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Faraone, Stephen V., Joseph Biederman, Kate Keenan, and Ming T. Tsuang. "Separation of DSM-III attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: evidence from a family-genetic study of American child psychiatric patients." Psychological Medicine 21, no. 1 (February 1991): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700014707.
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SYNOPSISUsing family study methodology and assessments by blind raters, this study tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between DSM-III attention deficit disorder (ADD) and antisocial disorders (childhood conduct (CD) and oppositional disorder (OPD) and adult antisocial personality disorder) among 457 first-degree relatives of clinically referred children and adolescents with ADD (73 probands, 264 relatives), psychiatric (26 probands, 101 relatives) and normal controls (26 probands, 92 relatives). Among the 73 ADD probands, 33 (45 %) met criteria for OPD, 24 (33 %) met criteria for CD, and 16 (22 %) had no antisocial diagnosis. After stratifying the ADD sample into those with CD (ADD + CD), those with OPD (ADD + OPD) and those with neither (ADD) familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1) relatives of each ADD probands subgroup were at significantly greater risk for ADD than relatives of both psychiatric and normal controls; (2) the morbidity risk for ADD was highest among relatives of ADD + CD probands (38%), moderate among relatives of ADD + OPD (17%) and ADD probands (24%) and lowest among relatives of psychiatric and normal controls (5% for both); (3) the risk for any antisocial disorder was highest among relatives of ADD + CD (34%) and ADD + OPD (24%) which were significantly greater than the risk to relatives of ADD probands (11 %), psychiatric (7%) and normal controls (4%); and (4) both ADD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same relatives more often than expected by chance alone. Although these findings suggest that ADD with and without antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders, they are also consistent with a multifactorial hypothesis in which ADD, ADD + OPD and ADD + CD fall along a continuum of increasing levels of familial aetiological factors and, correspondingly, severity of illness.
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Bardone, Anna M., Terrie E. Moffitt, Avshalom Caspi, Nigel Dickson, and Phil A. Silva. "Adult mental health and social outcomes of adolescent girls with depression and conduct disorder." Development and Psychopathology 8, no. 4 (1996): 811–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400007446.
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AbstractFollow-up studies of adolescent depression and conduct disorder have pointed to homotypic continuity, but less information exists about outcomes beyond mental disorders and about the extent to which adolescents with different disorders experience different versus similar difficulties during the transition to adulthood. We assessed the continuity of adolescent disorder by following girls in a complete birth cohort who at age 15 were depressed (n = 27), conduct disordered (n = 37), or without a mental health disorder (n = 341) into young adulthood (age 21) to identify their outcomes in three domains: mental health and illegal behavior, human capital, and relationship and family formation. We found homotypic continuity; in general, depressed girls became depressed women and conduct disordered girls developed antisocial personality disorder symptoms by age 21. Conduct disorder exclusively predicted at age 21: antisocial personality disorder, substance dependence, illegal behavior, dependence on multiple welfare sources, early home leaving, multiple cohabitation partners, and physical partner violence. Depression exclusively predicted depression at age 21. Examples of equifinality (where alternate pathways lead to the same outcome) surfaced, as both adolescent disorders predicted at age 21: anxiety disorder, multiple drug use, early school leaving, low school attainment, any cohabitation, pregnancy, and early child bearing.
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Johnson, Jeffrey G., Patricia Cohen, Stephanie Kasen, and Judith S. Brook. "Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescence and Early Adulthood and Risk for Child-Rearing Difficulties During Middle Adulthood." Journal of Family Issues 29, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 210–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x07305349.
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Data from a community-based longitudinal study were used to investigate the associations of parental psychiatric disorders evident by early adulthood with child-rearing behavior during middle adulthood. A series of psychiatric assessments was conducted during the adolescence (mean ages 14 and 16) and early adulthood (mean age 22) of 153 males and 224 females. Child-rearing behavior was assessed at mean parental age 33 and mean offspring age 8. Parental anxiety, depressive, disruptive, substance use, and personality disorders evident by mean age 22 were each associated with more than one type of problematic child-rearing behavior at mean age 33, after parental and offspring age and sex and co-occurring parental disorders were controlled statistically. Antisocial, borderline, dependent, paranoid, and passive—aggressive personality disorder symptoms during adolescence and early adulthood were independently associated with the overall level of problematic child-rearing behavior at mean age 33.
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Hill, Jonathan. "Early identification of individuals at risk for antisocial personality disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 182, S44 (January 2003): s11—s14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.44.s11.
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BackgroundAntisocial personality disorder is usually preceded by serious and persistent conduct problems starting in early childhood, and so there is little difficulty in identifying an at-risk group.AimsTo address six key areas concerning the relationship between early conduct problems and antisocial personality disorder.MethodReview of recent research into early identification of and intervention in child conduct problems, following up to possible adult antisocial behaviour.ResultsConduct problems are predictive of antisocial personality disorder independently of the associated adverse family and social factors. Prediction could be aided through identification of subtypes of conduct problems. There is limited evidence on which children have problems that are likely to persist and which will improve; children who desist from early conduct problems and those with onset in adolescence are also vulnerable as adults.ConclusionsThe predictive power of the childhood precursors of antisocial personality disorder provides ample justification for early intervention. Greater understanding of subgroups within the broad category of antisocial children and adults should assist with devising and targeting interventions.
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Garofalo, Carlo, and Stefan Bogaerts. "Attachment and Personality Disorders Among Child Molesters: The Role of Trust." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 1 (July 22, 2017): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217720928.
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The present study investigated multivariate associations between attachment styles and personality disorders (PDs)—and the mediating role of trust—in a sample of child molesters ( n = 84) and a matched control group from the general community ( n = 80). Among child molesters, canonical correlation analysis revealed that two variates resembling avoidant and anxious attachment dimensions were associated with PD traits. Attachment avoidance was related to schizoid, schizotypal, and avoidant PDs, with a marginal contribution of antisocial PD. Attachment anxiety was related to borderline and histrionic PDs, with a marginal contribution of obsessive-compulsive PD. Paranoid and dependent PDs contributed to both variates. In the control group, a more general association between attachment insecurity and PDs emerged. Finally, mistrust significantly explained the associations between attachment and PDs in both samples. Future studies should examine whether treatment for PDs in child molesters could benefit from a focus on attachment and trust.
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Stein, George. "Early child psychiatry." British Journal of Psychiatry 197, no. 2 (August 2010): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.197.2.105.
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Disturbed and disobedient children can cause much distress to their parents, sometimes precipitating maternal depression. In the Book of Proverbs the word ‘fool’ denotes a character corresponding to the modern concept of personality disorder (mainly antisocial). Parental grief or depression associated with having a fool as a child is described in three separate entries:
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Flory, Janine D., Jeffrey H. Newcorn, Carlin Miller, Seth Harty, and Jeffrey M. Halperin. "Serotonergic function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 5 (May 2007): 410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.027847.
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BackgroundImpulsive aggression in adulthood is associated with disturbances in serotonergic function. In contrast, research examining this association in childhood has yielded inconsistent results.AimsThe current study examined the prospective relationship between serotonergic function measured in childhood and the later emergence of antisocial personality disorder.MethodHormonal response to fenfluramine, an index of serotonergic function, was assessed in 58 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder between 1990 and 1997 when they were aged 7–11 years. Approximately 9 years later these individuals were evaluated for antisocial personality disorder.ResultsLower serotonergic responsivity assessed in childhood predicted the development of antisocial personality disorder (t (56)=2.25, P=0.028).ConclusionsThese results provide a critical link between the child and adult literature on the covariation of impulsive aggression and serotonergic function and suggest a potential explanation for inconsistencies in the childhood literature.
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Taylor, Jeanette E., Lisa M. James, Mark D. Reeves, and Leonardo Bobadilla. "The Florida State Twin Registry: Research Aims and Design." Twin Research and Human Genetics 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 958–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.9.6.958.
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AbstractRelatively little is known about the relationship of most personality disorders to executive cognitive functioning despite their associations with frontal cortex activity. Research on genetic influence is lacking for most personality disorders, and research on genetic influences associated with executive cognitive functioning is sparse and mixed. The Florida State Twin Registry was created to conduct a pilot twin study aimed at examining genetic influence on personality disorders and executive cognitive functioning. Measures included structured clinical interviews for symptoms and diagnoses of personality disorders (borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, obsessive–compulsive, avoidant, and dependent), depression, substance abuse/dependence, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test were administered to assess executive cognitive functioning. Self-report questionnaires were included to assess maladaptive personality traits. Data sharing and future directions for growing the Florida State Twin Registry are discussed.
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Fombonne, Eric, Gail Wostear, Vanessa Cooper, Richard Harrington, and Michael Rutter. "The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 179, no. 3 (September 2001): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.3.210.
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BackgroundStrong links exist between juvenile and adult depression but comorbid conduct disorder in childhood may mitigate this continuity.AimsTo test the impact of comorbid conduct disorder on psychiatric adult outcomes.MethodA group of 149 subjects assessed at the Maudsley Hospital in the period 1970–1983 and meeting DSM–IV criteria for major depressive disorder with (n=53) or without (n=96) conduct disorder were interviewed 20 years later. Data were collected on the lifetime history of psychiatric disorders.ResultsAdult depressive recurrence was high for major depression (62.4%) and any depression (75.2%), and survival analyses showed no difference between the two groups. The group with conduct disorders had higher rates of drug misuse and dependence, alcoholism and antisocial personality disorders.ConclusionsAdolescent depression carries an elevated risk of adult depression irrespective of comorbidity. Comorbid conduct disorder in childhood is associated with raised rates of other psychiatric outcomes.
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Spender, Quentin, and Stephen Scott. "Management of antisocial behaviour in childhood." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 3, no. 3 (May 1997): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.3.3.128.
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Antisocial behaviour is the most common reason for referral to child mental health services. It is also a clinical problem of considerable importance, because there is a marked tendency for it to persist, and the long-term outcome includes antisocial personality disorder and criminality. Furthermore, effective treatments are now available, although not yet widely used in Britain.
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Juniarti. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case Report." Scientia Psychiatrica 1, no. 3 (July 11, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/scipsy.v1i3.15.
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Abstract
Introduction. Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) defines patterns of behavior that are irresponsible for social, exploitative, and unproblematic issues that begin in early childhood or adolescence and are manifested by changes in the life phase. This case report was aimed to describe antisocial personality disorder experienced by a girl in Aceh, Indonesia.
Case Presentation. A woman, 19 years old, a college student, living in a suburban area, came to consult to hospital with complaints of anxiety and difficulty sleeping. The patient claimed that she often wanted to hurt and persecute others. She often try to hurt other people, but do not get caught because she said the act was carried out accidentally. When she was a child, she liked to torture animals and she did it without guilty and pity. Lately patient felt the desire to hurt others is getting bigger.
Conclusion. Management of antisocial personality disorder can be adjusted to the circumstances and background or risk factors of the disorder, and treatment is used to reduce symptoms.
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KUPERMAN, SAMUEL, STEVEN S. SCHLOSSER, JAMA LIDRAL, and WENDY REICH. "Relationship of Child Psychopathology to Parental Alcoholism and Antisocial Personality Disorder." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 38, no. 6 (June 1999): 686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199906000-00015.
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Patrick, Christopher J., C. Emily Durbin, and Jason S. Moser. "Reconceptualizing antisocial deviance in neurobehavioral terms." Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 3 (July 11, 2012): 1047–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412000533.
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AbstractWe propose that neuroscientific understanding of antisocial behavior can be advanced by focusing programmatic efforts on neurobehavioral trait constructs, that is, individual difference constructs with direct referents in neurobiology as well as behavior. As specific examples, we highlight inhibitory control and defensive reactivity as two such constructs with clear relevance for understanding antisocial behavior in the context of development. Variations in inhibitory control are theorized to reflect individual differences in the functioning of brain systems that operate to guide and inhibit behavior and regulate emotional response in the service of nonimmediate goals. Variations in defensive reactivity are posited to reflect individual differences in the sensitivity of the brain's aversive motivational (fear) system. We describe how these constructs have been conceptualized in the adult and child literatures and review work pertaining to traditional psychometric (rating and behaviorally based) assessment of these constructs and their known physiological correlates at differing ages as well as evidence linking these constructs to antisocial behavior problems in children and adults. We outline a psychoneurometric approach, which entails systematic development of neurobiological measures of target trait constructs through reference to psychological phenotypes, as a paradigm for linking clinical disorders to neurobiological systems. We provide a concrete illustration of this approach in the domain of externalizing proneness and discuss its broader implications for research on conduct disorder, antisocial personality, and psychopathy.
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Atadzhykova, Y. A., and S. N. Enikolopov. "Some Concerns about Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Psychopathy and Callous-Unemotional Traits." Современная зарубежная психология 8, no. 3 (2019): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2019080302.
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The article presents a review of modern international concepts and empirical researches of a set of affective-related and personality traits, which is regarded as important for understanding the aetiology and psychological mechanisms of the most aggressive and poorly corrigible patterns of antisocial behavior. Conceptualized as psychopathy and closely related to antisocial personality disorder, though not equivalent to it, this set of traits includes such characteristics as lack of empathy, callousness, poor behavioral control, irresponsibility, impulsivity, etc. Investigation of psychopathy in children and adolescents is relevant in view of the growing body of data on early manifestation of severe conduct problems. Studies of large heterogeneous group of children and adolescents with antisocial behavior have shown that focusing on affective and interpersonal characteristics allows to single out a group of youths that demonstrate particularly aggressive patterns of antisocial behavior that are paired with certain emotional deficits. Implementing such approach to studying severe antisocial behavior in children and adolescents has led to extending this construct of psychopathy to youths. The review also discusses the latest measures of psychopathy employed in international clinical science, central lines of research of child and adolescent psychopathy, as well as perspectives of studying psychopathy in Russia.
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Sandu Mihaela Luminița and Sălceanu Claudia. "The relationship between personality characteristics and Behavioral disorders in adolescents." Technium Social Sciences Journal 8 (May 25, 2020): 358–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v8i1.798.
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A balanced adolescent chooses activities that contribute to character development, increasing self-confidence, developing socializing skills, identifying passions and making decisions. The main purpose of the paper was to identify some dimensions in the personality structure of adolescents that correlate with other aspects of behavior. The evaluation and treatment of internalizing disorders in children and adolescents has a long and rich tradition in the psychology and clinical psychiatry of the child. However, the use of longitudinal data to elucidate the evolution and outcome of these conditions, as well as their assessment and treatment, is less developed in the embryonic development stage. However, there have been interesting developments and significant progress has been made. Outsourcing behaviors and disorders, due to their excessive or obvious nature, attract the attention of parents, teachers or others in the adolescent environment. However, there are situations where a subclinical, but significant, level of such a disorder goes unnoticed or is listed as a manifestation of the adolescent's level of adaptation. In this way, certain antisocial behaviors, such as theft, lying, destruction, violent tendencies, may remain unknown to parents or other adults. In some unfortunate cases, these outsourcing behaviors are recognized only after their occurrence, as elements of a pathology that culminated in tragic results. Similarly, certain behaviors of minor importance, but persistent, may foresee the subsequent occurrence of more serious or frequent violations of social rules and norms. Therefore, early identification of externalizing disorders at school, in the community, or in clinical institutions is extremely important for intervention and prevention efforts.
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Fu, Qiang, Andrew C. Heath, Kathleen K. Bucholz, Michael J. Lyons, Ming T. Tsuang, William R. True, and Seth A. Eisen. "Common Genetic Risk of Major Depression and Nicotine Dependence: The Contribution of Antisocial Traits in a United States Veteran Male Twin Cohort." Twin Research and Human Genetics 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.3.470.
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AbstractMany studies that found associations between depression and nicotine dependence have ignored possible shared genetic influences associated with antisocial traits. The present study examined the contribution of genetic and environmental effects associated with conduct disorder (CD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) to the comorbidity of major depression (MD) and nicotine dependence (ND). A telephone diagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-III-R, was administered to eligible twins from the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry in 1992. Multivariate genetic models were fitted to 3360 middle-aged and predominantly white twin pairs (1868 monozygotic, 1492 dizygotic pairs) of which both members completed the pertinent diagnostic interview sections. Genetic influences on CD accounted for 100%, 68%, and 50% of the total genetic variance in risk for ASPD, MD and ND, respectively. After controlling for genetic influences on CD, the partial genetic correlation between MD and ND was no longer statistically significant. Nonshared environmental contributions to the comorbidity among these disorders were not significant. This study not only demonstrates that the comorbidity between ND and MD is influenced by common genetic risk factors, but also further suggests that the common genetic risk factors overlapped with those for antisocial traits such as CD and ASPD in men.
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COHEN, PATRICIA, JOCELYN BROWN, and ELIZABETH SMAILES. "Child abuse and neglect and the development of mental disorders in the general population." Development and Psychopathology 13, no. 4 (December 2001): 981–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401004126.
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Child abuse and neglect have repeatedly been shown to be risks for psychiatric and personality disorders. However, much of this evidence is based on retrospective reports of adults. In addition, little is known about the developmental course of psychopathology among those exposed to child maltreatment. In this study, we report mental disorders assessed from early childhood to adulthood in those later identified as victims of abuse or neglect by official or self-report. Findings show elevated rates of mental disorders and symptoms in each of four groups relative to the normative sample. Groups included those who had been victims of physical abuse or neglect according to official report and those who had been victims of physical or sexual abuse by self-report. As expected, the maltreated groups were quite different demographically from the community comparison sample, especially those with official reports. The group with retrospective self-reports of physical abuse differed only modestly from the comparison group on the symptom and disorder measures, while the sexually abused group showed the most consistently elevated patterns, even after controls for demographic differences were taken into account. The disorder and symptom patterns differed both by group and by age: neglect cases showed a partial remission in adulthood, while official physical abuse cases showed an increasingly consolidated pattern of antisocial and impulsive behavior.
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GALBAUD DU FORT, G., L. J. BOOTHROYD, R. C. BLAND, S. C. NEWMAN, and R. KAKUMA. "Spouse similarity for antisocial behaviour in the general population." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 8 (November 2002): 1407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006530.
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Background. In contrast with the large amount of research on the familial transmission of antisocial behaviour, few studies have investigated similarity between spouses for such behaviour. In addition, none of these studies have examined child conduct disorder (CCD) and adult antisocial behaviour (AAB) separately.Method. We studied 519 pairs of spouses who completed the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. In each pair, one spouse belonged to a random subsample of persons who had participated in a large population survey and was re-interviewed. Association between spouses for lifetime symptoms and DSM-III criteria of CCD, AAB, antisocial personality disorder and co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses was examined with bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results. We observed a moderate association between spouses for the presence of CCD (OR=4·02, 95% CI=2·03–7·96), and a strong association for the presence of AAB (OR=20·1, 95% CI=5·97–67·5). This similarity for AAB was independent of the similarity for CCD and persisted after adjustment for spousal similarity for disorders co-morbid with AAB. An examination of the relationship between marital status and the presence of CCD and/or AAB in the general population sample (from which originated our sample of couples) suggested that the spousal similarity for AAB was more likely attributable to assortative mating rather than marital contamination.Conclusion. Our finding of a strong similarity between spouses for AAB has significant implications for both clinicians and researchers. It also suggests that adult antisocial behaviour should be considered as a distinct diagnostic entity, an approach which diverges from DSM-IV diagnostic criteria.
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Wesseldijk, LW, GC Dieleman, RJL Lindauer, M. Bartels, G. Willemsen, JJ Hudziak, DI Boomsma, and CM Middeldorp. "Spousal resemblance in psychopathology: A comparison of parents of children with and without psychopathology." European Psychiatry 34 (2016): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2423.
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AbstractBackgroundSpouses resemble each other for psychopathology, but data regarding spousal resemblance in externalizing psychopathology, and data regarding spousal resemblance across different syndromes (e.g. anxiety in wives and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] in husbands) are limited. Moreover, knowledge is lacking regarding spousal resemblance in parents of children with psychiatric disorders. We investigated and compared spousal resemblance within and across internalizing and externalizing symptom domains in parents of children with and without psychopathology.MethodsSymptoms of depression, anxiety, avoidant personality, ADHD, and antisocial personality were assessed with the Adult Self Report in 728 mothers and 544 fathers of 778 children seen in child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinics and in 2075 mothers and 1623 fathers of 2784 children from a population-based sample. Differences in symptom scores and spousal correlations between the samples were tested.ResultsParents in the clinical sample had higher symptom scores than in the population-based sample. In both samples, correlations within and across internalizing and externalizing domains of psychopathology were significant. Importantly, correlations were significantly higher in the clinical sample (P = 0.03). Correlations, within and across symptoms, ranged from 0.14 to 0.30 in the clinical sample and from 0.05 to 0.23 in the population-based sample.ConclusionsThis large study shows that spousal resemblance is not only present within but also across symptom domains. Especially in the clinical sample, ADHD symptoms in fathers and antisocial personality symptoms in mothers were correlated with a range of psychiatric symptoms in their spouses. Clinicians need to be alert of these multiple affected families.
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RABINOWITZ, J., E. J. BROMET, J. LAVELLE, G. CARLSON, B. KOVASZNAY, and J. E. SCHWARTZ. "Prevalence and severity of substance use disorders and onset of psychosis in first-admission psychotic patients." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 6 (November 1998): 1411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798007399.
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Background. Past studies have found inconsistent evidence that substance use disorders are related to earlier onset of schizophrenia or more severe symptoms. This study examines prevalence and severity of current substance use disorders and onset of psychotic illness in a multi-facility sample.Methods. Data are from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project, an epidemiological study of first admission psychosis. The SCID and instruments measuring symptomatology, personality and background characteristics were administered. Respondents were stratified into three groups: (a) no life-time substance diagnosis; (b) in remission or reporting current mild use at admission; and (c) current moderate–severe substance abuse at admission.Results. Using the SCID severity rating, 17·4% of males and 6·2% of the females had moderate or severe current substance abuse, while 41·5% of males and 68·2% of females had no lifetime substance diagnosis. In almost all cases categorized as moderate–severe, the substance diagnosis predated onset of psychosis. Females categorized as moderate–severe had an earlier age of onset of psychosis than did females in the other groups. There were only slight differences in symptom severity among the groups but more marked antisocial behaviour in the moderate–severe group. Variables discriminating the moderate–severe from non-abuse groups were BPRS thought disturbance, adult anti-social behaviour and current cigarette smoking for males and adult antisocial behaviour and child–teen antisocial behaviour for females.Conclusions. Severity of substance abuse does not appear to be a pivotal correlate of the early features of psychotic illness.
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Coetzee, M., and S. Tuinier. "The Vincent Van Gogh Model in the Treatment of Adolescents with Dual Diagnoses." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70700-x.
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Treatment of adolescents with addiction and comorbid disorders is notoriously difficult. In clinival practice one or the other diagnoses remain unnoticed and untreated. The reason for this the unfortunate focus on just one identifiable disorder. The resulting treatment remains suboptimal because state of the art evidence based parallel treatment programs for adolescents with dual diagnosis have not been adequately developed and implemented. In addition the long term development of psychopathology in adolescents due to addiction is unclear and needs to be elucidated. Addiction can lead to psychopathology of different kinds, such: as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, bipolar disorders and psychoses or the look-alikes. The opposite is also true: ADHD combined with a conduct disorder leads to addiction. Post traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder are alle associated with increased rates of substance abuse or addiction.What is missing is an integrated continuity of care program with seamless transferral from ambulant to clinic to independent living to aftercare. This program will be affiliated with other caresystems in the community such as child and family services, juvenile justice and multisystemic therapy (MST). The adolescent is in a critical developmental stage of attaining a healthy personal identity. Keywords are: continuity of care, parallel treatment and long term intensive inpatient treatment of recalcitrant patients.The role of expressive therapies, motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and cognitive behavioral therapy is emphasized. Several new exciting medications are avalilable and will be used in individual treatment strategies.
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Byrne, Gerry, Michelle Sleed, Nick Midgley, Pasco Fearon, Clare Mein, Anthony Bateman, and Peter Fonagy. "Lighthouse Parenting Programme: Description and pilot evaluation of mentalization-based treatment to address child maltreatment." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 24, no. 4 (November 2, 2018): 680–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104518807741.
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This article introduces an innovative mentalization-based treatment (MBT) parenting intervention for families where children are at risk of maltreatment. The Lighthouse MBT Parenting Programme aims to prevent child maltreatment by promoting sensitive caregiving in parents. The programme is designed to enhance parents’ capacity for curiosity about their child’s inner world, to help parents ‘see’ (understand) their children clearly, to make sense of misunderstandings in their relationship with their child and to help parents inhibit harmful responses in those moments of misunderstanding and to repair the relationship when harmed. The programme is an adaptation of MBT for borderline and antisocial personality disorders, with a particular focus on attachment and child development. Its strength is in engaging hard to reach parents, who typically do not benefit from parenting programmes. The findings of the pilot evaluation suggest that the programme may be effective in improving parenting confidence and sensitivity and that parents valued the programme and the changes it had helped them to bring about.
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Beach, Steven R. H., Gene H. Brody, Tracy D. Gunter, Hans Packer, Pamela Wernett, and Robert A. Philibert. "Child maltreatment moderates the association of MAOA with symptoms of depression and antisocial personality disorder." Journal of Family Psychology 24, no. 1 (2010): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018074.
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ZLOTNICK, CARON, JENNIFER JOHNSON, ROBERT KOHN, BENJAMIN VICENTE, PEDRO RIOSECO, and SANDRA SALDIVIA. "Epidemiology of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-morbid disorders in Chile." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 11 (July 20, 2006): 1523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008282.
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Background. In this study we examined the prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), types of trauma most often associated with PTSD, the co-morbidity of PTSD with other lifetime psychiatric disorders, which disorders preceded PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD and trauma exposure in a representative sample of Chileans.Method. The DSM-III-R PTSD and antisocial personality disorder modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and modules for a range of DSM-III-R diagnoses from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were administered to a representative sample of 2390 persons aged 15 to over 64 years in three cities in Chile.Results. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 4·4% (2·5% for men and 6·2% for women). Among persons exposed to trauma, rape was most strongly associated with PTSD. Onset of PTSD significantly increased the risk of developing each of the 10 other tested disorders. Among those exposed to trauma, women were significantly more likely to develop PTSD, after controlling for assaultive violence.Conclusions. This study highlights the importance of investigating the prevalence of PTSD, patterns of co-morbidity of PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD in non-English-speaking countries.
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Hengartner, M. P., V. Ajdacic-Gross, S. Rodgers, M. Müller, and W. Rössler. "Childhood adversity in association with personality disorder dimensions: New findings in an old debate." European Psychiatry 28, no. 8 (October 2013): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.04.004.
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AbstractBackgroundVarious studies have reported a positive relationship between child maltreatment and personality disorders (PDs). However, few studies included all DSM-IV PDs and even fewer adjusted for other forms of childhood adversity, e.g. bullying or family problems.MethodWe analyzed questionnaires completed by 512 participants of the ZInEP epidemiology survey, a comprehensive psychiatric survey of the general population in Zurich, Switzerland. Associations between childhood adversity and PDs were analyzed bivariately via simple regression analyses and multivariately via multiple path analysis.ResultsThe bivariate analyses revealed that all PD dimensions were significantly related to various forms of family and school problems as well as child abuse. In contrast, according to the multivariate analysis only school problems and emotional abuse were associated with various PDs. Poverty was uniquely associated with schizotypal PD, conflicts with parents with obsessive-compulsive PD, physical abuse with antisocial PD, and physical neglect with narcissistic PD. Sexual abuse was statistically significantly associated with schizotypal and borderline PD, but corresponding effect sizes were small.ConclusionChildhood adversity has a serious impact on PDs. Bullying and violence in schools and emotional abuse appear to be more salient markers of general personality pathology than other forms of childhood adversity. Associations with sexual abuse were negligible when adjusted for other forms of adversity.
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Jumper, Shan, Mark Babula, and Todd Casbon. "Diagnostic Profiles of Civilly Committed Sexual Offenders in Illinois and Other Reporting Jurisdictions." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56, no. 6 (July 19, 2011): 838–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x11415509.
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The records of 377 men civilly committed under Illinois’ Sexually Violent Persons Act were compared with similar published samples from seven other states. Civilly committed sexual offenders in Illinois were more likely to be diagnosed with any personality disorder and more likely to exceed the cutoff score for psychopathy than similar offenders in other states. The authors then present a national composite of demographic, victim, and diagnostic information on men referred or pursued for civil commitment in eight states to better understand how these individuals differ from sex offender populations in correctional settings. Results suggest that there may be less victim specificity in sexually violent person (SVP) populations, as although nearly 50% of SVPs are diagnosed with pedophilia, 80% had committed at least one sexual offense against a child or adolescent victim. Across all samples, 72.7% of SVPs were diagnosed with a personality disorder, with antisocial personality disorder the most prevalent.
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Shafti, Saeed. "Comparison between Adolescents and Adults Respecting Suicidal Behavior: A Native Local Study." Clinical Research Notes 1, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8816/002.
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Introduction: while some of scholars believe that combining adult and adolescent suicidal behavior findings can result in misleading conclusions, some of researchers have stated that suicidal behavior may be a different phenomenon in adolescents than in adults. Hence, in the present study, the clinical profile of suicidal behavior among adult and child & adolescent psychiatric inpatients, has been compared with each other, to assess their resemblances or variances, in a non-western, local patient population. Methods: five acute academic wards, which have been specified for admission of first episode adult psychiatric patients, and five acute non-academic wards, which have been specified for admission of recurrent episode adult psychiatric patients, had been selected for current study. In addition, child & adolescent section of Razi psychiatric hospital was the field of appraisal concerning its specific age-group. All inpatients with suicidal behavior (successful suicide and attempted suicide, in total), during the last five years (2013-2018), had been included in the present investigation. Besides, clinical diagnosis was based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Intra-group and between-group analyses had been performed by ‘comparison of proportions’. Statistical significance as well, had been defined as p value ≤0.05. Results: As said by results, during a sixty months period, sixty-three suicidal behaviors among adult patients, including one successful suicide and sixty-two suicide attempts, and fourteen suicide attempts among child & adolescent patients, without any successful one, had been recorded by the security board of the hospital. While among adults and child & adolescent patients no significant gender-based difference was evident, with respect to suicidal conduct, among adults, the most frequent mental illness was bipolar I disorder, which was significantly more prevalent in comparison with other mental disorders. The other disorders included schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, personality disorders (borderline & antisocial), substance abuse disorders, and adjustment disorder. Among child & adolescent subjects, the most frequent mental illness was, once more, bipolar I disorder, followed by conduct disorder, and substance abuse disorder. Moreover, no significant difference was evident between the first admission and recurrent admission cases in adults or child & adolescents. While self-mutilation, self poisoning and hanging were the preferred methods of suicide among both groups, self-mutilation was significantly more prevalent than the other ways. Conclusion: While the annual incidence of suicidal behavior in inpatient adults and child & adolescents was comparable, bipolar disorder was the most frequent serious mental illness among suicidal subjects of both groups. Moreover, self-mutilation was the preferred method of suicide in adult and child & adolescent psychiatric inpatients.
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Young, S., J. Wells, and GH Gudjonsson. "Predictors of offending among prisoners: the role of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use." Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 11 (June 17, 2010): 1524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881110370502.
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The aim of the study was to investigate predictors of offending among prisoners from official records after controlling for age at first conviction and antisocial personality disorder. The participants were 198 Scottish prisoners, who had completed Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV screens for child and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III for Axis I and Axis II disorders. The ADHD symptomatic group had significantly higher rates of total, acquisitive and violent offending than other prisoners, as well as greater regular heroin use. Hierarchical multiple regressions, using child and adult symptoms as dimensions, showed that frequent use of heroin in the year prior to imprisonment was the single most powerful predictor of the extent of total offending, with ADHD symptoms also adding independently to the variance in offending. In contrast, for violent offending, ADHD symptoms were the strongest predictor followed by alcohol dependence. The findings demonstrate the importance of heroin use and ADHD symptoms in the persistence of offending. There is an urgent need to treat drug addiction and ADHD symptoms in order to reduce offending among the most persistent offenders. Recently, treatment programmes have been developed for adults with ADHD, heroin and crack cocaine addiction which can be applied to this population.
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Asherson, Philip P. "Bridging the service divide." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 10, no. 4 (July 2004): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.10.4.257.
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Most child and adolescent mental health services recognise the existence of, and need for treatment in, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Many specialist multidisciplinary ADHD clinics have been developed in recent years, and many paediatricians have included the treatment of ADHD as an important part of their clinical activity. A good deal of the justification for this increase in therapeutic activity has been the demonstration that ADHD is indeed a predictor of adult mental health problems. General adult psychiatry, however, has not followed suit in identifying and treating substantial numbers of affected people. It is likely none the less that an increasing load in adult psychiatry will develop. A rising number of young people will enter adult life still receiving stimulant medication or other treatment for ADHD, and adult psychiatrists are likely to be consulted. Furthermore, an increasing number of adults are likely to recognise themselves as having been disabled by ADHD and therefore to seek assistance. In many cases, individuals with adult ADHD who require specific treatment for the condition will have been treated unsuccessfully for disorders with overlapping symptom profiles such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder.
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LeMoine, Kaitlyn A., Abigail M. Romirowsky, Kelsey E. Woods, and Andrea Chronis-Tuscano. "Paternal Antisocial Behavior (But Not Paternal ADHD) Is Associated With Negative Parenting and Child Conduct Problems." Journal of Attention Disorders 22, no. 13 (September 23, 2015): 1187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715604361.
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Objective: Parental psychopathology and parenting quality robustly predict negative outcomes among children with ADHD. Little research has investigated associations between paternal ADHD symptoms and parenting, though there is clear evidence linking maternal ADHD symptoms with both suboptimal parenting and child conduct problems, and considerable research supporting fathers’ significant contributions to their children’s development. Method: This cross-sectional study examined psychopathology and parenting in a sample of fathers ( N = 102) and their 5- to 12-year-old children with previously diagnosed ADHD. Results: Results suggested that paternal antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) symptoms (rather than ADHD symptoms) were robustly associated with child conduct problems, with an indirect effect through paternal negative parenting. Conclusion: This study suggests that negative parenting may be a potential mechanism by which paternal ASPD is associated with child conduct problems, and demonstrates the importance of considering co-occurring psychopathology in research examining adult ADHD, parenting, and child outcomes.
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WONG, MARIA M., ROBERT A. ZUCKER, LEON I. PUTTLER, and HIRAM E. FITZGERALD. "Heterogeneity of risk aggregation for alcohol problems between early and middle childhood: Nesting structure variations." Development and Psychopathology 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 727–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499002291.
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We examined how family and child risk factors jointly affected stability and change in externalizing behavior over time in a prospective study of eventual alcohol use disorder. Study participants were community-recruited alcoholic and control families, and their initially preschool-aged male and female children (N = 335). Family risk varied as a function of both parental alcoholism (ALC) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and was evaluated for both parents. Child risk was characterized by a set of risky temperament attributes pertaining to high activity, high reactivity, and low attention span. Externalizing behavior was used as the proxy indicator for later alcohol problems. For children in the high family risk group (involving current ALC in both parents or current ALC + ASPD comorbidity or both), child risk when children were 3–5 years old (Wave 1) directly predicted externalizing behavior when children were 6–8 years old (Wave 2), even when Wave 1 child risk was controlled for. In addition, parents' negative interaction with children at Wave 1 mediated the effect of child risky temperament on Wave 2 externalizing behavior. No such pattern was observed in the low family risk group, where only autostability effects were predictive of outcomes at Wave 2. The importance of nesting structure as an ingredient in the epigenesis of risk was discussed. Its particular relevance in understanding the process of risk transmission among offspring from antisocial alcoholic families was emphasized.
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Dolan, Mairead, and Rachael Fullam. "Factors Influencing Treatment Entry in Sex Offenders Against Children." Medicine, Science and the Law 45, no. 4 (October 2005): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.45.4.303.
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The study examined the psychosocial characteristics of 99 sex offenders against children referred for treatment to a forensic community sex offender programme. The subjects had high levels of substance misuse problems and personality disorder but low rates of Axis I disorder. Subjects accepted for treatment could not be distinguished from those rejected as unsuitable on the Child Sex Questionnaire (CSQ) (Beckett et al., 1994), apart from the question on whether or not subjects believed it was wrong to have sexual contact with children. Substance misuse, antisocial personality disorder and past criminal history did not determine whether subjects were accepted or rejected. Differences in scores on actuarial measures of risk (STATIC-99) were also not significant. Clinicians' ratings of motivation, level of denial and poor social skills were the key factors determining rejection for treatment. Reconviction rates in the treatment group were low (7%) at five-year follow-up.
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Taylor, Jeanette, and William G. Iacono. "Personality trait differences in boys and girls with clinical or sub-clinical diagnoses of conduct disorder versus antisocial personality disorder." Journal of Adolescence 30, no. 4 (August 2007): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.09.003.
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DuBois, James M., Heidi A. Walsh, John T. Chibnall, Emily E. Anderson, Michelle R. Eggers, Mobolaji Fowose, and Hannah Ziobrowski. "Sexual Violation of Patients by Physicians: A Mixed-Methods, Exploratory Analysis of 101 Cases." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 5 (June 19, 2017): 503–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217712217.
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A mixed-method, exploratory design was used to examine 101 cases of sexual violations in medicine. The study involved content analysis of cases to characterize the physicians, patient-victims, the practice setting, kinds of sexual violations, and consequences to the perpetrator. In each case, a criminal law framework was used to examine how motives, means, and opportunity combined to generate sexual misconduct. Finally, cross-case analysis was performed to identify clusters of causal factors that explain specific kinds of sexual misconduct. Most cases involved a combination of five factors: male physicians (100%), older than the age of 39 (92%), who were not board certified (70%), practicing in nonacademic settings (94%) where they always examined patients alone (85%). Only three factors (suspected antisocial personality, physician board certification, and vulnerable patients) differed significantly across the different kinds of sexual abuse: personality disorders were suspected most frequently in cases of rape, physicians were more frequently board certified in cases of consensual sex with patients, and patients were more commonly vulnerable in cases of child molestation. Drawing on study findings and past research, we offer a series of recommendations to medical schools, medical boards, chaperones, patients, and the national practitioners database.
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Samek, Diana R., Brian M. Hicks, William G. Iacono, and Matt McGue. "Personality, romantic relationships, and alcohol use disorder symptoms in adolescence and young adulthood: An evaluation of personality × social context interplay." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 1097–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419001111.
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AbstractPrior research has shown that person-level characteristics (e.g., temperament, personality) correlate and interact with social-contextual factors (e.g., parent–child relationship quality, antisocial peer affiliation) to predict adolescent substance use, but less research has examined similar processes for adult substance use problems. We addressed this gap by testing for personality × romantic partner context interplay in relation to symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD) at ages 24 and 29. Participants were twins in the longitudinal Minnesota Twin Family Study (N = 2,769; 52% female). Results support the corresponsive principle of personality in that we found that key personality traits in late adolescence (low constraint, negative emotionality) predicted subsequent “selection” into key social contexts in early adulthood (poorer quality romantic relationships and greater romantic partner alcohol use), which subsequently reinforced those traits and associated outcomes (including correlated AUD symptoms) through late young adulthood. There were few meaningful gender differences in these associations. There was also no support for the personality × romantic partner context interaction as a significant predictor of AUD symptoms at ages 24 or 29. Taken together with prior studies, these results suggest that such interactions may be less relevant to the development of young adult AUD compared to adolescent substance use problems.
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Fatimah, Haya, Brenton M. Wiernik, Claire Gorey, Matt McGue, William G. Iacono, and Marina A. Bornovalova. "Familial factors and the risk of borderline personality pathology: genetic and environmental transmission." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 8 (July 18, 2019): 1327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001260.
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AbstractBackgroundParental characteristics and practices predict borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms in children. However, it is difficult to disentangle whether these effects are genetically or environmentally mediated. The present study examines the contributions of genetic and environmental influences by comparing the effects of familial risk factors (i.e. parental psychopathology and borderline traits, maladaptive parenting, marital discord) on child BPD traits in genetically related (biological) and non-related (adoptive) families.MethodsData are from 409 adoptive and 208 biological families who participated in the Siblings Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS) and 580 twin families the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS). Parent characteristics and practices included parental psychopathology (measured via structured clinical interviews), parental BPD traits, parenting behaviors, and marital discord. A series of multi-level regression models were estimated to examine the relationship of familial risk factors to child BPD traits and to test whether children's adoptive status moderated the association.ResultsSymptom counts of parents' conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drug dependence, and paternal BPD traits substantially predicted child BPD traits only in biological offspring, implying genetic transmission. Maternal BPD traits and both maternal and paternal conflict, lack of regard, and lack of involvement predicted offspring BPD traits regardless of the adoptive status, implying environmental transmission.ConclusionsParental externalizing psychopathology and father's BPD traits contribute genetic risk for offspring BPD traits, but mothers' BPD traits and parents' poor parenting constitute environmental risks for the development of these offspring traits.
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Whipp, Alyce M., Tellervo Korhonen, Anu Raevuori, Kauko Heikkilä, Lea Pulkkinen, Richard J. Rose, Jaakko Kaprio, and Eero Vuoksimaa. "Early adolescent aggression predicts antisocial personality disorder in young adults: a population-based study." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 28, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1198-9.
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Nigg, Joel T., and Stephen P. Hinshaw. "Parent Personality Traits and Psychopathology Associated with Antisocial Behaviors in Childhood Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39, no. 2 (February 1998): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00309.
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Aspan, Nikoletta, Peter Vida, Julia Gadoros, and Jozsef Halasz. "Conduct Symptoms and Emotion Recognition in Adolescent Boys with Externalization Problems." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/826108.
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Background. In adults with antisocial personality disorder, marked alterations in the recognition of facial affect were described. Less consistent data are available on the emotion recognition in adolescents with externalization problems. The aim of the present study was to assess the relation between the recognition of emotions and conduct symptoms in adolescent boys with externalization problems.Methods. Adolescent boys with externalization problems referred to Vadaskert Child Psychiatry Hospital participated in the study after informed consent (N=114, 11–17 years, mean = 13.4). The conduct problems scale of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (parent and self-report) was used. The performance in a facial emotion recognition test was assessed.Results. Conduct problems score (parent and self-report) was inversely correlated with the overall emotion recognition. In the self-report, conduct problems score was inversely correlated with the recognition of anger, fear, and sadness. Adolescents with high conduct problems scores were significantly worse in the recognition of fear, sadness, and overall recognition than adolescents with low conduct scores, irrespective of age and IQ.Conclusions.Our results suggest that impaired emotion recognition is dimensionally related to conduct problems and might have importance in the development of antisocial behavior.
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Badmaeva, V. "The Role of the Clinical and Social Factors in Aggressive Behaviour of Adolescents." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71054-5.
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Aim:The aim of investigation is the examination of the role of clinical and social factors in genesis of formation of adolescent aggression.Materials and methods:During 2000-2006 years 977 adolescents were examined by the complex psychological-psychiatric expertise. A middle age of the patients compiled 16,7 (±1,05).Results:Among the examined adolescents in 57,9% the organic disorder was principally diagnosed, 18,3% of them revealed the disorders of schizophrenic spectrum, 8,5% compiled the forming personal disorder, another nosological stations were qualified in 10,3% of adolescents. The analyses of the consummated acts showed that 61,2% of adolescents were accused in hard and very hard aggressive-violent acts against personality (murder, the infliction of leaden physical injuries with lethal exit and sexual delicts). 1/3 of adolescent delinquents were in the station of drunkenness during committing a crime. Nearly 50% were recognized irresponsible because of mental disorder. The study of microsocial factors elicited that more then 80% of adolescents were accomplished in conditions of parents deprivation, 65% of parents abused alcohol.55% of the children had tendency to early forms of antisocial behaviour.Conclusion:An essential role in formation of early aggression interpersonal relations perform, negative family influence is determinate and lead to social and psychological alienation of a child. Negative socialization of interpersonal relations comes out on the one hand through the open conflict with other people, contrariwise, trough transference of basis activity to such spheres as abuse of psychoactive substances that aggravate their exasperation and aggression.
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Dick, Danielle M., Fazil Aliev, Shawn Latendresse, Bernice Porjesz, Marc Schuckit, Madhavi Rangaswamy, Victor Hesselbrock, et al. "How Phenotype and Developmental Stage Affect the Genes We Find: GABRA2 and Impulsivity." Twin Research and Human Genetics 16, no. 3 (April 8, 2013): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.20.
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Context: The detection and replication of genes involved in psychiatric outcome has been notoriously difficult. Phenotypic measurement has been offered as one explanation, although most of this discussion has focused on problems with binary diagnoses. Objective: This article focuses on two additional components of phenotypic measurement that deserve further consideration in evaluating genetic associations: (1) the measure used to reflect the outcome of interest, and (2) the developmental stage of the study population. We focus our discussion of these issues around the construct of impulsivity and externalizing disorders, and the association of these measures with a specific gene, GABRA2. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data were analyzed from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Phase IV assessment of adolescents and young adults (ages 12–26; N = 2,128). Main Outcome Measures: Alcohol dependence, illicit drug dependence, childhood conduct disorder, and adult antisocial personality disorder symptoms were measured by psychiatric interview; Achenbach youth/adult self-report externalizing scale; Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking scale; Barratt Impulsivity scale; NEO extraversion and consciousness. Results: GABRA2 was associated with subclinical levels of externalizing behavior as measured by the Achenbach in both the adolescent and young adult samples. Contrary to previous associations in adult samples, it was not associated with clinical-level DSM symptom counts of any externalizing disorders in these younger samples. There was also association with sensation-seeking and extraversion, but only in the adolescent sample. There was no association with the Barratt impulsivity scale or conscientiousness. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the pathway by which GABRA2 initially confers risk for eventual alcohol problems begins with a predisposition to sensation-seeking early in adolescence. The findings support the heterogeneous nature of impulsivity and demonstrate that both the measure used to assess a construct of interest and the age of the participants can have profound implications for the detection of genetic associations.
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Hussong, Andrea M., David B. Flora, Patrick J. Curran, Laurie A. Chassin, and Robert A. Zucker. "Defining risk heterogeneity for internalizing symptoms among children of alcoholic parents." Development and Psychopathology 20, no. 1 (2008): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579408000084.
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AbstractAdopting a developmental epidemiology perspective, the current study examines sources of risk heterogeneity for internalizing symptomatology among children of alcoholic parents (COAs). Parent-based factors, including comorbid diagnoses and the number of alcoholic parents in the family, as well as child-based factors, namely child gender, formed the indicators of heterogeneity. Following a novel approach to cross-study methods, we present a three-stage analysis involving measurement development using item response theory, examination of study effects on latent trajectories over time using latent curve modeling, and prediction of these latent trajectories testing our theoretically derived hypotheses in two longitudinal investigations across both mother- and self-reported symptomatology. Specifically, we replicated previous findings that parent alcoholism has a unique effect on child internalizing symptoms, above and beyond those of both parent depression and antisocial personality disorder. However, we also found important subgroup differences, explaining heterogeneity within COAs' risk profile in terms of the number of alcoholic parents in the family, comorbid diagnoses for the alcoholic parent and, for self-reported symptoms, child gender. Such factors serve to refine the definition of risk among COAs, suggesting a more severely impaired target group for preventive interventions, identifying the significance of familial alcoholism in individual differences underlying internalizing symptoms over time, and further specifying the distal risk matrix for an internalizing pathway to alcohol involvement.
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Wilson, Sylia, Uma Vaidyanathan, Michael B. Miller, Matt McGue, and William G. Iacono. "Premorbid risk factors for major depressive disorder: Are they associated with early onset and recurrent course?" Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4pt2 (November 2014): 1477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414001151.
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AbstractPremorbid risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and predictors of an earlier onset and recurrent course were examined in two studies in a large, community-based sample of parents and offspring, prospectively assessed from late childhood into adulthood. In Study 1 (N = 2,764 offspring and their parents), parental psychiatric status, offspring personality at age 11, and age 11 offspring internalizing and externalizing symptoms predicted the subsequent development of MDD, as did poor quality parent–child relationships, poor academic functioning, early pubertal development, and childhood maltreatment by age 11. Parental MDD and adult antisocial behavior, offspring negative emotionality and disconstraint, externalizing symptoms, and childhood maltreatment predicted an earlier onset of MDD, after accounting for course; lower positive emotionality, trait anxiety, and childhood maltreatment predicted recurrent MDD, after accounting for age of onset. In Study 2 (N = 7,146), we examined molecular genetic risk for MDD by extending recent reports of associations with glutamatergic system genes. We failed to confirm associations with MDD using either individual single nucleotide polymorphism based tests or gene-based analyses. Overall, results speak to the pervasiveness of risk for MDD, as well as specific risk for early onset MDD; risk for recurrent MDD appears to be largely a function of its often earlier onset.
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Swanson, M. C. J., R. C. Bland, and S. C. Newman. "Antisocial Personality Disorders." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 89, s376 (January 1994): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05792.x.
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Dolgovykh, I. V., M. V. Maslakova, and L. I. Patrakova. "Information interaction of libraries with children at risk." Bibliosphere, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2019-1-64-70.
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The topic relevance is increasing due to the children number rise of homeless, dysfunctional, incomplete, low-income, left without parental care, from families using destructive methods, bringing to congenital disorders of the physical and psychological development, who could falling into unfavorable environment take the path of asocial behavior, disharmonious development and, as a result, getting into the «risk groups». The article objective is to determine the library involvement in preventing the children at risk neglect through multiformat forms of the work popularizing books and reading for the educational and cultural development of children. N. V. Stetsenko describes children at risk groups as exposed to biological, psychological, social influences, their tendency to offenses, violence and other types of antisocial behavior. Сhildren at risk include the following categories: gifted children; poorly educated; children with disabilities; children from problem and dysfunctional, asocial families; pedagogically neglected children; children from families in need of socio-economic and socio-psychological assistance and support. Currently, the work of a librarian with children at risk is an urgent problem related to growth of families and minors of the «special attention group», where the library task is to reach the maximum number of children attracted to the library. Difficult children is a complicated category; therefore, library and information workers need to know the characteristics of such children, effective methods and methods of educational and preventive work. Сhildren at risk need to adapt to the world around them, broaden their horizons, communicate with their peers, organize leisure activities, express themselves creatively, receive information and services, and satisfy their intellectual needs. The library has the staff, resources and means capable to form a harmoniously developed child personality , including children at risk. The library is designed to create for readers not only comfortable (it's important), but productive conditions with the point of intellectual growth, for example, the reader’s participation in organizing library activities (storytelling, makerspace, creative workshops, etc.). The modern library helps to reduce the number of «disadvantaged children», heals the social environment, makes it more friendly and safe for a child.
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Moen, Melanie Carmen. "Characteristics for the Identification of Children Who Commit Family Murder in South Africa." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 21-22 (June 29, 2017): 4796–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517717493.
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Children who commit family murder have been increasingly reported on in the South African media. Violence of this type has far-reaching consequences for families and communities. In this qualitative study, nine documented cases of children who committed family murder were analyzed to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that contribute to children murdering family members. The personal and systemic reasons for these types of murders guided the research. The Interpersonal Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory (IPARTheory) was used as theoretical framework. The researcher argues that the quality of the interaction between the parent and the child, as well as individual differences within a specific environment, is central to committing family member murder. A narrative summary of the general characteristics of children who kill a family member was compiled. In this study, the children were predominantly exposed to dysfunctional family environments characterized by problematic attachment to the caregiver/s, rejection, abuse, and extreme parenting styles. The parenting styles were often extremely authoritarian or in some cases permissive. The caregivers often expected the child to conform to their idea of the ideal child, and nonconformance resulted in punishment and rejection. These children presented with interpersonal relationship problems, anxiety, and aggression, and fantasized about escaping their challenging home environments. In some of the cases, the children abused alcohol and drugs. In only a few of the cases, signs of antisocial personality disorder were present. The family murders committed by children were predominantly committed by males. The weapons used in the murders were often everyday objects available in the environment. In this study, it was important to note that children who commit family murder have unique backgrounds and circumstances. Therefore, the characteristics discussed in this article only serve as a guideline to understanding these children.
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Schwartz, Robert P. "Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorders." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183, no. 4 (April 1995): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199504000-00022.
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Švrakic, Dragan M., and Kimberli McCallum. "Antisocial Behavior and Personality Disorders." American Journal of Psychotherapy 45, no. 2 (April 1991): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1991.45.2.181.
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Gunderson, John G., and Elsa Ronningstam. "Differentiating Narcissistic and Antisocial Personality Disorders." Journal of Personality Disorders 15, no. 2 (April 2001): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.15.2.103.19213.
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Paris, Joel, Marie-Pierre Chenard-Poirier, and Robert Biskin. "Antisocial and borderline personality disorders revisited." Comprehensive Psychiatry 54, no. 4 (May 2013): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.10.006.
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