral resistance to the drugs can occur because of a mutation. If the resistance-associated mutations occur in the DNA of the virus, then the ARV provided will no longer be effective. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of resistance-associated mutations in DNA fragment that encodes the protease and reverse transcriptase. This study used cross sectional design with 84 subjects who had received antiretroviral for > 6 months. The study was conducted in Mitra Masyarakat Mimika Hospital. Laboratory process included extraction, RT-PCR, electrophoresis and sequencing. Data analysis used resistance interpretation algorithms in HIV Database. Results showed that 1 subject who did not receive protease therapy was identified as having minor mutation L10V, 1 subjects receiving NRTI inhibitors had mutation M184V motive and 1 subjects with M41L motive and 1 subjects who received NNRTI inhibitor therapy identified as having mutated Y181C and V108I motive. In conclusion, mutant HIV-1 related to ARV resistance has been identified in two subjects who had received antiretroviral therapy in Mitra Masyarakat Mimika Hospital.
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Charbe, Nitin B., Flavia C. Zacconi, Nikhil Amnerkar, B. Ramesh, Murtaza M. Tambuwala, and Emilio Clementi. "Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review." Current Drug Therapy 14, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 16–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885514666181217125550.
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Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
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Idramsyah, Idramsyah, Agung Waluyo, and I. Made Kariasa. "Pengalaman Orang dengan HIV AIDS Pengguna Napza Suntik Selama Menjalani Terapi Antiretroviral dan Metadon." Journal of Telenursing (JOTING) 1, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/joting.v1i2.912.
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The aim of this research is to study the experience of People With HIV AIDS (PLWHA) Injection Drugs Users (IDUs) while undergoing anti-retroviral (ARV) and Methadone therapy. This qualitative research method uses a phenomenological approach. The interview transcript was analyzed by the Colaizi analysis stage. The analysis showed that ODHA of IDU felt physically normal and had a positive psychosocial life. Participants experience feelings of saturation with routine and obligation and are often seized with feelings of fear. PLWHA IDUs also experience side effects of concomitant ARV and Methadone therapy. Conclusion, Although PLWHA IDUs felt the benefits of therapy, they still experience various physical and psychosocial problems due to treatment procedures and ARV and Methadone treatment response.
Keywords: Antiretroviral, HIV / AIDS, IDUs, methadone, PLWHA
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Sari, Dewi Mayang. "PERSEPSI TERAPI ARV (ANTI RETROVIRAL VIRUS) PADA ORANG YANG TERINFEKSI HIV/AIDS DI KOTA SALATIGA." Jurnal SMART Kebidanan 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34310/sjkb.v3i2.62.
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Latar Belakang: Jumlah penderita HIV/AIDS di Indonesia setiap tahunnya terus bertambah. Menurut laporan tahunan terbaru dari Badan Dunia untuk penanggulangan HIV/AIDS atau UNAIDS, Indonesia kini berada diurutan nomor satu. Terkait laju peningkatan kasus HIV di Indonesia pada tahun 1998 jumlah kasus HIV baru 591 orang, tetapi pada bulan September 2007 jumlahnya telah mencapai 5.904 orang. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengetahui persepsi terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) pada orang yang terinfeksi HIV/AIDS di Kota Salatiga. Metode Penelitian: Jenis penelitian menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Rancangan fenomenologi ini dilaksanakan dengan berpedoman pada tahapan deskriptif yaitu tahapan intuitif analisis dan deskriptif. Jumlah partisipan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 3 orang penderita HIV/AIDS di Kota Salatiga atau sampai saturasi data. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian: Persepsi dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga sudah baik, mereka mengetahui tentang ARV dan mengetahui tentang efek samping yang ditimbulkan dari terapi ARV. Upaya orang yang terinfeksi HIV/AIDS dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga. ODHA mengatasi efek samping dengan konsultasi ke dokter dan minum obat yang diberikan dokter. Dukungan petugas manajemen kasus dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga sudah baik. Dukungan kelompok sebaya terhadap orang yang terinfeksi HIV dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga baik. Dukungan suami terhadap istri yang dalam menjalani terapi ARV (Anti Retroviral Virus) di Kota Salatiga baik. Kata kunci : Persepsi; ARV; sikap; HIV/AIDS; kelompok sebaya PERCEPTION THERAPY ARV (ANTI-RETROVIRAL VIRUS) IN PEOPLE INFECTED WITH HIV / AIDS IN THE CITY SALATIGA ABSTRACT Background: The number of people living with HIV / AIDS in Indonesia each year continues to grow. According to the latest annual report of the World Agency for HIV / AIDS or UNAIDS, Indonesia now comes out number one. Related to the rate of increase in HIV cases in Indonesia in 1998, the number of new HIV cases 591 people, but in September 2007 the number had reached 5,904 people. Objective Research: Knowing perception of antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in people infected with the H IV / AIDS in Salatiga. Methods: Type research using a phenomenological approach. draft of this phenomenology is guided by the descriptive stage stages intuitive and descriptive analysis. The number of participants in this study were 3 people with HIV / AIDS in Salatiga or until saturation of data. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Results of the study: Perception in therapy ARV (Anti-Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga has been good, they know about the drugs and find out about the side effects of antiretroviral therapy. Efforts of people infected with HIV / AIDS in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga. PLWHA cope with the side effects consult a doctor and take medicine that doctors prescribe. Support case management officer in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga has been good. peers Support against people infected with HIV in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga well. Support husbands against wives in antiretroviral therapy (Anti Retroviral Virus) in Salatiga well. Keywords : Perception; antiretroviral therapy; attitude; HIV / AIDS; officers peer
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Frederika, Edith, Irine Normalina, Nasronudin Nasronudin, and Rury Mega. "EVALUATION ON THE EFFECT OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS ON CD4 T-CELL AND THE INCREMENT OF BODY WEIGHT AMONG HIV-AIDS PATIENTS IN SURABAYA." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 3, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v3i2.210.
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Antiretroviral drug discovery has encouraged a revolution in the care of people living with HIV, although it has not been able to cure diseases and to increase the challenge in terms of drug side effects. Side effects of antiretroviral drugs are fairly common occurrences in HIV patients and generally occurr within the first three months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, although long-term side effects are also often found afterwards. This study aims to evaluate the number of CD4 T-cells in patients with AIDS before and after getting on ARV therapy, the side effects arising during the taking of ARVs are related to the increment of body weight among the HIVAIDS patients. Subjects were then narrowed down from 25 to 12 due to the incomplete data. The results showed that the top three most side effects which often occur in people with AIDS are appetite loss (20.0%), nausea (17.8%), and diarrhoea (15.6%). Meanwhile, about 58% of the subjects experienced increment of their body weight, and 42% were losing weight due to the side effects of the ARV therapy. Among those who lost their body weight, 50% were in the productive ages between 21–30 years old. The present study shows that combination antiretroviral therapy gives good results to the increased number of CD4 T-cells in patients living with HIV, as shown by the tendency of an increment in the number of CD4 T-cells in patients who received antiretroviral therapy. However, around 42% of those patients were losing weight because of the side effects of the therapy. Therefore, the importance of giving specific nutrient to overcome with the weight loss is needed to be given to the patients HIV instead of only giving the ARV treatment.
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Rosina, Mônica Steffen Guise, and Lea Shaver. "Why are Generic Drugs Being Held up in Transit? Intellectual Property Rights, International Trade, and the Right to Health in Brazil and beyond." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 2 (2012): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00658.x.
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Most new drugs are protected by pharmaceutical patents, which give the patent holder exclusive control over that drug’s supply for 20 years. When the patent term expires, the drug becomes available for generic production by any company. The resulting competition typically leads to dramatic reductions in price. In Brazil, generic drugs are on average 40% cheaper than reference or brand-name drugs. In the United States, the Federal Drug Administration reports up to 85% price differences. Consumers in India have witnessed more than 100-fold price reduction for antiretroviral (ARV) drugs due to generic production. Generics thus play a key role in broadening access to health care, mostly by driving costs down, both in the developing and developed world.
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Prihandiwati, Erna, Novia Ariani, and Yudi Hardi Susilo. "TINGKAT KEPATUHAN ODHA MINUM OBAT ARV DI POLI VCT MUTU MANIKAM RSUD DR H MOCH ANSARI SALEH BANJARMASIN." Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS): Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v6i1.654.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS ) is a collection of symptoms of a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which damages the body's immunity. People With HIV AIDS (PLWHA) should undergo therapy Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for life. Provionce was ranked 23 out of 34 provinsi in Indonesia with HIV / AIDS cases are as much as 2,274 cases. This study aims to determine the level of adherence of PLWHA taking ARV drugs in Mutu Manikam VCT Ward Dr. H. Moch Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin as well the relationship of the level of vulnerability with the characteristics of respondents. This study uses a cross-sectional design that is prospective with consecutive sampling techniques . Samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were 109 PLWHA. Data is collected with the distribution of MARS questionnaires. Statistical analysis used was cross tabulation analysis with Pearson Chi Square correlation test. The results of the study showed that the level of adherence of PLWHA taking ARV drugs with a high level of adherence was 75 PLWHA (69%), the level of adherence was 34 PLWHA (31%). There was no significant correlation between adherence to taking ARV drugs with the demographic characteristics of respondents with p > 0.05 . Based on this study it was concluded that PLWHA in Mutu Manikam VCT Ward Dr. H. Moch Ansari Saleh Hospital Banjarmasin has a high level of adherence taking ARV drugs. The relationship between the level of adherence with characteristics of respondents (gender, age, education, occupation, length of treatment and comorbidities) in this study was not statistically significant.
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Mulewa, Patience, Egrina Satumba, Christopher Mubisi, Joseph Kandiado, Tumaini Malenga, and Alinane Linda Nyondo-Mipando. "“I Was Not Told That I Still Have The Virus”: Perceptions of Utilization of Option B+ Services at a Health Center in Malawi." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 18 (January 1, 2019): 232595821987087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958219870873.
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Utilization of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services remains a challenge as losses to follow-up are substantial. This study explored factors that influence adherence to maternal antiretroviral (ARV) medications among PMTCT mothers in Malawi. We conducted a descriptive qualitative study from September 2016 to May 2017 using purposive sampling among 16 PMTCT mothers and 4 key informant interviews with health-care workers. Data were audio-recorded and analyzed thematically. The factors that influence adherence to maternal ARV medications include the quality of PMTCT services and social support. Factors that impede adherence include suboptimal counseling women receive on ARV medications, cost of travel, and conflicting advice from religious institutions. Adherence to maternal ARV medications will require the use of existing social support systems in a woman’s life as a platform for delivery of the drugs while also maintaining continued and comprehensive counseling on the benefits of maternal ARV medications.
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Matveev, A. V., A. E. Krasheninnikov, E. A. Egorova, and E. I. Konyaeva. "Monitoring the safety of antiretroviral drugs in patients with HIV infection." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 13, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-1-115-123.
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The antiretroviral therapy is a lifelong use of a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs). One of the factors contributing to a significant decrease in patients’ adherence to treatment is the high toxicity of ARVs.The aim of the study is to study the safety of antiretroviral drugs retrospectively and based on spontaneous reports about adverse drug reactions (ADRs) inputted in the ARCADe database.Materials and method. The objects of our research were the 649 spontaneous messages about ARVDs recorded in the regional electronic database (register) of spontaneous messages for period 01 January 2009 — 31 December 2018.Results. Most often, ADR were registered with the use of combined ARVD and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Zidovudine and Efavirenz were the leaders in terms of the incidence of ARV ADR. Among the combined anti-HIV drugs, the most frequently ADR were associated with the use of a Lamivudine and Zidovudine combination.Conclusion. Long-term use of ARVs requires regular monitoring of adverse reactions, which will improve the quality of life of patients with HIV infection and significantly increase their compliance with antiretroviral pharmacotherapy.
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Hassen, Aregash, and Yasmin Mohammed. "Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Level and Associated Factors Among HIV/AIDS Patients in Jimma Zone Government Health Facilities, ART Clinics, South-west Ethiopia." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 5, no. 5 (January 14, 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v5i5.535.
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Optimal and strict adherence to Antiretroviral Viral Therapy a need for over the long period to achieve the goals of ART and obtain maximum benefits of ART. However, PLWHA find it very difficult to take ARVs drug as precisely as they should for a number of reasons. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the level of antiretroviral therapy adherence and identifying possible associated factors for ART adherence behavior in Jimma zone government ART facilities. A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in the ART clinics of Jimma zone governmental health facilities in which ARV treatment supplied from November 25/2015 – February 30/2016 for a period of 4 months. 352 adult PLWHA (190 female and 162 male) ranged in age from 15-62 years (Mean=37.1, SD= 8.95), with 100% response rate, were our study participants. Binary logistic regression was used to perform bivariate and multivariate analyses to determine the association between study variables and ART adherence status. 259(73.6%) participants were adherent (>=95%) and 93(26.4%) were non-adherent (<95%) to the prescribed dose of ARV drugs over the past seven days prior to the interview. The main reasons for skipping the prescribed ARV drugs were, busyness (78.5%), having too many pills (71%), felt depressed (68.8%), taking the drugs reminded HIV infected (66.7%), did not want other see (62.4%), and felt asleep(60.2%). The last stepwise regression analysis revealed that, educational status, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, use of additional drugs and access to reliable pharmacy were significantly associated with ART adherence status. So, efforts to maximize ART adherence should focus on addressing these associated significant factors.
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Navarro, Rafaella, Jose Luis Paredes, Juan Echevarria, Elsa González-Lagos, Ana Graña, Fernando Mejía, and Larissa Otero. "HIV and antiretroviral treatment knowledge gaps and psychosocial burden among persons living with HIV in Lima, Peru." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0256289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256289.
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This study aims to describe knowledge on HIV and antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and psychosocial factors among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Lima, Perú, to explore characteristics associated to this knowledge, and determine its impact on sustained viral suppression. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 171 PLWH at the largest referral health care center in Lima. The psychosocial factors measured were depression, risk of alcoholism, use of illegal drugs and disclosure. A participant had “poor knowledge” when less than 80% of replies were correct. Sustained viral suppression was defined as two consecutive viral loads under 50 copies/mL. A total of 49% and 43% had poor HIV and ARV knowledge respectively; 48% of the study population screened positive for depression and 27% reported feeling unsupported by the person they disclosed to. The largest gaps in HIV and ARV knowledge were among 98 (57%) that did not recognize that HIV increased the risk of cancer and among 57 (33%) participants that did not disagree with the statement that taking a double dose of ARV if they missed one. Moderate depression was significantly associated to poor HIV and ARV knowledge. Non-disclosure and being on ARVs for less than 6 months were associated with not achieving sustained viral suppression. Our findings highlight important HIV and ARV knowledge gaps of PLWH and a high burden of psychosocial problems, especially of depression, among PLWH in Lima, Peru. Increasing knowledge and addressing depression and disclosure could improve care of PLWH.
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Ndoboli, Dickson, Fredrick Nganga, Ben Lukuyu, Barbara Wieland, Delia Grace, Amrei von Braun, and Kristina Roesel. "The misuse of antiretrovirals to boost pig and poultry productivity in Uganda and potential implications for public health." January-July 7, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/ijoh.2021.88-95.
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Background and Aim: Since 2015, local newspapers reported that pig and poultry farmers in Uganda use antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to promote growth in animals and control diseases. This study was conducted to assess farmers' knowledge, attitude and perceptions about the use of antiretroviral drugs as boosters in pigs and poultry and the possibility of detecting the antiretroviral drugs in meat using available laboratory methods. Materials and Methods: In 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted in ten districts in Uganda. In 20 focus group discussions with 100 pig and poultry farmers and 70 animal health service providers, we assessed the use of ARV in livestock enterprises. Subsequently, samples of chicken, pigs, and animal feeds were collected from volunteer participants, and screened for residues of saquinavir, lopinavir, nevirapine, and efavirenz using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometer. Results: Participants in all ten districts were predominantly smallholder farmers supplying the local markets. All groups reported the use of ARVs in pigs and broiler birds but not in layer hens. In the absence of good quality feeds, the motivation for feeding ARVs was rapid animal weight gain, as well as the control of animal diseases, for which farmers have no alternative solutions. ARVs were obtained within the community for free, against cash, or in-kind payment. Residues of lopinavir were detected in four, and saquinavir in seven districts, and all three sample matrices. Conclusion: Our study findings confirm anecdotal news reports on ARV use in livestock. While our findings are not generalizable to the whole country, they call for a representative follow-up. As the drugs were detected in tissues destined for human consumption, the potential risk to human health warrants further investigation.
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Dahal, A. S., O. M. Okolo, KC Daam, D. Nanma, O. F. Obishakin, H. S. Waziri, Y. D. Maktep, B. E. Banwat, and Z. D. Egah. "Cryptosporidiosis among HIV/AIDS Patients with Diarrhoea and Associated Risk Factors in Jos, North-Central Nigeria." Journal of BioMedical Research and Clinical Practice 4, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/jbrcp.222.
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Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic, parasitic infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum. It is transmitted via faecal-oral route and causes life-threatening, cholera-like diarrhoea in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV/AIDS patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and associated risk factors among HIV/AIDS patients with diarrhoea. This was a cross-sectional study of 100 HIV/AIDS patients with diarrhoea in a tertiary health institution in Jos, North-central Nigeria between April and November 2019. Fifteen millilitres (15ml) of stool samples were collected from each patient after signing a consent form and filling a well-structured questionnaire. The oocytes of Cryptosporidium parvum were identified in the stool samples using modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results obtained were computed using SPSS version 21. The mean age (standard deviation) of the study participants was 37.0 (± SD9.6), with a minimum age of 20years and a maximum age of 63 years. The study comprises of 53(53.0%) males and 47(47.0%) females. Fifty-four (54) of the participants were on antiretroviral (ARV) drugs while 46 were ARV drug naïve. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among the study population was 13.0%. Cryptosporidiosis was found in 10(21.7%) of the 46 ARV drugs naïve participants and in 3(5.6%) of the 54 participants on antiretroviral therapy. This was statistically significant at p = 0.016. There was also a significant relationship (p = 0.012) between the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and the level of CD4+ T-lymphocytes count of the study participants. The infection was more among participants with CD4+ T-lymphocytes count less than 200 cells/μl. This stress the need for good personal hygiene, sanitation and compliance to antiretroviral treatment among HIV/AIDS patients to reduce the risk of opportunistic infections such as cryptosporidiosis.
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Mosha, Fausta, Johanna Ledwaba, Faustine Ndugulile, Zipora Ng’ang’a, Peter Nsubuga, Lynn Morris, Mabula Kasubi, Andrew Swai, Jurgen Vercauteren, and Anne-Mieke Vandamme. "Clinical and virological response to antiretroviral drugs among HIV patients on first-line treatment in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 07 (July 14, 2014): 845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3879.
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Introduction: In Tanzania, the follow-up on antiretroviral therapy (ART) response is based on clinical outcomes. We investigated virological response and ARV resistance mutations in relation to clinical response in ARV-treated patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional study of a cohort of 150 patients taking first-line ART in Dar-es-Salaam was conducted. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires and patients’ blood samples. HIV viral load testing and genotyping was performed on all viremic samples. Statistical analyses compared clinical responders and non-responders. Results: The median time on ART was 20 months; 71 (47%) patients were ART clinical responders. Clinical non-responders were more likely to have started ART with advanced disease with significantly lower median percentage weight gain (6% versus 20%) with respect to pre-treatment levels. Sixty-one (86%) and 64 (81%) of clinical responders and non-responders, respectively, had undetectable viral loads. Genotyping was successful in 24 (96%) virologically failing patients, among whom 83% had resistance mutations; 67% had dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)/non-NRTI (NNRTI) resistance mutations. Seventeen (71%) and 19 (79%) patients had NRTI and NNRTI resistance mutations, respectively, which were related to the ART in use, with no difference between clinical responders and non-responders. The most prevalent subtypes were A and C, found in 9 (38%) and 7 (29%) patients, respectively. Conclusions: The observed virological response was high and did not correlate with clinical response. The prevalence of ARV resistance mutations was high in viraemic patients and was related to the ARV prescribed. We recommend use of viral load monitoring during ART in Tanzania.
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Gibango, N. N., S. Mda, and T. S. Ntuli. "Factors associated with delivering premature and/or low birth weight infants among pregnant HIV-positive women on antiretroviral treatment at Dr George Mukhari Hospital, South Africa." Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 33, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v33i2.18.
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Background: Prematurity and low birthweight (LBW) deliveries amongst pregnant women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain a challenge worldwide. The association between prematurity, LBW and antiretroviral therapy (ART) or prophylactic antiretroviral drug (ARV) exposure in pregnancy is unclear. This study evaluates the risk of delivering a premature and/or LBW infant among HIV-positive pregnant women on ART or prophylactic ARV.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted (April to October 2012). HIV-positive women on prophylactic ARV (dual therapy) or lifelong ART (triple therapy or HAART) were enrolled in the study. Women who did not have a documented HIV result during pregnancy, those tested before delivery and those found to be HIV-positive were considered as not exposed to ARV drugs during pregnancy. This group received a standard dose of nevirapine during labour. The control group was made up of HIV-negative women.Results: Of the 496 mothers enrolled in the study, 59% (288/496) were HIV-positive, of whom 72% (206/288) were on ART or prophylactic ARV. The mean age was 27.6 ± 6.5 years (15 to 47 years). The mean gestational age (GA) was 35.9 ± 3.6 weeks (24– 42 weeks). Infants’ birthweights ranged from 550 to 4 900 g (2.5 ± 0.9 kg). HIV-positive mothers not on ART or ARV prophylaxis were likely to deliver an infant at GA 28 weeks (p 0.05) or birthweight 1 000 g (p 0.05) compared with their counterparts. Conclusion: HIV-positive pregnant women not on ART or ARV prophylaxis were at a risk of delivering babies at GA 28 weeks or birthweight 1 000 g. There is a need to encourage early and regular attendance for antenatal care so that HIV-positive pregnant women can be identified and have access to treatment during pregnancy.
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Appiah-Danquah, A., A. NO Dodoo, F. Zigah, J. Nee-Whang, T. Ofori, and A. A. Afriyie. "Intensive Monitoring of Adverse Events (AE) to Antiretroviral Drugs (ARV) in Ghana." Drug Safety 30, no. 10 (2007): 919–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200730100-00034.
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Manowati, Lilik, Purwaningsih Purwaningsih, and Abu Bakar. "Perception of People Living With HIV/AIDS Affecting Lost to Follow-Up of ARV Therapy." Critical Medical and Surgical Nursing Journal 8, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cmsnj.v8i1.12403.
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ABSTRACTIntroduction: HIV/AIDS sufferers must consume antiretrovirals every day and control routinely each month to take ARVs in the hospital. The condition make patients having a risk of lost to follow up attitude. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to the attitude of lost to follow-up on people living with hiv/aids with arv therapy at rsud dr. soetomo surabaya. Method: This study used descriptive correlation design with a cross-sectional approach. The population were 135 patients and 100 patients were required as research participant with consequtive sampling. Independent variables were perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barrier to action, perceived benefits of action, cues to action, and self efficacy. The dependent variable was lost to follow up behavior. Data were obtained by questionnaire and analyzed with Spearman's Rho. Result: There was a relationship between perceived susceptability (p=0.002), perceived severity (p=0.025), perceived barrier to action (p=0.022) and cues to action (p=0.011) with lost to follow-up behavior. There was no correlation between perceived benefit of action (p=0.196) and self efficacy (p=0.071) with lost to follow-up behavior. Discussion: Knowledge and awareness regarding the importance taking antiretroviral drugs regularly and control routinely needs to be increased for patients with antiretroviral drugs. Further researchers are advised to conduct in-depth research (qualitative research) related to the causes of lost to follow-up behaviour thus.
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Bansal, Alka, and Lokendra Sharma. "Effect of concomitant HIV infection on adverse drug reactions by first line antitubercular drugs - a case series analysis." Journal of Ideas in Health 3, no. 3 (October 26, 2020): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol3.iss3.73.
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The pattern and severity of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to first-line anti-tubercular drugs in solely tubercular and TB-HIV co-infected patients could be different due to drug-disease and drug-drug interactions in TB-HIV co-infected patients. Nevertheless, the studies regarding this aspect are very meager. Hence a retrospective appraisal of individual case safety reports (ICSR) due to first-line antitubercular drugs spontaneously submitted to the ADR monitoring center was done for solely tubercular and TB-HIV coinfected patients. Out of eight ICSRs, four had concomitant HIV infection, and two of them were on antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Co-infected patients showed rare and severe ADRs like optic neuritis, acute renal failure, and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In contrast, four non-HIV co-infected tubercular patients suffered from comparatively less severe cutaneous reactions and vertigo. A high negative (-0.774) correlation coefficient between HIV co-infection and recovery status found that HIV co-infected patients had low chances of fully recovering. In conclusion, HIV co-infection and ARV drugs can affect the pattern, severity, and recovery status of adverse drug reactions due to first-line antitubercular drugs.
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Khawcharoenporn, Thana, and Vitsaroot Tanslaruk. "Does polypharmacy affect treatment outcomes of people living with HIV starting antiretroviral therapy?" International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 12 (September 14, 2020): 1195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420949798.
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Polypharmacy poses risks associated with drug-drug interactions, increased adverse effects, pill burden, poor compliance and unfavorable treatment outcomes. Whether polypharmacy affects treatment outcomes among people living with HIV (PLHIV) is largely unknown. A prospective study was conducted among PLHIV followed-up at a tertiary-care clinic of an academic medical center during January 2012 to December 2017. The clinic provided comprehensive HIV care with multidisciplinary team approach focusing on treatment adherence. Polypharmacy was defined as concurrent use of 5 or more non-antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for at least one year. Of the 248 PLHIV included, 23 (9%) received polypharmacy. PLHIV with polypharmacy were older (median age 45 vs. 36 years), were more likely to have underlying diseases (65% vs. 18%) and had lower median initial CD4 counts (40 vs. 214 cells/mm3). The rates of virologic suppression at 12 months after ARV therapy were 96% and 92% in polypharmacy and non-polypharmacy groups, respectively (P = 0.70), while the median CD4 cell count increase was higher among the non-polypharmacy group at 12 months (207 vs. 403 cells/mm3; P < 0.001). There were no differences in rates of adverse effects and experienced drug-drug interactions. Hospitalization due to HIV-related diseases within 12 months after ARV initiation [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 11.63, P = 0.004] and lower 3-item score for ARV adherence (aOR 0.49, P = 0.01) were independently associated with failure of virologic suppression at 12 months. These findings suggest that polypharmacy did not affect the virological outcomes among our PLHIV. Patients with the characteristics associated with virological failure should be closely monitored.
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Framasari, Dion Atika, Rostika Flora, and Rico Januar Sitorus. "INFEKSI OPORTUNISTIK PADA ODHA (ORANG DENAGN HIV/AIDS) TERHADAP KEPATUHAN MINUM ARV (Anti Retroviral) DI KOTA PALEMBANG." JAMBI MEDICAL JOURNAL "Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan" 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jmj.v8i1.9374.
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ABSTRACT
Background : Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that damages the immune system and CD4 cells. The stronger the virus in destroying CD4 cells, the body has a higher risk for various types of infections and some cancers. There is no cure for HIV / AIDS, but there are several drugs that can reduce or inhibit the multiplication of HIV in the body with antiretroviral therapy (ARV). Opportunistic infections (OI) are the leading cause of death in 90% of people living with AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). The massive increasing number of death from opportunistic infections contributes to AIDS. The purpose of this study was to analysis the relationship of oportunitical infections in PLWHA on arvs compliance within palembang city
Method : This research was an observational study, with a cross sectional study design on februari until maret 2020. Data samples of 235 People with Hiv and Aids (PLWHA) in Palembang were chosen by purposive random sampling.
Results:
The results showed that the proportion of adherence ARV in Palembang was 83%. respondents found 83% were male, age ranged between age 26-45 years as much as 72.3% with the most high school education 48.9%, entrepreneurs 34.5% and 54% are single.
There is no significant relationship between opportunistic infections (OIs) experienced by PLWHAs against ARV compliance in the city of Palembang with (Pvalue 0.381;OR:0,675;95%CI: 0.328-1.392). There are as many as 62% of PLWHA who have comorbidities in the form of pulmonary TB out of all who have OIs
Conclution :
opportunitis infections (OIs) are not associated with ARV compliance, pulmonary tuberculosis is an opportunitis infection that was found in many of these studies
Keyword : relationship; adherence; antiretroviral; ARV; HIV;AIDS; oportunistik infections; IO; pulmonary TB
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) adalah virus yang merusak sistem kekebalan dan sel CD4. Semakin kuat virus dalam menghancurkan sel CD4, tubuh memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk berbagai jenis infeksi. Tidak ada obat untuk HIV / AIDS, tetapi ada beberapa obat yang dapat mengurangi atau menghambat multiplikasi HIV dalam tubuh dengan terapi antiretroviral (ARV). Infeksi oportunistik (OI) adalah penyebab utama kematian pada 90% orang yang hidup dengan AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Meningkatnya jumlah kematian karena infeksi oportunistik berkontribusi pada AIDS. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan infeksi oportunistik terhadap kepatuhan minum ARV pada Orang Dengan HIV dan AIDS (ODHA) di kota palembang
Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional, dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional pada bulan Februari sampai Maret 2020. Sampel data dari 235 ODHA di Palembang dipilih secara purposive random sampling.
Hasil: Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa proporsi kepatuhan terhadap ARV di Palembang adalah 83%. sebanyak 83% adalah laki-laki, usia berkisar antara usia 26-45 tahun sebanyak 72,3% dengan pendidikan sekolah tinggi 48,9%, mayoritas Wiraswasta 34,5% dan 54% berstatus lajang.Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara infeksi oportunistik (IO) yang dialami oleh Odha dengan kepatuhan ARV di kota Palembang dengan (Pvalue 0,381; OR: 0,675; 95% CI: 0,328-1,392). Ada sebanyak 62% ODHA yang memiliki penyakit penyerta berupa TB paru dari semua yang memiliki IO
Kesimpulan: infeksi oportunistik (IO) tidak terkait dengan kepatuhan ARV, TB paru adalah infeksi oportunistik yang ditemukan dalam banyak penelitian ini.
Kata kunci: hubungan; ketaatan; antiretroviral; ARV; HIV; AIDS; infeksi oportunistik; IO; TB paru
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Kaimal, Sowmya, and Jithendriya Madhukara. "Oral Provocation Testing in Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions to Antiretroviral and Antitubercular Therapy: A Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 17 (January 1, 2018): 232595821876019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958218760195.
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Aim: To collect data pertaining to oral drug provocation testing (DPT) in hospitalized patients with antiretroviral (ARV)/antitubercular agent–induced rashes. Methods: Patients with cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ARV/antitubercular drugs and who underwent oral DPT during a 5-year period were included in this study. Results: Data were collected from the records of 21 patients. Of the 21, 19 had HIV infection. The most commonly implicated drug was nevirapine (NVP), followed by cotrimoxazole and antitubercular agents. Of the 11 ADRs that occurred on rechallenge, the ADR on rechallenge was similar in clinical presentation to the initial ADR in 6 patients, while a different rash was elicited in 5 patients. Conclusion: Oral DPT is a safe and effective tool to accurately diagnose ADRs, especially in patients on multiple drugs and in situations such as HIV infection and tuberculosis where second-line agents are expensive and/or not easily available through the national AIDS control/tuberculosis programs.
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Castelli, Francesco, Virginio Pietra, Ismael Diallo, Richard F. Schumacher, and Jacques Simpore. "Antiretroviral (ARV) Therapy in Resource Poor Countries: What do we Need in Real Life?" Open AIDS Journal 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2010): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601004020028.
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Significant progresses have been made in the last 5 years towards the ultimate goal to provide universal access to care for all HIV/AIDS patients needing antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor countries. However, many barriers are still to be overcome, including (●) cost of care for the individual, (●) stigma, (●) lack of qualified human resources and infrastructure, especially in the rural setting, (●) rescue drugs for failing patients and (●) pediatric formulations. Priority actions to be promoted if the fight against HIV/AIDS is to be successful include: (i) promoting access to care in the rural areas, (ii) strengthening of basic health infrastructures, (iii) waiving of users’ fee to get ARV, (iv) a larger variety of drugs, with particular regard to fixed dose combination third line drugs and pediatric formulations, (v) local quality training and (vi) high quality basic and translational research. While the universal access to HIV care is crucial in developing countries, a strong emphasis on prevention should be maintained along.
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Kijak, Gustavo H., Viviana Simon, Peter Balfe, Jeroen Vanderhoeven, Sandra E. Pampuro, Carlos Zala, Claudia Ochoa, Pedro Cahn, Martin Markowitz, and Horacio Salomon. "Origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Quasispecies Emerging after Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption in Patients with Therapeutic Failure." Journal of Virology 76, no. 14 (July 15, 2002): 7000–7009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.14.7000-7009.2002.
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ABSTRACT The emergence of antiretroviral (ARV) drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) quasispecies is a major cause of treatment failure. These variants are usually replaced by drug-sensitive ones when the selective pressure of the drugs is removed, as the former have reduced fitness in a drug-free environment. This was the rationale for the design of structured ARV treatment interruption (STI) studies for the management of HIV-1 patients with treatment failure. We have studied the origin of drug-sensitive HIV-1 quasispecies emerging after STI in patients with treatment failure due to ARV drug resistance. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were obtained the day of treatment interruption (day 0) and 30 and 60 days afterwards. HIV-1 pol and env were partially amplified, cloned, and sequenced. At day 60 drug-resistant variants were replaced by completely or partially sensitive quasispecies. Phylogenetic analyses of pol revealed that drug-sensitive variants emerging after STI were not related to their immediate temporal ancestors but formed a separate cluster, demonstrating that STI leads to the recrudescence and reemergence of a sequestrated viral population rather than leading to the back mutation of drug-resistant forms. No evidence for concomitant changes in viral tropism was seen, as deduced from env sequences. This study demonstrates the important role that the reemergence of quasispecies plays in HIV-1 population dynamics and points out the difficulties that may be found when recycling ARV therapies with patients with treatment failure.
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Nasution, M. Arif Habibi, and Melati Silvanni Nasution. "Correlation Between Duration Of Protease Inhibitor Therapy With Insulin Resistance In HIV Patients." Journal of Endocrinology, Tropical Medicine, and Infectiouse Disease (JETROMI) 2, no. 2 (May 12, 2020): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jetromi.v2i2.3875.
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Abstract Metabolic diseases related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) caused an increase in the workload of health services. Prevalence of HIV infection in Indonesian provinces varied considerably, ranging from less than 0.1% to 4%. Several studies have analyzed the correlation between insulin resistance and the usage of antiretroviral drugs, especially protease inhibitors. The main mechanism that responsible for insulin resistance is related to glucose transporter inhibition (GLUT4). This study objective is to assess the correlation between prolonged administration of protease inhibitors and insulin resistance in patients with that have diagnosed with HIV. Method. This research is an observational research using a cross-sectional design. The study was carried at the POSYANSUS Polyclinic at H. Adam Malik General Hospital in August - December 2019. The study sample were 34 HIV-treated patients receiving protease inhibitor ARV therapy. The study was analysed using chi square. Results. The characteristics of the study subjects had the most frequent age range at the age of 34 - 49 years (54.3%), men (71.4%) and women (28.6%). The longest use of antiretroviral drugs is most in the 6-12 months group (60%). Insulin resistance number in this study was 13 people (37.1%). The average HOMA-IR value of the study subjects was 2 (0.8-16.5), fasting blood sugar levels were 86 (70-283) mg / dl, fasting insulin levels were 9.1 (4.1-79.4) (µU / ml)., urea levels of 20.88 ± 9.7 mg / dl and creatinine levels of 0.81 ± 0.15 mg / dl. There was a significant correlation between the duration of ARV treatment with insulin resistance (p = 0.018; OR 7.65) Conclusion. There is a significant correlation between the duration of ARV treatment with insulin resistance. The longer Protease Inhibitor was used, the bigger insulin resistance.
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Ross, Natasha, Nicolette Hendricks-Leukes, Rachel Fanelwa Ajayi, Priscilla Baker, and Emmanuel I. Iwuoha. "Conductive Composite Biosensor System for Electrochemical Indinavir Drug Detection." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/630408.
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Indinavir is a protease inhibitor antiretroviral (ARV) drug, which forms part of the highly active antiretroviral therapy during the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Indinavir undergoes first-pass metabolism through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the human liver, of which CYP3A4 is the most influential isoenzyme. Multidrug combination therapy and, as such, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) during HIV/AIDS treatment are therefore critical, to prevent adverse interactions. The conventional sensitive and specific assays available for quantifying ARV drugs, however, suffer from distinct disadvantages. In this regard, biosensors can be used to provide real time information on the metabolic profile of the drug. In this study, a biosensor with cobalt(III) sepulchrate trichloride{CoSep3+}as diffusional mediator was constructed. The biosensor platform consisted of CYP3A4 immobilized onto a gold nanoparticle (GNP) overoxidized polypyrrole (OvOxPpy) carrier matrix. The biosensor exhibited reversible electrochemistry, with formal potential determined as −624 ± 5 mV, from voltammetric analysis, with overall electron transfer being diffusion controlled. The biosensor showed typical electrocatalytic response to dioxygen (O2), exemplified by the distinct increase in the cathodic peak current (Ip,c). A concentration-dependent increase inIp,cwas observed in response to consecutive additions of Indinavir.
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Shahriar, Rajin, Soo-Yon Rhee, Tommy F. Liu, W. Jeffrey Fessel, Anthony Scarsella, William Towner, Susan P. Holmes, Andrew R. Zolopa, and Robert W. Shafer. "Nonpolymorphic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Treatment-Selected Mutations." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 11 (August 31, 2009): 4869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00592-09.
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ABSTRACT The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations selected by antiretroviral (ARV) drugs requires ongoing reassessment as ARV treatment patterns evolve and increasing numbers of protease and RT sequences of different viral subtypes are published. Accordingly, we compared the prevalences of protease and RT mutations in HIV-1 group M sequences from individuals with and without a history of previous treatment with protease inhibitors (PIs) or RT inhibitors (RTIs). Mutations in protease sequences from 26,888 individuals and in RT sequences from 25,695 individuals were classified according to whether they were nonpolymorphic in untreated individuals and whether their prevalence increased fivefold with ARV therapy. This analysis showed that 88 PI-selected and 122 RTI-selected nonpolymorphic mutations had a prevalence that was fivefold higher in individuals receiving ARVs than in ARV-naïve individuals. This was an increase of 47% and 77%, respectively, compared with the 60 PI- and 69 RTI-selected mutations identified in a similar analysis that we published in 2005 using subtype B sequences obtained from one-fourth as many individuals. In conclusion, many nonpolymorphic mutations in protease and RT are under ARV selection pressure. The spectrum of treatment-selected mutations is changing as data for more individuals are collected, treatment exposures change, and the number of available sequences from non-subtype B viruses increases.
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Ajmala, Indana Eva, and Laksmi Wulandari. "Terapi ARV pada Penderita Ko-Infeksi TB-HIV." Jurnal Respirasi 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jr.v1-i.1.2015.22-28.
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TB and HIV have a very close relationship since the development of AIDS. Through a significant reduction in cellular immunity, HIV affects the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, thereby increasing the risk of TB in HIV co-infected individuals. In 2006, there were an estimated 9.2 million new TB cases worldwide, there were 710.00 in patients with HIV and 500,000 cases with MDR-TB. Sensitivity to TB associated with cytokine production by T lymphocytes (IFN gamma and TNF are like alpha). During HIV infection, IFN gamma production declined dramatically in line with the decrease in CD4 T lymphocytes This leads to an increased risk of developing reactivation or reinfection Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clinical symptoms of pulmonary TB in people living with HIV are often non-specific. Clinical symptoms often found are fever and significant weight loss. The other symptoms usually associated with extrapulmonary TB. Antiretrovirals are drugs that inhibit HIV replication. The main priority in patients co-infected with TB-HIV is a start of TB therapy, followed by cotrimoxazole and ARV. ARV treatment recommendation on co-infection tuberculosis is starting ARV therapy to all people living with HIV with active TB, regardless of CD4 cell count. Antiretroviral therapy start as soon as possible after TB treatment can be tolerated, as soon as 2 weeks and no more than 8 weeks. Regimen set by WHO for first-line regimen containing two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). In the co-infection of TB-HIV nucleoside was elected WHO recommended Zidovudine (AZT) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), in combination with lamivudine (3TC) or emricitabine (FTC). For NNRTI, WHO recommends efavirenz (EFV) or nevirapine (NVP).