Academic literature on the topic 'API 5L X100 steel'
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Journal articles on the topic "API 5L X100 steel"
1
De Freitas, Diego, Ivan Machado, José Mazzaferro, Arnaldo Gonzalez, and Cintia Mazzaferro. "Welding cooling rate effects on microstructure of an API 5l x100 steel." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 5, no. 2 (2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v5i2.6113.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of five different cooling rates on properties of weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ) of an API 5L X100 steel welded by GMAW. Bead on pipe (BOP) welds were made on 100x300 mm sections of a 15.8 mm thickness and 580 mm outside diameter API 5L X100 pipe, through five preheat temperatures (-30, 34, 100, 150 and 200 °C), aiming to obtain different cooling rates. Thermocouples were used to obtain the cooling time from 800 to 500 ºC (Δt8/5) during welding. The microstructures of base metal (BM) and HAZ were analyzed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hardness measurements were made on the BOP welds in order to identify maximum and minimum values. As expected, due to the different cooling rates during welding, the distinct preheat temperatures have influenced the weld properties. Maximum and minimum HAZ microhardness, and weld metal hardness decrease as the preheat temperature increases. HAZ area, grain size of fine grained HAZ and coarse grained HAZ increase with increasing preheat temperature.
2
Miranda, R. M., L. Quintino, S. Williams, and D. Yapp. "Welding with High Power Fiber Laser API5L-X100 Pipeline Steel." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.592.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing length of oil and gas transportation pipelines, associated with their construction and operating costs, has lead to the development of new steel grades with higher performance. The API 5L- X100 is a new high strength steel for pipeline applications which enables the use of thinner walled pipes, lighter to transport and easier to handle on site, allowing greater operating pressures and reducing overall costs. However, this steel grade has limited ductility. Since advantages largely surpass disadvantages, these materials are being seen adequate for earthquake risk areas and low temperature environment as in the Arctic region. X100 grade is already used in northern Canada and is planed for Japan Sub Sea. Automatic metal arc welding on site is the most common method of welding onshore pipelines in steel grades X65, X70 and X80. The use of high strength steels requires the development of new welding procedures with narrow specifications and the X100 steel has limited weldability. Research is needed to develop appropriate welding procedures, avoiding typical metallurgical problems like cold cracking and toughness reduction in the weld area and to achieve high productivity and economical feasibility. This paper presents results on API X100 steel grade welded by high power fiber lasers. Since these lasers are quite new in the market, an analysis of the laser source, as well as the beam/material interaction is made. The welds produced were investigated for both macro- and microstructural analysis and mechanical properties, contributing to a better understanding of the transformations induced in this material by the thermal cycle associated with laser welding.
3
Beden, Sabah M., Ali A. Battawi, and A. J. Shahrum. "DURABILITY OF THE OIL PIPELINE SYSTEMS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS." IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING 18, no. 4 (2019): 564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32852/iqjfmme.v18i4.228.
Full textAbstract:
Recent discoveries of petroleum and gas reserves in environments with severe operationalconditions metallic materials, carbon and low alloy steels, have pushed and prompted theneed to find alternatives. The presence of gaseous hydrogen may cause the suffering ofhydrogen damage and embrittlement. The effect of hydrogen and temperature on fatigue lifeproperties, have pushed the utilization of steel procurement specification even stricter thanthey used to be. The main modifications concern the mechanical resistance, toughness at lowtemperatures weld ability and resistance to embrittlement related to hydrogen.Aiming to enhance the reliability and operation of pipelines system, a study based on theelastoplastic fracture was carried out to determine high level prediction for the fatigue life,as well as to evidence the toughness resistance of the used materials. The materials testedhere are API 5L X70 and X100 micro alloyed steels. Hydrogen had affecting the materialproperties, which are reducing the toughness and an influence spotted in Charpy tests.
4
Keshavarz, Arash, and Rahmatollah Ghajar. "Effect of isotropic and anisotropic damage and plasticity on ductile crack initiation." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 28, no. 6 (2018): 918–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789518802625.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, the effects of plastic anisotropy and damage on ductile crack initiation (ductile failure) are studied in a thermodynamically consistent framework. First, isotropic and anisotropic continuum damage models of Lemaitre are modified to incorporate anisotropic plasticity. In the next stage, a subroutine is developed to add the damage formulation to Abaqus finite element package. A highly ductile material with anisotropic plastic behavior, API 5L X100 pipeline steel, is selected for this study. Finite element analyses are done to simulate isotropic/anisotropic plasticity coupled with isotropic/anisotropic damage. Finite element results are compared with the result of tests on smooth and notched specimens, and the effects of anisotropic plasticity, anisotropic damage, geometry changes, triaxiality in stress and their mutual effects and interactions on post yield behavior and crack initiation are studied.
5
Garcia, C. Isaac, Ming Jian Hua, X. Liang, P. Suikannen, and Anthony J. DeArdo. "On the Microstructure of Plate Steels for API-5L X120 Applications." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.17.
Full textAbstract:
The very high strength now achievable in low carbon HSLA steel plates is caused by the formation of bainite or martensite during the post-hot rolling cooling in interrupted direct quenching. Modern electron optical examination, especially FEG-SEM, has allowed the microstructural features such as packet, block and lath dimensions and crystallography to be quantitatively determined. Several recent studies have attempted to relate the strength and toughness to these features, with limited success. However, one observation is clear, these microstructural features scale with the prior-austenite grain size and state of recrystallization. The role of microalloying, beyond grain refinement, remains inconclusive. This paper will discuss these microstructures and suggest possible ways of further refining them.
6
Knapiński, Marcin, Bartosz Koczurkiewicz, Henryk Dyja, Anna Kawałek, and Marcin Kwapisz. "The Basic Research of Experimental Steels for Pipelines." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.518.
Full textAbstract:
The requirement for curde oil and natural gas is still increasing. It was observed a growing of interested in the exploration and exploatation of unconventional fuels, including shate gas. There is about 3 to 5 trilion cubic meters resources of that type of gas in Poland. The latest data predicts that in addition to gas in the shale is also petroleum. The development of this branch of mining in our country can cause a significant increase in demand for pipes. The results of basic research of experimental steels for pipe line are presented in this article. Analyse of published materials about steels for pipe line was done. The chemical composition of two types of new steels meeting the requirements for X80 and X100 grade plates according API 5L norm were developed. The heat tratment using dilatometer DIL 805A/D were carried out. The influnce of heat temperature before rolling proces on structure of austenite was defined. The heating schemes were proposed for obtaining a high yield, while not allowing the dissolution of the alloying elements inhibit austenite grain overdevelopment. For samples after tests the structure of primary austenite and the size of former austenite grains were determined. The influence of deformation cinditions on structure were determinated, too. The results obtained from the examinations will be used to develop a technology for rolling sheets of pipelines in the category of X80 and X100 according to the API.
7
Capula Colindres, Selene, Gerardo Terán Méndez, Julio Cesar Velázquez, Roman Cabrera-Sierra, and Daniel Angeles-Herrera. "Effects of depth in external and internal corrosion defects on failure pressure predictions of oil and gas pipelines using finite element models." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 14 (2020): 3128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220924790.
Full textAbstract:
This study presents, for the first time, the mechanical behavior of API 5L pipeline steels X42, X52, X60, X70, X80, and X100 with external and internal corrosion defects as well as a combination of both defects that has been named external–internal corrosion defects. The conventional methods to predict failure pressure in corroded pipes, such as B31G, RSTRENG-1, SHELL, DNV-99, PCORRC, and FITNET FFS, have also been discussed in this article. In addition, pipeline failure pressure has been estimated using the finite element method, considering that it is the best approach to calculate actual failure pressure. The external and internal corrosion defect investigated in this research manifests as a rectangular shape with spherical ends at the edges. When the external–internal corrosion defect appears, failure pressure data decrease dramatically because of severe damage. This is due to the decrease in the ligament (effective area) caused by the corrosion defect. To have a good estimation of the pipeline failure pressure with an external–internal corrosion defect, DNV-99 method can be used with acceptable certainty.
8
Чин, К. Т., Т. Арумугам, С. Каруппанан, and М. Овинис. "Failure pressure prediction of pipeline with single corrosion defect using artificial neural network." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2021-11-2-166-171.
Full textAbstract:
Описываются разработка и применение искусственной нейронной сети (ИНС) для прогнозирования предельного давления трубопровода с точечным коррозионным дефектом, подверженного воздействию только внутреннего давления. Модель ИНС разработана на основе данных, полученных по результатам множественных полномасштабных испытаний на разрыв труб API 5L (класс от X42 до X100). Качество работы модели ИНС проверено в сравнении с данными для обучения, получен коэффициент детерминации R = 0,99. Модель дополнительно протестирована с учетом данных о предельном давлении корродированных труб API 5L X52 и X80. Установлено, что разработанная модель ИНС позволяет прогнозировать предельное давление с приемлемой погрешностью. С использованием данной модели проведена оценка влияния длины и глубины коррозионных дефектов на предельное давление. Выявлено, что глубина коррозии является более значимым фактором разрушения корродированного трубопровода. This paper describes the development and application of artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the failure pressure of single corrosion affected pipes subjected to internal pressure only. The development of the ANN model is based on the results of sets of full-scale burst test data of pipe grades ranging from API 5L X42 to X100. The ANN model was developed using MATLAB’s Neural Network Toolbox with 1 hidden layer and 30 neurons. Before further deployment, the developed ANN model was compared against the training data and it produced a coefficient of determination ( R ) of 0.99. The developed ANN model was further tested against a set of failure pressure data of API 5L X52 and X80 grade corroded pipes. Results revealed that the developed ANN model is able to predict the failure pressure with good margins of error. Furthermore, the developed ANN model was used to determine the failure trends when corrosion defect length and depth were varied. Results from this failure trend analysis revealed that corrosion defect depth is the most significant parameter when it comes to corroded pipeline failure.
9
Araújo, Bruno Allison, Gabriel Dias Travassos, Antonio Almeida Silva, Eudésio Oliveira Vilar, Jorge Palma Carrasco, and Carlos José de Araújo. "Experimental Characterization of Hydrogen Embrittlement in API 5L X60 and API 5L X80 Steels." Key Engineering Materials 478 (April 2011): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.478.34.
Full textAbstract:
The present work aims to study the hydrogen embrittlement process in API 5L X60 and API 5L X80 steels. The tests were performed using two kinds of hydrogen sources to work with two conditions of hydrogen damage: environmental hydrogen embrittlement and internal hydrogen embrittlement. The mechanical behavior of API 5L X60 and API 5L X80 steels in tensile tests, with and without hydrogen, were studied. Under environmental hydrogen embrittlement conditions, the API 5L X60 steel presented a softening process observed by the decrease in yield strength and increase in its deformation. The API 5L X80 steel was more susceptible to the phenomenon due the deformation decrease of hydrogenated samples. In notched samples, both steels were susceptible to embrittlement as shown by the decrease in elongation. Under internal hydrogen embrittlement conditions, in both steels the changes in deformation were significant and can be attributed to changes in the hydrogen trapping due to the hydrogenation process used, the chemical composition and microstructure. It was observed that the fracture surface morphology of hydrogenated samples of both steels was ductile by microvoids coalescence, and that the distribution of dimples per unit area was higher in the API 5L X60 steel. It can be concluded, as reported in the literature, that the reversible hydrogen trapping observable in environmental hydrogen embrittlement is more damaging than irreversible hydrogen trapping, observable in internal hydrogen embrittlement.
10
Nafisi, Shahrooz, Muhammad Arafin, Robert Glodowski, Laurie Collins, and Jerzy Szpunar. "Impact of Vanadium Addition on API X100 Steel." ISIJ International 54, no. 10 (2014): 2404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.2404.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "API 5L X100 steel"
1
Freitas, Diego Aires de. "Soldagem Mag e eletrodo revestido sobre aço API 5L X100." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143896.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência da taxa de resfriamento na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas do aço API 5L X100 soldado com MAG e analisar a suscetibilidade à trinca induzida pelo hidrogênio deste mesmo aço. Foram realizadas soldas por simples deposição em uma seção de um tubo em cinco diferentes temperaturas de pré-aquecimento (-30, 34, 100, 150 e 200 °C) de modo a se obter diferentes taxas de resfriamento. Em uma segunda etapa, foram realizadas juntas soldadas, com quatro diferentes temperaturas de pré-aquecimento de passe de raiz (32, 100, 150 e 200 °C) e temperatura de interpasse de 100 °C. Para avaliar as propriedades metalúrgicas das amostras soldadas com MAG, foram realizados os ensaios de macrofotografia, microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As propriedades mecânicas foram analisadas com o ensaio de dureza Vickers (HV5) e microdureza Vickers (HV0.2); ensaio de tração e ensaio de impacto Charpy. Na última etapa do trabalho, foi realizado o ensaio Tekken, visando avaliar a suscetibilidade do aço API 5L X100 à trinca induzida pelo hidrogênio. Foram utilizados eletrodos revestidos com diferentes condições de umidade com o objetivo de depositar diferentes níveis de hidrogênio no metal de solda.<br>The aim of this work were to study the influence of cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of an API 5L X100 welded by MAG and to analyze the susceptibility of this steel on hydrogen induced cracking. Bead on pipe welds (BOP) were made into five different temperatures (-30, 34, 100, 150 e 200 °C) aiming to reach different cooling rates during welding. On a second stage of this work, MAG welded joints were made with four different pre-heat temperatures on the root pass (32, 100, 150 e 200 °C) and controlled inter-pass temperature of 100 °C. The metallurgical properties of welds were evaluated by macrograph; light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties were analyzed by Vickers hardness test (HV5), Vickers microhardness test (HV0.2), tensile test and Charpy V-notch. At the last stage of this work, Tekken test was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of API 5L X100 steel on hydrogen induced cracking. SMAW process was used with electrodes on three different humidity conditions aiming to deposit different hydrogen levels on weld metal.
2
BATISTA, GILMAR ZACCA. "INDUCTION HOT BENDING OF STEEL PIPE API 5L X80." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8660@1.
Full textAbstract:
PETRÓLEO BRASILEIRO S. A.<br>Neste trabalho são apresentados os efeitos do processo de
curvamento a
quente por indução na microestrutura e nas propriedades
mecânicas do tubo API
5L X80, fabricado pelo processo UOE, com chapa produzida
através do processo
de laminação controlada sem resfriamento acelerado. O
curvamento foi realizado
com aquecimento localizado, provocado por uma bobina de
alta freqüência,
seguido de resfriamento por jatos de água. O tubo curvado
foi avaliado e
comparado com o tubo reto. Adicionalmente, foi realizado
um tratamento térmico
de revenido em parte da região curvada. Foram realizados
ensaios mecânicos de
tração, microdureza e impacto Charpy-V, análises
dimensionais e avaliação
microestrutural. Verificou-se uma alteração significativa
na microestrutura da
região curvada, resultando em uma curva com menores
valores de temperatura de
transição e limite de escoamento inferior ao do tubo
original e ao requerido por
norma. O tratamento térmico aplicado na região curvada,
mostrou-se eficiente
para elevar o limite de escoamento para valores acima do
mínimo especificado
pela norma API 5L para o X80.<br>The present work discusses the effect of the induction
bending process on
the microstructure and the mechanical properties of an API
5L X80, 20 pipe
produced by the UOE process. The key characteristic of the
pipe was the
manufacturing process of the steel plate, involving
thermomechanical controlled
rolling without accelerated cooling. The pipe bending was
carried out applying
local induction heating followed by water quenching and a
further temper heat
treatment was applied to the curved section. The
methodology of analysis
compared the curved section with the original body pipe,
taking into account
dimensional analysis, microstructural evaluation and
mechanical tests which
included Charpy-V impact, tensile and microhardness. A
significant
microstructural change and decrease, not only in the
transition temperature, but
also in the yield strength ocurred after induction
bending, this reduction was
below the standard requirements. The subsequent tempering
heat treatment
applied to the curved section produced an increase in the
yield strength to achieve
the API 5L requirements for this class of steel.
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Eliyan, Faysal Fayez. "Electrochemical evaluation of API-X100 pipeline steel in simulated carbon dioxide corrosion environments." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/35546.
Full textAbstract:
Corrosion evaluation of API-X100 pipeline steel was performed in simulated carbon dioxide corrosion conditions from selected electrochemical perspectives. Preliminary studies were devoted for studying the effect of the content of bicarbonate species; in aerated and in argon-purged deoxygenated conditions. On a separate scheme, the investigations were then pursued in 1-bar-CO₂-saturated media. The effect of temperature, salinity, acetic acid, and oil content were considered at specific ranges to reveal fairly the environmental effects on corrosion kinetics, passivation, and interfacial mechanisms. Chronological Open Circuit Potential (OCP) variations, polarization potentiodynamics, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were utilized for the electrochemical studies. The corrosion rates increased with the bicarbonate content, higher temperature, upon aeration, upon anodically sensitive chloride addition, and with increased acetic acid content. In bicarbonate solutions, effective passivation was established with broad potential ranges, more facilitated with lower temperature, and in chloride free deoxygenated conditions. Low crude oil amounts were introduced, suppressing corrosion rates, acting dependently on temperature as an anodic and cathodic inhibitor, and influencing passivity with a better efficiency at lower temperatures and with less chloride content. A proposed model for electrochemically driven passivity in oil containing deoxygenated bicarbonate is discussed and selected thermodynamic characteristics for oil adsorption in CO₂-saturated media are presented. At the end of this study, weight loss measurements in autoclave-based 50-psi-CO₂-saturated media at 100°C simulating stratified flows are discussed in brief.
4
Almansour, Mansour A. "Sulfide stress cracking resistance of API-X100 high strength low alloy steel in H2S environments." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/267.
Full textAbstract:
Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) resistance of the newly developed API-X100 High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel was investigated in the NACE TM0177 "A" solution. The NACE TM0177 "A" solution is a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) saturated solution containing 5.0 wt.% sodium chloride (NaC1) and 0.5 wt.% acetic acid (CH3COOH). The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of microstructure, non-metallic inclusions and alloying elements of the X100 on H2S corrosion and SSC susceptibility. The study was conducted by means of electrochemical polarization techniques and constant load (proof ring) testing. Microstructural analysis and electrochemical polarization results for X100were compared with those for X80, an older generation HSLA steel. Uniaxial constant load SSC testing was conducted using X100 samples and the results were compared with those reported for older generation HSLA steels.
Addition of H2S to the NACE TM0177 "A" solution increased the corrosion rate of X100from 51.6 to 96.7 mpy. The effect of H2S on the corrosion rate was similar for X80. The corrosion rate for X80 increased from 45.2 to 80.2 mpy when H2S was added to the test solution. Addition of H2S enhanced the anodic kinetics by forming a catalyst (FeHSads) on the metal surface and as a result, shifted the anodic polarization curve to more current densities. Moreover, the cathodic half cell potential increased due to the decrease in pH, from 2.9 to 2.7, which shifted the cathodic polarization curve to more current densities. The increase in both the anodic and cathodic currents, after H2S addition, caused the rise in the corrosion current density.
In H2S saturated NACE TM-0177 "A" solution, the X100 steel corrosion rate was higher than the X80 steel by 20%. Longer phase boundaries and larger nonmetallic inclusions in the X100 microstructure generated more areas with dissimilar corrosion potentials and therefore, a stronger driving force for corrosion. Higher density of second phase regions and larger nonmetallic inclusions acted as an increased cathode area on the X100 surface which increased the cathodic current density and consequently, increased the corrosion current density.
Proof ring tests on the X100 gave a threshold stress value, C5th, of 46% YS, 343.1 MPa(49.7 ksi). The main failure was caused by SSC cracking. SSC nucleated at corrosion pits on the metal surface and microcracks in the metal body and propagated perpendicular to the applied stress. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) was observed in the X100. HIC cracks nucleated at banded martensite-ferrite interfaces and propagated along the rolling direction parallel to the applied tensile stress through the softer ferrite phase.
When compared to older HSLA grades, the X100 tested in this study had a high SSC susceptibility and therefore, is not be recommended for H2S service applications. The high X100 SSC susceptibility was caused by the material high corrosion rates in H2Smedia which formed corrosion pits that acted as crack initiation sites on the metal surface and provided more hydrogen that migrated into the steel. In addition, the X100
inhomogeneous microstructure provided a high density of hydrogen traps in front of the main crack tip which promoted SSC microcrack formation inside the metal. Microcracks in the metal body connected with the main crack tip that originated from corrosion pits which assisted SSC propagation.
5
Gadala, Ibrahim M. "Corrosion behavior of API X100 steel in near-neutral pH bicarbonate environments : experimental and modelling studies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61112.
Full textAbstract:
API X100 is a new high-strength low-alloy steel which has garnered great interest from the pipeline industry due to the economic benefits it offers in terms of lower material, transportation, and fabrication costs. However, buried pipeline steels suffer from external corrosion and cracking, the mechanism of which in near-neutral pH environments is not yet fully understood. This dissertation presents and discusses the results of several electrochemical studies and numerical models conducted on X100 steel, contributing to a more complete understanding of the fundamental corrosion processes occurring in these environments. Improved simulation accuracy for corrosion rates and pipeline integrity is achieved. Applications of this research are strongest within the buried oil and gas transmission pipeline field, yet are extendable to other infrastructural and engineering applications such as utility piping systems and steel reinforcements of buried or concrete structures.
Results of this work elucidate the criticality of even minor pH variations within the near-neutral pH environment on the corrosion and passivation of X100. Conflicting impacts of [HCO^-₃], versus %CO₂ on corrosion rate are revealed, attributed to the gradual dominance of hydrogen evolution cathodic reactions involving HCO^-₃ species at higher pH. A finer three region subdivision of the near-neutral pH range is proposed based on the dissolution, dissolution-adsorption, adsorption-diffusion, and diffusion-controlled behaviors which appear as pH, [HCO^-₃], [Cl^-], [SO24^(2-)], and temperatures are changed. Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy identifies the role of Cl^-/ SO24^(2-) in increasing corrosion rate, decreasing pre-passive stage diffusion, and decreasing passive layer protection. Increased porosity of FeOOH tubercle structures formed in low dissolved [O₂] environments augments diffusion therein, spurring the exclusive formation of Fe₂O₃ underneath instead of only Fe₃O₄. Hydrogen diffusivity in X100 steel is found to be 4.4x10-⁷ cm²/s. During free corrosion, a diffusible hydrogen concentration of 1 atomic ppm is also measured in the alloy. Simulations in the Finite Element models developed indicate ideal anode placements and applied voltages for an underground cathodic protection system. Additionally, the transient evolution of an external corrosion defect which reaches 3 mm deep within 3 years is visualized, wherein the pipeline’s structural integrity is diminished by 8% of the intact pipeline strength.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Materials Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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CALOI, GISELLE. "WELDABILITY ANALISES OF API 5L X-80 STEEL USING TEKKEN TEST AND IMPLANT TEST." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12414@1.
Full textAbstract:
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da soldabilidade do aço
API 5L X-80
utilizando os Testes Tekken e de Implante. A pesquisa
avalia a soldabilidade do
aço X-80 para a soldagem circunferencial com eletrodo
revestido e arame tubular
com relação à formação de trincas induzidas por
hidrogênio.
O objetivo é
viabilizar diferentes opções de processos de soldagem
para
o aço em questão. Para
o Teste Tekken foram soldados dois pares de chapas pelo
processo SMAW
utilizando o consumível E8010-G e mais dois pares pelo
processo FCAW-G com
o consumível E101T1-GM-H8. Para o Teste de Implante foram
utilizados três
chapas de suporte e dez implantes, sendo que quatro
implantes foram soldados
pelo processo SMAW com E8010-G e seis pelo processo FCAW-
G
com E101T1-
GM-H8. Todos os implantes apresentavam 6 mm de diâmetro.
Para todos os testes
a temperatura de preaquecimento foi de 100°C. A
quantidade
de hidrogênio
difusível nos metais de solda produzidos pelos dois
consumíveis foi medida pelo
processo de Cromatografia Gasosa. Após a realização dos
testes, todas as
amostras foram observadas sem e com ataque no MO e no MEV
para que as
trincas induzidas por hidrogênio na ZTA e no MS (no caso
do
Teste Tekken)
pudessem ser analisadas e medidas. A partir desse
procedimento foi possível
observar que todas as amostras apresentaram trincas
transgranulares com
comprimentos da ordem de 17,68 um, muito pequenas e
improváveis de serem
prejudiciais ao aço. Isso possibilita dizer que o aço X-
80
pode ser soldado
utilizando os consumíveis avaliados, sem riscos de danos
maiores para o material.<br>This work shows a study of the weldability of API 5L X-80
steel using the
Tekken Test and the Implant Test. The research analises the
weldability of HSLA
X-80 steel for orbital circunferencial welding with the
Shielded Metal Arc Weld
and the Flux Core Arc Weld processes with regard to
hydrogen induced cracking
formation. The aim is to make feasible different options of
welding process for the
steel at issue. For the Tekken Test two pairs of plates
were welded by SMAW
process using E8010-G consumable and two more pairs by FCAW-
G process
using E101-T1-GM-H8. The Implant Test used three base
plates and ten implants,
being four implants welded by SMAW process and with E8010-G
consumable
and six by FCAW-G process with E101T1-GM-H8 consumable. All
the implants
have 6 mm of diameter. For all tests the preheating
temperature was 100°C. The
diffusible hydrogen content deposited by both consumables
was measured by the
Gas Chromatography Method. After the tests all the samples
were examined
without and with attack by means of optical microscope and
SEM to allow
hydrogen induced cracking in the HAZ and in the weld metal
(for Tekken Test) to
be viewed and measured. By means of this procedure it was
possible to observe
that all samples showed transgranular cracking with length
of 17,68 um, too small
and unlikely to the be bad to the steel. It allows saying
that X-80 steel can be
welded using the consumables tested, without a risk of
damage of the material.
7
Moojen, Roberto Gomes. "Soldagem de um aço API 5L-X80 com diferentes taxas de resfriamento." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/118878.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho visa estudar a influência da taxa de resfriamento sobre um aço API 5L-X80, extraído de uma seção circular de duto, soldado com o processo MAG automatizado e com dois arames, um maciço e um arame tubular de alma metálica. Para a obtenção de diversas taxas de resfriamento, cinco distintos pré-aquecimentos foram utilizados. Preliminarmente foram realizadas soldas de simples deposição de metal sobre uma seção do duto, com o objetivo de estudar as transformações metalúrgicas na Zona Afetada pelo Calor (ZAC) e no metal de solda. A seguir foram soldados, com cinco diferentes temperaturas de pré-aquecimento e de interpasse, chanfros duplo V com nariz. As soldagens de simples deposição de metal foram analisadas com o uso de Microscópio de Luz, Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura e Dureza. Sobre os chanfros soldados, as propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas foram avaliadas com os ensaios de Tração, Dobramento, Impacto (Charpy-V) e Dureza (Vickers). Os resultados dos testes mecânicos foram superiores aos mínimos definidos por norma, com resultados muito interessantes. Houve uma boa correlação entre os testes de dureza, tração e ensaio de impacto. Os ensaios mecânicos em conjunto com as análises metalúrgicas demonstraram que o efeito combinado do tempo e temperatura, criaram grandes alterações nos resultados. As propriedades mecânicas das juntas soldadas foram superiores as mínimas exigidas pela norma API 5L.<br>This work aims to study the cooling rate effects on an API 5L-X80 steel (circular hollow section) welded with automatized GMAW and with two distinct wires one solid and one metal cored. In order to obtain different cooling rates, five distinct pre-heatings were utilized. At first, beads on plate welds were made, on a section of the pipeline, as a preliminary study of the metallurgical alterations in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and in the weld metal. Also, five double V grooves were welded, using different preheating and interpass temperatures. On the beads on plate welds were evaluated metallurgical and metallurgical properties through Light Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and hardness. On the welded grooves, the mechanical properties were evaluated through Tensile, Bending, Impact (Charpy-V) and Hardness (Vickers) tests. The results of mechanical tests were above the minimum defined by standard, with very interesting results. There was a good correlation between the hardness testing, tensile and impact testing. The mechanical tests together with metallurgical analysis showed that the combined effect of time and temperature, created huge changes in the results. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were higher than the minimum required by the standard API 5L.
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VALIM, MARCELO TOLEDO. "FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF THE WELDED JOINT GOTTEN THE SUBMERGED ARC OF STEEL API 5L GRADE X80." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8193@1.
Full textAbstract:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE PETRÓLEO<br>Este trabalho de tese faz parte de um estudo de
desenvolvimento de aço API X80 e o objetivo deste trabalho
foi avaliar o crescimento estável de uma trinca
superficial localizada na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA)
da junta longitudinal obtida pelo processo de arco
submerso. Foram estudados dois aços API 5L X80
pertencentes aos sistemas NbCr e NbCrMo. Considerando que
dutos operam sob altas pressões, gerando um estado de
tensão severo sob um defeito ou trinca presente no
material pode ocorrer falha da estrutura. Deste modo,
torna-se necessário estudar a natureza destas trincas e o
potencial de crescimento, permitindo assim controlar e
prever o crescimento estável da trinca.
Para avaliar o comportamento da trinca, foi utilizada a
metodologia de integral J. Esta metodologia objetiva
avaliar e prever o comportamento à fratura. Os resultados
esperados no ensaio de integral J é a obtenção da curva de
resistência J-R e o valor do JIc, que representa o valor
de J no início do crescimento estável de trinca.<br>This work of thesis is part of a study of steel
development API X80 and the objective of this work was to
evaluate superficial the steady growth of one crack
located in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of together the
longitudinal one gotten by the process of submerged arc.
Two pertaining steel API had been studied 5L X80 to the
systems NbCr and NbCrMo. Considering that pipes operate
under high pressures, generating a severe state of tension
under a present defect or crack in the material
imperfection of the structure can occur. In this way, one
becomes necessary to study the nature of these cracks and
the potential of growth, being thus allowed to control and
to foresee the steady growth of crack. To evaluate the
behavior of crack, the methodology of integral J was used.
This objective methodology to evaluate and to foresee the
behavior to the breaking. The results waited in the assay
of integral J are the attainment of the curve of
resistance J-R and the value of the JIc, which represents
the value of J in the beginning of the steady growth of
crack.
9
Masoumi, Mohammad. "Role of texture in hydrogen-induced cracking of steel API 5L X70 under various thermomechanical paths." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/27264.
Full textAbstract:
MASOUMI, M. Role of texture in hydrogen-induced cracking of steel API 5L X70 under various thermomechanical paths. 2017. 152 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência de Materiais)-Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017.<br>Submitted by Hohana Sanders (hohanasanders@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-04T14:33:45Z
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Previous issue date: 2017-01-06<br>Pipeline steels are widely used to transport oil and natural gas in long distance in severe environments. Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is one of the most important failure modes in sour environment. Atomic hydrogen produced during surface pipe corrosion diffuses into the steel and traps at defect sites such as inclusions, precipitations, phase interfaces, martensite islands, and grain boundaries. These hydrogen atoms recombine to form hydrogen molecules, leading to the creation of internal pressure within the metal. This reduces ductility, toughness and mechanical properties, leading to HIC nucleation and propagation. The main objective of this thesis was to find a correlation between a role of texture and grain boundary character distribution with HIC crack nucleation and propagation sites. Finally, proposed thermomechanical treatment produced favorable crystallographic textures and significantly increased HIC resistance which is of great interest to petroleum industry. In this thesis, API 5L X70 steel was subjected to thermomechanical processing with various finish rolling temperatures to produce a similar microstructure with different crystallographic textures. The microstructural and textural evolution was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Then, HIC standard test and electrochemical hydrogen-charging experiments were used to induce HIC cracks in pipeline steels. Then EBSD analysis was carried out to show the HIC resistance improvement via appropriate thermomechanical processing. Present work revealed that significant improving of HIC resistance was obtained through engineering of crystallographic texture by isothermal rolling below non-recrystallisation temperature. The high resistance to HIC is highly important to oil and gas transportation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements were done along the HIC crack in X70 steel after HIC test. The results showed that {001} grains which parallels to normal direction are weak against HIC propagation, and provide a preferred path to crack propagation. Whereas, grains which lied along {110} and {111} planes parallel to rolling plane showed higher resistance against HIC crack nucleation and propagation and improved HIC resistance. In addition, EBSD data revealed that the high amount of recrystallization fraction with no stored energy is one of the main reasons for a higher HIC resistance. Consequently, increasing the fraction of low angle and coincidence site lattice boundaries related to low {hkl} indexing and correspond to the dense planes is targeted in grain boundary engineering to improve HIC resistance. Increasing the number of {111} and {110} grains, with the goal of minimizing the number of {001} grains and HABs, leads to a reduction in crack nucleation and propagation. In overall, the key finding of this work revealed that significant improvement of HIC resistance was obtained through engineering of crystallographic texture by isothermal rolling at approximately 850°C. Although the rolling schedule suggested in the current study differs from the established industrial production, a significant improvement in HIC resistance by controlling of texture only was achieved. This can be a great motivation for development of an alternative thermomechanical treatment with lower finish rolling temperature<br>Aços de tubulação são amplamente utilizados para transporte de petróleo e gás natural em longa distância em ambientes agressivos. Trincas induzidas por hidrogênio (HIC) são um dos modos de falha mais importantes no ambiente em que se é usado. O hidrogênio atômico produzido durante a corrosão da superficial da tubulação difunde-se para o aço e as prende em locais de defeito, tais como inclusões, precipitações, interfaces de fase, ilhas martensíticas e contornos de grão. Estes átomos de hidrogênio se recombinam para formar moléculas de hidrogênio, levando à criação de pressão interna dentro do metal. Isso reduz a ductilidade, tenacidade e propriedades mecânicas, levando a nucleação e propagação do HIC. O objetivo principal desta tese foi encontrar uma correlação entre o papel da textura e a distribuição do caráter dos contornos de grãos com os núcleos de propagação e de nucleação das trincas. Finalmente, o tratamento termomecânico proposto produziu texturas cristalográficas favoráveis e aumentou significativamente a resistência ao HIC que é de grande interesse para a indústria petrolífera Nesta tese, o aço API 5L X70 foi submetido a processamento termomecânico com várias temperaturas finais de laminação para produzir uma microestrutura similar com diferentes texturas cristalográficas. A evolução microestrutural e de textura foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), difração de raios X (XRD) e difração de retroespalhamento eletrônico (EBSD). Em seguida, utilizaram-se ensaios padrões de HIC e experimentos electroquímicos com bombardeamento de hidrogênio para induzir fissuras HIC em aços de tubulação. Em seguida, a análise de EBSD foi realizada para mostrar a melhoria da resistência HIC através de processo termomecânico apropriado. O presente trabalho revelou que a melhoria significativa da resistência HIC foi obtida através da engenharia da textura cristalográfica por laminação isotérmica abaixo da temperatura de recristalização. A alta resistência ao HIC é muito importante para o transporte de petróleo e gás. As medidas de difração de retroespalhamento de elétrons (EBSD) foram feitas ao longo da trinca HIC em aço X70 após o teste HIC. Os resultados mostraram que os grãos de planos {001} que são paralelos à direção de laminação são mais propensos a propagação de HIC, e proporcionam um caminho preferêncial para a propagação da trinca. Os grãos que estão ao longo dos planos {110} e {111} são paralelos ao plano de laminação e se mostraram mais resistentes a nucleação e propagação de trincas. Além disso, os dados do EBSD revelaram que a elevada quantidade de recristalização sem energia armazenada por deformação é uma das principais razões para uma maior resistência ao HIC. Consequentemente, o aumento da quantidade de contornos de baixo ângulo e coincident site lattice relacionados à baixa indexação {hkl} e que correspondem aos planos densos é direcionado à engenharia de contornos de grãos para melhorar a resistência a HIC. Em conclusão, aumentar o número de grãos em planos {111} e {110}, objetivando a minimização de grãos em planos {001} e contornos de alto ângulo, leva a uma redução na nucleação e propagação de trincas e a uma melhora de resistência a fragilização pelo hidrogênio. Em geral, a principal descoberta deste trabalho revelou que a melhoria significativa da resistência HIC foi obtida através da engenharia de textura cristalográfica por laminação isotérmica a aproximadamente 850°C. Embora o cronograma de laminação sugerido no presente estudo difira da produção industrial estabelecida, foi alcançada uma melhora significativa na resistência ao HIC somente pelo controle da textura. Isto pode ser uma grande motivação para o desenvolvimento de um tratamento termomecânico alternativo com temperatura de laminação de acabamento mais baixa.
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Shinohara, Yasuhiro. "Effet d'une pré-déformation sur l'endommagement anisotrope d'un acier pour pipeline de grade API X100." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01073824.
Full textAbstract:
Dans le cadre de cette étude, l'influence de la pré-déformation sur l'anisotropie du comportement plastique et sur la ténacité d'un acier API X100 pour pipeline a été abordée. Une étude expérimentale approfondie de la microstructure, des propriétés mécaniques et de l'endommagement du matériaux a été mise en oeuvre. Un modèle phénoménologique anisotrope combinant les écrouissagesisotrope et cinématique a été développé dans l'objectif de rendre compte du comportement ductile de cet acier à haute résistance. De plus, un modèle d'endommagement anisotrope a été établi pour représenter l'effet de pré-déformation sur la ductilité et la ténacité de cet acier. L'application des modèles à la flexion sous contrainte illustre, par exemple, l'effet négatif de la pré-déformation sur la charge limite (Moment de flexion maximum) supportée avant flambement du pipe.
Book chapters on the topic "API 5L X100 steel"
1
Nafisi, S., M. Arafin, B. S. Amirkhiz, R. Glodowski, L. Collins, and J. Szpunar. "Effect of Vanadium Addition on Api X100 Linepipe Steel." In HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119223399.ch88.
Full text
2
Nafisi, S., M. Arafin, B. S. Amirkhiz, R. Glodowski, L. Collins, and J. Szpunar. "Effect of Vanadium Addition on API X100 Linepipe Steel." In HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48767-0_88.
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3
Paiva, V. E. L., R. D. Vieira, and J. L. F. Freire. "Fatigue Properties Assessment of API 5L Gr. B Pipeline Steel Using Infrared Thermography." In Residual Stress, Thermomechanics & Infrared Imaging, Hybrid Techniques and Inverse Problems, Volume 7. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95074-7_4.
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Plascencia, Gabriel, David Jaramillo, Felipe Hernández, and Jorge Luis González. "Estimation of the Rate of Hydrogen Penetration in a Welded API 5L Steel Pipe." In Diffusion in Solids and Liquids III. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-51-5.500.
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Al Tamimi, Abdallah, and Mohammad Modarres. "Coalescence and Growth of Two Semi-Elliptical Coplanar Cracks in API-5L Grade B Steel." In Fracture, Fatigue, Failure, and Damage Evolution, Volume 5. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06977-7_8.
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Kurpe, Oleksandr, Volodymyr Kukhar, Eduard Klimov, Sergii Chernenko, and Elena Balalayeva. "Implementation of Pipe Steel Grade X52M Manufacturing According to API-5L Requirements Applied to Hot Rolling Mills “1700”." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22365-6_42.
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DUNCUMB, A. C., and A. OKELL. "Ultrasonic Velocity Variations in API 5L Grade X60 Steel." In Impact of Non-Destructive Testing. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-040191-1.50011-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "API 5L X100 steel"
1
Giunta, Giuseppe, Sergio Budano, Antonio Lucci, and Luca Prandi. "Pipeline Health Integrity Monitoring (PHIM) Based on Acoustic Emission Technique." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78545.
Full textAbstract:
The Acoustic Emission (AE) technique allows taking under control the damage as superficial flaws (S-Flaws) occurred during service operation of remarkable zones of steel components, monitoring the initiation and the propagation of critical defects, submitted to static or variable stresses and aggressive environment exposure. In the framework of the eni gas&power research project oriented to the development of a “AE methodology” for monitoring critical sections of gas transmission pipelines, a study has been carried out jointly with Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM), aimed to investigate reliability and applicability of the AE technique to steels used in the Oil&Gas industry. Steel grades API 5L X65, X80 and X100, representative of traditional and new gas pipelines, have been selected. The project was scheduled investigating the potential of these steels to release elastic waves generated by sources of damage related to ductile or brittle fracture mechanisms. Hydraulic tests until failure were carried out on single pipes using steel grade API 5L X65 for monitoring the growing of the damage on the tip of artificial surface notches (S-flaw), machined on the wall thickness [1]. Water was used as internal fluid and temperature effect was considered as well. The capability of the AE technique to discriminate ductile and brittle fractures, the essential information to approach an integrity assessment procedure, was achieved. This paper, respect to the previous ones [1], extends the AE methodology for monitoring pipelines supplying both oil and gas. In fact a third burst test was carried out filling the pipe by air and the results on this item are presented.
2
Spinelli, Carlo Maria, and Furio Marchersani. "TAP Project." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0017.
Full textAbstract:
International gas market development is towards very long transportation distances (3000–6000 km); the only suitable onshore technology to conjugate economics, large amount of gas conveyed and possibility to exploit remote gas fields appears to be the Very High Pressure (P > 14 MPa), Very High Strength Steel (Steel grade X100 API 5L [1] equivalent) option. Eni Group is going to sponsor a 3 years long project, called TAP (Trasporto gas Alta Pressione) [High Pressure gas Transportation] aimed to demonstrate: • economic evaluation; • technology reliability; • real possibility to build Very High Pressure Pipeline. The project itself is framed into five logical areas: • Evaluation of the applicability of alternative technological solution in extreme enterprise; • Technological innovation, mainly within Eni Group; • FEED (Front End Engineering Development) for strategic route gas pipeline and comparison with LNG option; • Demonstrative construction of a High Strength Steel (X80) pipeline section on Snam Rete Gas Network in Italy; • Demonstrative construction of a Very High Strength Steel (X100 API equivalent) provisioning pilot section pipeline. To achieve this object Eni has involved: • Eni Gas & Power Division as Business Developer; • Snamprogetti as Technology Developer; • Aquater, Enidata, Enitecnologie, Saipem, Snam Rete Gas as specific item expertises; • CSM and Universita` di Bergamo as high qualified partners for lab and full scale testing; • Pipe steel makers and coating producers as fundamental partners to develop new solutions. TAP, within Eni Group, is the final step of a long development research and innovation activity started 8 years ago with two explorative “Long distance pipeline High Grade Steel” projects on Very High Strength Steel performances (strength, toughness, weldability) carried out mainly with the support of Snam, Snamprogetti and Saipem. TAP final goal is to collect, transfer, develop all the possible technological solutions to be ready for building “The pipeline network for Very High Pressure Transportation”.
3
Giunta, Giuseppe, Sergio Budano, Antonio Lucci, Roberto Piancaldini, and Luca Prandi. "Improvement of Reliability Assessment of Gas Pipeline Using Acoustic Emission Technique." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97175.
Full textAbstract:
Among NDE techniques for monitoring damages on pipelines in service, the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique is effective to check initiation and propagation of critical defects under stress and exposed to aggressive environment. To investigate both reliability and applicability of the AE technique to pipelines used in Oil&Gas industry, different full scale tests have been designed and performed as significant items. A pilot line (48″ diameter and length 194m), formed from pipes made of both steels grade API 5L X80 and X100, has been buried and monitored for about 16 months by using AE technique. External defects (dent & gouge type) have been executed on each pipe. A pressure cycling test has been provided giving pressure in the range 135–150 bar for simulating gas transport operation over many years. By means of AE technique the source localization of defects and correlation between the damage growing and the acoustic transient energy have been analyzed. The growth in the crack areas has been also periodically controlled using NDT inspections (US and magnetic particles). The results provide good perspective for using AE technique as advanced methodology to improve the reliability of pipeline.
4
Richards, Mark D., Timothy S. Weeks, J. David McColskey, Bo Wang, and Yong-Yi Wang. "Fatigue Pre-Cracking Curved Wide Plates in Bending." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31468.
Full textAbstract:
Curved wide plate (CWP) testing in tension, on API 5L X100 pipes of 36-inch (916-mm) diameter and 0.75-inch (19-mm) wall thickness, has been initiated in support of strain-based design using high strength steel for oil and gas pipeline applications. The CWP tests are being used to optimize and validate welding procedures and to determine the defect tolerance within the girth welds. A traditional pre-requisite for fracture mechanics testing is a final extension of a crack via fatigue pre-cracking to produce a representative flaw. A method of fatigue pre-cracking CWP specimens for final notch preparation in bending was developed to meet ASTM guidelines for fracture mechanics testing. Fatigue pre-cracking for the present specimen geometry was possible in bending due to lower requisite force capacity equipment which allowed for greater cyclic loading frequencies. In order to achieve sufficient stress levels for fatigue crack growth in the curved plate, a stress field analysis was performed to optimize the loading support configuration in four-point bending. In addition to the stress field analysis, a 3-D finite element model of the CWP specimen was generated to analyze the notched CWP specimen in four-point bending. Finite element analysis (FEA) results and experimental data were used to confirm the hypothesis that, under the proposed loading arrangement, the closed-form solutions for stress-intensity (K) of flat plates in bending can be used to approximate the K for CWP specimens in bending. Validation of a solution for stress-intensity factor subsequently allowed the determination of force amplitude levels for fatigue crack growth. Force and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) data were analyzed to correlate compliance with crack length measurements. From experimental results, a method was developed that enable the repeatable and well characterized extension of surface flaws by fatigue pre-cracking in curved wide plate specimens in bending.
5
Oliveira, Victor Hugo Pereira Moraes e., João da Cruz Payão Filho, Izabela Ferreira Girão, and Ismael Ribeiro Ramos. "ESTUDO DA ZONA AFETA PELO CALOR DE AÇO API 5L X100 COM SIMULAÇÃO COMPUTACIONAL E FÍSICA." In 72º Congresso Anual da ABM. Editora Blucher, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/1516-392x-30608.
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Ju, Jang-Bog, Jung-Suk Lee, Jae-Il Jang, Woo-Sik Kim, and Dongil Kwon. "Metallurgical and Mechanical Features of API 5L X65 Pipeline Steel Weldment." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27180.
Full textAbstract:
Substantial differences amongst metallurgical and mechanical properties of base metal (BM), weld metal (WM) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) occur in general in welded steel structures It is common practice in various engineering structures to evaluate the fracture performance of welded structures by mechanical testing. Especially, the HAZ of steel welded joints shows a gradient of microstructure and mechanical properties from the fusion line to the unaffected base metal. This study is concerned with the effects of metallurgical and mechanical factors on the fracture performance of API 5L X65 pipeline steel weldments, as they are generally used for main natural gas transmission pipelines in Korea. First of all, we investigated the microscopic and macroscopic fracture behavior of the various micro-zones within the HAZ from the viewpoint of metallurgical factors. The effects of mechanical factors such as welding residual stress in steel weldment and strength mismatch between BM and WM, particularly in high strength steel weldments, are also analyzed. Therefore, the fracture performance of API 5L X65 pipeline steel weldment was mainly dependent on the change of macrostructure and its distribution in the welded joints.
7
Wang, Yong-Yi, Fan Zhang, Ming Liu, Woo-Yeon Cho, and Dong-Han Seo. "Tensile Strain Capacity of X80 and X100 Welds." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84240.
Full textAbstract:
High-strength pipelines (API 5L grade X70 and above) provide viable economic options for large-diameter and high-pressure transmission of energy products. To facilitate the understanding and potential use of high-strength pipelines, the tensile strain capacity (TSC) of X80 and X100 girth welds was evaluated through a series of mechanical tests and analytical/computational modeling. The experimental tests include tensile, Charpy, SENT, and curved-wide-plate (CWP) tests. The TSC measured from CWP tests is compared with the prediction from TSC models developed at CRES. The TSC of the girth welds is assessed by comparing experimentally measured values with the expected TSC from similar welds. The assessment confirms that this particular set of X80 and X100 girth welds provide very good tensile strain capacity.
8
Kulkarni, Anil, Sirshendu Chatterjee, Yogesh Patel, and Nitin Amte. "Development of API 5L X-80 Plates and Pipes at Essar Steel." In ASME 2013 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2013-9822.
Full textAbstract:
India is a large and rapidly growing economy. The energy requirements of the country in terms of oil products and natural gas is also huge. Given its vast geographical size, there is ever-growing need to transport these oil & gas products over large distances but economically. For this purpose, several new projects for laying of new pipeline networks are at different stages of planning. In order to keep the cost of such large pipeline projects lower, countries around the world have shifted to higher strength API grades of steel. This was facilitated by advances in steel-making and processing technology and modern facilities that came up in advanced countries. India is no different and we have seen a gradual shift towards higher strength API grades being used for pipelines. Essar Steel has been a major producer of API grades of steel in India over the last 15 years initially through its hot-strip mill and more recently adding a state-of-the-art 5M wide plate mill as well as pipe mills, both LSAW & HSAW. Different alloy designs have been used around the world to produce high strength and high toughness API grades. These have produced essentially two types of microstructures which are either ferrite + pearlite or ferrite + acicular ferrite. But these microstructures show varying response to the pipe-making process. Choice of alloy design also has a major bearing on the cost of steel, but is partly influenced by mill capability. At Essar, while cost was a major determining criterion for selection of suitable alloy design, mill capability was not a constraint. Essar Steel has successfully produced X-80 plates and pipes with a modified HTP alloy design and using the new facilities of plate mill & pipe mill. The paper gives some of the key highlights of this development activity. This was a collaborative effort between the metallurgists & engineers at Essar Steel India Limited and experts from CBMM.
9
Cho, Woo Yeon, Dong-Han Seo, and Jang-Yong Yoo. "Compressive Strain Limit of Aged API-X100 Linepipe." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79057.
Full textAbstract:
In compressive strain capacity, high deformable linepipe steel, which is able to delay or evade local buckling, is needed. The objective of this paper is to present the results of an experimental and a finite-element investigation into the behavior of pipes subjected to bending behavior of aged API-X100 linepipe. The comparative behavior of aged and non aged specimens was recorded. The Results from numerical models are checked against the observations in the testing program and the ability of numerical solutions to predict pipe compressive strain capacity, curvatures, and buckling modes is improved. A finite-element model was developed using the finite-element simulator ABAQUS to predict the local buckling behavior of pipes. The input stress-strain relations of the material were discussed using the indexed yield point elongations. The comparison between the results of yield point elongation type material and those of material of smooth stress-strain curve near yield was done.
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Pinheiro, Bianca, Jacky Lesage, Ilson Pasqualino, and Noureddine Benseddiq. "Assessment of Fatigue Damage Initiation in Oil and Gas Steel Pipes." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49044.
Full textAbstract:
Steel pipe structures used in oil and gas industry, such as drill pipes, rigid risers and pipelines, undergo the action of cyclic loadings that can cause their failure by fatigue. These structures are made of high strength steels, such as API 5L grades X for instance. A consistent evaluation of the fatigue behavior should fundamentally be based on a local approach, in the dislocation scale, and take into account the micromechanisms of fatigue damage initiation, including microdeformations and microstructural changes, which precede the macrocrack propagation leading to final failure. In this work, the microstructural mechanisms of fatigue damage initiation in API 5L X60 grade steel pipes are investigated. Material properties of API 5L X60 steel are estimated according to chemical composition analyses, microscopic analyses, uniaxial tensile tests and Vickers micro-hardness tests. Samples are submitted to fatigue tests with reversed stress bending loadings. Microdeformations and residual stresses are measured with the aid of the X-ray diffraction method in real-time during fatigue tests. A numerical model is developed to reproduce the fatigue test loadings. The aim of the work is to provide ground for the development of a microstructural criterion for fatigue damage initiation in API 5L X60 grade steel pipes from the obtained experimental results. This criterion could allow a good prediction of the residual life of steel pipes previously submitted to fatigue loadings, before macroscopic cracking, and help to increase the reliability of oil and gas pipes.