Academic literature on the topic 'Anvil clouds'

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Journal articles on the topic "Anvil clouds"

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Yuan, Jian, Robert A. Houze, and Andrew J. Heymsfield. "Vertical Structures of Anvil Clouds of Tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems Observed by CloudSat." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 8 (2011): 1653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jas3687.1.

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Abstract A global study of the vertical structures of the clouds of tropical mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) has been carried out with data from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar. Tropical MCSs are found to be dominated by cloud-top heights greater than 10 km. Secondary cloud layers sometimes occur in MCSs, but outside their primary raining cores. The secondary layers have tops at 6–8 and 1–3 km. High-topped clouds extend outward from raining cores of MCSs to form anvil clouds. Closest to the raining cores, the anvils tend to have broader distributions of reflectivity at all levels, with
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Cetrone, Jasmine, and Robert A. Houze. "Leading and Trailing Anvil Clouds of West African Squall Lines." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 5 (2011): 1114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jas3580.1.

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Abstract The anvil clouds of tropical squall-line systems over West Africa have been examined using cloud radar data and divided into those that appear ahead of the leading convective line and those on the trailing side of the system. The leading anvils are generally higher in altitude than the trailing anvil, likely because the hydrometeors in the leading anvil are directly connected to the convective updraft, while the trailing anvil generally extends out of the lower-topped stratiform precipitation region. When the anvils are subdivided into thick, medium, and thin portions, the thick leadi
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Powell, Scott W., Robert A. Houze, Anil Kumar, and Sally A. McFarlane. "Comparison of Simulated and Observed Continental Tropical Anvil Clouds and Their Radiative Heating Profiles." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 9 (2012): 2662–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0251.1.

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Abstract Vertically pointing millimeter-wavelength radar observations of anvil clouds extending from mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that pass over an Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) field site in Niamey, Niger, are compared to anvil structures generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model using six different microphysical schemes. The radar data provide the statistical distribution of the radar reflectivity values as a function of height and anvil thickness. These statistics are compared to the statistics of the modeled anvil cloud reflectivity at
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Rickenbach, Thomas, Paul Kucera, Megan Gentry, et al. "The Relationship between Anvil Clouds and Convective Cells: A Case Study in South Florida during CRYSTAL-FACE." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 10 (2008): 3917–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2441.1.

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One of the important goals of NASA’s Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) was to further the understanding of the evolution of tropical anvil clouds generated by deep convective systems. An important step toward understanding the radiative properties of convectively generated anvil clouds is to study their life cycle. Observations from ground-based radar, geostationary satellite radiometers, aircraft, and radiosondes during CRYSTAL-FACE provided a comprehensive look at the generation of anvil clouds by convective systems over
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Wall, Casey J., Joel R. Norris, Blaž Gasparini, William L. Smith, Mandana M. Thieman, and Odran Sourdeval. "Observational Evidence that Radiative Heating Modifies the Life Cycle of Tropical Anvil Clouds." Journal of Climate 33, no. 20 (2020): 8621–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0204.1.

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AbstractA variety of satellite and ground-based observations are used to study how diurnal variations of cloud radiative heating affect the life cycle of anvil clouds over the tropical western Pacific Ocean. High clouds thicker than 2 km experience longwave heating at cloud base, longwave cooling at cloud top, and shortwave heating at cloud top. The shortwave and longwave effects have similar magnitudes during midday, but only the longwave effect is present at night, so high clouds experience a substantial diurnal cycle of radiative heating. Furthermore, anvil clouds are more persistent or lat
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Lopez, Mario A., Dennis L. Hartmann, Peter N. Blossey, Robert Wood, Christopher S. Bretherton, and Terence L. Kubar. "A Test of the Simulation of Tropical Convective Cloudiness by a Cloud-Resolving Model." Journal of Climate 22, no. 11 (2009): 2834–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2272.1.

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Abstract A methodology is described for testing the simulation of tropical convective clouds by models through comparison with observations of clouds and precipitation from earth-orbiting satellites. Clouds are divided into categories that represent convective cores: moderately thick anvil clouds and thin high clouds. Fractional abundances of these clouds are computed as a function of rain rate. A three-dimensional model is forced with steady forcing characteristics of tropical Pacific convective regions, and the model clouds are compared with satellite observations for the same regions. The m
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Krueger, Steven K., Qiang Fu, K. N. Liou, and Hung-Neng S. Chin. "Improvements of an Ice-Phase Microphysics Parameterization for Use in Numerical Simulations of Tropical Convection." Journal of Applied Meteorology 34, no. 1 (1995): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.1.281.

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Abstract It is important to properly simulate the extent and ice water content of tropical anvil clouds in numerical models that explicitly include cloud formation because of the significant effects that these clouds have on the radiation budget. For this reason, a commonly used bulk ice-phase microphysics parameterization was modified to more realistically simulate some of the microphysical processes that occur in tropical anvil clouds. Cloud ice growth by the Bergeron process and the associated formation of snow were revised. The characteristics of graupel were also modified in accord with a
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Grasso, Lewis, Daniel T. Lindsey, Kyo-Sun Sunny Lim, Adam Clark, Dan Bikos, and Scott R. Dembek. "Evaluation of and Suggested Improvements to the WSM6 Microphysics in WRF-ARW Using Synthetic and Observed GOES-13 Imagery." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 10 (2014): 3635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00005.1.

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Abstract Synthetic satellite imagery can be employed to evaluate simulated cloud fields. Past studies have revealed that the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) single-moment 6-class (WSM6) microphysics scheme in the Advanced Research WRF (WRF-ARW) produces less upper-level ice clouds within synthetic images compared to observations. Synthetic Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-13 (GOES-13) imagery at 10.7 μm of simulated cloud fields from the 4-km National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) WRF-ARW is compared to observed GOES-13 imagery. Histograms suggest that too few points
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Yuan, Jian, and Robert A. Houze. "Global Variability of Mesoscale Convective System Anvil Structure from A-Train Satellite Data." Journal of Climate 23, no. 21 (2010): 5864–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3671.1.

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Abstract Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the tropics produce extensive anvil clouds, which significantly affect the transfer of radiation. This study develops an objective method to identify MCSs and their anvils by combining data from three A-train satellite instruments: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for cloud-top size and coldness, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) for rain area size and intensity, and CloudSat for horizontal and vertical dimensions of anvils. The authors distinguish three types of MCSs: small and large
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Li, Wei, and Courtney Schumacher. "Thick Anvils as Viewed by the TRMM Precipitation Radar." Journal of Climate 24, no. 6 (2011): 1718–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3793.1.

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Abstract This study investigates anvils from thick, nonprecipitating clouds associated with deep convection as observed in the tropics by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) during the 10-yr period, 1998–2007. Anvils observable by the PR occur, on average, 5 out of every 100 days within grid boxes with 2.5° resolution and with a conditional areal coverage of 1.5%. Unconditional areal coverage is only a few tenths of a percent. Anvils also had an average 17-dBZ echo top of ∼8.5 km and an average thickness of ∼2.7 km. Anvils were usually higher and thicker ove
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anvil clouds"

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Broman, Beijar Lina. "Using cloud resolving model simulations of tropical deep convection to study turbulence in anvil cirrus." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303942.

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Identifying the dynamical processes that are active in tropical cirrus clouds is important for understanding the role of cirrus in the tropical atmosphere. This study focuses on analyzing turbulent motions inside tropical anvil cirrus with the use of a Cloud Resolving Model. Convection in the transition from shallow to deep convection has been simulated with Colorado State University Large Eddy Simulator/Cloud Resolving Model System for Atmospheric Model (SAM 6.3) in a high resolution three-dimensional simulation and anvil cirrus formed in the end of this simulation has been analyzed. For mode
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Strandgren, Johan [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Butz. "The life cycle of anvil cirrus clouds from a combination of passive and active satellite remote sensing / Johan Strandgren ; Betreuer: Andreas Butz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1166559629/34.

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Frederick, Kaycee Loretta. "Anvil characteristics as seen by C-POL during the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE)." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4850.

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The Tropical Pacific Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) took place in Darwin, Australia in early 2006. C-band radar data from this experiment were used to characterize tropical anvil areal coverage, height, and thickness during the month-long field campaign. The morphology, evolution, and longevity of the anvil were analyzed as well as the relationship of the anvil to the rest of the precipitating system. In addition, idealized in-cloud radiative heating profiles were created based on the anvil observations. The anvil was separated into mixed (i.e., echo base below 6 km) and ic
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Hastings, Nicole A. "The structure and evolution of developing cirrus anvils during the crystal-face campaign in Florida 2002." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1966336361&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Book chapters on the topic "Anvil clouds"

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Heymsfield, Andrew J., and Greg M. McFarquhar. "Mid-latitude and Tropical Cirrus: Microphysical Properties." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0008.

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Cirrus, a principal cloud type that forms at low temperatures in the upper troposphere, is composed almost always of ice crystals (Heymsfield and Miloshevich 1989) and on average cover about 20% of the earth's surface (Hartmann et al. 1992). The purpose of this chapter is to characterize the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds. The Glossary of Meteorology (Huschke 1970) defines cirrus clouds as detached clouds in the form of white, delicate filaments, or white or mostly white patches, which are composed of ice crystals. This cloud type forms primarily in the upper troposphere, above about 8km (25,000 feet), where temperatures are generally below -30° C. There are a number of types of cirrus clouds, with the most frequent ones occurring in layers or sheets with horizontal dimensions of hundreds or even thousands of kilometers. Because horizontal dimensions are much greater than vertical extent, this particular type of cirrus cloud is called cirrostratus. Cirrus can also form in a patchy or tufted shape, when the ice crystals are large enough to acquire an appreciable fall velocity (the rate at which ice crystals fall in the vertical) so that trails of considerable vertical extent may form. These trails curve irregularly or slant, sometimes with a commalike shape, as a result of changes in the horizontal wind velocity with height and variations in the fall velocity of the ice crystals. A wispy, layered cloud that forms at the top of a cumulonimbus cloud, termed an “anvil” because of its shape, is a cirrus that consists essentially of ice debris which spreads outward from the convective parts of the storm. Anvils do not include the white, dense portions of thunderstorms or the active convective column. Anvils can spread to form large, widespread cloud layers. Tropical cirrus clouds are thought to arise primarily from cumulonimbus clouds. Unlike the thin, wispy cirrus typifying mid-latitudes, the high altitudes and extensive lateral and vertical development that often characterize tropical cirrus impose substantial large-scale radiative effects in the atmosphere and at the earth's surface (Hartmann et al. 1992; Collins et al. 1996). The cirrus-like low-level ice clouds and ice fogs of the Arctic are not considered cirrus.
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Del Genio, Anthony D. "GCM Simulations of Cirrus for Climate Studies." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0019.

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One of the great challenges in predicting the rate and geographical pattern of climate change is to faithfully represent the feedback effects of various cloud types that arise via different mechanisms in different parts of the atmosphere. Cirrus clouds are a particularly uncertain component of general circulation model (GCM) simulations of long-term climate change for a variety of reasons, as detailed below. First, cirrus encompass a wide range of optical thicknesses and altitudes. At one extreme are the thin tropopause cirrus that barely affect the short-wave albedo while radiating to space at very cold temperatures, producing a net positive effect on the planetary radiation balance and causing local upper troposphere warming, thus stabilizing the lapse rate. At the other extreme are thick cumulus anvil cirrus whose bases descend to the freezing level; these clouds produce significant but opposing short-wave and long-wave effects on the planetary energy balance while cooling the surface via their reflection of sunlight. In fact, satellite climatologies show a continuum of optical thicknesses between these two extremes (Rossow and Schiffer 1991). In a climate change, the net effect of cirrus might either be a positive or a negative feedback, depending on the sign and magnitude of the cloud cover change in each cloud-type category and the direction and extent of changes in their optical properties (see Stephens et al. 1990). Second, the dynamic processes that create cirrus are poorly resolved and different in different parts of the globe. In the tropics, small-scale convective transport of water from the planetary boundary layer to the upper troposphere is the immediate source of a significant fraction of the condensate in mesoscale cirrus anvils (see Gamache and Houze 1983), and ultimately the source of much of the water vapor that condenses out in large-scale uplift to form thinner cirrus. However, many observed thin cirrus cannot directly be identified with a convective source, suggesting that in situ upper troposphere dynamics and regeneration processes within cirrus (see Starr and Cox 1985) are important. In mid-latitudes, although summertime continental convection is a source of cirrus, in general cirrus is associated with mesoscale frontal circulations in synoptic-scale baroclinic waves and jet streaks (see Starr and Wylie 1990; Mace et al. 1995).
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Lynch, David K., and Kenneth Sassen. "Subvisual Cirrus." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0016.

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Starting during World War II, pilots flying high over the tropics reported “a thin layer of cirrus 500ft above us”. Yet as they ascended, they still observed more thin cirrus above them, leading to the colloquialism “cirrus evadus.” With the coming of lidar in the early 1960s, rumors and unqualified reports of subvisual cirrus were replaced with validated detections, in situ sampling, and the first systematic studies (Uthe 1977; Barnes 1980, 1982). Heymsfield (1986) described observations over Kwajalein Atoll in the western tropical Pacific Ocean, where pilots and lidars could clearly see the cloud but DMSP (U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) radiance measurements and ground observers could not. The term “subvisual” is a relatively recent appellation. Prior terminology included cirrus haze, semitransparent cirrus, subvisible cirrus veils, low density clouds, fields of ice aerosols, cirrus, anvil cirrus, and high altitude tropical (HAT) cirrus. Subvisual cirrus clouds (SVC) are widespread (Winker and Trepte 1998; see chapter 12, this volume) and virtually undetectable with existing passive sensors. Orbiting solar limb occupation systems such as the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) can detect these clouds, but only by looking at them horizontally where the optical depths are significant. SVC appear to affect climate primarily by heating the planet, though to what extent this may happen is unknown. Much of what we know is based on work by Heymsfield (1986), Platt et al. (1987), Sassen et al. (1989, 1992), Flatau et al. (1990), Liou et al. (1990), Hutchinson et al. (1991, 1993), Dalcher (1992), Sassen and Cho (1992), Takano et al. (1992), Lynch (1993), Schmidt et al. (1993), Schmidt and Lynch (1995), and Winker and Trepte (1998). SVC are defined as any high clouds composed primarily of ice (WMO 1975) and whose vertical visible optical depth is 0.03 or less (Sassen and Cho 1992). Such clouds are usually found near the tropopause and are less than about 1 km thick vertically. SVC do not appear to be fundamentally different from ordinary, optically thicker cirrus. They do, however, differ from average cirrus by being colder (-50-90°C), thinner (<0.03 optical depths at 0.694 μm), and having smaller particles (typically about <50μm diameter).
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Wylie, Donald P. "Cirrus and Weather: A Satellite Perspective." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0010.

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Cirrus were originally thought of as benign cloud forms that could be used for predicting the onset of foul weather, such as “mare's tails” and “anvil edges,” but not of great concern because they do not produce any damaging winds or hydrometers. Our original view of cirrus was from the ground, so they were mostly ignored until aircraft started flying in them and making cirruslike contrails in the latter part of World War II. Cirrus limited visibility for the aircraft, and contrails made detection of aircraft from the ground easier. This led to the first studies of cirrus by the Air Force (Stone 1957). Had our first views of earth been from space, cirrus would have been an obvious cloud and often an obstruction to viewing everything else on the planet. Cirrus are difficult to see on visual satellite images, which is deceiving because they reflect enough solar radiation to obscure quantitative measurements of the land and water surfaces. Cirrus are more obvious in window channel infrared images, and they block any sensor that tries to look horizontally through them from either aircraft or satellites. The term “invisible cirrus” originated from an attempt to fly a horizontal viewing sensor on an aircraft for detecting approaching objects (missiles). The sensor was obscured because of its long path length through cirrus, while ground observers did not report the cirrus. Pilots were uncertain whether they were in a cloud or not. The frequency of cirrus reported from satellite data often surprises other scientists. Wylie and Menzel (1999) reported finding cirrus in 25-30% of GOES/VAS (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite/Visual spin scan radiometer Atmospheric Sounder) data over the continental United States. A similar satellite instrument flying globally, the HIRS (High Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder) on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites, reported cirrus 43% of the time (Wylie and Menzel 1994; Wylie and Menzel 1999). The horizontally viewing SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) is even more sensitive and reports cirrus in 50-70% of its data (Wang et al. 1996). These numbers should not have surprised people because the compilations of ground-based weather observations by Warren et al. (1988) show cirrus frequencies as high as 75% in Indonesia.
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Bailey, Matthew P., and Joan T. Hallett. "Ice Crystals in Cirrus." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0007.

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Cirrus is conventionally considered as cloud forming in the Earth's upper troposphere at temperatures somewhat below -40°C, composed of ice crystals and forming long, wispy trails. This characteristic shape, in the form of a curl of hair, results from evaporation in vertical shear of horizontal winds, and leads to its Latin name—originally proposed by Luke Howard in 1803. Here we address the nucleation, growth, and evaporation processes that influence the concentration and shape of individual particles and their role in specific atmospheric phenomena. To set the scene, figure 3.1 shows examples of such crystals collected by aircraft. In this chapter, we also address the radiation and dynamic environment in which crystals grow and subsequently evaporate. Crystal growth depends on the location of a crystal with respect to the cloud edge and the intervening cloud optical thickness; evaporation depends on larger scale processes as at fronts and cumulonimbus anvils and also at inversion interfaces where shear instability and resulting gravity waves produce significant effects over a range of scales. These effects lead to differing cloud radiative properties and ultimately control of the earth's radiation budget and overall climate (Liou 1986; Stephens et al. 1990; Liou and Takano 1994; Takano and Liou 1995; Mishchenko et al. 1996; Strauss et al. 1997; Macke et al. 1998). A growing crystal implies a supersaturated or supercooled environment with respect to the solid phase and can, in general, be considered as growth from either three-fold symmetry overlying a needle, (NASA DC-8,TOGA COARE,-48°C, deep tropical convection, 1993). The replica visually shows a uniformity of color in vertical illumination, indicating a thin crystal a few micrometers thick, uniform to ±0.05 μm. e. Replica of needles, small scalene and triangular three-fold symmetry plates, hexagonal plates, columns, and irregular crystals collected by D.L.R. Falcon in thin cirrus over the Alps, temperature -55°C, October 29,1992. (Courtesy Dr. P. Wendling.) f. Replica of crystals from the evaporating tip of a contrail formed 50 s earlier by the NASA 757 aircraft sampled from the NASA DC-8. Multiple trigonal symmetry crystals are present, with a 60° rotation (left side), along with hexagonal and scalene and triangle crystals, concentration 10/cm3. Clear sky environment over Kansas, temperature -52°C, 1840-1900Z, 4 May 1996.
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Conference papers on the topic "Anvil clouds"

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Lawson, R., Leigh Angus, and Andrew Heymsfield. "Cloud particle measurements in thunderstorm anvils and possible weather threat to aviation." In 34th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1996-400.

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