Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'API 653'

En la actualidad existe una gran cantidad de tanques de almacenamiento en la industria petrolera, los cuales deben ser inspeccionados con cierta periodicidad para garantizar su buen estado. El mayor problema que existe en la actualidad es que las refinerías evitan realizar estas tareas debido al prolongado tiempo de inspección y se requiere dejar fuera de servicio a los tanques evaluados. En muchas ocasiones, las inspecciones ofrecen resultados favorables, indicando que los tanques se encuentran en buen estado; sin embargo, con la finalidad de evitar que un equipo quede fuera de servicio durante la inspección, se plantea emplear una técnica alternativa de la emisión acústica, la cual evalúe la integridad de los fondos de tanques de almacenamiento, permitiendo un ahorro de tiempo y dinero a la industria petrolífera. La presente tesis está avocada a implementar y documentar la técnica alternativa de inspección de tanques de almacenamiento API- 650, partiendo de los procedimientos generales de inspección hasta la aplicación en un caso específico, cuyos resultados obtenidos mostraron la gran capacidad del método de Emisión Acústica para evaluar la integrad de los fondos de tanques de almacenamiento.
Tesis

This thesis presents a modelling framework that quantitatively analyses the mechanical behaviour of the levator ani (LA) muscle during the second stage of labour. This modelling framework would enable the identification of risk factors (for muscle birth simulations. Both factors showed marked effects on the mechanical response of the LA muscle. The dorsal-caudal aspect of the LA muscle and the insertions to the pubis were identified as high risk areas of muscle damage, due to large stretches (>2.5) predicted by the model. LA muscle trauma at these locations has also been observed clinically. This modelling framework was then applied to simulate the use of an intra- vaginal device test in order to investigate the passive muscle properties in control and high impact, frequent intense training (HIFIT) women. Results of this study suggest no difference in the passive stiffness between these two groups, which is in contrast to previous findings based on a simplified conceptual model. However, the relative difference in the average force was comparable with previous results. The study demonstrated the ability of the modelling framework to quantitatively interpret clinical data in silico.

O comportamento do aço API 5L X65 foi estudado em solução sintética NS4. Estudou-se o efeito da hidrogenação ao aplicar um potencial catódico nas amostras de tração e de impacto Charpy. Estas amostras foram imersas em solução saturada de sulfato de cobre para evitar a saída de hidrogênio, sendo posteriormente foram testadas à tração e ao impacto. Algumas amostras foram tratadas superficialmente por shot peening antes de serem hidrogenadas. Após todos esses tratamentos foi medida a tensão residual nas amostras por tensometria de raios X. Adicionalmente, foram levantadas curvas de polarização anódica e catódica do aço na solução NS4 desaerada com nitrogênio gasoso e simulado o equilíbrio químico desta solução. As superfícies de fratura das amostras foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura.
The behavior of API 5L X-65 steel immersed in synthetic solution NS4 was studied. The changes caused on the effect of the hydrogen when applying a cathodic electrical potential on tensile and impact samples were also studied. The samples were immersed into saturate solution of copper sulfate to avoid the hydrogen desorption and after that, were performed tensile and impact tests. Some samples were submitted to shot peening process before suffering the hydrogen action. After these treatments the residual stress was determined by X ray tensometry. Additionally, cathodic and anodic polarization curves were obtained in NS4 solution deaerated with nitrogen gas. Moreover, the chemical balance of NS4 solution was performed. The fracture surfaces of the samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.

In December 2017, Congress enacted the Tax Cut and Jobs Act (TCJA), which transitioned the U.S. to a quasi-territorial tax system and reduced incentives for U.S. multinational firms to invest overseas. Although prior studies find that the U.S. repatriation tax motivates firms to reinvest earnings offshore, they do not differentiate between investment outcomes attributable to tax deferral and financial reporting motives. I investigate the effect of financial reporting incentives to designate foreign earnings as indefinitely reinvested (IRFE) under APB 23 on foreign investment. Using a sample of U.S. multinational firms from 2007-2015, I decompose reported IRFE into a component based on investment and tax incentives to invest overseas (predicted IRFE), and a residual component that captures financial reporting incentives (excess IRFE). I find that excess IRFE are positively correlated with a history of benchmark-beating and CEO equity incentives. Excess IRFE, but not predicted IRFE, are significantly negatively associated with future foreign pretax ROA, especially relative to an estimated benchmark ROA. An increase in excess IRFE of one percent of assets is associated with a cumulative reduction of approximately 66 to 79 basis points in foreign pretax ROA and foreign ROA gap over the next three years. Among a set of privately owned firms, which face reduced reporting incentives, excess IRFE is not associated with future foreign profitability. Moreover, excess IRFE is associated with greater total cash holdings and foreign short-term investments than predicted IRFE. These results suggest that financial reporting incentives play a significant role in the accumulation of foreign earnings abroad and have negative profitability consequences.

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The creation of Conservation Units has been showing the most widespread idea in our current conception of nature conservation, mainly with the various transformations that occurred in the second half of the twentieth century. The Environmental Protection Areas (APA) are an example of Conservation Units, as is the case of APA Serra Branca, a Sustainable Use Conservation Unit. There are several criteria used for the delimitation of a Conservation Unit, and the risk of environmental vulnerability is one of them, so this work aimed to analyze the environmental vulnerability of the APA Serra Branca through environmental indicators for the elaboration of an Environmental Zoning, using variables that point out and quantify vulnerable areas as a means of responding if environmental indicators are capable of measuring environmental vulnerability, making it possible to infer about environmental sustainability and the possible fragilities and potentialities of the area. The application of geoprocessing techniques subsidized the analysis and integration of data and information, as well as the generation of products, such as cartographic. It was these techniques that made it possible to obtain the results such as: Map of Critical Areas; Modeling of the Environmental Vulnerability of the APA Serra Branca and Environmental Zoning of the APA Serra Branca. In order to define the critical areas, the criteria proposed by Bessa Junior and Muller were taken into account, taking into account environmental indicators (Hypsometry, Declivity, Hydrography) that were crossed through the intersection with the land Use and Coverage map. The modeling developed was based on criteria adapted from Crepani to local reality. The map of environmental vulnerability derived from map algebra related to the themes: Land Declivity, Use and Coverage, Geomorphology, Geology and Soils, for each variable, a vulnerability value was inserted through a map reclassification technique. As a final result, the Environmental Zoning was generated, which was derived from the intersection of the Environmental Vulnerability map with the Land Use and Coverage map. At the end of these stages, it was possible to observe the areas with greater environmental vulnerability, and the areas that were more stable, which represented the greater part of the APA Serra Branca area
A cria??o de Unidades de Conserva??o vem se mostrando a ideia mais difundida na nossa atual concep??o de conserva??o da natureza, principalmente com as diversas transforma??es que ocorreram na segunda metade do s?culo XX. As ?reas de Prote??o Ambiental (APA) s?o um exemplo de Unidades de Conserva??o, como ? o caso da APA Serra Branca, uma Unidade de Conserva??o de Uso Sustent?vel. S?o diversos os crit?rios utilizados para a delimita??o de uma Unidade de Conserva??o, e o risco a vulnerabilidade ambiental ? um deles, ent?o esse trabalho objetivou analisar a vulnerabilidade ambiental da APA Serra Branca atrav?s de indicadores ambientais para a elabora??o de um Zoneamento Ambiental, utilizando vari?veis que apontem e quantifiquem ?reas vulner?veis, como meio de responder se os indicadores ambientais s?o capazes de mensurar a vulnerabilidade ambiental, possibilitando inferir sobre a sustentabilidade ambiental e as poss?veis fragilidades e potencialidades da ?rea. A aplica??o de t?cnicas de geoprocessamento subsidiou a an?lise e integra??o de dados e informa??es, bem como a gera??o de produtos, como os cartogr?ficos. Foram essas t?cnicas que tornaram poss?vel a obten??o dos resultados tais como: Mapa de ?reas Cr?ticas; Modelagem da Vulnerabilidade Ambiental da APA Serra Branca e Zoneamento Ambiental da APA Serra Branca. Para definir as ?reas cr?ticas, foram seguidos crit?rios propostos por Bessa Junior e Muller, levando em considera??o, indicadores ambientais (Hipsometria, Declividade, Hidrografia) que foram cruzados atrav?s da interse??o com o mapa de Uso e Cobertura das Terras. A modelagem desenvolvida foi baseada nos crit?rios adaptados de Crepani ? realidade local. O mapa de vulnerabilidade ambiental derivou da ?lgebra de mapas relacionada aos temas: Declividade, Uso e Cobertura das Terras, Geomorfologia, Geologia e Solos, para cada vari?vel, foi inserido um valor de vulnerabilidade por meio de t?cnica de reclassifica??o de mapas. Como resultado final, foi gerado o Zoneamento Ambiental, que foi derivado da interse??o do mapa de Vulnerabilidade Ambiental com o mapa de Uso e Cobertura das Terras. Ao fim dessas etapas, foi poss?vel observar as ?reas com maior vulnerabilidade ambiental, e as ?reas que se encontravam com uma maior estabilidade, que representavam a maior parte da ?rea da APA Serra Branca

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This study focuses on the relationship between Men and Nature, emphasizing the issue regarding the protection of Nature. Therefore, it is based on the Nature s Social Representations concept, in order to analyze the different use proposals and biodiversity meanings in Lagoa de Cima, Campos dos Goytacazes RJ, which are material and symbolically disputed among Artisanal Fishermen and by the Municipality Public Power. In this sense, it is one of the main objectives to think how the distinct Nature appropriations performed by these social actors are related to their specific Nature Social Representations. They also reflect their world standpoints and, overall, their perception regarding Nature. Nevertheless, the study also aims to evaluate the reach of the Nature conservation project formulated by the Public Power the creation of Environmental Protection Area of Lagoa de Cima regarding the representation of natural resources, mainly, the one designed by the Artisanal Fishermen. The methodology of this thesis is inserted in a qualitative analysis of the social phenomena, using both the unstructured interview and participant observation. The choice of this approach is necessary once it better suits the study, because, it makes possible the analysis of issues that can not be quantified, which are sentiments, motivations, values and attitudes, which compose the Social Representations. From a theoretical standpoint, there is a brief review regarding the concept of Social Representations, based on authors like Durkheim (1983), Mauss (1974) and Moscovici (2003), also the concept of Social Representations regarding Nature is analyzed from Godelier (1981). In the sequence of the study, an analysis on the environmental preservation practices was conducted, mainly about the conservation units, aiming to the understanding of the relationship among these units and the population that historically inhabited the protection areas, supporting this analysis on authors, such as Diegues (1998) and Acselrad (2001).
A tem?tica tratada por esta disserta??o ? a rela??o de grupos sociais distintos e a Natureza, com ?nfase na quest?o relativa ? prote??o ambiental. Para tanto, este estudo baseou-se em uma an?lise, sob o prisma das Representa??es Sociais da Natureza, das distintas propostas de uso e significa??o da biodiversidade da Lagoa de Cima, Campos dos Goytacazes RJ, local este que ? disputado material e simbolicamente por Pescadores Artesanais e pelo Poder P?blico Municipal. Assim, um dos objetivos ? pensar como as distintas apropria??es da Natureza feitas por estes atores sociais est?o relacionadas ?s suas espec?ficas Representa??es Sociais da Natureza. Soma-se a tal anseio, observar como as propostas de preserva??o constru?das pelos atores sociais envolvidos com a Lagoa de Cima refletem suas vis?es de mundo e, sobretudo, as suas percep??es sobre a Natureza. N?o obstante, ? tamb?m objetivo desta disserta??o avaliar a abrang?ncia do projeto de conserva??o da Natureza formulado pelo Poder P?blico a cria??o da ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental da Lagoa de Cima frente ? representa??o dos recursos naturais formulada pelos Pescadores Artesanais. De modo a alcan?ar tais objetivos, este estudo lan?ou m?o de artif?cios metodol?gicos inseridos em uma perspectiva de an?lise qualitativa dos fen?menos sociais, a saber: a entrevista aberta e a observa??o participante. A escolha desta abordagem se fez necess?ria por ser esta a que se ad?qua de modo coerente com os resultados buscados por este estudo, pois, tais ferramentas metodol?gicas possibilitam a an?lise de quest?es que n?o podem ser quantificadas, a saber, anseios, sentimentos, motiva??es, valores e atitudes que comp?em as Representa??es Sociais. Do ponto de vista te?rico, a princ?pio, empreende-se uma brev?ssima revis?o acerca do conceito de Representa??es Sociais, baseada em autores como Durkheim (1983), Mauss (1974) e Moscovici (2003), feito isso, aprofunda-se o conceito de Representa??es Sociais com rela??o ? Natureza, a partir de Godelier (1981). Na seq??ncia, buscou-se empreender uma an?lise sobre as pol?ticas de preserva??o ambiental, cristalizadas nas unidades de conserva??o, com intuito de uma reflex?o sobre a rela??o entre estas e as popula??es que historicamente habitam tais ?reas, apoiando-se, sobretudo, nos escritos de Diegues (1998) e Acselrad (2001).

In this study, hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) behavior of welded steels used in petroleum lines under sour petroleum environments was investigated. The testing environment in NACE TM0284-2003 standard was used in order to simulate sour petroleum environment. In order to investigate behavior of welding parameters, used in pipe production, on HIC, welds were done with different line energies. Two different API X-65 steels were used in welding operations. The specimens taken from welded zones were tested in testing environment. The specimens were examined metallographically. Crack lengths were measured with a computer program. The results obtained were discussed in view of metallurgical and welding parameters aspects. The result obtained from this investigation led to a general conclusion that, the metallurgical parameters of steels used in pipe production were more important than welding parameters regarding their effect on HIC. It was shown that the composition and microstructural grain size of steels were in direct relation to HIC.

This study is conducted for the design and analysis of pressure vessels and associated pressurized equipment using various codes and methods. A computer software is developed as the main outcome of this study, which provides a quick and comprehensive analysis by using various methods utilized in codes and standards together with theoretical and empirical methods which are widely accepted throughout the world. Pressure vessels are analyzed using ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, whereas auxiliary codes, especially ASCE and AISC codes are utilized for structural analyses of these equipment. Effect of wind, seismic, and other types of loadings are also taken into consideration in detail, with dynamic analyses. Support structures and their auxiliary components are also items of analysis. Apart from pressure vessels, many pressurized process equipments that are commonly used in the industy are also included in the scope of the study. They include safety valves which are an integral part of those kinds of pressurized or enclosed systems, two of the heat exchanger components with great importance -tubesheets and expansion joints-, and API 650 tanks for oil or water storage. The computer software called as VESSELAID is written in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 using SI units. Design and analysis methods of VESSELAID are based on various code rules, recommended design practices and alternative approaches.

La composición de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI-CL) en los tejidos humanos es esencial para mantener las funciones metabólicas y la salud. Diferentes patologías, incluidas las enfermedades atópicas, han sido relacionadas con los niveles de AGPI-CL. Además de la dieta, un factor que influye en la composición de los AGPI-CL en los tejidos humanos es la síntesis de novo de los mismos. En este proceso, los AGPI-CL son sintetizados a partir de AG esenciales a través de diferentes etapas de desaturación y elongación. Las enzimas que participan son las desaturasas: Δ5-desaturasa (D5D, codificada por el gen FADS1) y Δ6-desaturasa (D6D, codificada por el gen FADS2), y las elongasas: Elongasa-2 (codificada por el gen ELOVL2) y Elongasa-5 (codificada por el gen ELOVL5). Por otro lado, existe un escaso conocimiento sobre la relación de los ácidos grasos trans (AGT) con el desarrollo de las enfermedades atópicas. Se ha sugerido que los AGT pueden modificar el metabolismo de los AGPI-CL, teniendo efectos beneficiosos los AGT procedentes de fuentes naturales [ácido t-vaccénico (VA) y ácido ruménico (RA)] respecto a los AGT de fuentes industriales [ácido elaídico (ELA)]. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue investigar sí la composición plasmática de AG, durante la vida fetal y postnatal, afecta al desarrollo de las enfermedades atópicas en los niños. En base al Proyecto INMA de la Cohorte de Sabadell (Cataluña, España) los resultados más importantes son: Desarrollo del método que nos permitió identificar, separar y cuantificar los AG de los fosfolípidos plasmáticos y de la leche materna, especialmente los AGT (ELA, VA y RA). Se usaron placas de extracción en fase sólida (SPE) de 96 pocillos para las muestras de plasma, y se optimizó la cantidad de muestra para la leche materna. Una adecuada precisión y recuperación garantizan la validez del método. Pudimos observar que durante el primer trimestre del embarazo, niveles de ELA se correlacionan negativamente con los AGPI-CL n-3, mientras que niveles altos de ácido ruménico ayudan a una mejor metabolización de los AGPI-CL en el plasma materno. Una exposición temprana del feto a altos niveles de VA puede tener un efecto protector frente al desarrollo del eczema atópico en el primer año de vida. Además, se observó que bajos niveles de AGLP-CL n-3, especialmente EPA y DHA en el plasma del cordón umbilical están asociados con el aumento del riesgo de eczema atópico en el primer año de vida. También, bajos niveles de la suma total de AGPI-CL fueron encontrados en el plasma de madres alérgicas, lo que nos indica que la dieta durante el embarazo junto con la transferencia de los AG al feto juega un papel crítico en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Por otro lado, se encontró que las variantes genéticas de los genes que codifican a las desaturasas y elongasas, FADS y ELOVL, en las madres y los niños determinan la composición de AG en el nacimiento y están asociadas con el desarrollo de eczema atópico y sibilancias. Finalmente, se observó que los niños de 4 años de edad con eczema atópico tienen una baja expresión de los genes FADS2 y ELOVL5. Además, se pudo comprobar que los niveles de DGLA y la actividad enzimática de la D6D están directamente influidos por los cambios de expresión del gen FADS2. En resumen, los resultados presentados en esta tesis sostienen la hipótesis de que existe una relación causal entre los ácidos grasos plasmáticos de la madre y el niño y el desarrollo de enfermedades atópicas como el eczema atópico, y que además las variantes genéticas de madre e hijo, juegan un papel crucial en la evolución de la enfermedad.
This thesis has been focused on the study of the TFA [elaidic (ELA), t-vaccenic (VA) and rumenic acid (RA)] and LC-PUFAS plasmatic composition, during fetal and postnatal life and its relation with the development of atopic diseases during childhood. An efficient fast gas chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of EA, VA and RA contents in human plasma phospholipids and human milk was optimized and validated. The study of the plasmatic levels of specific TFA in maternal plasma shows that EA correlated negatively with n-3 LC-PUFAs (EPA and DHA) and RA positively with both n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFAs in maternal plasma. Regarding to atopic diseases, high VA concentrations in maternal plasma may protect offspring against atopic eczema in infancy. Thus the FA status of the fetus during pregnancy has an important role in the development of atopic eczema in early childhood. The prevalence of this atopic disorder is related to lower cord blood plasma levels of FA belonging to n-3 series, especially DHA. The conversion of essential fatty acids to longer chain, biological active metabolites is regulated by the enzymes desaturases [5-desaturase (D5D) and 6-desaturase (D6D) encoded by genes FADS1 and FADS2, respectively] and elongases (Elongase 2 and Elongase5 encoded by genes ELOVL2 and ELOVL5, respectively). In this study we have verified that mother and child genetic variation in FADS and ELOVL genes determines FA composition at birth and is associated with the risk of developing atopic eczema and wheeze in early childhood. Moreover, we observed that changes in the mRNA-expression levels of FADS1 and 2 directly affect blood DGLA levels and D6D activity. Finally, this study suggests that low mRNA-expressions of FADS2 and ELOVL5 are associated with high risk of atopic eczema in childhood. In summary, the results presented in this thesis support the hypothesis that there is a causal relationship between plasma fatty acids composition of the mother and child and the development of atopic diseases such as atopic eczema, and additionally, that genetic variants of both mother and child play a crucial role in the evolution of the disease.

Tese de mestrado em Química Tecnológica, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016
Os filmes protetores no aço carbono (API 5L X65), sejam eles o carbonato de ferro ou o inibidor adsorvido, foram estudados pelas técnicas de LPR e EIS com o fim de calcular taxas de corrosão e eficiências de inibidor. Os testes foram efetuados usando um elétrodo cilíndrico rotativo (RCE) sob condições de fluxo hidrodinâmico em soluções de brine sintéticas saturadas de CO2. O inibidor de corrosão, utilizado foi um comercial composto essencialmente por aminas quarternárias e imidazolinas. As taxas de corrosão diminuíram com a concentração de ferro em solução. De seguida estudaram-se duas concentrações de ferro em solução, nomeadamente 50 ppm e 150 ppm, tendo-se obtido, após a adição do inibidor, uma taxa de corrosão abaixo de 0.1mm.ano-1 para ambos os casos e eficiências de inibidor superiores a 93%. Outro dos parâmetros estudados foi a turbulência do fluxo (400rpm e 1000rpm), e verificou-se que com o aumento da turbulência a taxa de corrosão também aumenta. A eficiência do inibidor nestas condições atingiu os 99% com uma taxa de corrosão de 0.1mm.ano-1. O efeito da temperatura também foi estudado, tornando-se a taxa de corrosão mais elevada com o aumento da temperatura até aos 70ºC, sofrendo um decréscimo quando se atinge os 80ºC. As eficiências de inibidor obtidas ultrapassaram os 96% apresentando uma taxa de corrosão de 0.1mm.ano-1. As curvas de Tafel obtidas para os diferentes ensaios indicam que este inibidor atuou na superfície do metal ao nível das reações anódicas e catódicas.
The protector film in carbon-steel (API 5L X65), iron carbonate and adsorbed molecules of inhibitor, was studied by the LPR and EIS techniques with the purpose to calculate corrosion rate’s and inhibitor efficiency´s. The tests were conducted using a rotating cylindrical electrode (RCE) in a salt brine solution saturated with CO2, under turbulent flow conditions. The inhibitor used was a commercial inhibitor based on quaternary ammonium chloride and imidazolines. The corrosion rates decreased with the increase of iron content in the solution. Then two concentrations have been chosen and after the inhibitor addition the corrosion rates are below 0.1mm.ano-1 and for the both case´s the inhibitor efficiency exceeded the 93%. Another parameter in study was the fluid turbulence (400rpm e 1000rpm), and it has been observed that, with the increase on turbulence the corrosion rate increases too. In this conditions the inhibitor efficiency reached the 99% with a corrosion rate under 0.1mm.ano-1. The effect of temperature was studied too, and the corrosion rate increased with temperature until the 70ºC, suffering a decrease when the 80ºC is reached. The inhibitor efficiency exceeded the 96% with a corrosion rate under 0.1mm.ano-1. The Tafel polarizations obtained for the different tests indicate that the inhibitor acted in the material surface on anodic and cathodic reactions.