To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Antivirus Effectiveness.
Journal articles on the topic 'Antivirus Effectiveness'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Antivirus Effectiveness.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Prayitno, Lukman, Julien Rosye Mawuntu, Herna, and Tri Juni Angkasawati. "Review the Use of Antivirus for COVID-19 Treatment." Journal of Health Management 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420983113.
Full textAbstract:
On 31 January 2020, World announced COVID-19 as an Emergency Public Health of International Concern. The number of patients in Indonesia continues to grow. Anti-viral in the COVID-19 Drug Information Laboratory in Indonesia are Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Favipiravir, Remdemsivir, Oseltamivir, Chloroquine Phosphate and Hydroxychloroquine Phosphate. Therefore, it is necessary to know the basis and management of its use. An online systematic search was performed on articles published until 30 March 2020. We use search keywords that are tailored to the purpose of writing. All six antivirals were used for the treatment of RNA virus. Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Remdesivir effectively control the SARS-CoV2 virus invitro. Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Hydroxychloroquine and Oseltamivir have been used clinically for the treatment of SARS-CoV2 virus. In 2020, there are 42 clinical trials of six antivirals. Guidance of the antivirus are from China, Belgium and Indonesia. Its differences are based on the patient’s condition. There is a lack of evidence of six antiviral effectiveness against the SARS-CoV2 virus. It has been used for other RNA viruses. It is supported by a safety profile. In a pandemic situation and the absence of a specific antivirus, the use of the six antiviruses can be done and be useful.
2
Sukwong, Orathai, Hyong Kim, and James Hoe. "Commercial Antivirus Software Effectiveness: An Empirical Study." Computer 44, no. 3 (March 2011): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2010.187.
Full text
3
Thomas, Remya, and M. Nachamai. "Performance Investigation of Antivirus - A Comparative Analysis." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 10, no. 1 (March 24, 2017): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst/10.01.27.
Full textAbstract:
Antivirus as name implies prevent the devices such as computers, mobiles and pen-drive from viruses. All gadgets which interact with open network are prone to virus. Virus is a malicious software program which replicates by copying its code multiple times or by infecting any computer program (like modifying the existing program) which can affect its process. Virus perform harmful task on affected host computer such as possessing on hard disk, CPU time, accessing private information etc. This paper specifies the performance of (McAFee, Avast, Avira, Bitdefender, Norton) antivirus and its effectiveness on the computer. The performance is tested based on the time acquired by each antivirus to act on a computer. The parameters used to analyze the performance are quick scan, full scan and custom scan with respect to time. Through the analysis Bitdefender performance is better than other selected antivirus.
4
Xu, Tie-Long, Yin Han, Wei Liu, Xing-Ya Pang, Bin Zheng, Yi Zhang, and Xiao-Nong Zhou. "Antivirus effectiveness of ivermectin on dengue virus type 2 in Aedes albopictus." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): e0006934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006934.
Full text
5
Purkait, Swapan. "Examining the effectiveness of phishing filters against DNS based phishing attacks." Information & Computer Security 23, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-02-2013-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to report on research that tests the effectiveness of anti-phishing tools in detecting phishing attacks by conducting some real-time experiments using freshly hosted phishing sites. Almost all modern-day Web browsers and antivirus programs provide security indicators to mitigate the widespread problem of phishing on the Internet. Design/methodology/approach – The current work examines and evaluates the effectiveness of five popular Web browsers, two third-party phishing toolbar add-ons and seven popular antivirus programs in terms of their capability to detect locally hosted spoofed websites. The same tools have also been tested against fresh phishing sites hosted on Internet. Findings – The experiments yielded alarming results. Although the success rate against live phishing sites was encouraging, only 3 of the 14 tools tested could successfully detect a single spoofed website hosted locally. Originality/value – This work proposes the inclusion of domain name system server authentication and verification of name servers for a visiting website for all future anti-phishing toolbars. It also proposes that a Web browser should maintain a white list of websites that engage in online monetary transactions so that when a user requires to access any of these, the default protocol should always be HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), without which a Web browser should prevent the page from loading.
6
O. E., Rubtsov, Norkina A. N., and Chicherov K.A. "Information Protection Tools for Android-based Mobile Devices." KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i2.1548.
Full textAbstract:
Presently, the issue of protecting information and personal data contained in mobile devices is of vital importance. The use of cutting-edge powerful smartphones presented by manufacturers as a substitute for personal computers, laptops and tablets, stresses the need for utilizing both built-in free information protection features and special antivirus software manufactured by recognized global developers. The article reveals the effectiveness of using built-in information protection tools for Android-based mobile devices and presents a comparative characteristic of similar tools applied with the help of up-to-date antivirus software. Keywords: mobile devices, information, personal data, cyber threats, Android-based, viruses, protection of information (information protection), smartphones, security.
7
Atmojo, Joko Tri, Rejo Rejo, Dewi Arradini, Aquartuti Tri Darmayanti, and Aris Widiyanto. "Pilihan Terapi Infeksi Covid-19 Pada Anak." Interest : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37341/interest.v9i2.218.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Not all Covid-19 infections in children are mild and show a good prognosis, so it is very important to define them as a vulnerable population. Information related to the treatment of Covid-19 infection in children is still very limited, so the authors are interested in conducting a systematic review to discuss and provide information related to various types of drugs and treatment of Covid-19 infection in children. Methods: A systematic database search was carried out in July 2020 through the PUBMED and Google Scholar databases. Keywords used include: "children and COVID-19" and "COVID-19 in children and treatment" and "Covid-19 in children and management". Results: The results of the collection of articles were 7 articles that showed various alternative therapies for Covid-19 in children, including traditional Chinese medicine, providing antivirus, giving RNA inhibitors, giving supportive therapy in the form of oxygen. The principle of treatment or treatment in children must follow the symptoms caused by minimizing the administration of antiviral drugs. Conclusion: Supportive therapy is still an option, in the country of origin of the SARS-CoV2 virus, namely Cina, the principles of traditional medicine are widely used in children compared to medical treatment in the form of providing antivirals, because previous studies did not show high effectiveness of antivirals in children.
8
Yao, Xueting, Zhe Hou, Cheng Cui, Miao Zhang, Siqi Tu, Haiyan Li, and Dongyang Liu. "Updates on the Pharmacology of Chloroquine against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective on its Use in the General and Geriatric Population." Current Drug Metabolism 21, no. 7 (November 5, 2020): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200221666200711160440.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Chloroquine has been used to treat malaria for more than 70 years. Its safety profile and cost-effectiveness are well-documented. Scientists have found that chloroquine has in vitro activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, chloroquine has been adopted in the Protocol for Managing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Version 7) issued by the China National Health Commission for clinically managing COVID-19. Objective: This review will focus on the antiviral mechanism, effectiveness and safety, dosage and DDIs of chloroquine, for the purpose of providing evidence-based support for rational use of chloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19. Methods: Use the search terms "chloroquine" linked with "effectiveness", "safety", "mechanism", "drug-drug interaction (DDIs)" or other terms respectively to search relevant literature through PubMed. Results: After searching, we found literature about antivirus mechanism, dosage, DDIs of chloroquine. However, studies on the effectiveness and safety of chloroquine treatment for COVID-19 for the general and geriatric patients are not enough. Conclusion: According to literature reports, chloroquine has been proven to have anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect in vitro and the potential mechanism of chloroquine in vivo. Pharmacokinetic characteristics and DDIs study are helpful in guiding rational drug use in general and geriatric patients. Although there have been reports of successful clinical application of chloroquine in the treatment COVID-19, more clinical test data are still needed to prove its effectiveness and safety.
9
Evglevskaya, N. V., A. Yu Zuev, A. O. Karasenko, and O. S. Lauta. "Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of existing methods of networks security from DDoS attacks." Radio industry (Russia) 30, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2020-30-3-67-74.
Full textAbstract:
At present, issues related to information security are highly relevant. DoS and DDoS attacks are carried out by cybercriminals quite often, because cyberattacks can bring almost any system to failure, leaving no legally significant evidence. At the same time, the failure of the attacked subsystem can be an intermediate stage towards the target system. The most vulnerable to DDoS attacks are online stores, online payment systems, news resources and companies, whose activities depend on the frequency of user access to the resource. The main methods of protection against cyberattacks and DDoS attacks, in particular, are currently antivirus programs and firewalls. The article presents a description of some types of DDoS attacks as well as the results of a comparative analysis of several existing methods of networks security from DDoS attacks, which will simplify the choice of the optimal solution to ensure reliable protection of a telecommunication facility. Considering all the advantages and disadvantages, the method of organizing a network protection system against DDoS attacks based on the technology of artificial neural networks is the most suitable solution for ensuring the information security of networks of various purpose.
10
Song, Lijuan, Cui Ma, Qiang Li, Aijun Fan, and Kaifa Wang. "Global dynamics of a viral infection model with full logistic terms and antivirus treatments." International Journal of Biomathematics 10, no. 01 (November 15, 2016): 1750012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524517500127.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, mathematical analysis of the global dynamics of a viral infection model in vivo is carried out. Though the model is originally to study hepatitis C virus (HCV) dynamics in patients with high baseline viral loads or advanced liver disease, similar models still hold significance for other viral infection, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. By means of Volterra-type Lyapunov functions, we know that the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is a sharp threshold para-meter for the outcomes of viral infections. If [Formula: see text], the virus-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. If [Formula: see text], the system is uniformly persistent, the unique endemic equilibrium appears and is globally asymptotically stable under a sufficient condition. Other than that, for the global stability of the unique endemic equilibrium, another sufficient condition is obtained by Li–Muldowney global-stability criterion. Using numerical simulation techniques, we further find that sustained oscillations can exist and different maximum de novo hepatocyte influx rate can induce different global dynamics along with the change of overall drug effectiveness. Finally, some biological implications of our findings are given.
11
Saprykin, Oleksandr S. "MODELS AND METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING ZERO-DAY THREATS IN CYBERSPACE." Herald of Advanced Information Technology 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/hait.02.2021.5.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the development of models and methods for detecting Zero-Day threats in cyberspace to improve the efficiency of detecting high-level malicious complexes that are using polymorphic mutators. The method for detecting samples by antivirus solutions using a public and local multiscanner is proposed. The method for diagnosing polymorphic malware using Yara rules is being developed. The multicomponent service that allows organizing a free malware analysis solution with a hybrid deployment architecture in public and private clouds is described. The cloud service for detecting malware based on open-source sandboxes and MAS, allowing horizontal scalability in hybrid clouds, and showing high capacity during malicious and non-malicious object processing is designed. The main task of the service is to collect artifacts after dynamic and static object analysis to detect zero-day threats. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions is shown. Scientific novelty and originality consist in the creation of the following methods: 1) detecting the sample by preinstalled antivirus solutions that allow static scanning in separate threads without requests restrictions for increasing the malware processing speed and restrict public access to confidential files; 2) diagnosing polymorphic malware using Yara rules, that allows detecting new modifications that are not detected by available solutions. The proposed hybrid system architecture allows to perform a retrospective search by families, tracking changes in destructive components, collect the malicious URLs database to block traffic to C&C servers, collect dropped and downloaded files, analyze phishing emails attachments, integrate with SIEM, IDS, IPS, antiphishing and Honeypot systems, improve the quality of the SOC analyst, decrease the incidents response times and block new threats that are not detected by available antivirus solutions. The practical significance of the results is in the cloud service development that combines MAS Sandbox and a modified distributed Cuckoo sandbox, which allows to respond to Zero-Day threats quickly, store a knowledge base for artifacts correlation between polymorphic malware samples, actively search for new malware samples and integrate with cyber protection hardware and software systems that support the Cuckoo API.
12
Damayanti, Tri Asmira, and Martha Theresia Panjaitan. "AKTIVITAS ANTIVIRUS BEBERAPA EKSTRAK TANAMAN TERHADAP BEAN COMMON MOSAIC VIRUS STRAIN BLACK EYE COWPEA (BCMV-BIC) PADA KACANG PANJANG." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2014): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11432-40.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTAntivirus actitivity of several plant extracts against Bean common mosaic virus strain Black eye cowpea (BCMV-BlC) on Yard long bean. Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) is an important virus on yard long bean and it is difficult to control. One of control effort way by utilizing antiviral substances of plant origin. The research was done to select and test the effectiveness of plant extracts in suppressing BCMV infection on yard long bean. Twenty two plant extracts were selected by (1) spraying the crude extract to Chenopodium amaranticolor leaves, then plant inoculated by BCMV 1 hour after spraying, and (2) mixturing the crude extract with sap containing BCMV, then inoculated mechanically to C. amaranticolor. Local necrotic lesion number and inhibition percentage are measured. All plant extract treatments were able to reduce Necrotic lokal lesion formation significantly compared to untreatment control. Further, fifteen plant extracts were selected to test their effectiveness in controlling BCMV on yard long bean in green house trial. The results showed that except geranium and red ginger treatment, other extract treatments were able to reduce significantly the disease incidence and severity, symptoms, and BCMV titer, respectively. Among tested extracts, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Mirabilis jalapa, and Celosia cristata are the most effective crude extracts in suppressing BCMV infection.
13
Halim, Sussana, Hariyanto Halim, I. Nyoman Ehrich Lister, Saipul Sihotang, Ali Napiah Nasution, and Ermi Girsang. "Efektivitas gel ekstrak etanol daun senggani (Melastoma candidum D. Don.) terhadap diameter luka pasca pencabutan gigi pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus)." Bioma : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 10, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/bioma.v10i1.6555.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRAKDaun senggani (Melastoma candidum D. Don.) mengandung flavonoid, triterpenoid, tanin, saponin, steroid, glikosida, dan fenolik yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan bersifat antifungi, antivirus dan antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi ekstrak daun senggani (M. candidum D. Don.) yang memberikan efektivitas terbaik terhadap penyembuhan luka pasca pencabutan gigi pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus). Hasil ekstraksi daun senggani diformulasikan dalam bentuk salep dengan konsentrasi 1%, 3%, 5%, dan 10%. Hasil data rata-rata persentase kesembuhan luka yang terlihat dari diameter luka diuji secara statistik menggunakan SPSS versi 23. Hasil analisis pada hari ke-5 menunjukkan salep ekstrak etanol daun senggani (M. candidum D. Don.) konsentrasi 10% memiliki efektivitas penyembuhan luka yaitu sekitar 2,96 mm (p>0,05). Hasil skrining fitokimia daun senggani menunjukkan adanya senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti tanin, saponin, flavonoid, streroid/triterpene, dan glikosida. Kata kunci: ekstrak; gel; luka gigi; Melastoma candidum D. Don. ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of senggani (Melastoma candidum D. Don.) leaves ethanolic gel extract on wound diameter after tooth extraction in Rattus norvegicus.Senggani (Melastoma candidum D. Don.) contains flavonoid, triterpenoid, tanin, saponin, steroid, glicoside, and phenolic compound which use as antioxidant, antiinflamation, antifungus, antivirus, and antibacteria. This study aims to determine the concentration of senggani (M. candidum D. Don.) leaves extract which gives the best effectiveness on wound healing after tooth extraction in Rattus norvegicus. The results of senggani (M. candidum D. Don.) leaves extraction was formulated in the form of ointments with concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%. The results of the average data on the percentage of wound healing visible from the diameter of the wound were statistically tested using SPSS version 23. The results of the analysis on the day 5 showed the ointment of 10% ethanolic extract of senggani (M. candidum D. Don.) leaves had an effective wound healing of about 2.96 mm (p> 0.05). Furthermore, the results of phytochemical screening are secondary metabolites such as tanins, saponins, flavonoids, streroids/triterpene and glycosides. Keywords: extract; gel; tooth wounds; Melastoma candidum D. Don.
14
Заліська, О. М., О. М. Семенов, Н. М. Максимович, З. О. Заболотня, Б. М. Заліський, and І. Г. Мудрак. "Analysis of consumption trends of antibacterial and antivirus medicines in pharmacies during COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 4 (August 26, 2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.4.21.04.
Full textAbstract:
Rational pharmacotherapy of COVID-19 in the world, treatment protocols, prescriptions of antibacterial (AB), antiviral (AV) medicines have been systematically improved due to updated data of evidence-based medicine.
The study aim was to analyze the trends of AB, AV consumption for outpatients with confirmed COVID-19: to study the reasons of the growing demand for AB, AV; optimization of pharmaceutical care directions for rational cost-effectiveness use, prevention antibiotic resistance.
Methods – the survey on consumption trends of AB and AV, side effects of AB; survey data of 205 pharmacists, 5 regions of Ukraine; pharmacoeconomic analysis «cost-minimization», content analysis of instructions, side effects.
Analysis of surveys showed that the demand on AB, AV increased by 50.1% to 2019, such groups: beta-lactams, respiratory fluoroquinolones, macrolides. We found the most often were released: azithromycin, cefoperazone, cefipime, piperacillin with tazobactam, meropenem.
Pharmacists noted that patients often used AB, AV without a prescriptions, it complicates the release from pharmacies. So it is necessary to implement e-prescriptions for AB, AV for monitoring of effectiveness, side effects, to prevent antibiotic resistance in pandemic.
We found 53.7% of pharmacists noted about insufficient of trade names, stocks of AB and AV. It is the difficulties to provide outpatients with covid-19.
Content-analysis data showed the most common side effects during AB course. We identified the main directions of information pharmacist providing to prevent side effects, antibiotic resistance.
We conducted the demand for AV, AV medicines increased by 50.1% vs to 2019. It was identified the AB groups, trade names in high demand. Used pharmacoeconomic analysis «cost-minimization», we established that depending on the manufacturer, an antibiotic course costs differ by 15.1 times. The necessity of including in the list of the reimbursement program «Affordable Medicines» the essential AB, AV, to reduce costs for COVID-19 outpatients was substantiated.
We showed 83,1% of pharmacists consider the need of approval, implementation of «Protocol for symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated forms of COVID-19». It will improve the results of pharmaceutical care for COVID-19 patients due to GPP requirements.
15
Yang, Miin-Shen, Zeeshan Ali, and Tahir Mahmood. "Complex q-Rung Orthopair Uncertain Linguistic Partitioned Bonferroni Mean Operators with Application in Antivirus Mask Selection." Symmetry 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020249.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, complex q-rung orthopair uncertain linguistic sets (CQROULSs) for handling multi-attribute decision making (MADM) issues are proposed so that the assessed estimation of each trait can be presented by CQROULS. Another aggregation operator, called the partitioned Bonferroni mean (PBM) operator, is then considered to manage the circumstances under fuzziness. At that point, the PBM operator is stretched out to CQROULSs in which a complex q-rung orthopair uncertain linguistic partitioned Bonferroni mean (CQROULPBM) operator is then proposed. To wipe out the negative impact of preposterous assessment estimations of characteristics on total outcomes, complex q-rung orthopair uncertain linguistic weighted partitioned Bonferroni mean (CQROULWPBM) operator is further considered. These properties, idempotency, boundedness, and commutativity of the CQROULWPBM operator are obtained. The proposed CQROULSs with the CQROULWPBM operator is novel and important for MADM issues. Finally, an MADM based on CQROULSs is constructed with a numerical case given to delineate the proposed approach and then applied for selecting an antivirus mask for the COVID-19 pandemic. The advantages and comparative analysis with graphical interpretation of the explored operators are also presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed method.
16
Khmilevskaya, S. A., N. I. Zryachkin, and V. E. Mikhailova. "Clinical-epidemiological peculiarities of acute respiratory infections in children from 3 to 12 years and evaluation of effectiveness of antivirus therapy." Journal Infectology 11, no. 3 (October 9, 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2019-11-3-38-45.
Full textAbstract:
The aim: to study the etiological structure of acute respiratory infections in children aged 3 to 12 hospitalized in the early stages of the disease in the department of respiratory infections of the children’s hospital, and to reveal the features of their clinical course and the timing of DNA / RNA elimination of respiratory viruses from nasal secretions, depending on the method of therapy. Materials and methods: 100 children with acute respiratory infections aged 3 to 12 years were monitored. The nasal secrets on the DNA / RNA of respiratory viruses were studied by PCR. Depending on the method of therapy, patients were divided into 2 groups: patients of group 1 (comparison) received basic treatment (without the use of antiviral drugs), in patients of the 2nd group (main), along with basal therapy, the drug was used umifenovir in a 5-day course at the ageappropriate dosage. Results: In the etiologic structure of ARVI in children from 3 to 12 years, the leading place was taken by rhinovirus, influenza and metapneumovirus infections (isolated – 18%, 19% and 20% respectively, in the form of a mixed infection – 11%). The main syndromic diagnosis at the height of the disease was rhinopharyngitis. Complications were observed in 42% of cases, as often as possible with flu – 53% of cases. Features of metapneumovirus infection in children of this age group were: predominance of non-severe forms of the disease in the form of acute fever with symptoms of rhinopharyngitis, as well as a small incidence of lower respiratory tract infections. The use of the drug umiphenovir in children with acute respiratory viral infections of various etiologies contributed to significantly faster elimination of viral DNA / RNA from the nasal secretion, which was accompanied by a ecrease in the duration of the main clinical and hematological symptoms of the disease, a decrease in the incidence of complications, and reduced the duration of stay in hospital. Conclusion: application of modern molecular genetic methods of diagnostics made it possible to identify the leading role of influenza, metapneumovirus and rhinovirus infections in the etiology of acute respiratory viral infection in patients aged 3 to 12 years, and to determine a number of clinical features characteristic of this age group. The results of the study testify to the effectiveness of umiphenovir in the treatment of children with acute respiratory viral infections of various etiologies and allow us to recommend this drug as an effective and safe etiotropic agent.
17
Londoño, Sebastián, Christian Urcuqui, Manuel Fuentes Amaya, Johan Gómez, and Andrés Navarro Cadavid. "SafeCandy: System for security, analysis and validation in Android." Sistemas y Telemática 13, no. 35 (December 3, 2015): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/syt.v13i35.2154.
Full textAbstract:
Android is an operating system which currently has over one billion active users for all their mobile devices, a market impact that is influencing an increase in the amount of information that can be obtained from different users, facts that have motivated the development of malicious software by cybercriminals. To solve the problems caused by malware, Android implements a different architecture and security controls, such as a unique user ID (UID) for each application, while an API permits its distribution platform, Google Play applications. It has been shown that there are ways to violate that protection, so the developer community has been developing alternatives aimed at improving the level of safety. This paper presents: the latest information on the various trends and security solutions for Android, and SafeCandy, an app proposed as a new system for analysis, validation and configuration of Android applications that implements static and dynamic analysis with improved ASEF. Finally, a study is included to evaluate the effectiveness in threat detection of different malware antivirus software for Android.
18
Yan, Qing, Lipeng Song, Chenlu Zhang, Jing Li, and Shanshan Feng. "Modeling and Control of Malware Propagation in Wireless IoT Networks." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (June 14, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4133474.
Full textAbstract:
Wireless Internet of Things (IoT) devices densely populate our daily life, but also attract many attackers to attack them. In this paper, we propose a new Heterogeneous Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (HSEIR) epidemic model to characterize the effect of heterogeneity of infected wireless IoT devices on malware spreading. Based on the proposed model, we obtain the basic reproduction number, which represents the threshold value of diffusion and governs that the malware is diffusion or not. Also, we derive the malware propagation scale under different cases. These analyses provide theoretical guidance for the application of defense techniques. Numerical simulations validated the correctness and effectiveness of theoretical results. Then, by using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle, optimal control strategy is proposed to seek time-varying cost-effective solutions against malware outbreaks. More numerical results also showed that some control strategies, such as quarantine and vaccination, should be taken at the beginning of the malware outbreak immediately and become less necessary after a certain period. However, the repairing and fixing strategy, for example applying antivirus patches, would be keep on going constantly.
19
Glass, Kathryn, and Niels G. Becker. "Estimating antiviral effectiveness against pandemic influenza using household data." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6, no. 37 (December 5, 2008): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0404.
Full textAbstract:
Current estimates of antiviral effectiveness for influenza are based on the existing strains of the virus. Should a pandemic strain emerge, strain-specific estimates will be required as early as possible to ensure that antiviral stockpiles are used optimally and to compare the benefits of using antivirals as prophylaxis or to treat cases. We present a method to measure antiviral effectiveness using early pandemic data on household outbreak sizes, including households that are provided with antivirals for prophylaxis and those provided with antivirals for treatment only. We can assess whether antiviral drugs have a significant impact on susceptibility or on infectivity with the data from approximately 200 to 500 households with a primary case. Fewer households will suffice if the data can be collected before case numbers become high, and estimates are more precise if the study includes data from prophylaxed households and households where no antivirals are provided. Rates of asymptomatic infection and the level of transmissibility of the virus do not affect the accuracy of these estimates greatly, but the pattern of infectivity in the individual strongly influences the estimate of the effect of antivirals on infectivity. An accurate characterization of the infectiousness profile—informed by strain-specific data—is essential for measuring antiviral effectiveness.
20
Zulqarnain, Rana Muhammad, Imran Siddique, Fahd Jarad, Rifaqat Ali, and Thabet Abdeljawad. "Development of TOPSIS Technique under Pythagorean Fuzzy Hypersoft Environment Based on Correlation Coefficient and Its Application towards the Selection of Antivirus Mask in COVID-19 Pandemic." Complexity 2021 (March 17, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6634991.
Full textAbstract:
The correlation coefficient between two variables plays an important role in statistics. Also, the accuracy of relevance assessment depends on information from a set of discourses. The data collected from numerous statistical studies are full of exceptions. The Pythagorean fuzzy hypersoft set (PFHSS) is a parameterized family that deals with the subattributes of the parameters and an appropriate extension of the Pythagorean fuzzy soft set. It is also the generalization of the intuitionistic fuzzy hypersoft set (IFHSS), which is used to accurately assess insufficiency, anxiety, and uncertainties in decision-making. The PFHSS can accommodate more uncertainties compared to the IFHSS, and it is the most substantial methodology to describe fuzzy information in the decision-making process. The core objective of the this study is to develop the notion and features of the correlation coefficient and the weighted correlation coefficient for PFHSS and to introduce the aggregation operators such as Pythagorean fuzzy hypersoft weighted average (PFHSWA) and Pythagorean fuzzy hypersoft weighted geometric (PFHSWG) operators under the PFHSS scenario. A prioritization technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) under PFHSS based on correlation coefficients and weighted correlation coefficients is presented. Through the developed methodology, a technique for solving multiattribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problem is planned. Also, the importance of the developed methodology and its application in indicating multipurpose antivirus mask throughout the COVID-19 pandemic period is presented. A brief comparative analysis is described with the advantages, effectiveness, and flexibility of numerous existing studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
21
Alaidroos, Alaa, Ayad Almaimani, Ahmed Baik, Mohamed Al-Amodi, and Khan Rubayet Rahaman. "Are Historical Buildings More Adaptive to Minimize the Risks of Airborne Transmission of Viruses and Public Health? A Study of the Hazzazi House in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 3601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073601.
Full textAbstract:
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought immense challenges to the natural and built environment to develop an antivirus-enabled model for reducing potential risks of spreading the virus at varied scales such as buildings, neighborhoods, and cities. Spatial configurations of structures may hinder or assist the spread of viruses in the built environment. In this study, we have hypothesized that suitable air ventilation in historic buildings may enhance the built environment to combat the spreading of infectious viruses. To provide such quantitative shreds of evidence, we have generated and estimated an integrated model to summarize obtained information by considering natural ventilation, wind speed, inflow and outflow, wind direction, and forecasting the associated risks of airborne disease transmission in a historical building (i.e., the Hazzazi House in particular). Intrinsically, the results have demonstrated that the effectiveness of natural ventilation has directly influenced reducing the risks of transmitting airborne infectious viruses for the selected heritage building in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). The adopted methods in this research may be useful to understand the potentials of conserving old heritage buildings. Consequently, the results demonstrate that natural air ventilation systems are critical to combat the spread of infectious diseases in the pandemic.
22
Long, Lu, Liang Wu, Lang Chen, Daixing Zhou, Hongyu Wu, Donghao Lu, Honglin Li, et al. "Effect of early oxygen therapy and antiviral treatment on disease progression in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study of medical charts in China." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): e0009051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009051.
Full textAbstract:
Background Until now, no antiviral treatment has been proven to be effective for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The timing of oxygen therapy was considered to have a great influence on the symptomatic relief of hypoxemia and seeking medical intervention, especially in situations with insufficient medical resources, but the evidence on the timing of oxygen therapy is limited. Methods and findings Medical charts review was carried out to collect the data of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection confirmed in Tongji hospital, Wuhan from 30th December 2019 to 8th March 2020. In this study, the appropriate timing of oxygen therapy and risk factors associated with severe and fatal illness were identified and the effectiveness of antivirus on disease progression was assessed. Among 1362 patients, the prevalence of hypoxia symptoms was significantly higher in those patients with severe and fatal illness than in those with less severe disease. The onset of hypoxia symptoms was most common in the second to third week after symptom onset, and patients with critical and fatal illness experienced these symptoms earlier than those with mild and severe illness. In multivariable analyses, the risk of death increased significantly when oxygen therapy was started more than 2 days after hypoxia symptoms onset among critical patients (OR, 1.92; 95%CI, 1.20 to 3.10). Compared to the critically ill patients without IFN-a, the patients who were treated with IFN-a had a lower mortality (OR, 0.60; 95%CI, 0.39 to 0.91). Conclusions Early initiation of oxygen therapy was associated with lower mortality among critical patients. This study highlighted the importance of early oxygen therapy after the onset of hypoxia symptoms. Our results also lend support to potentially beneficial effects of IFNα on critical illness.
23
Wang, Yi, Yu-yuan Li, and Wen Guo. "Original Article .The Optimal Allocation of Investment between Antivirals and Vaccines for Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Planning." Infection International 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ii-2017-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives To investigate that given a fixed amount of financial resources, what is the optimal combination of vaccine and antiviral stockpiles in terms of minimizing the attack rate. Methods Mathematic modeling was used to simulate the dynamics that with fixed influenza pandemic budget. Different budget conditions were observed if the combination changed. Framework between vaccines and antivirals was introduced by taking into account the uncertainty in vaccine and antiviral efficacy. Results Given a fixed budget, different budget allocations between vaccines and antivirals stockpile gave different attack rates. When the price of vaccine was lower than or similar with the antivirals, the attack rate increased with increasing investment in antiviral. But if the price of the vaccine was higher than the antivirals, the attack rate may not decrease with increasing investment in vaccine. Fixed the vaccine effectiveness, higher effectiveness of antiviral got a lower attack rate.When both antiviral and vaccine were with 50% probability of effectiveness, the attack rate changed by antiviral stockpile with a same pattern as they were with 100% efficacy probability, even it has a higher attack rate. Conclusions Assume the antivirals have 100% probability to be effective, budget was limited to a fix number, then in any event, population should stockpile a small amount of antivirals such that if the post-vaccination reproductive number turns out to be near 1, the additional intervention may further reduce the reproductive number to <1 and prevent the epidemic. Under the fixed budget, the price of the vaccines and antivirals will strongly affect the strategy of the stockpile allocation. When the price of vaccine is comparative lower, more investment of vaccine is better for the pandemic control, but if the vaccine price is too high then more investment in antiviral may be better. We found that attack rates and the optimal budget allocation depend on the probability to be effective of vaccine and antivirals.
24
Bafoev, Feruz. "AFGHANISTAN DURING THE PANDEMIC ERA: DIFFICULTIES, ACHIEVEMENTS, PROSPECTS." Central Asia and The Caucasus 21, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 071–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.4.08.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the specific features of counteracting the pandemic in Afghanistan, which differ from those in other neighboring countries, the essence of the “five-phase” strategy declared by President Ashraf Ghani and the stages of its implementation. It presents the overall picture of the local antivirus management tactics and the implementation of relevant large-scale organizational and legal measures by the Afghan authorities in the context of countering terrorism and extremism, armed attacks by militants on government agencies, hospitals and doctors, and deportation of Afghan citizens from Iran. The effectiveness of the infrastructure developed in the country for countering COVID-19, the successful interaction of the central authorities and provincial leaderships, the operation of counter-unemployment systems, and the general minimization of pandemic consequences are revealed. The article substantiates the need for further democratization of Afghan society, the negotiations between the authorities and the opposition, observation of human rights, continued efforts of the Afghan Ombudsperson and other civil institutions during the quarantine period, and prevention of authoritarian tendencies. The mandatory and required transformation of external borrowing and donor assistance is revealed in the context of competition of the U.S., China, India, the EU, Pakistan, Iran in the economic and political field. Finally, specific recommendations are made to step up the efforts of the state and the global community in the spheres of industry, agriculture, trade, construction, transport, communications, education, culture, health care, utilities, environment, and anti-corruption.
25
Jung, Dong-Seob, Sang-Joon Lee, and Ieck-Chae Euom. "ImageDetox: Method for the Neutralization of Malicious Code Hidden in Image Files." Symmetry 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12101621.
Full textAbstract:
Malicious codes may cause virus infections or threats of ransomware through symmetric encryption. Moreover, various bypassing techniques such as steganography, which refers to the hiding of malicious code in image files, have been devised. Unknown or new malware hidden in an image file in the form of malicious code is difficult to detect using most representative reputation- or signature-based antivirus methods. In this paper, we propose the use of ImageDetox method to neutralize malicious code hidden in an image file even in the absence of any prior information regarding the signatures or characteristics of the code. This method is composed of four modules: image file extraction, image file format analysis, image file conversion, and the convergence of image file management modules. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, 30 image files with hidden malicious codes were used in an experiment. The malicious codes were selected from 48,220 recent malicious codes purchased from VirusTotal (a commercial application programming interface (API)). The experimental results showed that the detection rate of viruses was remarkably reduced. In addition, image files from which the hidden malicious code had previously been removed using a nonlinear transfer function maintained nearly the same quality as that of the original image; in particular, the difference could not be distinguished by the naked eye. The proposed method can also be utilized to prevent security threats resulting from the concealment of confidential information in image files with the aim of leaking such threats.
26
Synytsya, Maksym. "COVID-19 and Behavioral Economics: Certain Aspects of the Causes of Irrational Behaviour During a Pandemic." Scientific Papers NaUKMA. Economics 6, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2519-4739.2021.6.1.118-121.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this article is to reveal the main reasons for the irrational behaviour of economic agents during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic in terms of behavioural economics and opportunities for change such a behaviour.The article reveals the approaches that were used in 2020 and continue to be used today as the main ones to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection. Despite the existence of such prescriptions, the infection continues to spread and causes negative socio-economic consequences.Thus, the main reasons, the resistance of citizens to the measures recommended by governments around the world and the manifestation of deviant behaviour among the seemingly “rational” economic agents were analyzed.The main reasons and possible factors for changing such a behaviour are the postulates of behavioural economics, such as the effect of reinforcement effect, conservative bias, confirmation bias, conditional cooperation, the preference of beliefs consonance.In addition, this paper provides a brief overview of some post-material values of Ukrainian society based on global research and offers an assessment of the dependence of these values on the incidence of COVID-19 and an explanation in terms of behavioural economics.The article notes that the presence of certain established views on the “normality” of preventive antivirus measures may affect the propensity or the lack of propensity to adhere to the necessary protective behaviour by economic agents.The research methods are descriptive, analytical, methods of synthesis and comparison. As a result of the analysis, the article proposes a comprehensive approach to men’s behaviour during the pandemic according to behavioural economics.The study concludes that the main task to improve the effectiveness of preventive measures for the spread of COVID-19 today is to understand the causes of irrational behaviour in new circumstances in terms of behavioural economics and apply the theory of “pushing” or “nudging” to form positive social economic change. It is suggested to use this paper for further and deeper practical research of certain aspects of changing people`s behaviour for better work effectiveness and wellbeing. JEL classіfіcatіon: D03, A13
27
Dzhulij, V. M., V. A. Boychuk, V. Y. Titova, O. V. Selyukov, and O. V. Miroshnichenko. "PROTECTION MODELS AND METHODS AGAINST THREATED PROGRAMS INFORMATION SYSTEMS." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 67 (2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2020/67-08.
Full textAbstract:
The article proposes an approach to the development of protection methods against threatening programs in modern information systems, which consists in the development of security methods based on the implementation of access control to files by their types, which can be identified by file extensions that significantly exceed the known methods of antivirus protection, such as on the effectiveness of protection, as well as the impact on the load of computing resources of the information system. It is shown that the most important for protection are executable binary and script files, and that these classes of malware require mandatory storage of the threatening file on the hard disk before its execution (read). This led to the conclusion that protection against threatening programs can be built by implementing control (delineation) of access to files. A general approach to the implementation of protection against threatening programs is proposed, based on the implementation of control of access to files by their types, which can be identified by file extensions. The possibility of using such an approach is substantiated by a study of remedies. Methods of protection against threatening programs allow to protect the information system, both from loading, and from execution of binary and scripted threat files, differing in the possibility of taking into account the location of executable files, the possibility of administration with a working security system, the ability to control the modification of access objects, renaming access features, the ability to protect against scripted threat programs, including the ability to give threatening properties to interpreters (virtual x machines). Models of access control have been developed, which allowed the built-in access matrices to formulate requirements for building a secure system, the implementation of which prevents the leakage of given access rights of subjects to objects.
28
Hurt, Aeron C. "Antiviral Therapy for the Next Influenza Pandemic." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020067.
Full textAbstract:
Influenza antivirals will play a critical role in the treatment of outpatients and hospitalised patients in the next pandemic. In the past decade, a number of new influenza antivirals have been licensed for seasonal influenza, which can now be considered for inclusion into antiviral stockpiles held by the World Health Organization (WHO) and individual countries. However, data gaps remain regarding the effectiveness of new and existing antivirals in severely ill patients, and regarding which monotherapy or combinations of antivirals may yield the greatest improvement in outcomes. Regardless of the drug being used, influenza antivirals are most effective when treatment is initiated early in the course of infection, and therefore in a pandemic, effective strategies which enable rapid diagnosis and prompt delivery will yield the greatest benefits.
29
Meijer, A., A. Lackenby, A. Hay, and M. Zambon. "Influenza antiviral susceptibility monitoring activities in relation to national antiviral stockpiles in Europe during the winter 2006/2007 season." Eurosurveillance 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.12.04.00698-en.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the influenza pandemic threat, many countries are stockpiling antivirals in the hope of limiting the impact of a future pandemic virus. Since resistance to antiviral drugs would probably significantly alter the effectiveness of antivirals, surveillance programmes to monitor the emergence of resistance are of considerable importance. During the 2006/2007 influenza season, an inventory was conducted by the European Surveillance Network for Vigilance against Viral Resistance (VIRGIL) in collaboration with the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) to evaluate antiviral susceptibility testing by the National Influenza Reference Laboratories (NIRL) in relation to the national antiviral stockpile in 30 European countries that are members of EISS. All countries except Ukraine had a stockpile of the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) oseltamivir. Additionally, four countries had a stockpile of the NAI zanamivir and three of the M2 ion channel inhibitor rimantadine. Of 29 countries with a NAI stockpile, six countries'; NIRLs could determine virus susceptibility by 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and in 13 countries it could be done by sequencing. Only in one of the three countries with a rimantadine stockpile could the NIRL determine virus susceptibility, by sequencing only. However, including the 18 countries that had plans to introduce or extend antiviral susceptibility testing, the NIRLs of 21 of the 29 countries with a stockpile would be capable of susceptibility testing appropriate to the stockpiled drug by the end of the 2007/2008 influenza season. Although most European countries in this study have stockpiles of influenza antivirals, susceptibility surveillance capability by the NIRLs appropriate to the stockpiled antivirals is limited.
30
Franco, Evelyn J., Jaime L. Rodriquez, Justin J. Pomeroy, Kaley C. Hanrahan, and Ashley N. Brown. "The effectiveness of antiviral agents with broad-spectrum activity against chikungunya virus varies between host cell lines." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 26 (January 2018): 204020661880758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2040206618807580.
Full textAbstract:
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that has recently emerged in the Western Hemisphere. Approved antiviral therapies or vaccines for the treatment or prevention of CHIKV infections are not available. This study aims to evaluate the antiviral activity of commercially available broad-spectrum antivirals against CHIKV. Due to host cell-specific variability in uptake and intracellular processing of drug, we evaluated the antiviral effects of each agent in three cell lines. Antiviral activities of ribavirin (RBV), interferon-alfa (IFN-α) and favipiravir (FAV) were assessed in CHIKV-infected Vero, HUH-7, and A549 cells. CHIKV-infected cells were treated with increasing concentrations of each agent for three days and viral burden was quantified by plaque assay on Vero cells. Cytotoxic effects of RBV, FAV and IFN-α were also evaluated. Antiviral activity differed depending on the cell line used for evaluation. RBV had the greatest antiviral effect in HUH-7 cells (EC50 = 2.575 µg/mL); IFN-α was most effective in A549 cells (EC50 = 4.235 IU/mL); and FAV in HUH-7 cells (EC50 = 20.00 μg/mL). The results of our study show FAV and IFN-α are the most promising candidates, as their use led to substantial reductions in viral burden at clinically achievable concentrations in two human-derived cell lines. FAV is an especially attractive candidate for further investigation due to its oral bioavailability. These findings also highlight the importance of cell line selection for preclinical drug trials.
31
Savin, V. Y. "Ensuring the security of information systems of organizations and regulating activities in the field of their protection." Informacionno-technologicheskij vestnik, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2409-1650-2018-3-89-98.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes the fact that in the modern world one of the global problems for companies have become cyberattacks, representing a serious danger to their activities. As the most important directions of solving this problem is called the need for the development and approval of the companies of strategy of protection of information systems, including antivirus software. A great contribution to the solution of this problem was made by the law on combating violations of financial and operational discipline by the heads of companies trading on the stock exchanges, called SOX, adopted in the United States in 2002. Research and practical experience with a large number of projects requiring SOX compliance show that information technology is becoming a priority tool for ensuring the reliability of the internal control system, especially over the preparation of financial statements of organizations. The use of the software quickly recoups the cost of its installation by improving the efficiency of control, while the refusal to automate the processes and procedures of control results in unforeseen costs and risks. Therefore, organizations-participants of foreign economic activity, wishing to comply with the requirements of the SOX law, it is necessary to carry out a preliminary assessment of ensuring a sufficiently high degree of integration of the financial reporting process with the process of its phased control. Integration of financial statements with the internal control system makes it possible to actively display the current state and efficiency of the internal control system in relation to the reporting, creating conditions for monitoring potential risks and analysis of information on financial results, as well as to automate the process of preventing unauthorized records and other deviations. In the light of the considered issue, one of the most important components of the documents attached to the annual financial statements and the recognition of the company's responsibility for the accuracy of its information, is the report on the results of the audit of the effectiveness of internal control over the preparation of reports.
32
Qiu, Jiliang, Baogang Peng, Yunqiang Tang, Yeben Qian, Pi Guo, Mengfeng Li, Junhang Luo, et al. "CpG Methylation Signature Predicts Recurrence in Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results From a Multicenter Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 7 (March 1, 2017): 734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.68.2153.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (E-HCC) is being diagnosed increasingly, and in one half of diagnosed patients, recurrence will develop. Thus, it is urgent to identify recurrence-related markers. We investigated the effectiveness of CpG methylation in predicting recurrence for patients with E-HCCs. Patients and Methods In total, 576 patients with E-HCC from four independent centers were sorted by three phases. In the discovery phase, 66 tumor samples were analyzed using the Illumina Methylation 450k Beadchip. Two algorithms, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation and Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination, were used to select significant CpGs. In the training phase, penalized Cox regression was used to further narrow CpGs into 140 samples. In the validation phase, candidate CpGs were validated using an internal cohort (n = 141) and two external cohorts (n = 191 and n =104). Results After combining the 46 CpGs selected by the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation and the Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination algorithms, three CpGs corresponding to SCAN domain containing 3, Src homology 3-domain growth factor receptor-bound 2-like interacting protein 1, and peptidase inhibitor 3 were highlighted as candidate predictors in the training phase. On the basis of the three CpGs, a methylation signature for E-HCC (MSEH) was developed to classify patients into high- and low-risk recurrence groups in the training cohort ( P < .001). The performance of MSEH was validated in the internal cohort ( P < .001) and in the two external cohorts ( P < .001; P = .002). Furthermore, a nomogram comprising MSEH, tumor differentiation, cirrhosis, hepatitis B virus surface antigen, and antivirus therapy was generated to predict the 5-year recurrence-free survival in the training cohort, and it performed well in the three validation cohorts (concordance index: 0.725, 0.697, and 0.693, respectively). Conclusion MSEH, a three-CpG–based signature, is useful in predicting recurrence for patients with E-HCC.
33
Schwambach, Karin Hepp, Mareni Rocha Farias, Giacomo Balbinotto Neto, and Carine Raquel Blatt. "PP171 Cost And Effectiveness Of Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment In Brazil." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319002678.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionWith the discovery of new direct-acting antivirals, the cure for hepatitis C appears to be a reality, but its high price and the availability of new antivirals are a major obstacle. In Brazil, treatments for hepatitis C have been available in the public health system since the 1990s, and in 2015 were made available the antivirals sofosbuvir, daclatasvir and simeprevir. The calculation of the budgetary impact of this merger estimated expenditures between 467 and 666 million Reais (USD 121 and 172 million) per year. This study aims to present and discuss the cost and effectiveness of hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals with or without alfapeginterferon and ribavirin, based on real-life data, and compare it with the world scenario.MethodsWe analyzed the treatment data and outcomes of 253 patients from a retrospective cohort performed in a Specialized Care Service, in the city of Porto Alegre. In relation to costs, the direct costs of antiviral drugs, per unit (tablet), were considered according to financial receipts from public purchases. The total cost of the medications used by each individual in each treatment and the cost per cure obtained, expressed in Sustained Viral Response (SVR), were calculated.ResultsMost patients (66.8 percent) had genotype 1 of the hepatitis virus and 92.9 percent achieved SVR. The mean total cost of treatment of patients with genotype 1 was USD 5,862.31 and USD 6,310.34 per cure; while in patients with genotype 3 the cost was USD 5,144.27 and USD 5,974.76 per cure. The cost with the most commonly used treatment regimen, sofosbuvir, daclatasvir and ribavirin was USD 5,961.25 and USD 6,536.46 per cure. These values were 30 percent lower than the values estimated at the time of drug incorporation.ConclusionsCost and effectiveness data contextualize a real-life scenario in Brazil. The evaluated treatments presented good effectiveness, but high costs.
34
Smith, David, and David Speers. "Resistance to antiviral agents: balancing good and evil." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 4 (2007): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07169.
Full textAbstract:
Antiviral agents have been difficult to find and we still have only a handful that meet the safety and effectiveness we have come to expect from antibacterial agents. Some, because of these limitations, are reserved for serious conditions such as HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C and CMV in immunocompromised patients. The widespread use of antivirals has been a phenomenon of the last one to two decades, following on from the development of the nucleoside analogues for herpes viruses. Not unexpectedly, it is only in the very recent past that we have had to confront the problems of resistance of viruses to antiviral agents, though this already poses significant management problems for some conditions.
35
Arias-Arias, Jorge L., Francisco Vega-Aguilar, Dihalá Picado-Soto, Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar, and Gilbert D. Loría. "In Vitro Inhibition of Zika Virus Replication with Amantadine and Rimantadine Hydrochlorides." Microbiology Research 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12030052.
Full textAbstract:
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus in which human infection became relevant during recent outbreaks in Latin America due to its unrecognized association with fetal neurological disorders. Currently, there are no approved effective antivirals or vaccines for the treatment or prevention of ZIKV infections. Amantadine and rimantadine are approved antivirals used against susceptible influenza A virus infections that have been shown to have antiviral activity against other viruses, such as dengue virus (DENV). Here, we report the in vitro effectiveness of both amantadine and rimantadine hydrochlorides against ZIKV replication, resulting in a dose-dependent reduction in viral titers of a ZIKV clinical isolate and two different ZIKV reference strains. Additionally, we demonstrate similar in vitro antiviral activity of these drugs against DENV-1 and yellow fever virus (YFV), although at higher drug concentrations for the latter. ZIKV replication was inhibited at drug concentrations well below cytotoxic levels of both compounds, as denoted by the high selectivity indexes obtained with the tested strains. Further work is absolutely needed to determine the potential clinical use of these antivirals against ZIKV infections, but our results suggest the existence of a highly conserved mechanism across flavivirus, susceptible to be blocked by modified more specific adamantane compounds.
36
Zhang, Junliang, Qian Bai, and Ying Bian. "Quality Appraisal of the Pharmacoeconomic Research Literature about Antivirals: A Comparison between Chinese Medicine and Non-Chinese Medicine." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (July 14, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537435.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Antiviral activity is a main function of many types of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and they may contribute more in the process of certain viral epidemics. Therefore, based on the effectiveness and economy of TCM, we aimed to determine the situation of health economic studies about antivirals, especially the difference between TCM and non-TCM. Methods. A literature search of three databases was conducted with a time range of January 2000–December 2020, and terms related to health economics and TCM were used as key terms. QHES and CHEERS were used as quality assessment tools. Results. 203 papers were included in our research. After evaluation using QHES and CHEERS, antiviral TCM obtained an overall score of 41.37 ± 4.46/99 in QHES, compared with 48.89 ± 7.25/99 (18.18% higher than TCM) of antiviral non-TCM. Conclusion. With a statistically significant difference, the overall quality of pharmacoeconomic research about antiviral non-Chinese medicine is better than that about antiviral Chinese medicine, which may have resulted from researchers’ capacities or the absence of a more suitable standard for pharmacoeconomic research. It tells that the quality of pharmacoeconomic studies about TCM still warrants improvement.
37
Pshenichnaya, N. Y., V. A. Bulgakova, E. V. Volchkova, E. N. Kareva, E. P. Selkova, and V. N. Gorodin. "Review of current and future directions of antiviral therapy of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in Russia." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 91, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2019.11.000454.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: to determine the perspectives for the use of drugs with combined antiviral, anti - inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity on the basis of medical studies of existing antiviral drugs for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in Russia. Materials and methods. A brief review of the antiviral drugs used in Russia for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections was conducted on the basis of 37 articles published in Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and RSCI databases in the period from 1997 to 2018. Results. Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir), is slowly developing due to the mutations of the neuraminidase gene H275Y and Q136K. Most influenza A viruses remain resistant to adamantane antivirals. Repeated use of immunomodulators with indirect antiviral action leads to a hyporeactivity of the immune system and, subsequently, to a decrease in their effectiveness. Positive clinical and laboratory data in clinical trials were obtained using Enisamium iodide, a drug with combined action - direct antiviral, and immunomodulatory. Conclusion. According to the WHO strategy, the results of the review demonstrate the need for continued research of medications with combined antiviral and pathogenetic effects on the infectious process caused by influenza and acute respiratory viral infections.
38
Falcão, Fátima, Carla Lopes, Erica Viegas, Rita Perez, Isabel Aldir, Helena Farinha, António Carvalho, et al. "Experience of a Portuguese Center: Effectiveness of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C." Acta Médica Portuguesa 32, no. 3 (March 29, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.10655.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: In late 2014, Portugal implemented a national program for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C with directacting antiviral agents. This program has made Portugal one of the first European countries to implement a structured measure of treatment to eliminate this serious public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.Material and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted at Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental on the national online platform from December 2014 until February 2017 and included patients with hepatitis C virus infection who underwent treatment. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response at least 12 weeks post treatment. Data was analyzed with the SPSS 17.0 program.Results: During the study period, 820 patients completed therapy and achieved sufficient follow-up time to assess sustained virologic response with an overall response rate of 97.2% (n = 797) and a response rate of 98.0%, 99.5%, 90.9%, 95.1% and 94.2% for genotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Data suggested that advanced fibrosis (F3/F4), human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and treatment failure with interferon and ribavirin were not negatively related with sustained virologic response in our population. Most patients (80.1%) completed treatment with ledipasvir/sofosbuvir ± ribavirin. The most common adverse events were fatigue and insomnia followed by headache and weight loss.Discussion: Patients predominantly had genotype 1 infection which correlates with HCV distribution in Europe, but we found a major proportion in genotype 4 which can be explained by immigration from African countries. Our patients’ ages ranging from 22 to 90 years, reflected a new approach with no upper age limit. Direct-acting antivirals regimens resulted in remarkably high SVR rates compared to interferon-based regimens, which were consistent with clinical trials data.Conclusion: Our data showed that direct-acting antiviral-based regimens are safe and have a high success rate in the treatment of patients with hepatitis C virus infection in a real-world setting.
39
E Segaloff, Hannah, Joshua G. Petrie, Ryan E. Malosh, Caroline K. Cheng, Jill M. Ferdinands, Lois Lamerato, Adam S. Lauring, Arnold S. Monto, and Emily T. Martin. "Influenza Vaccination and Treatment with Antiviral Agents Among Hospitalized Adults in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 Influenza Seasons." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S316—S317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.740.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Vaccination and treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors can reduce incidence and severity of influenza. Observational studies suggest antiviral treatment reduces influenza symptom duration and severe outcomes among hospitalized patients. The interaction of the effects of vaccination and antiviral treatment against severe influenza has not been established. Methods We used data from a test-negative influenza vaccine effectiveness study. The parent study enrolled adults admitted to two hospitals in Michigan with an acute respiratory illness of ≤10 days duration during the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 influenza seasons. Respiratory swabs from enrolled patients were tested for influenza by RT-PCR; influenza-positive individuals were included in this analysis. We evaluated predictors of vaccination and antiviral treatment using logistic regression. We also assessed the association between antiviral treatment and hospital length of stay (LOS) using linear regression models stratified by vaccination status. Results We included 200 individuals in the analysis; 103 (51.5%) were vaccinated and 135 (67.5%) were treated with antivirals. Significant predictors of vaccination included age ≥65, white race, a Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score ≥3, study site, and increased past-year health care visits. Antiviral treatment varied by study site and was more common in the 2015–2016 season and among those aged 18–49. Vaccination was not associated with antiviral treatment or with time from illness onset to treatment. Antiviral treatment was associated with reduced LOS (percent change in LOS: −23.6% (−39.2%, −4.1%), P = 0.02) among vaccinated participants but not among unvaccinated participants (21.1% (−10.9%, 64.8%), P = 0.22) after adjustment for sex, age, influenza subtype, site, CCI, frailty, and past-year health care contacts. When an interaction term was used in lieu of stratification the interaction was significant (P = 0.01). This difference in antiviral effectiveness by vaccination status held across age groups, but was most dramatic for those aged 18–49. Conclusion Vaccinated individuals were more likely than unvaccinated individuals to benefit from antiviral treatment. This finding warrants confirmation in other populations. Disclosures A. S. Monto, sanofi pasteur: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Novartis: Consultant, Consulting fee. Protein Sciences: Consultant, Consulting fee. E. T. Martin, Pfizer: Scientific Advisor, Research grant. Merck: Scientific Advisor, Research grant. Multiparty Group For Advice on Science: Scientific Advisor, Research grant.
40
Chhatwal, Jagpreet. "Direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C treatment: effectiveness versus cost–effectiveness." Future Virology 10, no. 8 (August 2015): 929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl.15.68.
Full text
41
Sroczynski, G., E. Esteban, A. Conrads-Frank, R. Schwarzer, N. Mühlberger, D. Wright, S. Zeuzem, and U. Siebert. "Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment in hepatitis C." Journal of Viral Hepatitis 17, no. 1 (January 2010): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01147.x.
Full text
42
Govan, Lindsay, Olivia Wu, Yiqiao Xin, Sharon J. Hutchinson, and Neil Hawkins. "Comparative effectiveness of antiviral treatment for hepatitis B." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 27, no. 8 (August 2015): 882–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/meg.0000000000000376.
Full text
43
Murphy, Rachel A., and Monica A. Valentovic. "Factors Contributing to the Antiviral Effectiveness of Tenofovir." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 363, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.117.243139.
Full text
44
Firandi, Adelia, and Didik Hasmono. "Effectiveness of Antiviral Drugs as Covid-19 Therapy." Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry 5, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i3.291.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: SARS-CoV 2 firstly emerged in China on December 2019 and it was spreading rapidly across the world until now. At this time, there is no vaccine or medication approved by the FDA. However, there are some FDA approved medicines for treating other diseases that can be used for Covid-19 based on tests. This review focuses on therapy efficacy, work mechanism, pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and future perspective.
Method: Article review related to therapy on Covid-19 patients, particularly antiviral therapy which was the combination of lopinavir and ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and favipiravir. The reviewed relevant articles were observational study, in vitro test, case report, and clinical test.
Results: A total of 13 articles met the requirement, 9 articles discussed the result of therapy during the medication of COVID-19 patients, 2 reports of in vitro test, and 2 results of clinical trials.
Conclusion: From several studies that had been conducted, remdesivir, combination of lopinavir and ritonavir, as well as favipiravir showed benefits in various clinical studies on Covid-19 patients. Meanwhile, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine showed limited effects and did not affect the decrease of mortality.
45
Chen, Kaiwen, Matthew P. Cheng, Sarah P. Hammond, Hermann Einsele, and Francisco M. Marty. "Antiviral prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus infection in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation." Blood Advances 2, no. 16 (August 28, 2018): 2159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2018016493.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Patients treated with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are at risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and disease, which results in increased morbidity and mortality. Although universal antiviral prophylaxis against CMV improves outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients, data have been conflicting regarding such prophylaxis in patients undergoing allogeneic HCT. We conducted a systematic review of randomized trials of prophylactic antivirals against CMV after allogeneic HCT to summarize the evolution of the field over the last 35 years and evaluate the prophylactic potential of antiviral agents against CMV after allogeneic HCT. Electronic databases were queried from database inception through 31 December 2017. For included studies, incidence of CMV infection and all-cause mortality were collected as primary outcomes; CMV disease incidence, use of preemptive therapy, and drug toxicities were collected as secondary outcomes. Nineteen clinical trials conducted between 1981 and 2017 involving a total of 4173 patients were included for review. Prophylactic strategies included use of acyclovir, valacyclovir, ganciclovir, maribavir, brincidofovir, and letermovir compared with placebo or a comparator antiviral. Fourteen trials that compared antiviral prophylaxis with placebo demonstrated overall effectiveness in reducing incidence of CMV infection (odds ratio [OR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42-0.58), CMV disease (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.40-0.80), and use of preemptive therapy (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.42-0.62; 6 trials); however, none demonstrated reduction in all-cause mortality (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.78-1.18) except the phase 3 trial of letermovir (week-24 OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.98). Additional research is warranted to determine patient groups most likely to benefit from antiviral prophylaxis and its optimal deployment after allogeneic HCT.
46
Ignatova, T. M., L. V. Kozlovskaya, N. B. Gordovskaya, O. A. Chernova, S. Yu Milovanova, P. I. Novikov, T. V. Beketova, T. P. Nekrasova, and N. A. Mukhin. "The efficiency of treatment of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis associated with hepatitis C virus: analysis of 60 cases." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 95, no. 5 (June 8, 2017): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2017-95-5-425-431.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. To evaluate the results of immunosuppressive and/or antiviral treatment of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced mixed cryoglobulinemic (MC) vasculitis. Material and methods. This prospective study included 60 patients (m/f - 23/49, age - 45,9±11,1) with HCV-MC vasculitis. The Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS) was used before the treatment and during follow-up (3,5±4,1 years). The rate of clinical and immunological responses to the treatment, the frequency of relapses and the influence of different treatment approaches on the prognosis of the disease were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors influencing the effectiveness of treatment. Results. 23 (38%) patients had liver cirrhosis. BVAS scores before treatment ranged from 2 to 36. 25 (41,6%) patients had BVAS≥15. 6 (10%) patients presented with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The antiviral treatment resulted in the elimination of the virus in 48.0% of the cases, complete clinical and immunological responses were achieved in 68,0% and 32,0% respectively. It had an advantage over immunosuppressive therapy in terms of long-term results of the treatment. We established the superiority of anti-CD monoclonal antibodies (rituximab) over conventional immunosuppressive drugs: complete clinical response 73% vs 13% (p=0,001). Combined therapy (rituximab and antiviral treatment) was more effective in patients with severe vasculitis (BVAS≥15). A case of successful treatment using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) is reported. Causes of MC-vasculitis relapses after achieving sustained viral response are discussed. Conclusion. Antiviral therapy is the treatment of choice in all patients with HCV- HCV-MC vasculitis. Preference should be given to highly effective and safe modern therapy regimens with the use of DAAs. The antiviral treatment of severe forms of vasculitis must be combined with rituximab therapy.
47
Hussain, Muhammad Shehryar, Ali Haider, Usama Ahmad Yousaf, Warisha Laraib, Fatima Dildar, and Hafiz Amjad Hussain. "Comparison of effectiveness of various treatment strategies in COVID-19 patients: A Systematic Review." Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College 24, Supp-1 (August 5, 2020): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37939/jrmc.v24isupp-1.1431.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The purpose of this study is to systematically review the effectiveness of various drugs and therapies by assessing already conducted studies on COVID-19 patients.
Methods: The eligibility criterion for this systematic review was to include the observational and experimental studies including case reports; conducted on the possible treatments of COVID-19. Only those studies were included that were written in the English language either published or unpublished from December 2019 to April 10, 2020. Quality of articles was assessed and flawed studies were excluded based on incomplete outcome data. Treatment strategies experimented on animals or those assessed through artificial intelligence were also excluded. The databases searched were PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and bioRxiv. The last date to search the databases was April 10, 2020.
Results: We selected 25 articles which include 12 case studies, 10 retrospective studies, one randomized controlled trial, one non-randomized Controlled trial, and one prospective observational study. Hydroxychloroquine proved to be effective in all three studies under consideration especially when it was used in a combination with azithromycin. Antivirals showed significant results in eleven out of sixteen studies. The remaining five studies showed antiviral therapy to be ineffective. Lopinavir/ritonavir did not show satisfactory results in most of the COVID-19 patients. Both of the studies regarding convalescent plasma therapy showed significant improvement in patients undergoing treatment. Two studies regarding treatment with immunoglobulins also showed good results. A study on the use of Mesenchymal stem cell transplant for treatment of COVID-19 patients also proved to be effective. Likewise, a study on the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine along with Western Medicine also showed good results. In patients of organ transplant, withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs, and the use of methylprednisolone along with antivirals had shown significantly good results. Among all these therapeutic approaches we found convalescent plasma therapy to be most effective.
Conclusion: So far, a small number of studies have been conducted on the treatment of COVID-19 patients and most of them were conducted on the Chinese population. More randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatment strategies at a broader level.
48
&NA;. "Cost effectiveness of antiviral regimens in vertical HIV transmission." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1145 (July 1998): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199811450-00011.
Full text
49
Sucher, Allana. "PPIs may decrease the effectiveness of hepatitis C antivirals." Pharmacy Today 24, no. 5 (May 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptdy.2018.04.010.
Full text
50
Venkatesan, Sudhir, Cristina Carias, Matthew Biggerstaff, Angela P. Campbell, Jonathan S. Nguyen-Van-Tam, Emily Kahn, Puja R. Myles, and Martin I. Meltzer. "Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness." Journal of Public Health 41, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy108.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Many countries have acquired antiviral stockpiles for pandemic influenza mitigation and a significant part of the stockpile may be focussed towards community-based treatment. Methods We developed a spreadsheet-based, decision tree model to assess outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment for outpatient use from the perspective of the healthcare payer in the UK. We defined five pandemic scenarios—one based on the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic and four hypothetical scenarios varying in measures of transmissibility and severity. Results Community-based antiviral treatment was estimated to avert 14–23% of hospitalizations in an overall population of 62.28 million. Higher proportions of averted outcomes were seen in patients with high-risk conditions, when compared to non-high-risk patients. We found that antiviral treatment was cost-saving across pandemic scenarios for high-risk population groups, and cost-saving for the overall population in higher severity influenza pandemics. Antiviral effectiveness had the greatest influence on both the number of hospitalizations averted and on cost-effectiveness. Conclusions This analysis shows that across pandemic scenarios, antiviral treatment can be cost-saving for population groups at high risk of influenza-related complications.