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Journal articles on the topic 'APEX model'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Sharifi, Amirreza, Sangchul Lee, Gregory McCarty, Megan Lang, Jaehak Jeong, Ali Sadeghi, and Martin Rabenhorst. "Enhancement of Agricultural Policy/Environment eXtender Model (APEX) Model to Assess Effectiveness of Wetland Water Quality Functions." Water 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2019): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030606.

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The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model has been widely used to assess changes in agrochemical loadings in response to conservation and management led by US Department of Agriculture (USDA). However, the existing APEX model is limited in quantification of wetland water quality functions. This study improved the current model capacity to represent wetland water quality functions by addition of a new biogeochemical module into the APEX model. The performance of an enhanced APEX model was tested against five observed outgoing water quality variables (e.g., sediment, organic N, NO3, NH4 and PO4) from a wetland within the Eastern Shore of Maryland. Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) was implemented to assess model uncertainty. The enhanced APEX model demonstrated that it could effectively represent N and P cycling within the study wetland. Although improvement of model performance was limited, the additions of wetland biogeochemical routines to the APEX model improved our understanding of inner mass exchanges within N and P cycling for the study wetland. Overall, the updated APEX model can provide policymakers and managers with improved means for assessment of benefits delivered by wetland conservation.

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2

Cho, Jaepil, Soon-kun Choi, Syewoon Hwang, and Jihoon Park. "Evaluation of Applicability of APEX-Paddy Model based on Seasonal Forecast." Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning 24, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7851/ksrp.2018.24.4.099.

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3

Wang, Tai Rong, Lu Bai, and Zhen Sen Wu. "Path Loss of Non-Line-of-Sight Single-Scatter Model." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.416.

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Based on the single-scatter model of the Non-Line-of-Sight(NLOS), we analyze the effect of the geometric parameter of the transceiver on path loss, such as the receiver field of view(FOV), the transmitter apex angle and so on. And path loss in different visibility and weather conditions are simulated. The simulation results show that increasing the receiver FOV, or reducing the transmitter apex angle or the receiver apex angle can reduce path loss. And visibility and weather have an important effect on path loss.

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4

Senaviratne, G. M. M. M. Anomaa, Claire Baffaut, John A. Lory, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Nathan O. Nelson, Jimmy R. Williams, and Stephen H. Anderson. "Improved APEX Model Simulation of Buffer Water Quality Benefits at Field Scale." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 2 (2018): 603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12655.

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Abstract. Watershed models offer cost-effective means to quantify the environmental benefits of conservation practices. This study evaluated the ability of the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model to simulate the effectiveness of upland buffers for reducing event runoff, sediment, and total phosphorus (TP) loadings. The study used 16 years of monitoring data (1993-2008) from three field-scale row crop watersheds. Two watersheds had buffers installed in the fall of 1997, one with upland agroforestry buffers (grass plus trees) and the second with upland grass buffers; the third watershed was maintained as a control. Objectives were to (1) determine the effect of upland buffers on APEX parameters, (2) evaluate the ability of APEX to estimate upland buffer effectiveness, and (3) evaluate the impact of alternative buffer placement options on water quality outcomes. After modification of the APEX code to improve simulation of infiltration in the buffers, we successfully calibrated APEX for no-buffer and upland buffer conditions for event runoff and TP. However, calibrated parameters from the no-buffer model simulated buffer conditions poorly and resulted in an overestimation of buffer effectiveness. Buffer effectiveness estimated with upland buffer parameters was similar to that obtained from measured data. Scenario analysis indicated that a combination of backslope and footslope agroforestry buffers was more effective than contour placement for reducing average annual edge-of-field runoff and total P losses. These results highlight the complexity of using APEX to assess upland buffers as well as potential problems when using APEX to quantify the benefits of conservation practices not included in the calibration dataset. Keywords: Agroforestry buffers, Buffer placement, Modeling, Phosphorus, Practice effectiveness, Watershed discretization.

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5

Jung, Chung-Gil, Jong-Yoon Park, Ji-Wan Lee, Hyuk Jung, and Seong-Joon Kim. "The Applicability of SWAT-APEX Model for Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Assessment." Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 53, no. 5 (September 30, 2011): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/ksae.2011.53.5.035.

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6

X. Wang, J. R. Williams, P. W. Gassman, C. Baffaut, R. C. Izaurralde, J. Jeong, and J. R. Kiniry. "EPIC and APEX: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation." Transactions of the ASABE 55, no. 4 (2012): 1447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.42253.

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7

P. Tuppad, C. Santhi, X. Wang, J. R. Williams, R. Srinivasan, and P. H. Gowda. "Simulation of Conservation Practices Using the APEX Model." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 26, no. 5 (2010): 779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.34947.

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8

Stark, Johan, Christine Ericsdotter, Björn Lindblom, and Johan Sundberg. "The APEX model: From articulatory positions to sound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104, no. 3 (September 1998): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.423454.

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9

Ravensbergen, J., J. K. B. Krijger, A. L. Verdaasdonk, B. Hillen, and H. W. Hoogstraten. "The Influence of the Blunting of the Apex on the Flow in a Vertebro-Basilar Junction Model." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 119, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2796080.

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The apex of human vertebro-basilar junctions can be sharp-edged or blunted. In the present study, the effect of a blunted apex on the flow in vertebro-basilar junction models is investigated. We compared the flow phenomena in a series of junction models with blunted apices and confluence angles 45, 85, and 125 deg with the flow phenomena in a series of junction models with sharp-edged apices and the same range of confluence angles, studied in a previous paper (Ravensbergen et al., 1996b). The blunting of the apex appears to have an effect on the size of the local recirculation area near the apex and the prevailing low velocities. Large recirculation areas are found in the models with blunted apices, especially in those with small confluence angles. In addition, the blunting of the apex has no influence on the flow further downstream, nor on the structure and strength of the secondary flow field. Furthermore, a blunted apex appears to be a geometric risk factor for atherosclerosis. This supports the hypotheses that recirculation areas and low wall shear stress influence the development of atherosclerotic plaques.

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10

Park, Ok-Jin, Moon-Hee Jeong, Eun-Hye Lee, Mi-Ran Cho, Jaehong Hwang, Seungryong Cho, Cheol-Heui Yun, Seung Hyun Han, and Sun-Young Kim. "A Pilot Study of Chronological Microbiota Changes in a Rat Apical Periodontitis Model." Microorganisms 8, no. 8 (August 2, 2020): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081174.

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Apical periodontitis caused by microbial infection in the dental pulp is characterized by inflammation, destruction of the pulpal and periradicular tissues, and alveolar bone resorption. We analyzed the chronological changes in microbiota using a pyrosequencing-based approach combined with radiologic and histopathologic changes in a rat apical periodontitis model. During the three-week observation, the pulp and periapical area showed a typical progress of apical periodontitis. A total of 27 phyla, 645 genera, and 1276 species were identified. The root apex had a lower bacterial species diversity than the pulp chamber. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were dominant phyla in both the pulp chamber and root apex. Remarkably, bacterial communities showed a tendency to change in the root apex based on the disease progression. At the genus level, Escherichia, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Rodentibacter, and Bacteroidetes were dominant genera in the pulp chamber. The most abundant genera in the root apex were Bradyrhizobium, Halomonas, and Escherichia. The species Azospirillum oryzae increased in the pulp chamber, whereas the species Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Halomonas stevensii were highly observed in the root apex as the disease progressed. The experimental rat model of apical periodontitis demonstrated a relationship between the microbiota and the apical periodontitis progression.

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11

Ryzhii, Victor, Vladimir Mitin, Maxim Ryzhii, Nadezhda Ryabova, and Taiichi Otsuji. "Device Model for Graphene Nanoribbon Phototransistor." Applied Physics Express 1 (June 6, 2008): 063002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/apex.1.063002.

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12

Praček, Stanislav, Franci Sluga, and Klemen Možina. "Mathematical Model for Yarn Unwinding Part ΙΙ: Conic Packages." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 5136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.5136.

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Mathematical modeling can be used to simulate the unwinding of yarn from packages of different shapes. This method can be applied to design packages that can sustain high unwinding velocities at low and steady tension in the yarn. In the case of conic packages the angular velocity of unwinding depends not only on the winding angle as is the case for cylindric packages, but also on the apex angle. We will show that the dimensionless angular velocity depends very little on the apex angle. The apex angle, however, also determines the effective radius of the package at the lift-off point, therefore the angular velocity can be proportionally higher. We will compare unwinding from a cylindrical and a conic package with equal smallest radius and show that unwinding from the conic package is faster due to higher average radius of the package at the lift-off point.

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13

Roy, Susmita, Alexander T. D. Grünwald, and Renée Lampe. "Model-Based Radiation-Free Assessment of Scoliosis: A Principle Validation Study." Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering 42, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40846-022-00678-8.

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Abstract Purpose Adolescent scoliosis is one of the common pediatric spinal diseases which has a high risk of progression due to the rapid growth of the skeleton during the growing stage therefore needs regular clinical monitoring including X-rays. Because X-rays could lead to ionizing radiation-related health problems, an ionizing radiation-free, non-invasive method is presented here to estimate the degree of scoliosis and to potentially support the medical assessment. Methods The radiation-free body scanner provides a 3D surface scan of the torso. A basic 3D structure of the human ribcage and vertebral column was modeled and simulated with computer-aided design software and finite element method calculation. For comparison with X-rays, courses of vertebral columns derived from 3D torso images and 3D models were analyzed with respect to their apex positions and angles. Results The methods show good results in the estimation of the apex positions of scoliosis. Strong correlations (R = 0.8924) were found between the apex and Cobb angle from X-rays. Similar correlations (R = 0.8087) was obtained between the apex angles extracted from X-rays and the combination of torso scan images with 3D model simulations. Promising agreement was obtained between the spinal trajectories extracted from X-ray and 3D torso images. Conclusions Very strong correlations suggest that the apex angle could potentially be used for scoliosis assessment in follow-up examinations in complement to the Cobb angle. However, further improvements of the methods and tests on a larger number of data set are necessary before their introduction into the clinical application.

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14

Hur, Seung-Oh, Soonkun Choi, and Seong-Chang Hong. "Assessment & Estimation of Water Footprint on Soybean and Chinese Cabbage by APEX Model." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 38, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2019.38.3.25.

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15

Jiang, Lanyue, Peikun Liu, Yuekan Zhang, Xinghua Yang, Xiaoyu Li, Yulong Zhang, and Hui Wang. "The Performance Prediction Model of W-Shaped Hydrocyclone Based on Experimental Research." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020118.

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Fine particles misclassification in the underflow (UF) of grinding-classification hydrocyclones might result in ore over-grinding, leading to both reduced ball mill throughput and metal recovery. In the current research, a W-shaped hydrocyclone is proposed, to efficiently decrease the misclassification of fine particles in UF. The effects of the following parameters (including cross-effects) on W-shaped hydrocyclone classification performance were studied experimentally—inlet pressure, apex diameter, and vortex finder insertion depth and diameter. A mathematical model on the basis of the response surface method was established for the prediction of W-shaped hydrocyclone separation performance. The significance of the effects of the factors on the fine particle content in UF decreased in the following order—vortex finder diameter > inlet pressure > vortex finder insertion depth > apex diameter. The significance of influences of different factors on quality effectively decreased in the following order—inlet pressure > vortex finder insertion depth > vortex finder diameter > apex diameter. The significance of factor effects on the quantity efficiency decreased in the following order—inlet pressure > vortex finder insertion depth > apex diameter > vortex finder diameter. All influence factors were considered to obtain the optimal parameter configuration—an apex diameter of 0.14 D, a vortex finder diameter of 0.31 D, an insertion depth of 1.87 D, and an inlet pressure of 0.18 MPa. The corresponding optimal result was a −25 μm particle content (C−25) in UF of 11.92%, a quality efficiency of 42.48%, and a quantity efficiency of 98.99%.

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Senaviratne, G. M. M. M. Anomaa, Claire Baffaut, John A. Lory, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Nathan O. Nelson, and Ammar B. Bhandari. "Evaluation of Four Parameterization Strategies for the APEX Model." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 5 (2018): 1603–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12656.

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Abstract.State-of-the-art model parameterization consists of calibrating and validating the model using monitored data. When data are not available, many studies have relied on alternate strategies, including parameter sets obtained for eco-hydrologically similar watersheds and best professional judgment (BPJ). The objectives of this study were to (1) test the accuracy of four APEX parameterization strategies to predict runoff quantity and quality in a small agricultural watershed and (2) compare the effects of the different parameter sets on relative and absolute water quality outcomes for different conservation practice scenarios. A BPJ and three parameter sets obtained on nearby and more distant sites, including two fully calibrated parameter sets, i.e., for runoff, sediment, and total phosphorus (TP), and one partially calibrated parameter set, i.e., for runoff and TP only, were evaluated based on edge-of-field runoff, sediment loss, and TP loss, as well as for long-term annual predictions and relative changes for six conservation practice scenarios. Only the parameter sets that were fully calibrated met the model performance criteria on the test watershed and produced similar 30-year average annual predictions for the conservation practices. Relative changes in conservation outcomes were similar for the fully and partially calibrated parameter sets. They were different for the BPJ parameter set for at least one conservation practice. In the absence of site-specific data, the best parameterization strategy was to use parameter sets from a model calibrated for runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from an eco-hydrologically similar site. Partial calibration of the model was sufficient to obtain consistent relative effects of the conservation practices. Keywords: Conservation practices, Hydrologic modeling, Model parameterization, Phosphorus, Sediment.

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TInaz, A. C., T. Alacam, and O. Topuz. "A simple model to demonstrate the electronic apex locator." International Endodontic Journal 35, no. 11 (November 2002): 940–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00576.x.

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18

Tchorz, Jörg Philipp, Elmar Hellwig, and Markus Jörg Altenburger. "Teaching Model for Artificial Teeth and Endodontic Apex Locators." Journal of Dental Education 77, no. 5 (May 2013): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2013.77.5.tb05512.x.

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19

Shinozuka, Yuzo. "Interacting quasi-band model for electronic states in alloy semiconductors: Relation to averaget-matrix approximation and band anticrossing model." Applied Physics Express 7, no. 7 (June 27, 2014): 071201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/apex.7.071201.

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20

Fuddin, Muhammad Khoirul. "PEMBERANTAS KEMISKINAN DAN KECUKUPAN MODAL DI DUA DIMENSI BERBEDA MELALUI MODEL APEX BPR DAN GRAMEEN BANK." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jep.v9i2.3677.

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This research is based on two models of the object model of the Grameen Bank that successfully implemented in rural communities of Bangladesh and APEX BPR models have been suggested by the Central Bank of Indonesia. It is expected that these two models can be reduced poverty in Indonesia. Conclusions can be drawn from this study is that the level of poverty later in Indonesia in handling through lending activities were not able to use only one in the same way. this is because, since this type of poverty in rural and urban areas have differences. With the APEX BPR is felt more appropriate to extend credit in the urban poor Grameen Bank model is more suitable to be applied to extend credit in rural communities

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21

Sasmal, Aritra, and Karl Grosh. "Unified cochlear model for low- and high-frequency mammalian hearing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 28 (June 20, 2019): 13983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900695116.

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The spatial variations of the intricate cytoarchitecture, fluid scalae, and mechano-electric transduction in the mammalian cochlea have long been postulated to provide the organ with the ability to perform a real-time, time-frequency processing of sound. However, the precise manner by which this tripartite coupling enables the exquisite cochlear filtering has yet to be articulated in a base-to-apex mathematical model. Moreover, while sound-evoked tuning curves derived from mechanical gains are excellent surrogates for auditory nerve fiber thresholds at the base of the cochlea, this correlation fails at the apex. The key factors influencing the divergence of both mechanical and neural tuning at the apex, as well as the spatial variation of mechanical tuning, are incompletely understood. We develop a model that shows that the mechanical effects arising from the combination of the taper of the cochlear scalae and the spatial variation of the cytoarchitecture of the cochlea provide robust mechanisms that modulate the outer hair cell-mediated active response and provide the basis for the transition of the mechanical gain spectra along the cochlear spiral. Further, the model predicts that the neural tuning at the base is primarily governed by the mechanical filtering of the cochlear partition. At the apex, microscale fluid dynamics and nanoscale channel dynamics must also be invoked to describe the threshold neural tuning for low frequencies. Overall, the model delineates a physiological basis for the difference between basal and apical gain seen in experiments and provides a coherent description of high- and low-frequency cochlear tuning.

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Wang, J. J., J. Y. Liu, and Q. S. Li. "The effects of apex flap on the leading-edge vortex breakdown of a cropped double delta wing." Aeronautical Journal 107, no. 1078 (December 2003): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000192400001349x.

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Abstract The dye-injection flow visualisation technique was used to investigate the effect of the apex flap on the leading-edge vortex breakdown over a cropped 76°/40° double delta wing. The angle-of-attack of the experimental model varied from 20° to 40°, and the length of the apex flap was 25%c and 50%c respectively. By changing the angle of the apex flap, we found that the apex flap is an efficient method to control the leading-edge vortex breakdown, and that there exists an angle of the apex flap at which the value of the leading-edge vortex breakdown delay reaches maximum. Moreover, it is found that, for α < 28°, the small apex flap is a better choice for delaying the vortex breakdown; for α > 28°, the large apex flap is superior to the small one.

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23

Palička, Peter, Róbert Huňady, Martin Hagara, and Pavol Lengvarský. "Optimization of Apex Shape for Mounting to the Bead Bundle Using FEM." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010377.

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Tires are one of the most basic and important components of vehicles, including bicycles, cars, trucks, and aircraft. They consist of several layers that provide complex and dynamically changing functions. This work aims to optimize the mounting process of the tire apex to the bead. The bead locks the tire to the rim and helps minimize the risk of rim slip, and the apex provides dynamic stiffness, stress distribution, and driving stability. In mounting the apex onto the bead, air can be trapped between the apex and bead, which is an undesirable and significant problem in tire manufacturing. An FE model was created to simulate and optimize this process. After modifying the apex dimensions, the air was displaced from the space between the apex and the bead. Based on the simulation results, a set of recommendations for producing suitable apex shapes is provided.

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Cao, Yang, Dezheng Yang, Mingsu Si, Huigang Shi, and Desheng Xue. "Model for large magnetoresistance effect in p–n junctions." Applied Physics Express 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 061304. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/apex.11.061304.

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Septiana, Nanda, Primadina Hasanah, and Annisa Rahmita Soemarsono. "Analisis Volatilitas Harga Saham Sekor Minyak dan Gas di Indonesia pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 dengan Metode ARIMA-GARCH." J Statistika 14, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/jstat.vol14.no2.a4497.

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Pandemi Covid-19 memberi dampak yang signifikan terhadap berbagai sektor industri di Indonesia salah satunya saham sektor pertambangan Minyak Mentah dan Gas Bumi (MIGAS). Hal ini ditunjukkan pada penurunan harga minyak yang turun di bawah $40 USD dan aktivitas eksplorasi di Indonesia menurun lebih dari 40% dibanding sebelum pandemi Covid-19. Selama pandemi, harga saham sektor pertambangan MIGAS mengalami volatilitas yang cukup tinggi sehingga cukup meresahkan sektor investasi di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu prediksi volatilitas harga saham sektor pertambangan MIGAS agar mampu memberikan informasi terhadap investor untuk melakukan manajemen portofolio. Pada penelitian ini, dianalisis volatilitas harga saham empat perusahaan pertambangan MIGAS, yaitu PT. Apexindo Pratma Duta (APEX), PT. Elnusa (ELSA), PT. Medco Energi Internasional (MEDC), dan PT. Radiant Utama Interinsco (RUIS) pada tanggal 01 Maret 2020 - 28 Februari 2021 dengan metode ARIMA-GARCH. Pada proses analisis, digunakan RStudio dengan pembentukan model ARIMA dilakukan terlebih dahulu kemudian dilanjutkan pembentukan model ARIMA-GARCH jika model ARIMA terdapat gejala heteroskedastisitas. Hasil dari penelitian ini, pada saham APEX, ELSA, dan RUIS terdapat gejala heteroskedastisitas pada model ARIMA dan didapatkan model ARIMA GARCH untuk perusahaan APEX, ELSA dan RUIS serta model ARIMA untuk perusahaan MEDC. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diperoleh bahwa terdapat asumsi autokorelasi, normalitas, dan heteroskedastisitas yang belum terpenuhi pada uji diagnostik. Niilai MAPE untuk APEX, ELSA, MEDC, dan RUIS, yaitu , , , dan . Dari hasil akurasi peramalan yang didapatkan, terdapat nilai MAPE di atas 10%, yaitu pada model APEX dan ELSA sehingga model tersebut belum dapat dikatakan baik untuk peramalan. Kata kunci : ARIMA, GARCH, Volatilitas Harga Saham

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Saleh, Ali, Rewati Niraula, Gary W. Marek, Prasanna H. Gowda, David K. Brauer, and Terry A. Howell. "Lysimetric Evaluation of the APEX Model to Simulate Daily ET for Irrigated Crops in the Texas High Plains." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 1 (2018): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.11938.

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Abstract. The NTT (Nutrient Tracking Tool) was designed to provide an opportunity for all users, including producers, to run complex simulation models, such as APEX (Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender), with the associated required databases. The APEX model currently nested within NTT provides estimates of the changes in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sediment losses that are associated with management practices specified by the user. Five methods (Penman-Monteith, Penman, Priestley-Taylor, Hargreaves-Samani, and Baier-Robertson) for determining potential evapotranspiration (PET) are available as inputs for estimating actual ET. This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the ET values obtained from the five PET equations currently available in APEX using both onsite measured climate data and data from the NTT standard databases. The mean daily, monthly, and annual ET values predicted by each of the equations in APEX for a lysimeter field at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory at Bushland, Texas, was compared to values measured for the 2001-2010 period. APEX generally underestimated ET with all PET methods (mostly during growing seasons) at both the daily and monthly levels but overpredicted for years when cotton was grown as the major cash crop due to overprediction of leaf area index during the senescing stage for cotton. The underprediction of ET in growing seasons was possibly from underprediction of rainfall due to estimation of rainfall for missing data. Overall, APEX was able to adequately (R2 = 0.82 and NSE = 0.80) predict mean monthly ET for major crops grown in the semi-arid Texas High Plains region. These results should reinforce confidence in APEX’s ability to simulate ET accurately for fully irrigated farms. ET predictions with the Hargreaves-Samani and Priestley-Taylor methods, which require limited data compared to the Penman and Penman-Monteith methods, were similar (p > 0.05, one-way ANOVA), with mean errors within 8.7% for measured weather data and 12.6% for NTT-generated weather data for both methods. This is encouraging because of the limited availability of measured climate data for the majority of locations in the world, including the U.S. Keywords: APEX, Evapotranspiration (ET), Irrigation, Lysimeters, NTT, Semiarid regions.

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Zhang, Yongbin, Hongjun Liu, Nan Huang, Zhaolu Wang, and Jing Han. "Particle model for optical noisy image recovery via stochastic resonance." Applied Physics Express 10, no. 10 (September 12, 2017): 102501. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/apex.10.102501.

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Rudra, Rashbihari, and Debabrata Biswas. "Semi-analytical modeling of large area field emitters having non-identical pins." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 12 (December 2022): 123104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0126606.

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The Line Charge Model (LCM) is an excellent analytical tool to model vertically aligned nano-tips in large area field emitters (LAFE). The linear line charge model is exact for isolated hemi-ellipsoidal nano-tips placed in a uniform external electric field. It has recently been used to model a LAFE with randomly placed identical emitters. The results are accurate when the mean spacing c is moderate to large compared to the emitter height h. In a closely packed LAFE ([Formula: see text]), the LCM underpredicts the apex enhancement factor. We introduce a heuristic correction in the LCM result that yields a better accuracy in predicting the apex enhancement factor over a wider range of mean spacing. The corrected LCM model is then used to simulate emitter shapes having a distribution in the height of emitters and apex radius of curvature Ra. A hybrid approach is adopted for non-ellipsoidal shapes where the line charge density is nonlinear and, hence, harder to implement. Predictions for the apex enhancement factor and the net emission current are found to be reasonably accurate for a LAFE with a wide variation in h and Ra values.

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Mason, Rachel, Josef Gorres, Joshua W. Faulkner, Luca Doro, and Scott C. Merrill. "Calibrating the APEX Model for Simulations of Environmental and Agronomic Outcomes on Dairy Farms in the Northeast U.S.: A Step-by-Step Example." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 3 (2020): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13679.

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HighlightsThis article details the method used to calibrate the APEX model for simulations of dairy farm silage corn production.Useful model outputs, plots, and metrics are discussed, as well as decision points and potential improvements.The article is intended as a helpful starting point for those who are new to APEX.Abstract. This article documents the procedure used to calibrate the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model for a project that aimed to simulate crop yields, runoff, erosion, and nutrient losses on dairy farms under climate change. We describe each step in the calibration process, presenting the model outputs, plots, and metrics that were found to be useful, and discussing the decisions that needed to be made along the way. Calibration improved the performance of the model relative to an uncalibrated “baseline” version, and 0.22 < NSE < 0.49 and PBIAS within ±12% were achieved for most of the model outputs. While the mean annual silage yield was correct (PBIAS = 2%), the model did not accurately capture year-to-year yield variations (NSE = -1.6), and results for nitrogen in runoff were poor (NSE = -0.04, PBIAS = -69%).We therefore also outline several ways in which the method could be improved. Other calibration methods exist, and the procedure presented here will not be applicable in all situations. However, fully documented APEX calibrations are rare in the literature, and the number of non-expert model users may be growing. We therefore anticipate that this paper will serve as a useful point of entry for those who are new to APEX. We also hope that this work contributes to the development of transparent and reproducible procedures for modeling studies that have real-world implications. Keywords: APEX model, Hydrologic modeling, Methodology, Model calibration.

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Tchorz, J. P., E. Hellwig, and M. J. Altenburger. "An improved model for teaching use of electronic apex locators." International Endodontic Journal 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01975.x.

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Ericsdotter Bresin, Christine. "Deriving Vowel-to-Vowel Transitions with the Apex Articulatory Model." Journal of New Music Research 29, no. 3 (September 28, 2000): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jnmr.29.3.235.3091.

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Eckardt, Nancy A. "A Useful Model of Auxin Transport in the Root Apex." Plant Cell 26, no. 3 (March 2014): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.124669.

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Fellows, Jane R., R. J. Reader, and D. C. E. Wurr. "A model for leaf production and apex development in calabrese." Journal of Horticultural Science 72, no. 2 (January 1997): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1997.11515519.

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McMaster, G. S., W. W. Wilhelm, and J. A. Morgan. "Simulating winter wheat shoot apex phenology." Journal of Agricultural Science 119, no. 1 (August 1992): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600071483.

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SummarySimulation models are heuristic tools for integrating diverse processes and help to increase our understanding of complex processes and systems. Models that predict crop development can serve as decision-support tools in crop management. This paper describes a phenology simulation model for the winter wheat shoot apex and reports validation and sensitivity analysis results.The complete developmental sequence of the winter wheat shoot apex is quantitatively outlined and correlated with commonly recognised phenological growth stages. The phyllochron is used to measure the thermal time between most phenological growth stages, thereby increasing the flexibility over the growing degree-day (GDD) and photothermal approaches. Nineteen site-years covering a range of climatic conditions, cultural practices and cultivars across the Central Great Plains, USA, are used to validate the model.Validation results show that the predicted phyllochron (108 GDD) agrees well with the observed phyllochron (107 GDD) for ten cultivars. Mean seedling emergence is predicted to within 2 days in almost all of the 19 site-years. The ability of the model to predict growth stages accurately increased successively from jointing to heading to maturity. Maturity is generally predicted to within 5 days of the observed day.After validation, recalibration of the phyllochron estimates between growth stages are provided, and corrections for mesic and xeric conditions are suggested. Further validation of the entire developmental sequence of the shoot apex is recommended.

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Kim, Kwanyong, Seong Jun Yoon, and Woo Young Choi. "Dual random circuit breaker network model with equivalent thermal circuit network." Applied Physics Express 7, no. 2 (January 22, 2014): 024203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/apex.7.024203.

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Miskolczi, Pál, Rajesh Kumar Singh, Szymon Tylewicz, Abdul Azeez, Jay P. Maurya, Danuše Tarkowská, Ondřej Novák, Kristoffer Jonsson, and Rishikesh P. Bhalerao. "Long-range mobile signals mediate seasonal control of shoot growth." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 22 (May 13, 2019): 10852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902199116.

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In perennial plants, seasonal shifts provide cues that control adaptive growth patterns of the shoot apex. However, where these seasonal cues are sensed and communicated to the shoot apex remains unknown. We demonstrate that systemic signals from leaves play key roles in seasonal control of shoot growth in model tree hybrid aspen. Grafting experiments reveal that the tree ortholog of Arabidopsis flowering time regulator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA) systemically convey seasonal cues to the shoot apex. GA (unlike FT) also acts locally in shoot apex, downstream of FT in seasonal growth control. At the shoot apex, antagonistic factors—LAP1, a target of FT and the FT antagonist TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)—act locally to promote and suppress seasonal growth, respectively. These data reveal seasonal changes perceived in leaves that are communicated to the shoot apex by systemic signals that, in concert with locally acting components, control adaptive growth patterns.

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Suzuki, Koji, Shigetomo Shiki, Masahiro Ukibe, Masaki Koike, Shigehito Miki, Zhen Wang, and Masataka Ohkubo. "Hot-Spot Detection Model in Superconducting Nano-Stripline Detector for keV Ions." Applied Physics Express 4, no. 8 (July 11, 2011): 083101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/apex.4.083101.

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DUCHATEAU-NGUYEN, GUILLEMETTE, GÉRARD WEISBUCH, and LUCA PELITI. "A COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 03 (September 1995): 867–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000782.

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In a previous paper we showed that emergence of mutualism is made possible by selective recognition processes which allow the host to discriminate true symbionts from commensalists. In hydra/algae associations, algae are first ingested in the apex of digestive cells and then migrate to their basis. Both processes are selective.We extend here the previous differential model to a compartmental model and study the role of the two selection processes.

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Meki, Manyowa Norman, Jaehak Jeong, Thomas Gerik, June Wolfe, Louis Hassell, Giovanni Piccinni, and John Gates. "Adapting the APEX Model to Simulate Detasseling in Inbred Corn for Hybrid Seed Production." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13873.

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HighlightsThe APEX model was adapted to simulate detasseling in inbred corn for hybrid seed production.The adapted model satisfactorily predicted detasseling effects on LAI, grain yield, and N content.An inbred corn model could be applied to evaluate best management practices for inbred corns.Abstract. Hybrid seed corn production comprises approximately 10% of the entire corn acreage in the U.S. Because of seed corn’s high economic value, and to maximize yields, seed corn growers often over-irrigate or apply nitrogen (N) fertilizers equal to or in excess of those recommended for commercial hybrid corn. Detasseling female corn inbred lines during hybrid corn seed production is critical to ensure the purity of seeds. In addition to the removal of tassels, detasseling also results in the removal of several leaves, which may lead to reduced seed yields. The objective of this study was to adapt the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model to simulate the detasseling of female inbred corns in hybrid seed production. An APEX inbred corn model was developed to simulate the effects of detasseling and leaf removals on the development of inbred corn, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, and grain N content. Growth characteristics of inbred corn were parameterized in APEX using data from a field study conducted in Nebraska. Overall, the APEX inbred corn model successfully predicted the effects of detasseling on LAI, grain yield, and grain N content under the conditions of the field experiment. There was a significant correlation between simulated and measured LAI (Pearson r = 0.86 and R2 = 0.74 at p = 0.05). The computed paired t-test and permutation test p-values indicated no significant differences between measured and simulated LAI. The mean simulation percent difference and percent bias (PBIAS) were respectively 4.2% and 4.7%, while measured and simulated LAI values had an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.14. The APEX model predicted grain yield with RMSE of 120 kg ha-1, mean simulation percent difference of 0.48%, and PBIAS of 0.26%. Like LAI, predicted grain yields exhibited significant correlation with field data (Pearson r = 0.99 and R2 = 0.97 at p = 0.05). Similarly, computed paired t-test and permutation test p-values indicated no significant differences between measured and simulated grain yields. Grain N content was predicted with RMSE of 6.75 kg N ha-1, mean simulation percent difference of 1.46%, and PBIAS of 2.45%. Predicted and measured grain N content values were correlated (Pearson r = 0.81 and R2 = 0.65 at p = 0.05), while the t-test and permutation test p-values indicated no significant differences between measured and predicted grain N content. Overall, detasseling effects were better predicted for grain yield than for LAI and grain N content as indicated by a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.92 compared to NSE values of 0.47 for LAI and 0.43 for grain N content. In conclusion, the hybrid seed corn industry could benefit from the application of inbred corn models that could allow growers to evaluate and identify optimal irrigation and N management practices for inbred corn, similar to the benefits that have been obtained with model simulation for commercial hybrid corn grain production systems. Keywords: APEX parameterization, Detasseling, Inbred corn, Leaf area index.

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Cheng, Xi, Guangyan Huang, Chunmei Liu, and Shunshan Feng. "Design of a Novel Linear Shaped Charge and Factors Influencing its Penetration Performance." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101863.

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In this paper, a novel linear shaped charge (LSC), called a bi-apex-angle linear shaped charge (BLSC), has been designed to investigate the improvement of penetration performance. Compared with a traditional single-apex-angle LSC, a BLSC, which consists of a small-apex-angle liner and a large-apex-angle liner, has been investigated by depth-of-penetration (DOP) test. The results show that the penetration depth of BLSC is 29.72% better than that of an ordinary LSC. An Eulerian method is applied to simulate the entire process of jet formation, as well as penetration on a #45 steel target. The effectiveness of the Eulerian model is demonstrated by the good agreement of the computational results with experimental observations. Furthermore, the numerical simulation is developed to investigate the influence of liner thickness, explosive type, combination of small and large apex angle, ratio of small to all apex angle liner, and standoff distance on the penetration performance of BLSCs. The suggested work and results can provide a guide and reference for the structural design of BLSC.

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Cho, Seryeyohan, Jihoon Jeong, Seungjin Hwang, and Tae Jun Yu. "Thermal lens effect model of Ti:sapphire for use in high-power laser amplifiers." Applied Physics Express 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 092701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/apex.11.092701.

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Zhou, Liu Ru. "The Effect of Forming Half-Apex Angle on Incremental Sheet Metal Forming." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1514.

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The incremental sheet metal forming technology is a flexible forming technology without dedicated forming dies. The locus of the forming tool can be adjusted by correcting the numerical model of the product. The effect of forming half-apex angle on forming process with all kind of sheet material, sheet thickness and ironing ratio is researched. The limit half-apex angle is different for all kind of sheet material and thickness. The limit half-apex angle is smaller for the larger thickness of sheet metal. It will succeed in square conical box incremental forming in a single tool-path if the forming is carried out with an angle which is larger than the forming limit half-apex angle θ. The ironing ratio ψt is decided by the forming half-apex angle θ. The ironing ratio ψt varies with θ. The ironing ratio ψt is smaller when is larger.

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Song, Peng, Kaili Yang, Pei Li, Yu Liu, Dengfeng Liang, Shengwei Ren, and Qingyan Zeng. "Assessment of Corneal Pachymetry Distribution and Morphologic Changes in Subclinical Keratoconus with Normal Biomechanics." BioMed Research International 2019 (November 19, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1748579.

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Purpose. To investigate the pachymetry distribution of central cornea and morphologic changes in subclinical keratoconus with normal biomechanics and determine their potential benefit for the screening of very early keratoconus. Methods. This retrospective comparative study was performed in 33 clinically unaffected eyes with normal topography and biomechanics from 33 keratoconus patients with very asymmetric ectasia (VAE-NTB; Corvis Biomechanical Index defined) and 70 truly normal eyes from 70 age-matched subjects. Corneal topographic, tomographic, and biomechanical metrics were measured using Pentacam and Corvis ST. The distance and pachymetry difference between the corneal thinnest point and the apex were defined as DTCP-Apex and DPTCP-Apex, respectively, to evaluate the pachymetry distribution within the central cornea. The discriminatory power of metrics was analysed via the receiver operating characteristic curve. A logistic regression analysis was used to establish predictive models. Results. The parameters, DTCP-Apex and DPTCP-Apex, were significantly higher in VAE-NTB than those in normal eyes. For differentiating normal and VAE-NTB eyes, the Belin-Ambrósio deviation (BAD-D) showed the largest area under the curve (AUC; 0.799), followed by ARTmax (0.798), DTCP-Apex (0.771), tomography and biomechanical index (0.760), maximum pachymetry progression index (PPImax, 0.756), DPTCP-Apex (0.753), and back eccentricity (B_Ecc, 0.707) with no statistically significant differences among these AUCs. In the VAE-NTB group, the parameter B_Ecc was significantly and positively correlated with DTCP-Apex (P=0.011) and DPTCP-Apex (P=0.035), whereas the posterior elevation difference had a significant positive association with DPTCP-Apex (P=0.042). A model using the indices DTCP-Apex, B_Ecc, PPImax, and index of height asymmetry demonstrated the highest AUC of 0.846 with 91.43% specificity. Conclusions. Abnormal pachymetry distribution within the central cornea and subtle morphologic changes are detectable in subclinical keratoconus with normal biomechanics. This may improve VAE-NTB eyes detection.

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Biswas, Ayan, Savita Khanna, Sashwati Roy, Xueliang Pan, Chandan K. Sen, and Gayle M. Gordillo. "Endothelial cell tumor growth is Ape/ref-1 dependent." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 309, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): C296—C307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00022.2015.

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Tumor-forming endothelial cells have highly elevated levels of Nox-4 that release H2O2 into the nucleus, which is generally not compatible with cell survival. We sought to identify compensatory mechanisms that enable tumor-forming endothelial cells to survive and proliferate under these conditions. Ape-1/ref-1 (Apex-1) is a multifunctional protein that promotes DNA binding of redox-sensitive transcription factors, such as AP-1, and repairs oxidative DNA damage. A validated mouse endothelial cell (EOMA) tumor model was used to demonstrate that Nox-4-derived H2O2 causes DNA oxidation that induces Apex-1 expression. Apex-1 functions as a chaperone to keep transcription factors in a reduced state. In EOMA cells Apex-1 enables AP-1 binding to the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( mcp-1) promoter and expression of that protein is required for endothelial cell tumor formation. Intraperitoneal injection of the small molecule inhibitor E3330, which specifically targets Apex-1 redox-sensitive functions, resulted in a 50% decrease in tumor volume compared with mice injected with vehicle control ( n = 6 per group), indicating that endothelial cell tumor proliferation is dependent on Apex-1 expression. These are the first reported results to establish Nox-4 induction of Apex-1 as a mechanism promoting endothelial cell tumor formation.

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Hou, Yiran, Rui Jia, Bing Li, and Jian Zhu. "Apex Predators Enhance Environmental Adaptation but Reduce Community Stability of Bacterioplankton in Crustacean Aquaculture Ponds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 10785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810785.

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Aquaculture environments harbor complex bacterial communities that are critical for the growth and health of culture species. Apex predators are frequently added to aquaculture ponds to improve ecosystem stability. However, limited research has explored the effects of apex predators on the composition and function of bacterioplankton communities, as well as the underlying mechanisms of community assembly. Using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) high-throughput sequencing, we investigated bacterioplankton communities of crustacean aquaculture ponds with and without apex predators (mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi) throughout the culture process. In addition to investigating differences in bacterioplankton communities, we also explored variations in environmental adaptation, functional redundancy, and community stability. Significant differences were observed in bacterioplankton composition among different cultural stages; there was an increase in Bacteriobota and fermentation-related bacteria, but a decrease in Firmicutes and pathogens in the middle stages of aquaculture. Apex predators increased the abundance of organic matter degradation bacteria and decreased pathogens. Bacterioplankton communities under apex predator disturbances had a wider environmental breadth, indicating broader environmental adaptation. Moreover, functional prediction and network analyses revealed that communities under apex predator disturbances were less functionally redundant and unstable. Based on the null model, stochastic processes drove community assembly during aquaculture, whereas apex predators elevated the contribution of deterministic processes. Greater changes in nitrate in culture ponds caused by apex predator disturbances were decisive in controlling the balance between stochasticity and determinism in community assembly. Our study provided insight into the mechanisms underlying bacterioplankton community assembly in aquaculture systems in response to apex predator disturbances.

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Konabe, Satoru, Nguyen Thanh Cuong, Minoru Otani, and Susumu Okada. "High-Efficiency Photoelectric Conversion in Graphene–Diamond Hybrid Structures: Model and First-Principles Calculations." Applied Physics Express 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 045104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/apex.6.045104.

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Iwai, Akinori, Yoshihiro Nakamura, Alexandre Bambina, and Osamu Sakai. "Experimental observation and model analysis of second-harmonic generation in a plasma-metamaterial composite." Applied Physics Express 8, no. 5 (April 22, 2015): 056201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/apex.8.056201.

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Ford, William I., Kevin W. King, Mark R. Williams, and Remegio B. Confesor. "Modified APEX model for Simulating Macropore Phosphorus Contributions to Tile Drains." Journal of Environmental Quality 46, no. 6 (November 2017): 1413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2016.06.0218.

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Hong-Mei, Sun, Xie Qian, Xie Gui-Ying, Zhou Jia-Ju, Xu Zhi-Hong, Li Zheng-Ming, Jia Guo-Feng, and Wang Ling-Xiu. "The 3D Biophore Model of Sulfonylurea Herbicides Using APEX-3D Method." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 11, no. 09 (1995): 773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb19950902.

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A, Tadesse, Jaehak Jeong, and Colleen H. M. Green. "Modeling landscape wind erosion processes on rangelands using the APEX model." Ecological Modelling 467 (May 2022): 109925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109925.

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