Journal articles: 'Antonyms and synonyms'

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Charles, Walter G., Marjorie A. Reed, and Douglas Derryberry. "Conceptual and associative processing in antonymy and synonymy." Applied Psycholinguistics 15, no. 3 (July 1994): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400065929.

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AbstractRecent models of antonymy differ over the involvement of associative and conceptual connections in the representation of direct and indirect antonyms. To assess these models, subjects were presented with two sequential adjectives. In the first study they made relatedness judgments, and in the second study they made antonym and synonym judgments. Conceptual processes were manipulated by varying semantic distance, and associative processes were manipulated by varying lexical markedness. Judgments were fastest for direct antonyms, even when compared to synonyms of similar relatedness. Although judgments for synonyms were faster than for indirect antonyms, semantic distance and markedness had similar effects on these word classes. These results suggest that direct antonymy may utilize associative connections, but that indirect antonymy, like synonymy, relies primarily on conceptual connections.

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Boeva-Omelechko, Natalya B. "Antonymy in an Advertising Slogan." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-2-21-28.

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The relevance of this work is due to the priority of such research areas as pragmalinguistics, the theory of persuasion, the theory of antonymy and the linguistics of creativity, as well as the need of further investigation of expressive potential of antonymy in extremely popular advertising texts. The purpose of this work is to analyze the types of lexical, morphological, syntactic and text-based antonyms involved in creating advertising slogans in Russian and English linguistic cultures. According to the results of the analysis of empirical material, these types include lexical systemic and individual author’s antonyms, antonymic postpositions, prepositions, grammatical forms representing categorical oppositions, inter-part-ofspeech antonyms, utterances based on antonymic models, words and phrases semantically equivalent to antonyms that form oppositions in a coherent text. Special attention is paid to the pragmatics of slogans with antonyms and to the language game performed with the help of antonyms of different types, as well as to the sources of creating individual author’s antonyms (words with peripheral antonymic semes, words with different spheres of use and emotional and expressive coloring, synonyms that turn into antonyms, precedent phenomena). The author comes to the conclusion that the creators of slogans try in every possible way to make unusual antonymic oppositions filled with a new meaning.

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Ali, Muhammad Asif, Yifang Sun, Xiaoling Zhou, Wei Wang, and Xiang Zhao. "Antonym-Synonym Classification Based on New Sub-Space Embeddings." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 6204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016204.

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Distinguishing antonyms from synonyms is a key challenge for many NLP applications focused on the lexical-semantic relation extraction. Existing solutions relying on large-scale corpora yield low performance because of huge contextual overlap of antonym and synonym pairs. We propose a novel approach entirely based on pre-trained embeddings. We hypothesize that the pre-trained embeddings comprehend a blend of lexical-semantic information and we may distill the task-specific information using Distiller, a model proposed in this paper. Later, a classifier is trained based on features constructed from the distilled sub-spaces along with some word level features to distinguish antonyms from synonyms. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms existing research on antonym synonym distinction in both speed and performance.

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Motina, O. P., and A. S. Titlova. "DIFFICULTIES OF INTRODUCING PARONYMIC UNITS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING." Main problems of modern linguistics 12, no. 12 (2020): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/2075-535x-2020.02.29-068-071.

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The article reveals the difficulties concerning mixing cognate paronymic units in students studying a foreign language. The causes of the erroneous use of consonant words are considered and the examples of such false associations are given. Criteria of distinguishing between paronymy and related semasiological phenomena of homonymy, synonymy and antonymy are defined; this enables us to conclude the practicability of introducing paronyms semanticizing them through synonyms and antonyms.

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Kotova, Marina Yu, and Olga V. Raina. "Towards a linguistic vision of the world at the paremiological level of language." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 17, no. 3 (2020): 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2020.309.

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This article examines the thematic groups of the Russian paremiological minimum of Grigoriy Permyakov, and its reflection in various foreign paremiological corpora, to support the idea of the specifics of a linguistic picture of the world at the paremiological level of language. The authors’ collections of Slavonic proverbs from 2000–2019 are utilized. The work applies the approach of contrastive paremiological studies promulgated by Valeriy Mokienko, in order to demonstrate the systematic characteristics of the paremiological level of expression: polysemantic, currently synonymous (70 groups) and antonymous (30 groups) Russian proverbs. Some proverbs are found in several synonymous and/or antonymous pairs: from our database, the total number of proverbial synonyms is 195 out of 500 proverbs, and of proverbial antonyms 83 out of 500 (as a result, approximately 39% of our Russian paremiological minimum are in a synonymous relationship and approximately 17% of proverbs are in an antonymous relationship). The authors conclude that the synonymous proverbs appear in all 12 groups of our thematic classification of Russian proverbs and the antonymous Russian proverbs appear in 10 thematic chapters out of 12. It is proposed that the thematic subgroups, containing synonyms or/and antonyms, are the dominating segments of the Russian proverbial representation of the world, which highlight the most important sides of the Russian conception of life embodied in proverbs.

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Sahib Mehdi Ali, Abdul. "A study of antonymous and synonymous couplings in Arabic with reference to translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 50, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.50.4.05sah.

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Abstract This paper discusses a particular type of Arabic word combinations, where basically two words, either antonyms or synonyms, are coordinated in fixed phrases or ‘coup lings’ that are of frequent occurrence in the language. Depending on whether the semantic relationship between the component parts of a given coupling is one of antonymy or synonymy, the study identifies two subtypes of these phrases, namely ‘Antonymous Couplings’ and ‘Synonymous Couplings’, respectively. Both types of couplings are here subjected to a close examination with a view to pointing out their main characteristics and identifying the various types of constraints governing the positioning of their components in relation to each other. The study also sheds light on some cross-linguistic similarities and differences of these couplings, their relevance to human experience, and their translatability from one language into another. It is concluded: (i) that both types of couplings are characterized by brevity, forcefulness, symbolism, and structural harmony; (ii) that the particular order in which the two components of a given coupling are arranged is not haphazard; rather it is governed by one or more of a number of considerations; (iii) that both types of couplings lend themselves well to functional and dynamic translation due to the fact that the pairing of words in such couplings is a linguistic universal, which in turn is attributable to the similarity of human experience. Résumé Cet article traite d’un type particulier de combinaisons de mots en arabe, dans lesquelles deux mots, soit antonymes, soit synonymes, sont associes dans des phrases fixes ou jonctions., qui apparaissent frequemment dans la langue. Selon que la relation semantique entre les composants d’une jonction donnee est du type antonyme ou synonyme, l’etude identifie deux sous-types de phrases, a savoir respectivement, les jonctions d’antonymes. et les .jonctions de synonymes. Les deux types de jonctions font ici l’objet d’un examen approfondi, en vue de montrer leurs caracteristiques principales et d’identifier les differents types de contraintes qui regissent la position de leurs composants les uns par rapport aux autres. L’etude eclaire egalement certaines similitudes et differences inter-linguistiques de ces jonctions, leur rapport avec l’experience humaine et leur traductibilite d’une langue a l’autre. Elle conclut en disant que: (i) les deux types de jonctions se caracterisent par la concision, la vigueur, le symbolisme et l’harmonie structurelle ; (ii) l’ordre particulier dans lequel se trouvent les deux composants d’une jonction donnee n’est pas du au hasard, mais il est plutot determine par une ou plusieurs considerations; (iii) les deux types de jonctions se pretent bien a la traduction fonctionnelle et dynamique, en raison du fait que le groupement de mots dans ces jonctions est un univers linguistique qui, a son tour, est attribuable a la similitude de l’experience humaine.

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Rizkallah, Sandra, Amir F. Atiya, and Samir Shaheen. "A Polarity Capturing Sphere for Word to Vector Representation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 4386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124386.

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Embedding words from a dictionary as vectors in a space has become an active research field, due to its many uses in several natural language processing applications. Distances between the vectors should reflect the relatedness between the corresponding words. The problem with existing word embedding methods is that they often fail to distinguish between synonymous, antonymous, and unrelated word pairs. Meanwhile, polarity detection is crucial for applications such as sentiment analysis. In this work we propose an embedding approach that is designed to capture the polarity issue. The approach is based on embedding the word vectors into a sphere, whereby the dot product between any vectors represents the similarity. Vectors corresponding to synonymous words would be close to each other on the sphere, while a word and its antonym would lie at opposite poles of the sphere. The approach used to design the vectors is a simple relaxation algorithm. The proposed word embedding is successful in distinguishing between synonyms, antonyms, and unrelated word pairs. It achieves results that are better than those of some of the state-of-the-art techniques and competes well with the others.

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Kaczmarek, Hanna. "Similaritäts- und Kontrastrelationen in einem Lernerwörterbuch. Lemmatisierungsschwierigkeiten." Germanica Wratislaviensia 142 (January 11, 2018): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.142.15.

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Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, aufgrund der kontrastierenden Analyse der gewählten Wörterbuchartikel aufzuzeigen, welche Lexeme in den gängigen deutschen Lernerwörterbüchern als Synonyme bzw. Antonyme fungieren und wie diese lemmatisiert werden. Anschließend wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit die bei den paradigmatischen Austauschklassen stehenden Informationen dem potentiellen fremdsprachigen Wörterbuchbenutzer bei möglichen Fragestellungen weiterhelfen können.Similarity and Contrast in Learner’s DictionariesThe author carries out a contrastive analysis of some entries selected from monolingual learner’s dictionaries. The analysis shows which linguistic items function as synonyms and antonyms in commonly used dictionaries and how they are lemmatized. Moreover, the corpus analysis indicates the extent to which the definitions of paradigmatically related entries may help foreign language learners to correctly choose and use appropriate lexemes.

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Pratiwi, Vivi Yulia, Yeni Dwi Jayanti, and Isry Laila Syathroh. "AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION FOUND IN “NEVER SAY NEVER” SONG LYRICS." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 3 (May 11, 2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i3.p377-384.

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The purpose of this study is to describe kinds of lexical cohesion and to know frequent lexical cohesion used to support the cohesiveness of discourse in Justin Bieber and Jaden Smith’s song entitled “Never Say Never”. The subject of this study is “Never Say Never” song lyrics. This study uses descriptive qualitative that focuses on lexical cohesion in particular synonym, repetition (anaphora and epistrophe repetition) and antonym. The instrument that the researchers used are books, earphone, youtube and other supporting tools. From this study, the result shows that the lyrics of “Never Say Never” song contains eleven forms of lexical cohesion, consisting of two synonyms, seven repetitions, and two antonyms. So the most frequent occurrence in the data is repetition. The function of lexical cohesion is to make the lyrics have harmonization that makes the lyrics more meaningful

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Muhammad Yunus, M. Ridha Anwari. "RELASI SEMANTIK BAHASA BANJAR DIALEK HULU." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 10, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v10i1.8398.

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Abstract Semantic Relations of the Hulu Banjar Dialect Language. Semantic relations are semantic relations that exist between one language unit with another language unit. The formulation of the problem in this research is how is the semantic relation of the words synonym, antonym, hominim, hyponym, and polysemy of the Banjar dialect language upstream? This study aims to describe the semantic relations of words in BBDH so that they can be known by their speakers. The research method used in this research is descriptive method. The results of this study are the forms of semantic relations found in the communication patterns of the Banjar upstream dialect community in the form of Synonyms, Antonyms, Homonyms, Polisemi, and Hyponyms. Key words: semantic relations, banjar language, hulu dialect Abstrak Relasi Semantik Bahasa Banjar Dialek Hulu. Relasi semantik adalah hubungan semantik yang terdapat antara satuan bahasa yang satu dengan satuan bahasa yang lainnya. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini ialah bagaimanakah relasi semantik kata sinonim, antonim, hominim, hiponim, dan polisemi bahasa Banjar dialek hulu? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan relasi semantik kata dalam BBDH agar dapat diketahui oleh penuturnya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah motode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini ialah bentuk-bentuk relasi semantik yang ditemukan dalam pola komunikasi masyarakat Banjar dialek hulu berupa Sinonim, Antonim, Homonim, Polisemi, dan Hiponim. Kata-kata kunci: relasi semantik, bahasa banjar, dialek hulu

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Elliott, Mark. "Evangelism and Proselytism in Russia: Synonyms or Antonyms?" International Bulletin of Missionary Research 25, no. 2 (April 2001): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693930102500205.

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Grudeva, E. "Basic Paradigmatic Correlations in the Semantic Field of the Concept Summer." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/53/61.

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Article is based on the materials of a comprehensive study of the concepts summer and autumn from the point of view of their perception by representatives of Russian and English linguistic cultures. This paper shows the features of the paradigmatic relations of Russian and English concept summer. The study was built on the identification of synonymous (quasi-synonymous), antonymic, (hypo) hyperonymic, or genus-species relationships, as well as the incompatibility relations of this concept. Study is based on the materials of the explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian and English languages; illustrative material was taken from the National corpus of the Russian language and the British National Corpus. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the paradigmatic explication of the content of the concept summer most clearly actualizes only one of the four previously identified cognitive features of the concept, namely the sign ‘time of year, season’.

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Bradbery, Patrick. "Knowledge Management and the Learning Organisation: Synonyms or Antonyms?" International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management: Annual Review 7, no. 3 (2007): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9524/cgp/v07i03/50344.

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Martínez Real, Francisco. "Lineal structures in the dictionaries of Spanish synonyms and antonyms." Romanica Olomucensia 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/ro.2016.016.

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Santus, Enrico, Qin Lu, Alessandro Lenci, and Chu-Ren Huang. "When Similarity Becomes Opposition: Synonyms and Antonyms Discrimination in DSMs." Italian Journal of Computational Linguistics 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ijcol.311.

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James, Stuart. "Chambers Synonyms and Antonyms(New edition)2004321Edited by Martin H. Manser. Chambers Synonyms and Antonyms(New edition). Edinburgh: Chambers Previously published in 1990 as Chambers Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms. vii+424 pp., ISBN: 0 550 10088 1 £7.99." Reference Reviews 18, no. 6 (September 2004): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120410553902.

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Mendesheva, Meerim. "Systemic Lexicosemantic Connections of the Adjective Rich in English." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 4 (September 21, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v116.

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The purpose of this article is to describe the meaning of the adjective rich and its systemic connections in the linguocultural aspect. Tasks: 1) determine the lexicosemantic variants of the adjective rich; 2) identify its synonyms and antonyms; 3) compare the semes of the adjective rich presented in different dictionaries. The relevance of this paper lies in the fact that the English linguistic worldview includes a certain area associated with linguocultural ideas about wealth that is represented by the adjective rich and its synonyms and antonyms. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time the semes of the adjective rich are considered in terms of linguistic worldview and the theory of mentality. The research material was selected from modern authoritative English dictionaries. The main methods used here are the method of component analysis of vocabulary definitions, descriptive method using interpretation and generalization techniques, comparative method, and elements of the linguocultural method. The analysis showed that the adjective rich in the English language has 34 semes, which can be combined into 8 thematic groups: 1) person: ‘someone/person/people’, ‘endowed’, ‘have’, ‘possessions’, ‘contain’; ‘entertainment’, ‘(highly) amusing’, ‘(highly) developed’; 2) material wealth: ‘(a lot of) money/material wealth/property’, ‘(financially) profitable’, ‘remunerative’, ‘valuable/high value’; 3) abundance: ‘lush/abounding/abundant’, ‘a high standard of living’, ‘supplied’; 4) perception: ‘colour’, smell/fragrance’, ‘sound/tone’, ‘taste’; 5) something material: ‘(natural) substance’, ‘food (with fat/oil/eggs/sugar)’, ‘plant/nutrients’; 6) resources: ‘combustion’, ‘source’; 7) evaluation: ‘attractive/magnificently impressive/pleasant’, ‘beautiful’, ‘good’, ‘(highly) productive’, ‘(highly) varied’, ‘useful’; 8) quality: ‘complex’, ‘pure/nearly pure’, ‘percentage’, ‘quality’. In addition, 26 synonyms and 4 antonyms of the adjective rich were identified.

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Masterson, Julie J., Lea Helen Evans, and Mark Aloia. "Verbal Analogical Reasoning in Children With Language-Learning Disabilities." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 1 (February 1993): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3601.76.

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This study was designed to explore the influences of both cognitive and linguistic abilities on verbal analogy completion. School-age children classified as language-learning disabled were administered five types of verbal analogies: synonyms, antonyms, linear order, category membership, and functional relationship. The performance of the children with language-learning disabilities was compared with one group of normally developing children matched for mental age and another group matched for language age. Results indicated that the group matched for mental age performed better than the other two groups on all types of analogies. Although they had significantly higher mental ages, the children with language-learning disabilities did no better than the language-matched group on any analogy type except antonyms.

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Halyan, O. V. "Antonymic relations in French physics terminology." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 36 (2019): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2019.36.03.

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The article addresses the topical issue of antonymy in a terminology system. The author reviews classifications of antonyms based on the semantic and structural criteria. A contrastive analysis of antonymic pairs as an opposition category is performed from the conceptual-semantic perspective. The basis of antonymic relations in a physics terminology system is the semantics of a hypernym term. It determines the extreme hyponym terms through which opposition is realized. It is shown that antonymic pairs in the lexicon of common usage and in a terminology system are not identical. The author posits that this is due to antonymic pairs acquiring new semantic elements while preserving key semantic features present in commonly used words. Antonymic terms in physics can enter into synonymic relations and form synonym sets whose functionality depends on the context of scientific text. Antonyms among physics terms have been divided into contrary (gradual), complementary, and vectorial based by the semantic criterion. The article describes their semantic characteristics and peculiarities of functioning in texts. In particular, contrary antonymic pairs denote two opposite kinds of concepts, between which there are one or more intermediate terms indicating the increase or decrease of a conceptual feature. Complementary antonymy is characterized by the fact that words that are opposed through hyponym terms complement of a single hypernym term and do not contain any intermediate lexical elements. In this kind of antonymy, it is necessary toclearly identify both elements of opposition to avoid ambiguity in the opposition of physical terms. Vector antonymy consist in the opposite of different actions, motions, signs and is quite common in physics terminology.

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Mendesheva, M. M. "Lexical-Semantic Analysis of the Adjective Poor in English: Definitions, Synonyms, and Antonyms." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 23, no. 1 (April 10, 2021): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2021-23-1-256-264.

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The article introduces the lexical-semantic aspect of the adjective poor in English, its synonyms, and antonyms. The analysis featured five English dictionaries: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus, Cobuild Advanced English Dictionary, The Free Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, and Merriam-Webster Dictionary. The author analyzed the lexical-semantic variants of the adjective and determined its meanings. The component analysis allocated 46 semes and sememes, which were combined into eight thematic groups: 1. People: (poor) people / a group, poverty, emaciated, not very skilful (in a particular activity), needy, humble, meek; 2. Animal: (hungry) animal; 3. Material means: having, material, possessions, mean, petty / (little) money / insufficient wealth, used of land, barren (land), unproductive (land); 4. Lack / shortage: lacking / deficient; 5. Something material: very little of the substance, (little of a particular) substance, (poor) food; 6. Resources: supply (of something specified – resources, materials), (poor) country; 7. Evaluation: bad / not good, (being of a very low) quality, (being of a very low) quantity, (being of a very low) standard, inferior / very little (in quality), inferior (in value), (less) amount, (less) rate, (less) number, little / few, (in bad) condition, not normal, less (than adequate) / scanty / inadequate, negative, small (in worth), quality; 8. Emotional attitude: exciting , pity, (deserving) sympathy, unlucky, disappointing , disagreeable, indifferent, unfavorable, no pleasure. The adjective poor appeared to have 37 synonyms and 13 antonyms.

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Raszewska-Żurek, Beata. "O dwóch znaczeniach i jednym wartościowaniu leksemu czystość (na tle niektórych wyrazów pokrewnych i antonimów)." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 47 (September 25, 2015): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2012.005.

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On the double meaning and single evaluation of the Polish lexeme czystość as compared with selected synonyms and antonyms This article is dedicated to evolution of both meanings of lexeme czystość – physical, meaning cleanness and ethical meaning purity with its’ evaluation. Both of them orginate from Praslavic language. For better understanding of its’ meanings adjective czysty, antonyms nieczystość, nieczysty, brud and brudny were taken into analysis.Ethical meaning of czystość as morality, righteousness was used commonly in Praslavic language and widely documented during the XVIth Century. It described wide range of positive meanings including sexual purity which became a dominant one. Despite of that fact czystość had great value and was described by positive epithets. It resulted from religious terminology and was one of the importancies in human life. Positive valuing of czystość in ethical meaning (purity) has not changed during next centuries but the way of expressing it has. Czystość described commonly known virtues like czystość serca, czystość zamiarów, czystość intencji, czystość obyczajów. Wide spectrum of understanding it as a virtue resulted in describing other accepted and positive values. Nowadays czystość as a virtue is used less common probably because of it’s pathetic overtone. Throughout the polish language history positive evaluation of purity was strongly underlined by its’ antonyms like nieczystość and transforming into ethical meaning brud.Physical meaning of czystość, rarely recorded because of the saced character of first documents (dominant ones) has not changed over the centuries. Nowadays this meaning become dominant. It resultes from cultural changes and orientation on hygienic style of life – physical czystość (hygiene) is connected with comfort, wellness and health. Unchengable positive meaning of physical czystość resultes from it’s strong antonym brud (dirt) which highly evokes sickness and repulsion.

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Sigacheva, Natalya, Alfiya Baranova, Diliara Vakhitova, Meri Gulkanyan, and Diliara Gainanova. "Scientific communication and translation problems with synonyms, antonyms, homonyms in construction sphere." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 890 (August 13, 2020): 012211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/890/1/012211.

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Movchan, D. V. "CORRELATION BETWEEN ANTONYMS AND OTHER LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CATEGORIES." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 68 (1) (2021): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2021.1.09.

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The article argues that antonymous words are not isolated in the language but are part of the general scheme of thematic classification of the vocabulary, entering into close ties with representatives of synonymous and polysemantic groups. Proof of this position is the availability of antonymous-synonymous blocks and paradigms of meanings of antonymous words-polysemants in the language. This fact serves to understand the antonymy of lexical as a relationship between members of opposing dichotomous series, as well as expands the boundaries of closed binary structures, which are traditionally used to make antonymous connections. Antonymous relations are established to connect two opposites in pairs, as well as to combine several units into one polynomial structure. Words are found to have more antonyms than the corresponding number of meanings. This proves that some semes of one word are opposed by two or more synonymous antonyms. From the above-mentioned, it follows that the antonyms of polysemous words can be stated only within one family. Such a framework can be defined by limiting the range of antonymous units to a third common concept, under which two antonyms are summed up; establishing the antonyms of polysemous words through the contextual indicative minimum; distinguishing between the direct and figurative meaning of the word. The antonymous connections within the framework of the synonymous-antonymous paradigm are established to demonstrate a qualitatively heterogeneous character, differ in the strength of the manifestation of the relations of opposites and the frequency of practical implementation. The analysis of the manifestations of antonyms between the members of the dichotomous synonymous series allows distinguishing the following types: radial, linear, and cross radial. It is proved that the quantitative indicator of the formation of certain antonymous pairs from among the members of synonymous series depends on the volume of the synonymous series being compared, from the nature of semantic differences of the words of each series, from the emotional, evaluative, and stylistic characteristics of the members of the series, and the distribution of the words with relatively opposite meanings.

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Hastuti, Hastuti. "KEMAMPUAN MEMAHAMI HUBUNGAN MAKNA DALAM KALIMAT PADA SISWA KELAS XI SMK PERSADA BANDAR LAMPUNG." Ksatra: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa dan Sastra 2, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52217/ksatra.v2i1.475.

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The ability to understand the meaning relationship is the ability to understand the relationship of meaning in sentences which include synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, homographs, homophones, hyponyms; hypernIM, and polysemia. This study aims to find out and describe how the level of students' ability to understand the relationship of meaning in sentences in the aspects above. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method, while the technique of collecting data is multiple choice objective test techniques. The population in this study amounted to 218 students and the study sample was set at 54 people. The sampling technique used is the stratified proportional random sampling technique. The results showed that overall, the level of ability to understand meaning relations in the sentence of class XI Even semester of SMK Persada Bandar Lampung was categorized enough with an average score of 68.59. For each aspect, the level of students' ability is as follows: ability of synonymy in good category (77%), ability to understand antonyms in good categories (73.59%), ability to understand homonyms in good categories (73.70), ability to understand homophones in good categories ( 72.18%), the ability to understand homographs is in the less category (50.35), the ability to understand hyponyms is in the good category (77.74%), the ability to understand hypernimms is in a sufficient category (62.33), and the ability to understand polysemi in the less category (59.62%).

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Ma, Shutian, Yingyi Zhang, and Chengzhi Zhang. "Using multiple Web resources and inference rules to classify Chinese word semantic relation." Information Discovery and Delivery 46, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/idd-03-2018-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to classify Chinese word semantic relations, which are synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms and meronymys. Design/methodology/approach Basically, four simple methods are applied, ontology-based, dictionary-based, pattern-based and morpho-syntactic method. The authors make good use of search engine to build lexical and semantic resources for dictionary-based and pattern-based methods. To improve classification performance with more external resources, they also classify the given word pairs in Chinese and in English at the same time by using machine translation. Findings Experimental results show that the approach achieved an average F1 score of 50.87 per cent, an average accuracy of 70.36 per cent and an average recall of 40.05 per cent over all classification tasks. Synonym and antonym classification achieved high accuracy, i.e. above 90 per cent. Moreover, dictionary-based and pattern-based approaches work effectively on final data set. Originality/value For many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, the step of distinguishing word semantic relation can help to improve system performance, such as information extraction and knowledge graph generation. Currently, common methods for this task rely on large corpora for training or dictionaries and thesauri for inference, where limitation lies in freely data access and keeping built lexical resources up-date. This paper builds a primary system for classifying Chinese word semantic relations by seeking new ways to obtain the external resources efficiently.

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Fantoni, G., C. Taviani, and R. Santoro. "Design by functional synonyms and antonyms: A structured creative technique based on functional analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 221, no. 4 (April 2007): 673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem635.

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Merzlyakova, Valeriya P., and Anna A. Bochkova. "The formation of synonyms and antonyms vocabulary of preschool children with general speech underdevelopment." Science and School, no. 1 (2021): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/1819-463x-2021-1-125-132.

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Shoaei, Mojtaba. "A Review of Shahriar's Persian Divan Words." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0706.07.

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The main objective of this study is to review the vocabulary reservoir of Shahriar's Divan linguistically. He has spent a lot of time on creating literary style. His works still maintain its artistic effects. His literary speech still interests every reader to be curious about the history of the evolution of literary form of Persian language. As this is the first study that has been done in the field of the vocabulary reservoir of Shahriar's Persian Divan, Persian Philology categories have been fully presented, the verbal and semantic characteristics of Persian vocabulary reservoir are reflected. Throughout the divan, synonyms have a distinctive feature. Other categories of words such as antonyms, kinds of figures of speech, allusions, simile, metaphor, bilingualism are of important subjects. Selection of the appropriate rhymes is evident in Divan. Shahriar's Divan has also been reviewed linguistically by studying its meaningful examples of poetry. In this study, the volumes published in 2006 have been used. Selecting proper rhymes is evident in Divan. Using antonyms creates various positions and occasions in stylistics.

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Khalilova, T. "Integration Teaching the Kyrgyz Language in the Kyrgyz Literature." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/49/55.

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The article provides an example of the integration of antonyms, synonyms, homonyms in the Kyrgyz language. The novel The White Steamboat is analyzed. It has been established that many topics in Kyrgyz literature coincide with those of the Kyrgyz language and can be integrated. Any topic in the Kyrgyz language can be carried out by linking them to topics in Kyrgyz literature. If you teach students, comprehensively educating and guiding them into the future, through the integration of works of art, there will be an opportunity not only to interest students in learning, but also the possibility of education.

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Salleh, Siti Farida, Yazid Yahya, Mary Fatimah Subet, and Muhammad Zaid Daud. "ANALISIS SEMANTIK LEKSIKAL DALAM NOVEL SANGKAR KARYA SAMSIAH MOHD. NOR." Asian People Journal (APJ) 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/apj.2020.3.1.144.

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Abstract: Novel is one of the mediums of non-verbal communication that the author wishes to convey to the reader. Through the reading of this novel, the reader can experience a wide range of emotions. Whether it's sad, happy, excited and so on. Therefore, this study will explore the meaning behind the novel entitled "Sangkar" by Samsiah Mohd. Nor. The novel was published in 2010 through the publication of Alaf 21 Sdn. Bhd. There are 248 pages and 26 chapters for this novel. This study is a qualitative study consisting of annotated text analysis as well as a simple quantitative approach to finding lexical frequency and complexity in this Sangkar novel. To analyze this novel the researcher will apply a lexical semantic approach. Through this lexical semantic approach it is possible to classify lexical types into synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, polysemic, homonyms, homophones, homographs, metonyms and meronyms. Based on the findings of this study, the frequency and percentage of total lexical semantics recorded a frequency value of 1019 (100%) lexical only. However, through the novel there was only partial lexical semantics comprising; antonyms–442 (43.37%), synonyms–218 (21.39%), meronyms–185 (18.15%) and hyponyms–174 (17.07%). It can be concluded that through this lexical semantic approach it is possible to classify different lexical groups into the same group of meanings. Keywords: Lexical semantics, meaning, novel, general reading Abstrak: Novel merupakan salah satu medium komunikasi bukan lisan yang ingin disampaikan oleh penulis kepada pembaca. Melalui pembacaan novel, pembaca dapat merasai emosi yang pelbagai. Sama ada sedih, gembira, teruja dan sebagainya. Oleh itu, kajian ini akan meneroka makna di sebalik novel yang bertajuk “Sangkar” oleh Samsiah Mohd. Nor. Novel ini diterbitkan pada tahun 2010 melalui penerbitan Alaf 21 Sdn. Bhd. Terdapat 248 muka surat dan 26 bab bagi novel ini. Kajian ini adalah berbentuk kualitatif iaitu analisis teks yang telah dibukukan serta pendekatan kuantitatif mudah untuk mendapatkan kekerapan dan peratusan leksikal dalam novel Sangkar ini. Bagi menganalisis novel ini pengkaji, akan mengaplikasikan pendekatan semantik leksikal. Melalui pendekatan semantik leksikal ini, pengkaji dapat mengelaskan jenis leksikal kepada sinonim, antonim, hiponim, polisim, homonim, homofon, homograf, metonim dan meronim. Melalui dapatan kajian ini, jumlah kekerapan dan peratusan bagi keseluruhan semantik leksikal ini mencatat nilai kekerapan sebanyak 1019 (100%) leksikal sahaja. Namun begitu, melalui novel ini, hanya terdapat pecahan semantik leksikal yang terdiri daripada antonim–442 (43.37%), sinonim–218 (21.39%), meronim–185 (18.15%) dan hiponim–174 (17.07%). Dapat dirumuskan bahawa, melalui pendekatan semantik leksikal ini, membolehkan pelbagai golongan leksikal yang berbeza dikelaskan dalam golongan makna yang sama. Kata kunci: Semantik leksikal, makna, novel, bacaan umum

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Pllana, Sadete, Albulena Pllana, and Fisnike Pllana. "Observations of the Antonyms of Nouns and Adjectives in the Economic Terminology in the Albanian Language." European Journal of Language and Literature 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v4i4.p72-75.

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The antonymy arouses various discussions in various studies, especially the extreme or scalable opposition, it is complete and partial, negation and opposition. On the basis of many studies it is argued and accepted that the antonyms deny each other but at the same time assert themselves. Compound antonymic words are more numerous than the merged words (agglutinations). By analyzing the syntactic relationships between the elements of these words, they emerge entirely only as deterministic compounds. From the lexical-grammatical point of view these are nouns, adjectives and few adverbs and pronouns. In this work, the antonymic pairs, nouns and adjectives, are treated, which are widely used in the Albanian economic terminology. The systemic organization of terminology is also helped by the antonymic contrasts. Contrary to synonymy and homonymy, the antonymy characterizes the terminology positively, precisely because it proves the systematic connection of terms for a developed terminology in the system.

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Akbar, Sadeeq, Shams ul Islam, and Muhammad Uzair Yousaf. "Test Phobia of IELTS and its Remedy." Global Language Review II, no. I (December 30, 2017): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2017(ii-i).07.

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English acquisition as a second language (ESL) has been a Herculean task for students generally. When it comes specifically to IELTS, it seems to be the most difficult assessment of life because students’ level of English do not meet the IELTS requirements due to incorrect local practices; either due to unconducive environment or social factors for which the best way out is rephrasing the text, getting used to standard English, majoring appropriate use of tense, lack of familiarity with standard accents. Hence, presentation of opinions and variety of vocabulary with it aspects of synonyms and antonyms produce a better result in scoring respectable bands in IELTS.

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Salamucha, Agnieszka. "The Concept of Inclusion in the Context of Sustainable Development." Problemy Ekorozwoju 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2021.2.08.

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The article presents a semantic analysis of the concept of inclusion, which – treated as the central category for Goal 16 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations) – requires further definition. Initially, I outline the history and etymology of the word inclusion, provide various contexts of its use in Polish common language and in the academic area, take a closer look at the word family as well as synonyms and antonyms of the term inclusion (especially exclusion). Next, I explore functions of the concept of inclusion (descriptive, explanatory, normative) and problems regarding the concept. The conclusion contains four types of referents of the term inclusion.

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Harrán, Don. "Elegance as a Concept in Sixteenth-Century Music Criticism*." Renaissance Quarterly 41, no. 3 (1988): 413–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2861755.

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”… et vere sciunt cantilenas ornare, in ipsis omnes omnium affectus exprimere, et quod in Musico summum est, et elegantissimum vident … “Adrian Coclico, Compendium musices (1552)The notion of music as a form of speech is a commonplace. Without arguing the difficult questions whether music is patterned after speech or itself constitutes its own language, it should be remembered that the main vocabulary for describing the structure and content of music has been drawn from the artes dicendi. The present report deals with a small, but significant part of this vocabulary: the term elegance along with various synonyms and antonyms borrowed from grammar and rhetoric and applied to music, in a number of writings, from classical times onwards.

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Jeon, Hyeon-Ae, Kyoung-Min Lee, Young-Bo Kim, and Zang-Hee Cho. "Neural substrates of semantic relationships: Common and distinct left-frontal activities for generation of synonyms vs. antonyms." NeuroImage 48, no. 2 (November 2009): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.049.

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Stevanovic, Jelena, and Emilija Lazarevic. "On certain aspects of the semantic development of younger primary school-age children." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 46, no. 2 (2014): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi1402299s.

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The ability to understand the meaning of words and sentences is an important determinant of the language development, which also indicates the development of the ability to learn. Bearing this in mind, the research was aimed at studying the level of semantic development of younger primary school-age children. Semantic development was studied from the aspect of understanding the meaning of words and their use in the following lexical relations: homonyms, antonyms, synonyms and metonyms. The research was conducted in three Belgrade primary schools during the school year 2013/2014. The sample was convenient and included 431 second- and third-grade pupils. The Semantic test (by S. Vladisavljevic) was used in the study. Research results showed that none of the pupils had provided the correct answer to all administered tasks. The best scores were achieved on the part of the test referring to antonyms, while the pupils were least successful on the tasks referring to metonyms. Additionally, third-grade pupils were more successful than younger participants, while there were no differences according to gender. The results indicated that it was necessary to devote more attention to different lexical and semantic exercises at preschool and early school age, considering the link between semantic development, the acquisition of reading and writing skills and the (un)successful mastering of the school curriculum in the majority of subjects.

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James, Stuart. "A Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms (Revised edition)2006258Compiled by Alan Spooner. A Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms (Revised edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005. 572 pp., ISBN: 0 19 280634 3 £9.99 $16.95 Oxford Paperback Reference Series." Reference Reviews 20, no. 5 (July 2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120610672926.

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Luigi, Aprile. "DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION WITH OR WITHOUT SENTENCE CONTEXT LEXICAL DEFINITIONS IN YOUNG PEOPLE AGED BETWEEN 8 AND 12." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 1, no. 2 (July 15, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2015.n2.v1.320.

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Our hypothesis foresees the presence of the following lexical abilities: synonyms, antonyms, categories, word function with or without sentence context. 215 girls and 257 boys in third grade, 240 girls and 255 boys in fourth grade, 245 girls and 276 boys in fifth grade (for a total of 1488) participated in this research project. The experiment was divided into 2 phases. In the first phase, 100 boys and girls, divided by age were asked to define words with high image value and dominant meaning and frequency of use in a list. The words were taken from short readings of elementary school literature. The passages used were those reflecting a popularity rating above 80%. The Flesch index of readability (with a value between 64 and 73, higher than mean value of 50) was applied to the readings. In the first phase we recorded the answers the children gave to questions such as “What does word X mean?” or “How would you define word X?”. The children were asked to provide the best written definition according to them. They were with no problems in reading and writing processes. We then proceeded to elaborate the test with four multiple choice questions. In the second phase, using the definitions provided by the children, we used trials subject to item analysis using calculations based on: index of difficulty, ability to distinguish, reliability factor (using the Kuder-Richardson formula). The definitive test was divided into eight parts including: synonyms, antonyms, categories, contextual and non contextual functions (PAV or Analytical Vocabulary Test, Florence, O.S., 1991).The results showed by means of factorial analysis times principle components (varimax method, N = 1488) the presence of two principal factors: Factor 1, contextual and Factor 2, non contextual. This data would seem to confirm that subjects when working out the definition of words, need two types of information: the context of the sentence in which the word is used (Factor 1, contextual) and the definition of the word without referring to the sentence (Factor 2, non contextual).

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Thao, Nguyen Van. "A STUDY ON CONTRASTIVE PARALLEL-STRUCTURED SENTENCES UNDER SEMANTIC FIELD PERSPECTIVE." SELTICS 3, no. 1 (June 14, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46918/seltics.v3i1.542.

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Contrastive parallel-structured sentence (CPSS) was a traditionally artistic kind of Vietnamese literature, which was originated from the Chinese. The aims of this article is to investigate all kinds of the CPSS and the semantic field aspects inherently existing in it; adding that the article targets in what social occasions the Vietnamese use the CPSS the most. To have a deep insight into the semantic field aspects in the CPSS, the article has applied integrated methods such as descriptive method, analytical method and statistic method. In this article, the semantic field in the CPSS was showed, analyzed and discussed to reveal the application of linguistic units such as the phenomena of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, fixed phrases and especially semantic field, adding that to show how words are exploited with the same semantic field.

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Huang, Chun‐Che, and Chia‐Ming Kuo. "The transformation and search of semi‐structured knowledge in organizations." Journal of Knowledge Management 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673270310492985.

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Knowledge is perceived as very important asset for organizations and knowledge management is critical for organization competitiveness. Because the nature of knowledge is always represented as complex and varied, it is difficult to extend effectiveness of knowledge re‐use in organizations. In this article, an approach based on the Zachman’s Framework to externalize organizational knowledge into semi‐structured knowledge is developed, and eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is applied to transform the knowledge into documents. In addition, latent semantic indexing (LSI), which is capable of solving problems of synonyms and antonyms, as well as improving accuracy of document searches, is incorporated to facilitate search of semi‐structured knowledge (SSK) documents based on user demands. The SSK approach shows great promise for organizations to acquire, store, disseminate, and reuse knowledge.

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Rutkovska, Kristina. "NAMAS ‘house’ and NAMAI ‘home’ in the Lithuanian Language and Culture." Lietuvių kalba, no. 10 (December 15, 2016): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2016.22594.

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The Lithuanian picture of house/home is deeply rooted in folk tradition – the ideal home is the rural home of a person’s childhood. In Lithuanian, there are two expressions that are used to designate the concept, the singular namas – which dictionaries tersely define as a building – and the plural namai, which stands for a broader space and a family staying together. The author discusses synonyms (and quasi-synonyms), antonyms (accenting the opposition between familiarity and strangeness), derivatives and collocations of these words. She reports the results of a questionnarie, which show that namas/namai is often mythicised as a paradise on earth, with the important motif of returning home. Proverbs keep guard over patriarchal relations in the family and portray home as a stronghold. Journalistic texts introduce the concept of a cosmopolitan home, open to the world. The features of the Lithuanian base picture of namas/namai are discussed according to the basic semantic aspects: social, psychosocial (sacralisation of home), mental, physical and functional (home as a shelter protecting individuals from the strange world they fear). Two profiles of the Lithuanian home are identified in the study: a romantic rustic profile grounded in the lasting relationship with the family, and a European, intelligentsia profile located wherever there are (any) people.

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Muglia Wechsler, Solange, Tatiana De Cassia Nakano, Simone Ferreira da Silva Domingues, Helena Rinaldi Rosa, Roselaine Berenice Ferreira da Silva, José Humberto Da Silva-Filho, and Carla Alexandra Da Silva Moita Minervino. "Gender differences on tests of crystallized intelligence." European Journal of Education and Psychology 7, no. 1 (October 29, 2015): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v7i1.98.

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This study aimed to determine whether performance on tests of crystallized intelligence is affected by gender and to ascertain whether differential item parameters could account for the gender disparities. The sample comprised 1.191 individuals (55% women) between the ages of 16 and 77 years old (M=22; SD=9.5). The participants were primarily college students (58.3%) living in four Brazilian states. Four verbal tests measuring crystallized intelligence (vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms and verbal analogies) were constructed and administered in a group setting. An analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in the overall performance between men and women. However, a differential item functioning analysis indicated significant differences on 8.7% of the items, which indicates the existence of gender bias. Because bias can limit women’s access to social opportunities, the results obtained indicate the importance of reducing item bias in cognitive measures to ensure the accuracy of test results.

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Kapetanović, Amir. "The concept of justice (pravda) in Croatian." Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury 32 (December 20, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/et.2020.32.101.

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This paper analyses the linguistic concept of justice (pravda) in Croatian according to the methodology of the Lublin Ethnolinguistic School. Recent monolingual dictionaries of Croatian typically list only one meaning of the lexeme pravda and lexicographic definitions focus on the social aspect of the term. The paper also analyses the relationship of this lexeme with others (synonyms, antonyms) and lists phrases and sayings related to pravda. An analysis of a corpus of Croatian texts (of the last 150 years) and the results of a survey (100 respondents) point to weaknesses in lexicographic definitions of the lexeme pravda, as well as to the complexity of the concept of pravda in Croatian. According to the results of the survey, the most important characteristics of pravda are equality and acting on merit, followed by the ethical aspect (respect, morality, truth) and the psychological aspect (satisfaction/happiness, freedom, conscience).

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Shakhanova, R., and D. Sabirova. "BASIC PRINCIPLES OF VOCABULARY WORK." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 74, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-4.1728-7804.40.

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Vocabulary work covers the acquisition of new words and meanings by schoolchildren in an accessible form; the main stage of familiarization with the emotional and expressive coloring of words, the scope of their use; assimilation of concepts of polysemy and figurative meanings, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms; activation of the dictionary, the use of new learned words in their own utterances, their inclusion in the number of words constantly used by the student; clearing the dictionary, i.e. elimination of dialectal, vernacular, vulgar words from the active vocabulary of students and much more. In order to improve speech culture, a prominent place should be occupied by exercises aimed at expanding the active vocabulary of children, as well as developing their ability to choose from their vocabulary to Express thoughts those words that most correspond to the content of the utterance and make it correct, accurate and expressive.

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Seo, Kangbo, Sureun Shin, and Haegwon Jeong. "A Study on System Learning with Synonyms and Antonyms in Korean –Based on Behavioral Responses of Chinese Speaking Learners–." Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language 62 (August 31, 2021): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21716/tkfl.62.5.

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Permata Raharjo, Resdianto, and Ahmad Sudali. "ANALISIS KOHESI DAN KOHORENSI DALAM WACANA BERITA KEMISKINAN DAN RAMADHAN DALAM KORAN REPUBLIKA." Jurnal Disastri (Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia) 1, no. 01 (August 26, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/disastri.v1i01.497.

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This journal explains the results of cohesion and coherence analysis in the current new news discourse in Indonesia published by Republika, Thursday 16 May 2019. The research uses descriptive methods by describing and explaining the results of the analysis found in the study. This research is a type of qualitative research because the results tend to be released and descriptive. the technique used in this study is to take data, data collection is done in two ways, namely listening and taking notes. This study found the results of the use of cohesion and and the use of coherence. Cohesion is the integration between the parts that are characterized by the use of language elements. Cohesion is divided into two parts, lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion includes conjunction, reference, release, substitution. Lexical cohesion includes antonyms, synonyms, repetitions, metonymy, and hypomini. Whereas, cohorence is the relationship between elements one with the other elements so that it has an integrated meaning.

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Rini, Elizabeth Ika Hesti Aprilia Nindia. "KATA MAJEMUK VERBA BAHASA JEPANG." KIRYOKU 2, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v2i4.9-14.

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(Title: Japanese verb compound words) As an agglutinative language, the formation of the word in Japanese is done morphologically. The word joins Japanese consists of compound words (複合語), words reduplication (畳語), and derivative words (派生語). This study aims to describe the structure and relationship of the meaning of verb compound words. The method used is the descriptive method. As a result of the study, it was found that verb compound words have patterns (N + V), (V + V), (A + V), and (AD + V). The relation of the meaning of the pattern (N + V) is A subject B, object B, and A tool or material B. The relation of the meaning of the pattern (V + V) is the first/second element to lose its substantive meaning, the first and second elements cannot be described again, parallel relations (synonyms and antonyms). There is not much pattern (A + V) found. The pattern (AD + V) expresses the description of the situation with onomatopoeia.

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Isma Farikha Latifatun Nuzulia and Istiqomah Wulandari. "An Analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Donald Trump's Speech to the UN General Assembly 2017." IJOLTL-TL (Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics) 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/ijoltl.v5i3.635.

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The aim of this research is to define a linguistic framework based on Donald Trump's manuscript at the 2017 General Assembly since Trump is an influential person in the world and it was essential to note how the impact of his speech could have a strong effect on audiences. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach to analyze and describe the types of lexical cohesion of HallidayHasan (1976) and Renkema's Theory (2004). In regard, the researchers analyze the most frequently known types of lexical cohesion following the analysis of the data and drawing conclusions based on the results. The findings showed that 80 data were found and 36 data included repetitions, 10 synonyms, 2 general terms, 3 superordinates, 10 collocations, 5 hyponymies, 6 antonyms, 27 anaphoras, and no cataphora and metonymy found in this analysis. After analyzing the results, the most dominant type found was repetition, which meant emphasizing their speech to show how powerful the American and show profound admiration for others.

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Pirverdieva, Julia, Karina Neganova, and Nonna Pelevina. "Computer-Based Teaching of Lexis in Primary School." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001116.

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The article deals with the use of modern computer technologies in the lexical skills formation in primary school students at the foreign language lessons. The work describes the author’s computer-based methods, which include a developed website with a various list of exercises and tasks at the stage of using vocabulary (variant-situational stage): exercises for controlling of vocabulary (correlate words with translation, connect pairs of synonyms or antonyms, and find a definition of a foreign word), thematic crosswords and interactive testing. Also within the framework of the website, we developed a descriptive electronic dictionary with hyperlinks to the context. Various children’s fairy tales were offered as contexts in English. In order to confirm the research hypothesis, an experiment was conducted. The results of the experiment allowed the authors to justify the use of modern ICT at foreign language lessons in order to increase the level of lexical skills of primary school students.

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Al- Farra, Amaal Kamal. "Lexemes and Semantic Relations in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.10.4.

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Abstract:

Communicating via language is an important property of human beings. Usually one does not think of the relations between words. But from linguistic perspective, the words are not single units. They are linked to each other by semantic and formal relations. The focus of this paper is on different lexemes in English and Arabic. So, this research aims to investigate the major errors which EFL students encounter by the misuse of different lexemes. This is achieved through using the elicitation instrument by implementing two tests. A pretest and a posttest for the sixth-grade students. First the students face problems in dealing with homonyms, synonyms, antonyms and homophones as a result of negative interference between the two languages, Arabic and English. After extensive training the students get good results. They are able to overcome the ambiguity of these lexemes. This shows the importance of learning lexemes in both languages as this simplifies the communication and identifies the areas of ambiguity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Antonyms and synonyms'

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