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1

Goodchild, John. "Antisense nucleic acids and proteins." Cell Biophysics 18, no. 3 (June 1991): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02989820.

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2

Razzak, Mina. "Antisense nucleic acids—tough delivery." Nature Reviews Urology 10, no. 12 (November 19, 2013): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2013.271.

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3

Penchovsky, Robert, Antoniya V. Georgieva, Vanya Dyakova, Martina Traykovska, and Nikolet Pavlova. "Antisense and Functional Nucleic Acids in Rational Drug Development." Antibiotics 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2024): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13030221.

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This review is focused on antisense and functional nucleic acid used for completely rational drug design and drug target assessment, aiming to reduce the time and money spent and increase the successful rate of drug development. Nucleic acids have unique properties that play two essential roles in drug development as drug targets and as drugs. Drug targets can be messenger, ribosomal, non-coding RNAs, ribozymes, riboswitches, and other RNAs. Furthermore, various antisense and functional nucleic acids can be valuable tools in drug discovery. Many mechanisms for RNA-based control of gene express
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4

Soomets, Ursel. "Antisense properties of peptide nucleic acids." Frontiers in Bioscience 4, no. 1-3 (1999): d782. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/soomets.

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5

Langel, Ülo. "Antisense properties of peptide nucleic acids." Frontiers in Bioscience 4, no. 4 (1999): d782–786. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/a394.

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6

Tonkinson, J. L., and C. A. Stein. "Antisense Nucleic Acids — Prospects for Antiviral Intervention." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 4, no. 4 (August 1993): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029300400401.

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Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides are a promising new class of antiviral agent. Because they bind in a sequence-specific manner to complementary regions of mRNA, oligos can inhibit gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. The ‘antisense’ approach has been used successfully to block cellular expression and replication of several viruses including Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). However, the antiviral effect of oligodeoxynucleotides is not limited to sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression. Non sequence-specific effects are frequently observed,
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7

Morihiro, Kunihiko, Yuuya Kasahara, and Satoshi Obika. "Biological applications of xeno nucleic acids." Molecular BioSystems 13, no. 2 (2017): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6mb00538a.

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8

Malcolm, Alan D. B. "Uses of antisense nucleic acids — an introduction." Biochemical Society Transactions 20, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 745–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0200745.

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9

Flores, Maria Vega C., David Atkins, Thomas Stanley Stewart, Arthur van Aerschot, and Piet Herdewijn. "Antimalarial antisense activity of hexitol nucleic acids." Parasitology Research 85, no. 10 (August 24, 1999): 864–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050647.

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10

Nielsen, Peter. "Targeting structured nucleic acids with antisense agents ▾." Drug Discovery Today 8, no. 10 (May 2003): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02702-8.

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11

Li, Hui, Bohan Zhang, Xueguang Lu, Xuyu Tan, Fei Jia, Yue Xiao, Zehong Cheng, et al. "Molecular spherical nucleic acids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 17 (April 9, 2018): 4340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1801836115.

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Herein, we report a class of molecular spherical nucleic acid (SNA) nanostructures. These nano-sized single molecules are synthesized from T8 polyoctahedral silsesquioxane and buckminsterfullerene C60 scaffolds, modified with 8 and 12 pendant DNA strands, respectively. These conjugates have different DNA surface densities and thus exhibit different levels of nuclease resistance, cellular uptake, and gene regulation capabilities; the properties displayed by the C60 SNA conjugate are closer to those of conventional and prototypical gold nanoparticle SNAs. Importantly, the C60 SNA can serve as a
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12

Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi. "Development of Antisense Oligonucleotides with Bridged Nucleic Acids." Drug Delivery System 35, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.35.82.

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13

Zaslavsky, Alexander, Mackenzie Adams, Xiu Cao, Adriana Yamaguchi, James Henderson, Peter Busch-Østergren, Aaron Udager, et al. "Antisense oligonucleotides and nucleic acids generate hypersensitive platelets." Thrombosis Research 200 (April 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.01.006.

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14

Burnham, Martin, and Yinduo Ji. "Antisense Peptide Nucleic Acids in Antibacterial Drug Discovery." Molecular Therapy 10, no. 4 (October 2004): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.09.005.

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15

Baulcombe, David. "Antisense nucleic acids and proteins: Fundamentals and applications." Trends in Genetics 9, no. 3 (March 1993): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(93)90232-7.

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16

Hanvey, J., N. Peffer, J. Bisi, S. Thomson, R. Cadilla, J. Josey, D. Ricca, et al. "Antisense and antigene properties of peptide nucleic acids." Science 258, no. 5087 (November 27, 1992): 1481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1279811.

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17

Zimmer, Ch. "Antisense Nucleic Acids and Protein: Fundamentals and Applications." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 342, no. 2 (April 1992): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(92)85072-b.

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18

Zimmer, Ch. "Antisense Nucleic Acids and Protein: Fundamentals and Applications." Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 27, no. 2 (April 1992): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0302-4598(92)87065-3.

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19

Kearney, Phil, Majken Westergaard, Henrik F. Hansen, Ellen M. Staarup, Troels Koch, Henrik Ørum, and Jens Bo Hansen. "siRNA Versus Antisense Locked Nucleic Acids: Stay Single!." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.614.614.

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Abstract Much discussion has centred around the utility and benefits of siRNA in both target validation and as a therapeutic option. This has been driven by significant publications including that of Soutcheck et al (Nature432, 173–177 2004), which demonstrated liver targeting as well as in vivo efficacy when siRNA against ApoB was tethered to a cholesterol moiety. Santaris Pharma has developed a third generation nucleic acid chemistry referred to as locked nucleic acid (LNA) which delivers unmatched affinity and stabiliy benefits, largely overcoming the drawbacks associated with traditional a
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20

Hélène, C. "Control of oncogene expression by antisense nucleic acids." European Journal of Cancer 30, no. 11 (January 1994): 1721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(93)e0352-q.

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21

Neidle, Stephen. "Antisense Nucleic Acids and Proteins: Fundamentals and Applications." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 16, no. 2 (April 1994): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-8130(94)90025-6.

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22

Levina, A. S., M. N. Repkova, and V. F. Zarytova. "Therapeutic Nucleic Acids against Herpes Simplex Viruses." Биоорганическая химия 49, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 591–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013234232306009x.

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The Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes a wide range of diseases, ranging from relatively mild primary skin lesions to severe and often fatal episodes of encephalitis. Currently, the most effective drugs for HSV-infected people are nucleoside analogs (e.g., acyclovir) targeting enzymes encoded by viral DNA. The effectiveness of nucleoside analogs is reduced because of poor solubility in water, rapid intracellular catabolism, high cellular toxicity, and the appearance of resistant viral strains. Antisense technology that exploits nucleic acid fragments (NA-based agents) is a promising alternative
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23

Lin, Mengsi, Xinyi Hu, Shiyi Chang, Yan Chang, Wenjun Bian, Ruikun Hu, Jing Wang, Qingwen Zhu, and Jiaying Qiu. "Advances of Antisense Oligonucleotide Technology in the Treatment of Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (June 10, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6678422.

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Antisense nucleic acids are single-stranded oligonucleotides that have been specially chemically modified, which can bind to RNA expressed by target genes through base complementary pairing and affect protein synthesis at the level of posttranscriptional processing or protein translation. In recent years, the application of antisense nucleic acid technology in the treatment of neuromuscular diseases has made remarkable progress. In 2016, the US FDA approved two antisense nucleic acid drugs for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and the develop
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24

Levina, Asya S., Marina N. Repkova, Oleg Y. Mazurkov, Elena V. Makarevich, Natalya A. Mazurkova, and Valentina F. Zarytova. "Nanocomposites consisting of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, antisense oligonucleotides, and photoactive groups as agents for effective action on nucleic acids." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 101, no. 1 (March 13, 2024): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-456.

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Relevance. Studies on model systems have confirmed the effectiveness of antisense oligonucleotides, including those that contain photoactive groups, for the modification of nucleic acids. However, this strategy has not yet found wide application due to the lack of successful methods for the cellular delivery. The development of effective preparations capable of acting on target nucleic acids in cells is an urgent task.
 The objective of the work is to create nanocomposites consisting of TiO2 nanoparticles, antisense oligonucleotides, and photoactive groups and to study their effect on tar
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25

Jani, Saumya, Maria Soledad Ramirez, and Marcelo E. Tolmasky. "Silencing Antibiotic Resistance with Antisense Oligonucleotides." Biomedicines 9, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040416.

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Antisense technologies consist of the utilization of oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide analogs to interfere with undesirable biological processes, commonly through inhibition of expression of selected genes. This field holds a lot of promise for the treatment of a very diverse group of diseases including viral and bacterial infections, genetic disorders, and cancer. To date, drugs approved for utilization in clinics or in clinical trials target diseases other than bacterial infections. Although several groups and companies are working on different strategies, the application of antisense tec
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26

Perche, Federico, Tony Le Gall, Tristan Montier, Chantal Pichon, and Jean-Marc Malinge. "Cardiolipin-Based Lipopolyplex Platform for the Delivery of Diverse Nucleic Acids into Gram-Negative Bacteria." Pharmaceuticals 12, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph12020081.

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Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health concern. Because only a few novel classes of antibiotics have been developed in the last 40 years, such as the class of oxazolidinones, new antibacterial strategies are urgently needed (Coates, A.R. et al., 2011). Nucleic acid-based antibiotics are a new type of antimicrobials. However, free nucleic acids cannot spontaneously cross the bacterial cell wall and membrane; consequently, their intracellular delivery into bacteria needs to be assisted. Here, we introduce an original lipopolyplex system named liposome polymer nucleic acid (LPN), capabl
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27

Malik, Shipra, W. Mark Saltzman, and Raman Bahal. "Extracellular vesicles mediated exocytosis of antisense peptide nucleic acids." Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids 25 (September 2021): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.018.

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28

Kurreck, J. "Design of antisense oligonucleotides stabilized by locked nucleic acids." Nucleic Acids Research 30, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 1911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/30.9.1911.

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29

Hammond, Scott M. "MicroRNA therapeutics: a new niche for antisense nucleic acids." Trends in Molecular Medicine 12, no. 3 (March 2006): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2006.01.004.

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30

Herdewijn, P. "Conformationally restricted carbohydrate-modified nucleic acids and antisense technology." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression 1489, no. 1 (December 1999): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00152-9.

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31

Wahlestedt, C., P. Salmi, L. Good, J. Kela, T. Johnsson, T. Hokfelt, C. Broberger, et al. "Potent and nontoxic antisense oligonucleotides containing locked nucleic acids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 10 (May 9, 2000): 5633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.10.5633.

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32

Aerschot Van, Arthur, Ilse Verheggen, Chris Hendrix, and Piet Herdewijn. "1,5-Anhydrohexitol Nucleic Acids, a New Promising Antisense Construct." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34, no. 12 (July 7, 1995): 1338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199513381.

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33

Le, Bao T., Vyacheslav V. Filichev, and Rakesh N. Veedu. "Investigation of twisted intercalating nucleic acid (TINA)-modified antisense oligonucleotides for splice modulation by induced exon-skipping in vitro." RSC Advances 6, no. 97 (2016): 95169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra22346j.

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34

Traykovska, Martina, Sjoerd Miedema, and Robert Penchovsky. "Clinical Trials of Functional Nucleic Acids." International Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Engineering 7, no. 2 (July 2018): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbce.2018070104.

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This chapter describes how functional nucleic acids, such as aptamers, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering (si) RNAs, and ribozymes are considered by some researchers as valuable tools to develop therapeutic agents. They have not been particularly fast in reaching the market as medicines, due to endogenous barriers to extracellular trafficking and cellular uptake of nucleic acids and their inherent instability when applied in vivo. However, research carried out by the nucleic acid engineering community and pharmaceutical companies to circumvent these obstacles has led to the a
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35

Nielsen, Peter E. "Addressing the challenges of cellular delivery and bioavailability of peptide nucleic acids (PNA)." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 38, no. 4 (November 2005): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583506004148.

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1. Introduction 3452. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) 3463. ‘Cell penetrating peptides’ (CPPs) 3464. Endosomal escape 3475. Cellular delivery of PNA 3476.In vivobioavailability of PNA 3497. References 350Recent results on the cellular delivery of antisense peptide nucleic acids (PNA) via peptide conjugation is briefly discussed, in particular in the context of endosomal entrapment and escape.
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36

Shen, Yuefei, Ritu Shrestha, Aida Ibricevic, Sean P. Gunsten, Michael J. Welch, Karen L. Wooley, Steven L. Brody, John-Stephen A. Taylor, and Yongjian Liu. "Antisense peptide nucleic acid-functionalized cationic nanocomplex for in vivo mRNA detection." Interface Focus 3, no. 3 (June 6, 2013): 20120059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2012.0059.

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Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complex syndrome with many aetiologies, resulting in the upregulation of inflammatory mediators in the host, followed by dyspnoea, hypoxemia and pulmonary oedema. A central mediator is inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that drives the production of NO and continued inflammation. Thus, it is useful to have diagnostic and therapeutic agents for targeting iNOS expression. One general approach is to target the precursor iNOS mRNA with antisense nucleic acids. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) have many advantages that make them an ideal platform for development of anti
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37

Hashemzadeh, Mohammad S. "Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) as a novel tool in the detection and treatment of biological threatening diseases." Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 124, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2021.124.1.7.

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"Abstract: Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) are nanostructures similar to nucleic acid molecules (synthetic DNA/RNA analogs) wherein the negatively charged backbone (sugar-phosphate) present in DNA/RNA molecules is replaced by a backbone without polyamide or peptide charge. Later, it was found that PNAs containing both purine and pyrimidine bases form highly stable duplexes with DNA and RNA. Although it is not as stable as 2PNA/DNA triplexes containing a homopyrimidine strand, it is still more stable than DNA/DNA and/or DNA/RNA duplexes. The unique characteristics of PNAs add new aspects to these
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38

Nielsen, Peter E. "Peptide nucleic acids as antibacterial agents via the antisense principle." Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 10, no. 2 (February 2001): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.10.2.331.

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39

Van Aerschot, A., A. Marchand, G. Schepers, W. Van den Eynde, J. Rozenski, R. Busson, and P. Herdewijn. "Methylated Hexitol Nucleic Acids, Towards Congeners with Improved Antisense Potential." Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 22, no. 5-8 (October 2003): 1227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ncn-120022842.

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40

Chiarantini, Laura, Aurora Cerasi, Alessandra Fraternale, Enrico Millo, Umberto Benatti, Katia Sparnacci, Michele Laus, Marco Ballestri, and Luisa Tondelli. "Comparison of novel delivery systems for antisense peptide nucleic acids." Journal of Controlled Release 109, no. 1-3 (December 2005): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.013.

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41

Fattal, Elias, and Amélie Bochot. "Ocular delivery of nucleic acids: antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers and siRNA." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 58, no. 11 (November 2006): 1203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.020.

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42

Lee, Hyung Tae, Se Kye Kim, and Jang Won Yoon. "Antisense peptide nucleic acids as a potential anti-infective agent." Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 6 (May 27, 2019): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8635-4.

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43

Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi, Aiko Yahara, Reiko Waki, Hidenori Yasuhara, Fumito Wada, Mariko Harada-Shiba, and Satoshi Obika. "Amido-bridged nucleic acids with small hydrophobic residues enhance hepatic tropism of antisense oligonucleotides in vivo." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 13, no. 12 (2015): 3757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob00242g.

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44

Abt, Corina, Lisa Marie Gerlach, Jana Bull, Anette Jacob, Bernd Kreikemeyer, and Nadja Patenge. "Pyrenebutyrate Enhances the Antibacterial Effect of Peptide-Coupled Antisense Peptide Nucleic Acids in Streptococcus pyogenes." Microorganisms 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2023): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092131.

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Antisense peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) inhibit bacterial growth in several infection models. Since PNAs are not spontaneously taken up by bacteria, they are often conjugated to carriers such as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) in order to improve translocation. Hydrophobic counterions such as pyrenebutyrate (PyB) have been shown to facilitate translocation of peptides over natural and artificial membranes. In this study, the capability of PyB to support translocation of CPP-coupled antisense PNAs into bacteria was investigated in Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. PyB enhance
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45

Mercurio, Silvia, Silvia Cauteruccio, Raoul Manenti, Simona Candiani, Giorgio Scarì, Emanuela Licandro, and Roberta Pennati. "Exploring miR-9 Involvement in Ciona intestinalis Neural Development Using Peptide Nucleic Acids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 15, 2020): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062001.

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The microRNAs are small RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and can be involved in the onset of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. They are emerging as possible targets for antisense-based therapy, even though the in vivo stability of miRNA analogues is still questioned. We tested the ability of peptide nucleic acids, a novel class of nucleic acid mimics, to downregulate miR-9 in vivo in an invertebrate model organism, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, by microinjection of antisense molecules in the eggs. It is known that miR-9 is a well-conserved microRNA i
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46

Nawrot, Barbara. "Targeting BACE with small inhibitory nucleic acids - a future for Alzheimer's disease therapy?" Acta Biochimica Polonica 51, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2004_3582.

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beta-Secretase, a beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE), participates in the secretion of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta), the major components of the toxic amyloid plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). According to the amyloid hypothesis, accumulation of Abeta is the primary influence driving AD pathogenesis. Lowering of Abeta secretion can be achieved by decreasing BACE activity rather than by down-regulation of the APP substrate protein. Therefore, beta-secretase is a primary target for anti-amyloid therapeutic drug design. Several a
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47

Prajapati, Rama, and Álvaro Somoza. "Albumin Nanostructures for Nucleic Acid Delivery in Cancer: Current Trend, Emerging Issues, and Possible Solutions." Cancers 13, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 3454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143454.

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Cancer is one of the major health problems worldwide, and hence, suitable therapies with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects are desired. Gene therapy, involving plasmids, small interfering RNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides have been showing promising potential in cancer therapy. In recent years, the preparation of various carriers for nucleic acid delivery to the tumor sites is gaining attention since intracellular and extracellular barriers impart major challenges in the delivery of naked nucleic acids. Albumin is a versatile protein being used widely for developing carriers for nu
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48

Kurupati, Prathiba, Kevin Shyong Wei Tan, Gamini Kumarasinghe та Chit Laa Poh. "Inhibition of Gene Expression and Growth by Antisense Peptide Nucleic Acids in a Multiresistant β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, № 3 (11 грудня 2006): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00709-06.

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ABSTRACT Klebsiella pneumoniae causes common and severe hospital- and community-acquired infections with a high incidence of multidrug resistance. The emergence and spread of β-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae strains highlight the need to develop new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we developed antisense peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) conjugated to the (KFF)3K peptide and investigated whether they could mediate gene-specific antisense effects in K. pneumoniae. No outer membrane permeabilization was observed with antisense PNAs when used alone. Antisense peptide-PNAs targeted at two esse
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49

Zhang, Yumin, Jiang He, Guozheng Liu, Jean-Luc Venderheyden, Suresh Gupta, Mary Rusckowski, and Donald J. Hnatowich. "Initial observations of 99mTc labelled locked nucleic acids for antisense targeting." Nuclear Medicine Communications 25, no. 11 (November 2004): 1113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-200411000-00008.

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50

Eldrup, Anne B., and Peter E. Nielsen. "ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Nucleic Acids: Potential as Antisense and Antigene Drugs." ChemInform 31, no. 15 (June 9, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200015249.

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