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Journal articles on the topic 'Anvil clouds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Yuan, Jian, Robert A. Houze, and Andrew J. Heymsfield. "Vertical Structures of Anvil Clouds of Tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems Observed by CloudSat." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 8 (2011): 1653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jas3687.1.

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Abstract A global study of the vertical structures of the clouds of tropical mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) has been carried out with data from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar. Tropical MCSs are found to be dominated by cloud-top heights greater than 10 km. Secondary cloud layers sometimes occur in MCSs, but outside their primary raining cores. The secondary layers have tops at 6–8 and 1–3 km. High-topped clouds extend outward from raining cores of MCSs to form anvil clouds. Closest to the raining cores, the anvils tend to have broader distributions of reflectivity at all levels, with

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Cetrone, Jasmine, and Robert A. Houze. "Leading and Trailing Anvil Clouds of West African Squall Lines." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 5 (2011): 1114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jas3580.1.

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Abstract The anvil clouds of tropical squall-line systems over West Africa have been examined using cloud radar data and divided into those that appear ahead of the leading convective line and those on the trailing side of the system. The leading anvils are generally higher in altitude than the trailing anvil, likely because the hydrometeors in the leading anvil are directly connected to the convective updraft, while the trailing anvil generally extends out of the lower-topped stratiform precipitation region. When the anvils are subdivided into thick, medium, and thin portions, the thick leadi

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Powell, Scott W., Robert A. Houze, Anil Kumar, and Sally A. McFarlane. "Comparison of Simulated and Observed Continental Tropical Anvil Clouds and Their Radiative Heating Profiles." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 9 (2012): 2662–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0251.1.

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Abstract Vertically pointing millimeter-wavelength radar observations of anvil clouds extending from mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that pass over an Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) field site in Niamey, Niger, are compared to anvil structures generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model using six different microphysical schemes. The radar data provide the statistical distribution of the radar reflectivity values as a function of height and anvil thickness. These statistics are compared to the statistics of the modeled anvil cloud reflectivity at

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4

Rickenbach, Thomas, Paul Kucera, Megan Gentry, et al. "The Relationship between Anvil Clouds and Convective Cells: A Case Study in South Florida during CRYSTAL-FACE." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 10 (2008): 3917–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2441.1.

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One of the important goals of NASA’s Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) was to further the understanding of the evolution of tropical anvil clouds generated by deep convective systems. An important step toward understanding the radiative properties of convectively generated anvil clouds is to study their life cycle. Observations from ground-based radar, geostationary satellite radiometers, aircraft, and radiosondes during CRYSTAL-FACE provided a comprehensive look at the generation of anvil clouds by convective systems over

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5

Wall, Casey J., Joel R. Norris, Blaž Gasparini, William L. Smith, Mandana M. Thieman, and Odran Sourdeval. "Observational Evidence that Radiative Heating Modifies the Life Cycle of Tropical Anvil Clouds." Journal of Climate 33, no. 20 (2020): 8621–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0204.1.

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AbstractA variety of satellite and ground-based observations are used to study how diurnal variations of cloud radiative heating affect the life cycle of anvil clouds over the tropical western Pacific Ocean. High clouds thicker than 2 km experience longwave heating at cloud base, longwave cooling at cloud top, and shortwave heating at cloud top. The shortwave and longwave effects have similar magnitudes during midday, but only the longwave effect is present at night, so high clouds experience a substantial diurnal cycle of radiative heating. Furthermore, anvil clouds are more persistent or lat

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6

Lopez, Mario A., Dennis L. Hartmann, Peter N. Blossey, Robert Wood, Christopher S. Bretherton, and Terence L. Kubar. "A Test of the Simulation of Tropical Convective Cloudiness by a Cloud-Resolving Model." Journal of Climate 22, no. 11 (2009): 2834–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2272.1.

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Abstract A methodology is described for testing the simulation of tropical convective clouds by models through comparison with observations of clouds and precipitation from earth-orbiting satellites. Clouds are divided into categories that represent convective cores: moderately thick anvil clouds and thin high clouds. Fractional abundances of these clouds are computed as a function of rain rate. A three-dimensional model is forced with steady forcing characteristics of tropical Pacific convective regions, and the model clouds are compared with satellite observations for the same regions. The m

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7

Krueger, Steven K., Qiang Fu, K. N. Liou, and Hung-Neng S. Chin. "Improvements of an Ice-Phase Microphysics Parameterization for Use in Numerical Simulations of Tropical Convection." Journal of Applied Meteorology 34, no. 1 (1995): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.1.281.

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Abstract It is important to properly simulate the extent and ice water content of tropical anvil clouds in numerical models that explicitly include cloud formation because of the significant effects that these clouds have on the radiation budget. For this reason, a commonly used bulk ice-phase microphysics parameterization was modified to more realistically simulate some of the microphysical processes that occur in tropical anvil clouds. Cloud ice growth by the Bergeron process and the associated formation of snow were revised. The characteristics of graupel were also modified in accord with a

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Grasso, Lewis, Daniel T. Lindsey, Kyo-Sun Sunny Lim, Adam Clark, Dan Bikos, and Scott R. Dembek. "Evaluation of and Suggested Improvements to the WSM6 Microphysics in WRF-ARW Using Synthetic and Observed GOES-13 Imagery." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 10 (2014): 3635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00005.1.

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Abstract Synthetic satellite imagery can be employed to evaluate simulated cloud fields. Past studies have revealed that the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) single-moment 6-class (WSM6) microphysics scheme in the Advanced Research WRF (WRF-ARW) produces less upper-level ice clouds within synthetic images compared to observations. Synthetic Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-13 (GOES-13) imagery at 10.7 μm of simulated cloud fields from the 4-km National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) WRF-ARW is compared to observed GOES-13 imagery. Histograms suggest that too few points

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9

Yuan, Jian, and Robert A. Houze. "Global Variability of Mesoscale Convective System Anvil Structure from A-Train Satellite Data." Journal of Climate 23, no. 21 (2010): 5864–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3671.1.

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Abstract Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the tropics produce extensive anvil clouds, which significantly affect the transfer of radiation. This study develops an objective method to identify MCSs and their anvils by combining data from three A-train satellite instruments: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for cloud-top size and coldness, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) for rain area size and intensity, and CloudSat for horizontal and vertical dimensions of anvils. The authors distinguish three types of MCSs: small and large

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10

Li, Wei, and Courtney Schumacher. "Thick Anvils as Viewed by the TRMM Precipitation Radar." Journal of Climate 24, no. 6 (2011): 1718–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3793.1.

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Abstract This study investigates anvils from thick, nonprecipitating clouds associated with deep convection as observed in the tropics by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) during the 10-yr period, 1998–2007. Anvils observable by the PR occur, on average, 5 out of every 100 days within grid boxes with 2.5° resolution and with a conditional areal coverage of 1.5%. Unconditional areal coverage is only a few tenths of a percent. Anvils also had an average 17-dBZ echo top of ∼8.5 km and an average thickness of ∼2.7 km. Anvils were usually higher and thicker ove

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11

Igel, M. R., and S. C. van den Heever. "Tropical, oceanic, deep convective cloud morphology as observed by CloudSat." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 11 (2015): 15977–6017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-15977-2015.

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Abstract. An investigation into the physical shape and size of mature, oceanic, tropical, deep convective clouds is conducted. A previously developed CloudSat data-partitioning methodology is used that separates components of cloud objects and measures their various length scales. In particular, the cloud objects are divided into a lower "pedestal" region on which the upper-level "anvil" region sits. Mean cloud objects are discussed in the framework of this morphological partitioning. For single-core clouds, the mean cloud has an anvil width of 95 km, a pedestal width of 11 km, and an anvil th

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12

Kubar, Terence L., and Jonathan H. Jiang. "Net Cloud Thinning, Low-Level Cloud Diminishment, and Hadley Circulation Weakening of Precipitating Clouds with Tropical West Pacific SST Using MISR and Other Satellite and Reanalysis Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 10 (2019): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11101250.

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Daily gridded Multi-Angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) satellite data are used in conjunction with CERES, TRMM, and ERA-Interim reanalysis data to investigate horizontal and vertical high cloud structure, top-of-atmosphere (TOA) net cloud forcing and albedo, and dynamics relationships against local SST and precipitation as a function of the mean Tropical West Pacific (TWP; 120°E to 155°W; 30°S–30°N) SST. As the TWP warms, the SST mode (~29.5 °C) is constant, but the area of the mode grows, indicating increased kurtosis of SSTs and decreased SST gradients overall. This is associated with we

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13

Kubar, Terence L., Dennis L. Hartmann, and Robert Wood. "Radiative and Convective Driving of Tropical High Clouds." Journal of Climate 20, no. 22 (2007): 5510–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1628.1.

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Abstract Using satellite cloud data from the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and collocated precipitation rates from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), it is shown that rain rate is closely related to the amount of very thick high cloud, which is a better proxy for precipitation than outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). It is also shown that thin high cloud, which has a positive net radiative effect on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) energy balance, is nearly twice as abundant in the west Pacific compared to the east Pacific. For a given rain rate, anvil cl

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14

Wall, Casey J., Dennis L. Hartmann, Mandana M. Thieman, William L. Smith, and Patrick Minnis. "The Life Cycle of Anvil Clouds and the Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation Balance over the Tropical West Pacific." Journal of Climate 31, no. 24 (2018): 10059–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0154.1.

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Observations from a geostationary satellite are used to study the life cycle of mesoscale convective systems (MCS), their associated anvil clouds, and their effects on the radiation balance over the warm pool of the tropical western Pacific Ocean. In their developing stages, MCS primarily consist of clouds that are optically thick and have a negative net cloud radiative effect (CRE). As MCS age, ice crystals in the anvil become larger, the cloud top lowers somewhat, and cloud radiative effects decrease in magnitude. Shading from anvils causes cool anomalies in the underlying sea surface temper

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15

Bony, Sandrine, Bjorn Stevens, David Coppin, et al. "Thermodynamic control of anvil cloud amount." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 32 (2016): 8927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601472113.

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General circulation models show that as the surface temperature increases, the convective anvil clouds shrink. By analyzing radiative–convective equilibrium simulations, we show that this behavior is rooted in basic energetic and thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere: As the climate warms, the clouds rise and remain at nearly the same temperature, but find themselves in a more stable atmosphere; this enhanced stability reduces the convective outflow in the upper troposphere and decreases the anvil cloud fraction. By warming the troposphere and increasing the upper-tropospheric stability,

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16

Scarino, Benjamin R., Kristopher Bedka, Rajendra Bhatt, Konstantin Khlopenkov, David R. Doelling, and William L. Smith Jr. "A kernel-driven BRDF model to inform satellite-derived visible anvil cloud detection." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 10 (2020): 5491–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5491-2020.

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Abstract. Satellites routinely observe deep convective clouds across the world. The cirrus outflow from deep convection, commonly referred to as anvil cloud, has a ubiquitous appearance in visible and infrared (IR) wavelength imagery. Anvil clouds appear as broad areas of highly reflective and cold pixels relative to the darker and warmer clear sky background, often with embedded textured and colder pixels that indicate updrafts and gravity waves. These characteristics would suggest that creating automated anvil cloud detection products useful for weather forecasting and research should be str

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17

Stith, J. L., L. Avallone, A. Bansemer, et al. "Ice particles in the upper anvil regions of mid-latitude continental thunderstorms: the case for frozen-drop aggregates." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 10 (2013): 27019–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-27019-2013.

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Abstract. This study examines the occurrence and morphology of frozen drop aggregates in thunderstorm anvils from the US Midwest and describes the environmental conditions where they are found. In situ airborne data collected in anvils using several particle imaging and sizing probes and bulk total water instrumentation during the 2012 Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment are examined for the presence of frozen drop aggregates. These types of particles, especially chains of frozen drops, have been only rarely reported before and are hypothesized to aggregate due to electrical forces

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Stith, J. L., L. M. Avallone, A. Bansemer, et al. "Ice particles in the upper anvil regions of midlatitude continental thunderstorms: the case for frozen-drop aggregates." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 4 (2014): 1973–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1973-2014.

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Abstract. This study examines the occurrence and morphology of frozen-drop aggregates in thunderstorm anvils from the United States Midwest and describes the environmental conditions where they are found. In situ airborne data collected in anvils using several particle imaging and sizing probes and bulk total water instrumentation during the 2012 Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment are examined for the presence of frozen-drop aggregates. Chains of frozen drops have been only rarely reported before and are hypothesized to aggregate due to electrical forces in the clouds. They were i

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Stith, J. L., B. Basarab, S. A. Rutledge, and A. Weinheimer. "Anvil microphysical signatures associated with lightning-produced NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 21 (2015): 31705–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-31705-2015.

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Abstract. Thunderstorm anvils were studied during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment (DC3), using in situ measurements and observations of ice particles and NOx together with radar and lightning mapping array measurements. A characteristic ice particle and NOx signature was found in the anvils from three storms, each containing high lightning flash rates in the storm core prior to anvil sampling. This signature exhibits high concentrations of frozen droplets (as measured by a Cloud Droplet Probe) coincident with lower NOx on the edges of the anvil. The central portion of these

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20

Illingworth, Anthony. "Electrification of anvil clouds." Nature 340, no. 6228 (1989): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/340021a0.

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21

Weiss, Stephanie A., Donald R. MacGorman, and Kristin M. Calhoun. "Lightning in the Anvils of Supercell Thunderstorms." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 7 (2012): 2064–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00312.1.

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Abstract This study uses data from the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array (OK-LMA), the National Lightning Detection Network, and the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN), prototype Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar to examine the evolution and structure of lightning in the anvils of supercell storms as they relate to storm dynamics and microphysics. Several supercell storms within the domain of the OK-LMA were examined to determine whether they had lightning in the anvil region, and if so, the time and location of the initiation of the anvil flashes were determined. Every warm-season s

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22

Yoshimori, Masakazu, F. Hugo Lambert, Mark J. Webb, and Timothy Andrews. "Fixed Anvil Temperature Feedback: Positive, Zero, or Negative?" Journal of Climate 33, no. 7 (2020): 2719–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0108.1.

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AbstractThe fixed anvil temperature (FAT) theory describes a mechanism for how tropical anvil clouds respond to global warming and has been used to argue for a robust positive longwave cloud feedback. A constant cloud anvil temperature, due to increased anvil altitude, has been argued to lead to a “zero cloud emission change” feedback, which can be considered positive relative to the negative feedback associated with cloud anvil warming when cloud altitude is unchanged. Here, partial radiative perturbation (PRP) analysis is used to quantify the radiative feedback caused by clouds that follow t

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23

Moustaoui, Mohamed, Binson Joseph, and Hector Teitelbaum. "Mixing Layer Formation near the Tropopause Due to Gravity Wave–Critical Level Interactions in a Cloud-Resolving Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 24 (2004): 3112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-3289.1.

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Abstract A plausible mechanism for the formation of mixing layers in the lower stratosphere above regions of tropical convection is demonstrated numerically using high-resolution, two-dimensional (2D), anelastic, nonlinear, cloud-resolving simulations. One noteworthy point is that the mixing layer simulated in this study is free of anvil clouds and well above the cloud anvil top located in the upper troposphere. Hence, the present mechanism is complementary to the well-known process by which overshooting cloud turrets causes mixing within stratospheric anvil clouds. The paper is organized as a

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Merceret, Francis J., Jennifer G. Ward, Douglas M. Mach, Monte G. Bateman, and James E. Dye. "On the Magnitude of the Electric Field near Thunderstorm-Associated Clouds." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 1 (2008): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1713.1.

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Abstract Electric-field measurements made in and near clouds during two airborne field programs are presented. Aircraft equipped with multiple electric-field mills and cloud physics sensors were flown near active convection and into thunderstorm anvil and debris clouds. The magnitude of the electric field was measured as a function of position with respect to the cloud edge to provide an observational basis for modifications to the lightning launch commit criteria (LLCC) used by the U.S. space program. These LLCC are used to reduce the risk that an ascending launch vehicle will trigger a light

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Koren, I., L. A. Remer, O. Altaratz, J. V. Martins, and A. Davidi. "Aerosol-induced changes of convective cloud anvils produce strong climate warming." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 10 (2010): 5001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5001-2010.

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Abstract. The effect of aerosol on clouds poses one of the largest uncertainties in estimating the anthropogenic contribution to climate change. Small human-induced perturbations to cloud characteristics via aerosol pathways can create a change in the top-of-atmosphere radiative forcing of hundreds of Wm−2. Here we focus on links between aerosol and deep convective clouds of the Atlantic and Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zones, noting that the aerosol environment in each region is entirely different. The tops of these vertically developed clouds consisting of mostly ice can reach high leve

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Stith, Jeffrey L., Brett Basarab, Steven A. Rutledge, and Andrew Weinheimer. "Anvil microphysical signatures associated with lightning-produced NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 4 (2016): 2243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2243-2016.

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Abstract. Thunderstorm anvils were studied during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment (DC3), using in situ measurements and observations of ice particles and NOx together with radar and Lightning Mapping Array measurements. A characteristic ice particle and NOx signature was found in the anvils from three storms, each containing high lightning flash rates in the storm core prior to anvil sampling. This signature exhibits high concentrations of frozen droplets (as measured by a Cloud Droplet Probe) coincident with lower NOx on the edges of the anvil. The central portion of these

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Jensen, E. J., P. Lawson, B. Baker, et al. "On the importance of small ice crystals in tropical anvil cirrus." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 15 (2009): 5519–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5519-2009.

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Abstract. In situ measurements of ice crystal concentrations and sizes made with aircraft instrumentation over the past two decades have often indicated the presence of numerous relatively small (< 50 μm diameter) crystals in cirrus clouds. Further, these measurements frequently indicate that small crystals account for a large fraction of the extinction in cirrus clouds. The fact that the instruments used to make these measurements, such as the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) and the Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), ingest ice crystals into the sample volume through inlets has

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Jensen, E. J., P. Lawson, B. Baker, et al. "On the importance of small ice crystals in tropical anvil cirrus." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 2 (2009): 5321–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-5321-2009.

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Abstract. In situ measurements of ice crystal concentrations and sizes made with aircraft instrumentation over the past two decades have often indicated the presence of numerous relatively small (<50 μm diameter) crystals in cirrus clouds. Further, these measurements frequently indicate that small crystals account for a large fraction of the extinction in cirrus clouds. The fact that the instruments used to make these measurements, such as the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) and the Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), ingest ice crystals into the sample volume through inlets has

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Zeng, Xiping, Wei-Kuo Tao, Scott W. Powell, et al. "A Comparison of the Water Budgets between Clouds from AMMA and TWP-ICE." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 70, no. 2 (2013): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-050.1.

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Abstract Two field campaigns, the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) and the Tropical Warm Pool–International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), took place in 2006 near Niamey, Niger, and Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, providing extensive observations of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) near a desert and a tropical coast, respectively. Under the constraint of their observations, three-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations are carried out and presented in this paper to replicate the basic characteristics of the observed MCSs. All of the modeled MCSs exhibit a distinct

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Hartmann, Dennis L. "Tropical anvil clouds and climate sensitivity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 32 (2016): 8897–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610455113.

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Twohy, C. H., and M. R. Poellot. "Chemical characteristics of ice residual nuclei in anvil cirrus clouds: evidence for homogeneous and heterogeneous ice formation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 3 (2005): 3723–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-3723-2005.

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Abstract. A counterflow virtual impactor was used to collect and analyze residual particles from anvil cirrus clouds generated over the state of Florida in the southern United States. A wide variety of particle types were found, including salts, crustal material, industrial metals, carbonaceous particles, and sulfates. Ambient aerosol particles near the anvils were found to have similar compositions, indicating that anvils act to redistribute particles over large regions of the atmosphere. Sampling occurred at a range of altitudes spanning temperatures from –21 to –56°C. More insoluble (crusta

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Garrett, Timothy J., Clinton T. Schmidt, Stina Kihlgren, and Céline Cornet. "Mammatus Clouds as a Response to Cloud-Base Radiative Heating." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 12 (2010): 3891–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3513.1.

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Abstract Mammatus clouds are the pouchlike lobes seen hanging from mid- to high-level clouds. They can look quite dramatic, but they are also interesting because they provide clues to what controls anvil cirrus dynamic evolution. Thus far, the most commonly accepted explanation for observed subsidence of mammatus lobes is that they are driven by evaporative cooling of precipitation, accelerated by mixing with dry subcloud air. Here, an alternative explanation is proposed: radiative temperature contrasts between cloud base and the lower troposphere destabilize cloudy air to create a rapidly dee

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Stein, T. H. M., C. E. Holloway, I. Tobin, and S. Bony. "Observed Relationships between Cloud Vertical Structure and Convective Aggregation over Tropical Ocean." Journal of Climate 30, no. 6 (2017): 2187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0125.1.

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Abstract Using the satellite-infrared-based Simple Convective Aggregation Index (SCAI) to determine the degree of aggregation, 5 years of CloudSat–CALIPSO cloud profiles are composited at a spatial scale of 10 degrees to study the relationship between cloud vertical structure and aggregation. For a given large-scale vertical motion and domain-averaged precipitation rate, there is a large decrease in anvil cloud (and in cloudiness as a whole) and an increase in clear sky and low cloud as aggregation increases. The changes in thick anvil cloud are proportional to the changes in total areal cover

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Twohy, C. H., and M. R. Poellot. "Chemical characteristics of ice residual nuclei in anvil cirrus clouds: evidence for homogeneous and heterogeneous ice formation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 8 (2005): 2289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2289-2005.

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Abstract. A counterflow virtual impactor was used to collect residual particles larger than about 0.1 μm diameter from anvil cirrus clouds generated over Florida in the southern United States. A wide variety of particle types were found. About one-third of the nuclei were salts, with varying amounts of crustal material, industrial metals, carbonaceous particles, and sulfates. Ambient aerosol particles near the anvils were found to have similar compositions, indicating that anvils act to redistribute particles over large regions of the atmosphere. Sampling occurred at a range of altitudes spann

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Protopapadaki, Sofia E., Claudia J. Stubenrauch, and Artem G. Feofilov. "Upper tropospheric cloud systems derived from IR sounders: properties of cirrus anvils in the tropics." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 6 (2017): 3845–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3845-2017.

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Abstract. Representing about 30 % of the Earth's total cloud cover, upper tropospheric clouds play a crucial role in the climate system by modulating the Earth's energy budget and heat transport. When originating from convection, they often form organized systems. The high spectral resolution of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) allows reliable cirrus identification, both from day and nighttime observations. Tropical upper tropospheric cloud systems have been analyzed by using a spatial composite technique on the retrieved cloud pressure of AIRS data. Cloud emissivity is used to distingu

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Frey, W., S. Borrmann, F. Fierli, et al. "Tropical deep convective life cycle: Cb-anvil cloud microphysics from high-altitude aircraft observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 23 (2014): 13223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13223-2014.

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Abstract. The case study presented here focuses on the life cycle of clouds in the anvil region of a tropical deep convective system. During the SCOUT-O3 campaign from Darwin, Northern Australia, the Hector storm system has been probed by the Geophysica high-altitude aircraft. Clouds were observed by in situ particle probes, a backscatter sonde, and a miniature lidar. Additionally, aerosol number concentrations have been measured. On 30 November 2005 a double flight took place and Hector was probed throughout its life cycle in its developing, mature, and dissipating stage. The two flights were

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Homeyer, Cameron R., Joel D. McAuliffe, and Kristopher M. Bedka. "On the Development of Above-Anvil Cirrus Plumes in Extratropical Convection." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 5 (2017): 1617–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0269.1.

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Abstract Expansive cirrus clouds present above the anvils of extratropical convection have been observed in satellite and aircraft-based imagery for several decades. Despite knowledge of their occurrence, the precise mechanisms and atmospheric conditions leading to their formation and maintenance are not entirely known. Here, the formation of these cirrus “plumes” is examined using a combination of satellite imagery, four-dimensional ground-based radar observations, assimilated atmospheric states from a state-of-the-art reanalysis, and idealized numerical simulations with explicitly resolved c

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Twohy, Cynthia H. "Measurements of Saharan Dust in Convective Clouds over the Tropical Eastern Atlantic Ocean*." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 1 (2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0133.1.

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Abstract Mineral dust particles have been shown to act as cloud condensation nuclei, and they are known to interact with developing tropical storms over the Atlantic downwind of the Sahara. Once present within liquid droplets, they have the potential to act as freezing ice nuclei and further affect the microphysics, dynamics, and evolution of tropical storms. However, few measurements of mineral dust particles in tropical convective clouds exist. This study indicates that about one-third of droplets sampled in small convective clouds in the tropical eastern Atlantic contained dust particles, a

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Marshall, Thomas C., W. David Rust, William P. Winn, and Kenneth E. Gilbert. "Electrical structure in two thunderstorm anvil clouds." Journal of Geophysical Research 94, no. D2 (1989): 2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jd094id02p02171.

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Kollias, Pavlos, Ieng Jo, and Bruce A. Albrecht. "High-Resolution Observations of Mammatus in Tropical Anvils." Monthly Weather Review 133, no. 7 (2005): 2105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr2918.1.

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Abstract Unprecedented high-resolution observations of mammatus from a profiling 94-GHz Doppler radar during the NASA Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL–FACE) are presented. Because of its high sensitivity and temporal and spatial resolution, the cloud radar used was able to resolve the fine structure of individual mammatus clouds and record significant vertical Doppler velocity perturbations (−6 to +1 m s−1). Strong perturbations of the Doppler velocity within the mammatus as it extends below the main cirrus cloud base are captur

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Stubenrauch, C. J., S. Cros, A. Guignard, and N. Lamquin. "A 6-year global cloud climatology from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder AIRS and a statistical analysis in synergy with CALIPSO and CloudSat." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 3 (2010): 8247–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-8247-2010.

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Abstract. We present a six-year global climatology of cloud properties, obtained from observations of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) combined with CloudSat observations, both missions launched as part of the A-Train in 2006, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the retrieved AIRS cloud properties such as cloud amount and height as well as to explore the vertical structure of different cloud types. AIRS-LMD cloud detection agrees with CALIPSO about 85% over ocean and about

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Stubenrauch, C. J., S. Cros, A. Guignard, and N. Lamquin. "A 6-year global cloud climatology from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder AIRS and a statistical analysis in synergy with CALIPSO and CloudSat." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 15 (2010): 7197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7197-2010.

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Abstract. We present a six-year global climatology of cloud properties, obtained from observations of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) combined with CloudSat observations, both missions launched as part of the A-Train in 2006, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the retrieved AIRS cloud properties such as cloud amount and height. In addition, they permit to explore the vertical structure of different cloud types. AIRS-LMD cloud detection agrees with CALIPSO about 85% over o

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Theisen, Chris J., Paul A. Kucera, and Michael R. Poellot. "A Study of Relationships between Florida Thunderstorm Properties and Corresponding Anvil Cloud Characteristics." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 9 (2009): 1882–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc1991.1.

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Abstract Tropical thunderstorms produce large amounts of cirrus anvil clouds, which have a large effect on the climate system. Modeling of the cirrus anvil is a very important factor in the driving processes in atmospheric, climate, and radiation budget models. The current research project is focused on determining the relationships between the thunderstorm intensity and cirrus anvil characteristics of storms during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE). During July 2002, 19 different storms were selected for analysis. A ve

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Del Genio, Anthony D., William Kovari, Mao-Sung Yao, and Jeffrey Jonas. "Cumulus Microphysics and Climate Sensitivity." Journal of Climate 18, no. 13 (2005): 2376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3413.1.

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Abstract Precipitation processes in convective storms are potentially a major regulator of cloud feedback. An unresolved issue is how the partitioning of convective condensate between precipitation-size particles that fall out of updrafts and smaller particles that are detrained to form anvil clouds will change as the climate warms. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) observations of tropical oceanic convective storms indicate higher precipitation efficiency at warmer sea surface temperature (SST) but also suggest that cumulus anvil sizes, albedos, and ice water paths become insensitive

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Baker, Brad A., and R. Paul Lawson. "In Situ Observations of the Microphysical Properties of Wave, Cirrus, and Anvil Clouds. Part I: Wave Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, no. 12 (2006): 3160–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3802.1.

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The microphysical properties of wave clouds based on data collected during 17 missions flown by a Learjet research aircraft are presented and discussed. This extensive dataset expands upon previous aircraft studies of wave clouds and introduces some new findings. While most aspects of the observations are consistent with basic cloud physics, some aspects remain difficult to interpret. Most notable among these are ice nucleation and aspects of the dynamical structure of wave clouds. A new hypothesis to explain the ice nucleation behavior is presented. The average and standard deviation of bulk

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Sun, Yuan, Zhong Zhong, Wei Lu, and Yijia Hu. "Why Are Tropical Cyclone Tracks over the Western North Pacific Sensitive to the Cumulus Parameterization Scheme in Regional Climate Modeling? A Case Study for Megi (2010)." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 3 (2014): 1240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00232.1.

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Abstract The Weather Research and Forecasting Model is employed to simulate Tropical Cyclone (TC) Megi (2010) using the Grell–Devenyi (GD) and Betts–Miller–Janjić (BMJ) cumulus parameterization schemes, respectively. The TC track can be well reproduced with the GD scheme, whereas it turns earlier than observations with the BMJ scheme. The physical mechanism behind different performances of the two cumulus parameterization schemes in the TC simulation is revealed. The failure in the simulation of the TC track with the BMJ scheme is attributed to the overestimation of anvil clouds, which extend

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Zelinka, Mark D., and Dennis L. Hartmann. "Response of Humidity and Clouds to Tropical Deep Convection." Journal of Climate 22, no. 9 (2009): 2389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2452.1.

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Abstract Currently available satellite data can be used to track the response of clouds and humidity to intense precipitation events. A compositing technique centered in space and time on locations experiencing high rain rates is used to detail the characteristic evolution of several quantities measured from a suite of satellite instruments. Intense precipitation events in the convective tropics are preceded by an increase in low-level humidity. Optically thick cold clouds accompany the precipitation burst, which is followed by the development of spreading upper-level anvil clouds and an incre

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Seeley, Jacob T., Nadir Jeevanjee, Wolfgang Langhans, and David M. Romps. "Formation of Tropical Anvil Clouds by Slow Evaporation." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 1 (2019): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl080747.

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Hartmann, Dennis L., and Sara E. Berry. "The balanced radiative effect of tropical anvil clouds." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, no. 9 (2017): 5003–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jd026460.

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Deng, Min, Gerald G. Mace, and Zhien Wang. "Anvil Productivities of Tropical Deep Convective Clusters and Their Regional Differences." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 9 (2016): 3467–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0239.1.

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The anvil productivities of tropical deep convection are investigated and compared among eight climatological regions using 4 yr of collocated and combined CloudSat and CALIPSO data. For all regions, the convective clusters become deeper while they become wider and tend to be composed of multiple rainy cores. Two strong detrainment layers from deep convection are observed at 6–8 km and above 10 km, which is consistent with the trimodal characteristics of tropical convection that are associated with different divergence, cloud detrainment, and fractional cloudiness. The anvil productivity of tr

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