Academic literature on the topic 'Antrim County (Mich.)'

ABSTRACT The vacA and cagA geno- and phenotypes of two mouse-adapted strains of Helicobacter pylori, SS1 and SPM326, were determined. The SS1 strain, which had thecagA + and vacA s2-m2 genotype, induced neither vacuole formation in HeLa cells nor interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in KATO III cells. In contrast, H. pyloriSPM326, with the cagA + and vacAs1b-m1 genotype, induced vacuoles as well as IL-8 production in vitro. Furthermore, a spontaneous mutant of SPM326, which produced a vacuolating cytotoxin but was not able to induce IL-8 production (SPM326/IL-8−), was detected. C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice were infected with these three strains to investigate the colonization pattern and the effect on the immune response in vivo. The SS1 strain colonized the stomachs of all mice in large numbers which remained constant over time. Colonization with the SPM326/IL-8+ and SPM326/IL-8− strains was lesser, or even absent, and decreased over time. At 5 weeks postinoculation all three H. pylori strains induced a mild increase of neutrophil count in the gastric corpus of C57Bl/6 mice, which disappeared by 12 weeks. At both 5 and 12 weeks postinoculation C57Bl/6 mice colonized with SPM326/IL-8+ showed an increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen in the cardia which was accompanied by an increased number of T cells. C57Bl/6 mice that were infected with SS1 and SPM326/IL-8− did not show chronic inflammation. BALB/c mice colonized with SS1 and SPM326/IL-8− also showed an increase in neutrophil count at 5 weeks, which normalized again by 12 weeks postinoculation. At this time point SS1-infected mice showed inflammation in the corpus and antrum. At these sites an increased expression of MHC class II antigens and an increased number of T cells were observed. Although small lymphoid follicles were already observed 5 weeks after inoculation with SS1, their incidence as well as their number was increased at 12 weeks. These results show that inflammation induced by H. pyloridepends both on the bacterial strain and the host.

Neoplasia literally means the process of “new growth,” and a new growth is called a neoplasm. The term tumor was originally applied to the swelling caused by inflammation. Neoplasms also may induce swellings, but by long precedent, the non-euplastic usage of tumor has passed into limbo; thus, the term is now equated with neoplasm. Oncology (Greek oncos = tumor) is the study of tumors or neoplasm’s. Cancer is the common term for all malignant tumors. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-tumor activity of ethanolic leaves extract of Epipremnum aureum Linn. and evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo experimental models. To achieve objectives, EEEA was subjected to phytochemical screening and tested for oral toxicity test. The in-vitro study was carried out by means of MTT assay and Trypan blue dye exclusion assay using DAL cell lines. The in-vivo anti-tumor activity was evaluated against DAL tumour bearing mice by liquid tumour models. Preliminary phytochemical screening was confirmed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic, steroids, and triterpeniods etc. EEEA showed good cytotoxic effect on DAL cell line in MTT assay and Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Oral administration of EEEA in tumour bearing mice for 14 days, showed significant reduction in the percent increase in body weight, tumour volume, tumour weight, viable cell count when compared to the untreated mice of the DAL control group. The restoration of the haematological parameters towards the normal control was also observed. The results suggested that the EEEA exhibits significant anti-tumor activity towards both methods. The DAL-bearing mice orally administered leaves of Epipremnum aureum Linn., at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight showed significant change in the average life span compared to animals of the tumor control group. The percentage increase in body weight, tumor cell volume, and number of viable tumor cells were found to be significantly less than the tumor control animals, indicating the anti-tumor nature of the extract.

Medieval literature abounds in stories about animals, of which there are two main, easily distinguished, varieties: animal fables and beast epic.1 Animal fables claim Aesop as their source. They are small narratives in which animals act and speak, with even smaller morals tacked on at the end of the little stories. They involve many animals (e.g., mice, lambs, cocks, foxes, birds, wolves, lions, and frogs). Such stories were used to teach schoolboys both Latin and some commonsense morality into the bargain (e.g., do not overeat; do not overreach; save up for the hard times; justice can be rough and ready, so keep clear of the predators). Beast epic, by contrast, is a group of interconnected narratives, set in the court of the lion; its single (anti-)hero is Reynard the Fox. Beast epic presents narratives of dark but vital humor that repeat the same narrative with many variations: its rhetorically brilliant fox, Reynard, outwits all comers by manipulating their bottomless greed. No matter how tight the corner into which Reynard has been backed, we know he will escape. He escapes through brilliant narrative control and intimate, intuitive knowledge of his enemies’ weaknesses. He exposes the arrogance of the greedy but even more damagingly the hypocrisy of the “civilized” order. We learn a fundamental truth from these stories: both animals and humans are predatory and self-interested ...