Academic literature on the topic 'Antrodia camphorate'

Antrodin C, a bioactive component of Taiwanofungus camphoratus, exhibits good immunophysiological and antitumour activities, including a broad spectrum of anticancer effects. Exogenous additives can bind to metabolites during the submerged culture of T. camphoratus and affect secondary metabolite yields. However, the lack of molecular genetic studies on T. camphoratus has hindered the study of the antrodin C biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we conducted a ribonucleic acid-sequencing-based transcriptional analysis to identify the differentially expressed genes involved in the synthesis of antrodin C by T. camphoratus, using inositol and maleic acid (MAC) as exogenous additives. The addition of inositol significantly upregulated carbohydrate and sugar metabolism pathway genes (E3.2.1.14, UGDH, and IVD). When MAC was used, amino and nucleotide sugar metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were significantly inhibited, and the associated genes (E3.2.1.14 and E3.2.1.58) were also significantly downregulated. The biosynthesis pathway genes for ubiquinone and other terpene quinones (COQ2, ARO8, and wrbA), which may play an important role in antrodin C synthesis, were significantly downregulated. This study advances our understanding of how the additives inositol and MAC affect metabolite biosynthesis in T. camphorates. This could be beneficial in proposing potential strategies for improving antrodin C production using a genetic approach.

Background. In recent years, studies have noted a decrease in the probability of the occurrence of malignant tumors and metastasis due to the antitumor properties of medicinal mushrooms, antiproliferative effect, apoptosis of malignant cells, immunostimulating effect. Medicinal mushrooms can increase the effectiveness of traditional chemotherapy due to the radioprotective effect, reduce toxicity and reduce resistance to traditional chemotherapy when used in combination.
 Aim: To analyze the influence of Ganoderma Licidum, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma sinense, Fomitopsis officinalis, Polyporus melanopus, Taiwanofungus camphorates and Talaromyces purpureogenus on malignant neoplasms and the mechanisms of such an influence.
 Materials and methods. Search for sources of Ukrainian and foreign literature for an analytical review by key words Ganoderma Licidum, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma sinense, Fomitopsis officinalis, Polyporus melanopus, Taiwanofungus camphorate and Talaromyces purpureogenus with the help of the Pubmed medical scientific database for the period 1995-2023.
 Results. Ganoderma Licidum and Taiwanofungus camphorate exerted cytotoxic, antiproliferative effects and sometimes induced apoptosis of some malignant cell lines. Stimulation of the immune response is the most proven mechanism of antitumor action of medicinal mushrooms, the mechanisms of antiproliferative action, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of malignant cells under the influence of medicinal mushrooms have not been sufficiently studied. Ganoderma acid contained in Ganoderma Licidum and Ganoderma sinense, ubiquinone 4 Acetylanthroquinonol B (4 AAQB) and Q0 in Taiwanofungus camphorate are considered as the basis for new anticancer drugs.
 Conclusion. Preparations from Ganoderma Licidum and Taiwanofungus camphorates (Antrodia) are promising for combined use together with traditional antitumor therapy and separately as a prophylactic agent, however, the problem needs further study.

Antrodia camphorata, unique fungal specie, has been used as a folk medicine in Taiwan for many years. The purpose of this study was to compare the extracts from the solid-state culture of A. camphorata co-fermented with Chinese medicinal herb (AC-CF) with two other extracts from fruiting bodies (AC-FB) or solid-state culture (AC-SS), for their anti-tumor effects in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. We measured in vitro cell proliferation, percentage of apoptosis, population distribution of cell cycles, Western blot analysis of multiple drugs resistance-1 (MDR-1), and apoptosis-related proteins in HepG2 cells treated with three different preparations of A. camphorate extracts. Our results showed that AC-CF had better anti-proliferation effect on human hepatoma HepG2 cells than AC-FB or AC-SS dose-dependently. In addition, AC-CF in combination with anti-tumor agents (mitomycin C or methotrexate) showed better adjuvant anti-tumor effects than AC-FB or AC-SS. We further demonstrated the augmented adjuvant anti-tumor effects of AC-CF not only through down regulation of MDR-1 expression but also through a COX-2 dependent apoptosis pathway, involving down-regulation of COX-2 and p-AKT and up-regulation of PARP-1. In conclusion, in this study, we have demonstrated a novel strategy of fermenting A. camphorata with Chinese medicinal herb (AC-CF), which augmented their anti-tumor effects in human hepatoma HepG2 cells as compared to the traditional ones (AC-FB or AC-SS).

Antrodia camphorata (A. camphorata) is a parasitic fungus that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine because of its wide range of pharmacological activities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the antiproliferative effect and the mechanism of the ethyl acetate extract from A. camphorata grown on germinated brown rice (AGBR-EtoAc) in human hepatic carcinoma HepG2 cell lines. The results show that AGBR-EtoAc has significant remarkable inhibitory and antiproliferative effects on HepG2 cells in a concentration and time dependent manner. AGBR-EtoAc involved in the regulation of G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and induced cell apoptosis. The protein levels of Cdk4 and cyclin D1 in the AGBR-EtoAc treated group were lower than those in the control group. Also, the expressions of the p53 and Bax were increased and Bcl-2 protein was downregulated with AGBR-EtoAc treatment. These findings suggest that AGBR-EtoAc extracts might act as an effective anti-proliferative agent by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and involved cell apoptosis in hepatic carcinoma cells.

The inhibition of Na+/K+ -ATPase by versatile steroid-like compounds contributes to the putative therapeutic effects of many Chinese medicinal cardiac products via the same molecular mechanism triggered by cardiac glycosides. Five major steroid-like compounds, antcin A, B, C, H, and K were isolated from Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata), a unique Taiwan mushroom, and all inhibited Na+/K+ -ATPase. Antcin A exhibited significantly higher inhibitory potency than the other four antcins, though weaker than ginsenoside Rh2 . In contrast, cortisone (an analogous steroid with anti-inflammatory effects stronger than antcin A) showed no detectable inhibitory potency. Molecular modeling has shown that antcins bind to Na+/K+ -ATPase with the steroidal skeleton structurally upside-down in comparison with ginsenoside Rh2 . The inhibitory potency of antcin A is attributed to steroidal hydrophobic interaction within the binding pocket and the formation of three hydrogen bonds between its carboxyl group and two cationic residues around the cavity entrance of Na+/K+ -ATPase. The presence of an additional carbonyl or hydroxyl group at C7 of the other four antcins leads to severe repulsion in the hydrophobic pocket, and thus significantly reduces inhibitory potency. It is proposed that antcin A is a bi-functional compound that exerts anti-inflammatory effects and that enhances blood circulation via two different molecular mechanisms.

Young-onset colorectal cancer is an increasing concern worldwide due to the growing prevalence of Westernized lifestyles in childhood and adolescence. Environmental factors during early life, particularly early-life nutrition, significantly contribute to the increasing incidence. Recently, there have been reports of beneficial effects, including anti-inflammation and anti-cancer, of a unique fungus (Antrodia camphorate, AC) native to Taiwan. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of AC supplementation in early life on the development of young-onset intestinal tumorigenesis. APC1638N mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HF) at 4–12 weeks of age, which is equivalent to human childhood/adolescence, before switching to a normal maintenance diet for an additional 12 weeks up to 24 weeks of age, which is equivalent to young to middle adulthood in humans. Our results showed that the body weight in the HF groups significantly increased after 8 weeks of feeding (p < 0.05). Following a switch to a normal maintenance diet, the change in body weight persisted. AC supplementation significantly suppressed tumor incidence and multiplicity in females (p < 0.05) and reduced IGF-1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling (p < 0.05). Moreover, it altered the gut microbiota, suppressed inflammatory responses, and created a microenvironment towards suppressing tumorigenesis later in life.

Taizishen and A.camphoratewere used respectively as primary medium and fermentation strain to obtain solid-fermentation tea in this paper. A.camphoratewere inoculated into the optimal medium with Taizishen’s powder of 90%, glucose of 3 %, soybean flour of 6 % and gypsum powder for food of 1 %, and cultured at 26 °C. The fermentation procedure was ended on three days after the mycelia of A.camphorategrowing all over the medium. The content of crude polysaccharides, total triterpenoids and amino acids were 12.03 %, 3.67 % and 4.6 % respectively in the solid-fermentation tea. The tea soup possessed good colour, special fruity from A.camphorate, mellow and full of taste.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the major form of primary liver cancer, is a common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of HCC. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling has been proposed as a promising strategy for treating HCC. Due to the limitations of conventional therapeutics, increasing attention has been paid to complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the management of HCC. Antrodia camphorata (AC), a medicinal mushroom, is historically used for treating HCC. Pharmacological data showed that extracts and constituents of AC are able to inhibit STAT3 activation. Natural AC is scarce, cultured AC mycelia are becoming alternatives. AC mycelia have been demonstrated to possess anti-HCC properties. We hypothesize that inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway contributes to the anti-HCC mechanisms of AC mycelia. To test our hypothesis, we evaluated the safety and investigated the anti-HCC effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of an ethanolic extract of AC mycelia (EEAC); and we further explored the involvement of STAT3 signaling in EEAC's anti-HCC effects. Acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies showed that EEAC had no toxicity in rats. The maximum tolerable dose for acute oral toxicity and the no-observed-adverse effects level for repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity of EEAC were higher than 5,000 mg/kg body weight and 1,000 mg/kg body weight, respectively, in rats. In cultured cells, EEAC is less toxic in normal liver-derived cells than in HCC cells. In HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells, EEAC reduced viability, induced apoptosis, and retarded migration and invasion. In SMMC-7721 cell-bearing mice, EEAC significantly suppressed tumor growth. EEAC inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and suppressed angiogenesis in tumors. Mechanistic studies showed that EEAC downregulated protein levels of phosphorylated and total STAT3 and JAK2 (an upstream kinase of STAT3) in HCC cells and tumors. In cultured HCC cells, EEAC lowered the protein level of nuclear STAT3, decreased the transcriptional activity of STAT3, and downregulated protein levels of STAT3 targeted molecules. Over-activation of STAT3 in HCC cells diminished the cytotoxic effects of EEAC. STAT3 can be activated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Phospho-RTK array assays showed that EEAC significantly inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-β) in HepG2 cells. EEAC dose-dependently lowered mRNA levels of PDGF BB (a ligand of PDGFR-β) and protein levels of p-PDGFR-β and PDGFR-β in HCC cells. Activating PDGFR-β enhanced STAT3 activation, and inhibiting PDGFR-β blocked STAT3 activation in HCC cells. EEAC reversed PDGF BB induced STAT3 activation in HCC cells. Our data indicate that EEAC exerts anti-HCC effects, and inhibition of PDGFR-β/STAT3 signaling is, at least in part, responsible for these effects. In summary, we have demonstrated that EEAC exerts anti-HCC effects without significant toxicity in vitro and in vivo. We have also demonstrated that inhibition of PDGFR-β/STAT3 signaling contributes to the anti-HCC mechanisms of EEAC. Our findings provide a pharmacological basis for the development of EEAC as a modern anti-HCC agent and for the traditional use of AC in treating HCC. In addition, our data suggest that the PDGFR-β/STAT3 pathway plays a pathogenic role and presents a novel therapeutic target in HCC.

碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>工業管理系所<br>102<br>In recent years, because an excess of Stout camphor tree was felling that it was endangered. Because wild Antrodia grow up slowly and use artificial to grow is not easy. So, the cultivation liquid is the most common now. Liquid culture method can quickly produce in a short period, but the compound ingredients with wild mycelium is very different. Solid basswood and culture are cultivated Antrodia with wild Antrodia, very close in composition to detect, but the incubation time is too long, so part of the culture mycelium Antrodia still needs improvement. The current study is the influence of different cultures in ways Antrodia mycelial growth, not the growth rate and composition do mycelium and achieve the best combination of short. Therefore, this study using solid-state culture and using experimental design to find the optimal culture mycelium Antrodia combination of parameters and then to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of whether there is a single mycelium phenolic composition and the resulting combination of parameters to provide optimal for case company.

碩士<br>中國醫藥大學<br>生物科技學系碩士班<br>102<br>Antrodia camphorate(AC) is one of the traditional Chinese folk medicine, often used in anti-inflammatory, to treat skin itching, solution alcoholism, etc.Some reports have suggested that it has many ingredients: polysaccharides, triterpenes, adenosine(1),triterpenoids with anti-leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer (2) effect. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is the result of reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 15(q22) and 17(q11–12),making the PML, RARα gene fusion, so promyelocytic abnormal proliferation and accumulation in the bone marrow and blood, and the mortality rate is very high(3).AC in Zhankuic acid A triterpene composition,through TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL) induced the expression of death receptor 5(DR5), the DR5 expression,resulting in NFκB activation, Bax/Bcl-2 increase expression, induced HL-60 cells apoptosis(4). This study compared numbers of different medicinal triterpenoids, such as: Antrodia, Ginseng, Licorice, Bupleurum, Poria and anti-leukemia medicine, using the Discovery Studio○Rcomputational analysis, different kinds of medicines triterpenoids and anti-leukemia medicine analysis and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor 1-associated death domain protein (TRADD) docking situations and docking scores, and explored whether AC triterpenoids is the most important ingredient in its anti-leukemia effect. Preliminary results showed that AC triterpenoid structure and anti-leukemia medinice are bonding with protein. AC triterpenoid structure is relatively basic, small molecules, and also some OH group and the hydrogen atoms, more to have hydrogen bonding and protein bonding, therefore, the more firmly bonded docking score is higher.

碩士<br>元培科技大學<br>生物技術研究所<br>98<br>This study focuses on the rats with hyperlipidemia and their body’s physiological changes after exercise and intake of Antrodia Camphorate extract supplement. The 80 male Sprague Dawley rats are the experiment subjects; they were randomly assigned in the low, medium, and high-dose groups. A dose of 0.1 g / kg / day was administered for the low-dose group, 0.3 g /kg /day for the medium-dose group, and 1g / kg / day for the high-dose group. After administering the Antrodia Camphorate extract for 4 consecutive weeks, the rats were then sub-divided into the exhaustive exercise group and non-exhaustive exercise group that each consists of 10 rats. The rats of the exhaustive exercise group were first placed on a rodent treadmill of 10% slope where they warmed up for 10 minutes at 15 meters/minute, until the rats run up to failure. Afterwards, the rats were sacrificed to collect blood samples and remove the brain for analysis. The two factors of the Antrodia Camphorate extract supplement and exhaust exercise were then compared to determine the biochemical analysis values in the bloodstream of the rats, the blood lipid status, and oxidative stress changes. The experimental results have indicated that after intake of the Antrodia Camphorate extract supplement, the four biochemical analysis values of GPT, TG, LDG, and CPK found in the body have reached significant differences (p &amp;lt;0.05), but the results for the lipid peroxide MDA in the brain and the capillary electrophoresis analysis results for GSH and GSSG have not shown remarkable changes.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>園藝學研究所<br>91<br>Abstract Three new immunomodulatory proteins, acaⅠ, acaⅡ and acaⅢ, were purified from the filtrated mycellium and dried powders of fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata. The isolation procedure of acas includes homogenization, sonication, precipitation by ammonium sulfate, and followed by DE-52 ion-exchange chromatography. These proteins from A. camphorata can be further purified using FPLC with Mono Q anion-exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE analyses showed that the molecular mass of acaⅠ, acaⅡ and acaⅢ was 29 kDa, 18.4 kDa and 45 kDa, respectively. Further staining using the periodic acid/Schiff reagents showed that acaⅠwas an glycoprotein but acaⅡ and acaⅢ were not. Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis reveals that the isoelectric points of these acas were approximately 5.5. Additionally, acaⅠ, acaⅡ and acaⅢ cannot agglutinate mouse red blood cells. The immunomodulatory activities of these A. camphorata proteins were demonstrated by their potent stimulatory activity toward mouse splenocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages. All these three proteins increase the proliferation and IFN-γsecretion by mouse spleen cells. Moreover, they can directly activate the cells and enhance the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α by RAW 264.7 macrophages. Therefore, acaⅠ, acaⅡ and acaⅢ are potent immune stimulants that are proposed to strengthen the immune system of its host. We also produced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of these proteins to evaluate the epitopes and structures of those. Six strains of hybridomas, including aca1K1, aca1F1, aca2I1, aca2J1, aca3E1, aca3F1 were obtained. Results of immunoblotting studies indicated that acaⅠand acaⅡ, both purified from the mycellium of A. camphorata, were structurally related. However, acaⅢ isolated from the dried powders of fruiting bodies A. camphorata was structurally not associated with acaⅠand acaⅡ. This result implies that the strains of A. camphorata from various sources may be different. Further studies should be undertaken to discover the influence of these proteins to various diseases and to study the molecular mechanisms of those toward immune cells. The obtained MAbs can be used in the aids for cloning these proteins, to screen new A. camphorata strains, and to confirm the quality of commercial A. camphorata related products.

碩士<br>南台科技大學<br>生物科技系<br>93<br>Antrodia camphorata (A. camphorata) is a medicinal fungus merely found in Taiwan. In this study, solid-state fermentation product of A. camphorata (SAC) from Wei-de biotechnology company was employed to examine the immunomodulatory and antitumor effects on mice. Treatment of BALB/c male mice with a variety of concentration of SAC (50, 100, and 200 mg/Kg) resulted in a significant proliferation of splenocytes at day 4 as compared with saline treated group. The numbers of splenocytes in mice treated with 200 mg/Kg SAC increase and have significant difference from three other treatments after 11 days. The increased splenocytes are mainly T cells; B cells were not significantly changed. When the splenocytes were stimulated by concanavaliv A in vitro, there was a significant difference between saline treated group and SAC treated group in stimulation index. BALB/c male mice were injected with 5-FU and fed simultaneously with 50 mg/Kg SAC or saline then compared with naïve. The results are as the following: at day 4 and 7, the number of splenocytes in 5-FU treated mice was significantly less than those of naive and the amount of splenocytes in SAC treated group was much greater than those of saline treated group; at day 15, splenocytes in saline treated group increased significantly as compared to those in non-treated group along with SAC treated group while the number of splenocytes in SAC fed mice was not significantly different from those in non-treated mice. It could be inferred from the above that SAC seems to have the capability to protect the spleen from damage exerted by 5-FU. The increased splenocytes were mainly T cells and the ratio of CD4＋ to CD8＋ in the 50 mg/Kg SAC fed mice was higher than those in saline fed and non-treated mice. The B cell level remains unaltered. The result of cytotoxicity activity in vitro showed that the survival of Hep 3B, A549 and LL/2 decreased with the increase of treated concentration of ethyl extracted SAC as well as time of treatment. In vivo, SAC could reduce the size of tumor in mice and prolong the survival time as well. Based on the experiments we have conducted, SAC appears to have the effect of immunomodulatory and antitumor activities against tumors bore in BALB/c male mice.

碩士<br>南台科技大學<br>生物科技系<br>98<br>It has been found that in recent years the incidence of liver diseases has been increasing greatly in Taiwan. Chronic liver diseases and liver cirrhosis are at the sixth among the top ten causes of death recently. Furthermore, liver cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality. Liver resection and liver transplantation are the main therapy. Ischemia-reperfusion injury plays an important role during liver resection or liver transplantation. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the liver may occur under many clinical conditions, such as hepatic trauma, hepatic transplantation, hypoperfusion shock or partial hepatectomy for liver tumors. Until now, the actual mechanisms remain unknown. There is evidenced that the sequence of hepatic I/R injury may cause severe liver injury. It was suggested that the increase of Kupffer cells activation induced reaction oxygen species involves the possible mechanisms. Activation of Kupffer cells results in production and release of proinflammatory cytokins, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1(IL-1β), chemokines, and neutrophil activation, lead to sinusoid endothelial cell death and hepatic cell damage. The period of hepatic ischemia associated with this technique and the resultant reperfusion can lead to liver injury and dysfunction, which is the main cause of death after hepatectomy. Thus, hepatic I/R injury has been actively investigated, and recently, protective strategies consisting of surgical interventions, pharmacological agents, and gene therapy have been reported. Therefore, enhancing the safety of hepatic surgery and diminishing the significant rates of morbidity and mortality are the most important task in clinical therapy. In Taiwan, Antrodia camphorate(AC) is an exclusive fungus parasitic on the inner cavity of the endemic species Cinnamomum kanehirai Hayata and an important traditional Chinese medicinal fungus(Basidiomycetes) for the treatment of human disease such as food and drug intoxication, abdominal pain, hypertension and liver cancer. Recently, polysaccharides extracted from fruiting bodies and mycelial cultures of Antrodia camphorate are reported to provide several therapeutic benefits including anti-inflammation, antioxidation, vasorelaxation and anti-hepatitis B virus activities, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are obscure. Our study had four groups which included ischemia reperfusion group、0.2 g/kg AC + I/R group、AC sham group and normal control group. The I/R rats are treated with 0.2 g/kg Antrodia camphorate (AC) 30 minute before ischemia (IR, ischemia 30min + 0.2 g/kg A.C.), than reperfusion 6h or reperfusion 7 day. Rat serums which were assayed TNF-αquantity by ELISA were extrated before ischemia、after reperfusion 2h and 6h. The serums which were assayed IL-6 and IL-10 quantity by ELISA were extrated before ischemia、after reperfusion 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h and 6h. After reperfusion 6h the serums were also assayed glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) quantity. Liver tissue【left lateral lobe(ischemia liver) and right lateral lobe(nonischemia liver】will be taken for measuring lipid peroxidation(MDA assay).liver tissue will also be taken for paraffin-embedded tissue sections which were respectively stained by H&E or TUNEL, and observed histopathology and liver cell apoptosis. In these results, the ischemia reperfusion animal modal was successful，when MBP decreased at ischemia stage and increased gradually at reperfusion stage. Furthermore the liver was black and necrosis during reperfusion 6h. Pretreated Antrodia camphorate, we detected that rat GPT concentration was improved at reperfusion 6h stage, contrasted with IR control (P＜0.05), but GOT concentration was decreased slighter in pretreated Antrodia camphorate. The paraffin-emmbedded tissue sections which were stained by H&E showed that AC could diminish hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration, vascular congestion and less severe hepatic necrosis in liver grafts at reperfusion 6 hours. The physiology monitory result showed : 1. After ischemia injury, AC could avoid high body temperature. 2. At ischemia stage, AC could maintain heart rate stability. 3. Contrasted with IR control, AC could maintain blood pressure stability at reperfusion 3~6 h. Under other hand, AC could reduce the TNF-α、IL-6 quantity of liver ischemia reperfusion injury rat serum, and suppress inflammation reaction. In AC therapy group, because inflammation reaction were be suppressed, IL-10 quantity range on the rise were be down regulating in serum. When we assayed MDA level., which was decreased at Antrodia camphorate pretreatment, compared with IR control after reperfusion 6h. In the result of TUNEL stain, AC reduced severe hapatic cell DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in liver at reperfusion 6 hours. At reperfusion 7 day, we found AC which could increase the survival rate to 80％。 In this study, we had established rat liver ischemia reperfusion modal. The results suggested, effect of Antrodia camphorate precondition to protect was good, which could reduce liver ischemia reperfusion injury. In the future, we will investigate the mechanism of protection with Antrodia camphorate, and add other medicine or therapy method which can increase the curative effect of liver ischemia reperfusion injury.

碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>輪機工程學系<br>107<br>Microalgae have high oil content. The process of cultivating microalgae can help maintain the biological system of aquatic cycle, while reduce the impact of land use, food competition and seasonality. In order to improve the stability of the algae cultivation process, the fungus and the microalgae are mixed to adjust the growth conditions of the metabolites and the medium composition in the water, so as to promote the propagation of the algae and rapidly increase the oil content. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a culture technique for reducing the production cost of lipid. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris was selected as the test algae, and symbiotic with Antrodia camphorate. The growth curves of microalgae and fungi, biomass, chlorophyll, particle size, pH, fungal polysaccharides, and lipid contents, etc. were analyzed in order to establish the mutual growth relationship and synergy between the two microorganisms, thereby to increase the production rate of algae and fungi, and reduce the production cost of raw oils and fats. The changes in the properties of algae and fungus under different mixing ratios and cultured days were observed. The experimental results showed that when the Chlorella vulgaris was co-cultured with 5% Antrodia camphorate on the fifth day, the biomass was the highest, which was 0.687 mg/L; chlorophyll was grown by 5.6 times when Chlorella vulgaris was co-cultured with 5% Antrodia camphorate on the fifth day; and the pH value in the culturing water was the lowest (4.11) when Chlorella vulgaris and Antrodia camphorata were co-cultured on the fifth day. The amount of polysaccharide was grown by 1.66 times when Chlorella vulgaris and 15% Antrodia camphorate were co-cultured on the fifth day. In addition, the crude lipid highest of the two microorganisms was the highest (19.61 wt. %) when Chlorella vulgaris was co-cultured with 5% Antrodia camphorate on the fifth day. The heating value of the lipid content reached the highest (17.34 MJ/kg) on the fifth day when the mixing ratio of Antrodia camphora was 15%. The carbon residue of the crude lipid was the lowest (1.6 wt. %) on the fifth day when the ratio of Antrodia camphora was 10%. When Chlorella vulgaris was co-cultured with 5% Antrodia camphorate on the fourth day, the particle size of Chlorella vulgaris is the lowest (5.55 μm). Moreover, the amount of crude lipid under co-cultivation of algae and fungus was higher than that under the condition of cultivating Antrodia camphora alone. Therefore, under the mechanism of synergistic symbiosis of algae-fungus, the fungus might enhance the growth of crude lipid of microalgae, probably because of abundant nutrients provided by their counterpart. It is inferred that symbiosis benefits of those two microorganisms were justified in this study. Key words: Chlorella vulgaris, Antrodia camphorata, crude lipid, biodiesel, co-cultivation.

碩士<br>實踐大學<br>食品營養研究所<br>96<br>Abstract The first part of study was on isolation and identification of the chemical constituents of Antrodia camphorata submerged whole broth. Powder of Antrodia camphorata submerged whole broth was extracted with methanol at room temperature three times (7 days each time). The extract was concentrated in vacuo to yield a residue which was suspended in water, and this phase was partitioned with ethyl acetate five times. The combined ethyl acetate layers afforded a black syrup which was separated by open column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, flash column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and recrystallization to afford 15 compounds. Among these compounds are classified to 5 sterols, 4 triterpenoids and 6 others. The 15 compounds are shown as follows: ST1: Ergosta-7,9(11),22E -trien-3β-ol ST2: Ergosterol peroxide ST3:β-Sitosterol ST4: Stigmasterol ST5: 3β-5α-dihydroxy-6β-methoxyergosta-7,22(E)-diene TR1: Dehydrosulphurenic acid TR2: 24-Methylene-lanost-8-en -3β-ol TR3: Eburicoic acid TR4: Dehydroeburicoic acid OT1: (2E,4E)-Hexa-2,4-dienoic acid OT2: Succinic acid monomethyl ester OT3: (S)-(+)-pantolactone OT4: Hydroquinone OT5*: 5-Methoxy-4-methyl-2,7-dioxa-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-4-en-3-one OT6: Dimethyl 2-hydroxysuccinate * new compound The second part is analysis the material composition of easy to volatilize. Separately analysing the first part of research samples, and Antrodia camphorata ferment liquid upper strata float thing dry powder distillation essensitial oil sample, Antrodia camphorata ferment liquid upper strata float thing with liquid distillation essensitial oil sample, the Antrodia camphorata the whole broth of freezes the powder distillation essensitial oil sample, Antrodia camphorata the whole broth of freezes the powder methyl alcohol extract residue distillation essensitial oil sample, s Antrodia camphorata ferment liquid trough give vent to take off activated carbon essensitial oil sample with ether, in separately analysis by GC-MS. Antrodia camphorata ferment liquid upper strata float thing dry powder distillation essensitial oil sample main components are terpenoids and esters. The terpenoids in Antrodia camphorata the whole broth of freezes the powder distillation 4~8 hours essensitial oil sample WB-A2 evident higher than the essensitial oil sample WB-A1. Antrodia camphorata ferment liquid upper strata float thing with liquid distillation essensitial oil samples main components are esters. Synthetically, chemical compounds gamma-dodecalacton and delta-cadinene, should exist in the broth of Antrodia camphorata ferment liquid, and may exist in the Antrodia camphorata mycelium. Chemical compounds of (9Z,12Z) -ethyl octaeca-9,12-dienoate and ethyl oleate should mainly exist in Antrodia camphorata ferment liquid. In addition, the chemical compounds of nerolidol and farnesyl acetate3 are exist in Antrodia camphorata ferment liquid upper strata float thing. Chemical compound furfural should exist in the broth of Antrodia camphorata ferment liquid upper strata float thing, and may exist in the Antrodia camphorata mycelium. The prophase of train Antrodia camphorata ferment the air vent hole activated carbon with ether take off essensitial oil for the most part of composition is ketone, the train later stage essensitial oil main of compositions are terpenoids and esters. Therefore inference, Antrodia camphorata mycelium in a large to synthesize alcohols and terpenoids at ferment train of later stage. The value of the essensitial oil also improves relatively. In charge of first part of research essensitial oil sample obtained to analyse contain a lot of long chain ester type, steroids and triterpenoids. The sample EH20-ST1-AF to detect three kinds of steroids contains beta-sitosterol (ST3), stigmasterol (ST4) and 29- isofucosterol. Essensitial oil sample WMD whether Antrodia camphorata the whole broth of freezes the powder methyl alcohol extract residue distillation, the primary compound is the ester. When the cultivation on later stage of Antrodia camphorata ferment the air vent hole activated carbon with ether take off essensitial oil C-B content high fragrance serious. The metabolism result with fly away during the ferment to train, if can collect and study further, perhaps can develop the new products.