Academic literature on the topic 'API base oil classification'
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Journal articles on the topic "API base oil classification"
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Abdulayeva, Yu A., N. H. Alekperova, S. B. Logmanova, N. F. Kafarova, and R. Z. Hasanova. "Investigation of the qualities of some promising oils of the Absheron oil and gas region." World of Oil products the Oil Companies Bulletin 02 (2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2071-5951-2021-0-2-22-26.
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The article presents the characteristics of characteristic oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region, as well as the hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions. Oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region in terms of light fractions, sulfur content, and density are comparable to marketing grades of oils. The standards for prices are: graded crude oil WTI, Light Sweet, Brent, and Russian oils Sokol, Urals, Siberian Light are approaching them. We have studied in detail the yields and hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions of oils from the Apsheron oil and gas region. To obtain oils with a high viscosity index, studies were carried out to change the structure of oil fractions using hydrogen using the example of oil fractions of Azeri oil. Due to the significant content of aromatic hydrocarbons, schemes for the processing of oil fractions have been developed, including selective purification of distillates, dewaxing (except for Guneshli oil), as well as hydrocatalytic treatment in a severe mode in the presence of industrial Russian catalysts. As a result, it was possible to obtain API group I oils, according to the viscosity classification corresponding to SAE 20 and SAE 30. Thus, a study of the qualities and hydrocarbon composition of oils from the Absheron oil and gas region showed that these oils are characterized by a high content of light fractions, low density, and low sulfur content. According to these indicators, these oils correspond to the marker oils. In order to obtain base oils with a viscosity index of ≥90 and an aromatic hydrocarbon content of ≥10, a traditional refining method was used: selective refining, dewaxing, and severe hydrotreating.
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Abakarov, A. A., Sh M. Igitov, and Ali A. Abakarov. "Determination of engine oil change interval for patrol engines based on actual operating time." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 18, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2021-18-3-274-285.
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Introduction. This paper shows the results of a study of the frequency of maintenance of passenger cars in various operating conditions, and provides recommendations for replacing the engine oil of gasoline engines (category SN classification according to API) according to the actual engine operating time (moto-hours). The service book of passenger cars contains the regulations for car maintenance with a list of operations that must be performed. The oil change intervals specified in the Regulations on Maintenance and Repair of Rolling Stock of motor Transport and the factory instructions do not take into account the specifics of the operation of vehicles. Depending on the road and climatic conditions and the operating mode, the standard maintenance schedule can be adjusted, in particular, the frequency of engine oil changes. The scientific novelty of the work is to determine the intervals of car maintenance for specific operating conditions.Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis of Russian and foreign car maintenance systems, in particular, the oil change intervals of gasoline engines in European countries, the United States and Japan.The results of operational and resource tests of motor oils of gasoline engines carried out by methods of measuring their physical and chemical properties are presented.Results. In this paper, based on the analysis of the problem, recommendations for changing oil in gasoline engines by motorcycle hours for the conditions of the Republic of Dagestan (RD) are developed.The use of external and built-in technical means for calculating the motor hours allows you to determine the recommended oil change interval.Discussion and conclusion. In this paper, on the basis of research on a certain number of vehicles operating in various (including difficult) conditions, recommendations are developed that allow you to determine the rules of car maintenance for various operating conditions.
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Trainor-Guitton, Whitney, Leo Turon, and Dominique Dubucq. "Python Earth Engine API as a new open-source ecosphere for characterizing offshore hydrocarbon seeps and spills." Leading Edge 40, no. 1 (January 2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40010035.1.
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The Python Earth Engine application programming interface (API) provides a new open-source ecosphere for testing hydrocarbon detection algorithms on large volumes of images curated with the Google Earth Engine. We specifically demonstrate the Python Earth Engine API by calculating three hydrocarbon indices: fluorescence, rotation absorption, and normalized fluorescence. The Python Earth Engine API provides an ideal environment for testing these indices with varied oil seeps and spills by (1) removing barriers of proprietary software formats and (2) providing an extensive library of data analysis tools (e.g., Pandas and Seaborn) and classification algorithms (e.g., Scikit-learn and TensorFlow). Our results demonstrate end-member cases in which fluorescence and normalized fluorescence indices of seawater and oil are statistically similar and different. As expected, predictive classification is more effective and the calculated probability of oil is more accurate for scenarios in which seawater and oil are well separated in the fluorescence space.
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Xue, Wei Guo, Zheng Hua Zhao, Peng Wang, Zhi Liang Jin, Xiao Hong Xu, and Xu Guang Zhou. "Performance Study of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Lubricant Oil." Advanced Materials Research 1118 (July 2015): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1118.195.
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One oil soluble zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by surface-modification method. Its tribological performance was evaluated by four-ball test, SRV Friction-Wear Test and Mini-Traction machine, its oxidation resistance estimated by Rotating Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test and Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry, all these study were contrast with ZDDP in base oils and API SM Gasoline engine oil. As a result, nanozinc oxide has good anti-oxidative capability, excellent anti-wear properties, In API SM Gasoline engine oil, the comprehensive Performance of nanoZnO additive substitution ZDDP is similar to ZDDP, in particular friction and antioxidative properties, nanoZnO in more outstanding than ZDDP. These results showed that zinc oxide nanoparticles were a kind of good performance lubricanting oil additives.
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Lammoglia, Talita, and Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho. "SATELLITE DETERMINATION OF API GRAVITY AND SARA COMPONENTS OF OFFSHORE PETROLEUM SEEPS." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v30i4.229.
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Petróleos podem ser classificados segundo o grau API ou frações de hidrocarbonetos (HCs) saturados, aromáticos, resinas e asfaltenos (SARA). Esse trabalho objetiva avaliar a possibilidade de qualificar óleos remotamente quanto a essas características com base em dados de espectroscopia de reflectância e deimageamento multiespectral e hiperespectral. Para tanto, amostras de óleo e de filmes de óleo sobre água foram medidas em laboratório, através do espectrorradiômetro FieldSpec FR, para caracterização de seus espectros de reflectância (0,35-2,5μm). Esses espectros foram avaliados por estatística multivariada (análise de componentesprincipais e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais), tanto na resolução ultraespectral (2150 bandas) do espectrorradiômetro, como também na resolução espectralde sensores orbitais hiperespectrais (i.e Hyperion (220 bandas)) e multiespectrais (i.e ASTER (9 bandas)). A aproximação estatística visou o estabelecimento de modelos preditivos baseados na relação entre as características qualitativas de óleos e as feições espectrais que apresentam. Com base nesses modelos foi possível a avaliação remota de uma exsudação na Bacia de Campos. O petróleo exsudado realisticamente tem ◦API entre 19-22 e % massa/massa de hidrocarbonetos variando entre 40-49 para saturados, 33-25 para aromáticos, 20-28 para resinas e 3-1,5 para asfaltenos. Os valores derivados dos modelos preditivos baseados na assinatura espectralremota da exsudação foram ◦API = 19,6; %m/msaturados = 45,38; %m/maromáticos = 26,91; %m/mresinas = 24,61; %m/masfaltenos = 2,14 (% m/m). Esses resultadosmostram o potencial do método aqui desenvolvido de forma pioneira para a determinação do grau API e da %m/m de hidrocarbonetos SARA em exsudações com base em dados e técnicas de sensoriamento remoto ótico.ABSTRACT: Crude oils can be classified based on their API gravity or their SARA components (i.e. saturated, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes). This work evaluatesthe possibility to infer such oil’s characteristics by means of reflectance spectroscopy and multispectral and hyperspectral imagery. Reflectance spectra (0.35-2.5μm)of oils and films of oil on water were measured under laboratory conditions using a high-resolution spectroradiometer. Multivariate statistics (i.e. principal componentand partial least square analysis) were used to evaluate these spectra, taking into consideration both the spectral resolution at laboratory measurements (2150 bands) and the spectral resolution offered by orbital sensors (i.e. Hyperion (220 bands) and ASTER (9 bands)). The statistical approach yielded predictive models based on the correlation of oil composition and its spectral response, allowing remote assessment of the oil quality of a particular see page from the Campos Basin (Brazil). This oil has a known API gravity ranging between 19-22, 40-49% mass/mass of saturated, 33-25 of aromatics, 20-28 of resins and 3-1.5 of asphaltenes. The remotely retrieved values based on the spectral response of the seep are within the actual range and are remarkably similar: API gravity of 19.6 and 45.38% mass/mass of saturated, 26.91 of aromatics, 24.61 of resins and 2.14 of asphaltenes. This result indicates the potential of this methodology, first proposed in this work, for the indirect inference of API gravity and SARA composition based on remote sensing data and techniques.Keywords: seepage, spectroscopy, remote sensing, API, SARA.
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Shih, C. F., and C. D. Babcock. "Buckling of Oil Storage Tanks in SPPL Tank Farm During the 1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 109, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264904.
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An oil storage tank that suffered damage during the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake is studied using a laboratory model. The tank is unanchored and includes a floating roof. The tank is subjected to a single horizontal axis base excitation. Buckling is studied under both harmonic and simulated earthquake base motion. The model buckling results are in reasonable agreement with the field observations. It was also found that the floating roof has no effect on the buckling behavior. Comparison with the API design provisions shows that the empirical model used as the basis of the code for both tip-over and buckling have little resemblance to the actual tank behavior.
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Mukhtrova, G. S., Yu A. Abdullayeva, R. Z. Hasanova, S. B. Logmanova, and N. F. Kafarova. "The study of the qualities of light and oil fractions of Azeri oil." World of Oil products the Oil Companies Bulletin 02 (2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2071-5951-2021-0-2-28-31.
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The article provides research on the qualities of Azeri oil and its light and oil fractions. A characteristic feature of Azeri oil is its high content of light fractions. This oil is light, low-sulfur, and paraffinic. Azeri oil in terms of density, sulfur content, content of light (light) fractions corresponds to marketing grades of oils and is called Azeri Light. Along with light fractions, Azeri Light oil contains up to 30-32% of oil fractions boiling above 350°C. Studies of 50°C oil fractions 350-500°C showed that the viscosity of the fractions at 100°C is in the range of 2.5-10.2 mm2/s, the viscosity index is 72-79.3, and the pour point is 12-36°С, potential content of base oils - 25.73%, their hydrocarbon composition, %: n-paraffinic oils - 50.7; isoparaffinic + naphthenic - 10.67; aromatic - 8.94%. Using traditional methods of purification using a selective solvent, followed by dewaxing and hydrotreating, from 50°C oil fractions of Azeri oil, base oils with a viscosity of 4.2-9.0 mm2/s at 100°C and a viscosity index of 91.0 can be obtained - 95.8, pour point minus 15°С / minus 20°С. By cleaning a wide oil fraction of 350-500°C, it is possible to obtain a base oil with a viscosity at 100 C of 6.5 mm2/s (SAE 20), a viscosity index of 95, a pour point of minus 15°C, an oil yield (350-500°C) is 20.3% for distillate (12.4% for oil). In terms of saturated hydrocarbons content (≥90%, sulfur content less than 0.03%), viscosity index > 90, the oil has good antioxidant properties and can be assigned to API group II.
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Ye, Yan, Wen Hua An, Da Yin, Qing Wen Zhang, Lei Li, and Ling Ling Ren. "Application of Ultrafine Weighting Materials in High-Density Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Technology." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.338.
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High-density oil-based drilling fluid already was considered as one of the most effective technologies during the HTHP Ultra-deep well drilling process. The weighting materials sag such as barite sag, however, always occurred because of the density contrast between the base oil and the weighting material, and hence sag can result in excessive torque, lost circulation and many other problems. This study applied three kinds of ultra-fine powder (particle size≤4μm), which are new weighting materials, to replace the common API barite (particle size10~70μm). The different kinds of high-density oil-based drilling fluids, which weighted with micronized barite, micronized ilmenite, manganese tetraoxide and API barite, were prepared and evaluated separately in lab. The performance data showed that compared with conventional weighting materials, the application of ultrafine powder technology could greatly optimize the rheology of high-density oil-based drilling fluids (ρ ≥ 2.3 g/cm3), reduce the amount of emulsifiers about 50% and dramatically enhance the dynamic suspension-stability of the system, Furthermore, OBM drilling fluids weighted with ultrafine weighting materials almost presented lower viscosity, shear force and sedimentation rate, which will meet more severe requirements of ultra-deep complex well drilling.
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Balabin, Roman M., and Ravilya Z. Safieva. "Biodiesel classification by base stock type (vegetable oil) using near infrared spectroscopy data." Analytica Chimica Acta 689, no. 2 (March 2011): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.041.
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Sanphui, Palash, Lalit Rajput, Shanmukha Prasad Gopi, and Gautam R. Desiraju. "New multi-component solid forms of anti-cancer drug Erlotinib: role of auxiliary interactions in determining a preferred conformation." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72, no. 3 (May 13, 2016): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520616003607.
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Erlotinib is a BCS (biopharmaceutical classification system) class II drug used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. There is an urgent need to obtain new solid forms of higher solubility to improve the bioavailability of the API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). In this context, cocrystals with urea, succinic acid, and glutaric acid and salts with maleic acid, adipic acid, and saccharin were preparedviawet granulation and solution crystallizations. Crystal structures of the free base (Z′ = 2), cocrystals of erlotinib–urea (1:1), erlotinib–succinic acid monohydrate (1:1:1), erlotinib–glutaric acid monohydrate (1:1:1) and salts of erlotinib–adipic acid adipate (1:0.5:0.5) are determined and their hydrogen-bonding patterns are analyzed. Self recognitionviathe (amine) N—H...N (pyridine) hydrogen bond between the API molecules is replaced by several heterosynthons such as acid–pyridine, amide–pyridine and carboxylate–pyridinium in the new binary systems. Auxiliary interactions play an important role in determining the conformation of the API in the crystal. FT–IR spectroscopy is used to distinguish between the salts and cocrystals in the new multi-component systems. The new solid forms are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to confirm their unique phase identity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "API base oil classification"
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Bock, Wolfgang, Jürgen Braun, and Tobias Schürrmann. "Hydraulic fluids with new, modern base oils – structure and composition, difference to conventional hydraulic fluids; experience in the field." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-199487.
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The paper describes the comparison and the difference of modern hydraulic fluids compared to conventional hydraulic fluids. A comparison of different base oil groups, solvent neutrals, group I and comparison with hydrotreated/hydroprocessed group II and/or group III base oils is presented. The influence on oxidation stability, elastomer compatibility, carbon distribution and physical properties is outlined.
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Maya, Ruzvidzo Shakespeare. "Liquid fuels from coal analysis of a partial transition from oil to coal light liquids in Zimbabwe's liquid fuels base /." 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15342527.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1986.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-122).
Books on the topic "API base oil classification"
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Engine Classification System and Guide to Crankcase Oil Selection API 1509. 2nd ed. Amer Petroleum Inst, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "API base oil classification"
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Whitby, R. David. "Mineral Oil Base Oils: API Groups I, II and III." In Lubricant Blending and Quality Assurance, 5–28. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429466755-2.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Environmental Safety." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0032.
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For these to occur, there is a need for combustible material, oxygen and a source of ignition. The risk of these being present results from the use of high oxygen partial pressures and the use of inflammable anaesthetic agents or other inflammable materials. If the pressure of any gas is increased, heat is liberated. If the gas is oxygen and this comes into contact with something flammable like oil or grease in a confined space, the heat liberated may cause an explosion. Hence oil or grease should be kept well away from pressurised oxygen sources. These include not only oxygen, but pressurised air and pressurised nitrous oxide, which can dissociate into nitrogen and oxygen. Although modern anaesthetic volatile agents are non-flammable, ether and cyclopropane are flammable and may still be used in some parts of the world. Ethyl chloride, used to test sensory perception in local anaesthetic blocks and methyl alcohol for cleaning skin, are also flammable. Ignition sources include sparks from static electricity, or faulty electrical apparatus from the diathermy machine or from mains plugs sparking when disconnected. To prevent static electricity causing ignition, not only should efforts be made to minimise the generation of static electricity, but also to discharge any static slowly to earth. There should therefore be an upper and a lower limit to the electrical resistance between the antistatic floor and earth, of between 5MΩ and 20 kΩ respectively. All equipment capable of generating static electricity should make electrical contact with the floor through a medium made of antistatic (conducting) rubber. Staff footwear should also have antistatic rubber soles and the tubing of breathing systems should also be made of antistatic material. Classification of anaesthetic proof equipment is based on the ignition energy required to ignite the most flammable mixture of ether and air. ‘AP’ standard equipment can be used between 5 and 25 cm from such an inflammable anaesthetic gas mixture escaping from a breathing system; furthermore its temperature should not exceed 200◦C. ‘APG’ standard is a more stringent one for anaesthetic proof equipment; it is based on the ignition energy required to ignite the most flammable mixture of ether and oxygen, which should be less than 1 μJ.
Conference papers on the topic "API base oil classification"
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Borozdin, Sergey Olegovich, Anatoly Nikolaevich Dmitrievsky, Nikolai Alexandrovich Eremin, Alexey Igorevich Arkhipov, Alexander Georgievich Sboev, Olga Kimovna Chashchina-Semenova, and Leonid Konstantinovich Fitzner. "Drilling Problems Forecast Based on Neural Network." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30984-ms.
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Abstract This paper poses and solves the problem of using artificial intelligence methods for processing big volumes of geodata from geological and technological measurement stations in order to identify and predict complications during well drilling. Big volumes of geodata from the stations of geological and technological measurements during drilling varied from units to tens of terabytes. Digital modernization of the life cycle of well construction using machine learning methods contributes to improving the efficiency of drilling oil and gas wells. The clustering of big volumes of geodata from various sources and types of sensors used to measure parameters during drilling has been carried out. In the process of creating, training and applying software components with artificial neural networks, the specified accuracy of calculations was achieved, hidden and non-obvious patterns were revealed in big volumes of geological, geophysical, technical and technological parameters. To predict the operational results of drilling wells, classification models were developed using artificial intelligence methods. The use of a high-performance computing cluster significantly reduced the time spent on assessing the probability of complications and predicting these probabilities for 7-10 minutes ahead. A hierarchical distributed data warehouse has been formed, containing real-time drilling data in WITSML format using the SQL server (Microsoft). The module for preprocessing and uploading geodata to the WITSML repository uses the Energistics Standards DevKit API and Energistic data objects to work with geodata in the WITSML format. Drilling problems forecast accuracy which has been reached with developed system may significantly reduce non-productive time spent on eliminating of stuck pipe, mud loss and oil and gas influx events.
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Oltedal, Velaug Myrseth, Benjamin Werner, Bjørnar Lund, Arild Saasen, and Jan David Ytrehus. "Rheological Properties of Oil Based Drilling Fluids and Base Oils." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41911.
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Drilling fluids for oil wells must meet a number of requirements, including maintaining formation integrity, lubricating the drill string, and transporting cuttings to the surface. In order to satisfy these needs, drilling fluids have become increasingly complex and expensive. To ensure safe and efficient drilling, it is vital for the drilling operator to be able to make a qualified choice of fluid appropriate for each individual well. API/ISO standards specify a set of tests for characterization of drilling fluids. However, fluids that are tested to have equal properties according to these standards are still observed to perform significantly different when used in the field. The aim of the full project is to provide a thorough comparison of drilling fluids in particular with respect to hole cleaning performance, in light of the issues presented above. As part of this investigation we here present results for two oil based drilling fluids, as well as for the corresponding base oil. The drilling fluids differ in composition by varying fraction of base oil, and thus density and water content. The fluids have been tested according to the API standard, and further, viscoelastic properties have been examined using an Anton Paar rheometer. The rheological test campaign includes determination of the linear viscoelastic range (LVER), viscosity and yield point, thixotropic time test, and temperature dependence of rheological parameters. Further, it is demonstrated how the rheological data may be used to interpret data from ongoing full scale flow loop experiments with the same fluids. In a more general context, the rheological test campaign of the drilling fluids is expected to make a crucial contribution for the petroleum industry in explaining observed differences in hole cleaning properties beyond what todays API/ISO industry standard provides.
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Kwon, Jaeki, Daeho Jeong, Inkyun Choi, Youngju Kim, Namsub Woo, and Sangshik Kim. "Fatigue Behavior of API X-80 Steels." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87225.
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API X-80 steel is extensively used as a piping material in oil and gas industries with good combination of strength, toughness and resistance to H2S damage. Drill riser, for example, is a conduit providing a temporary extension of a subsea oil well to surface drilling facility and is in large part made of welded X-80 steel pipe. The riser system is subject to fatigue loading from wave and tidal motion, vortex induced vibration (VIV) and operating loads at low temperatures in corrosive environments. The reliability of drill riser system is extremely important and therefore the effects of environmental factors, including temperature and seawater, on fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior of X-80 steels, both BM (base metal) and WM (weld metal), need to be well understood. In this study, S-N fatigue and FCP tests were conducted on X-80 steel, including BM and WM, in air at 25 and −50°C and an R ratio of 0.1. The FCP tests were also performed on X-80 steel BM in artificial sea water at both cathodically and anodically controlled voltages. The fatigue behavior of X-80 steel at various testing conditions are discussed based on detailed optical micrographic and SEM fractographic observations.
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Al-Ani, Ibrahim, Wan Hamidon, Wan Mohtar, and Basma Alwachy. "Development of Lightweight Concrete using Industrial Waste Palm Oil Clinker." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.218.
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Concrete is a major material used in the construction of buildings and structures in the world. Gravel and sand are the major ingredients of concrete but are non-renewable natural materials. Therefore, the utilisation of palm oil clinker (POC), a solid waste generated from palm oil industry is proposed to replace natural aggregate in this research to reduce the demand for natural aggregates. One mix of ordinary concrete as control concrete; while four mix proportions of oil palm clinker concrete were obtained by replacing 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % of gravel and sand of control concrete with coarse and fine oil palm clinker respectively by volume, with same cement content and water cement ratio. Compressive strength test was carried out of concretes with different percentages of oil palm clinker; whereas water absorption test according to respective standard, were carried out to determine the durability properties of various mixes. Based on the results obtained, the study on the effect of percentage of clinker on strength and durability properties was drawn. According to ACI classification of light weight concrete only the 100 percentage replacement can achieve the definition of light weight concrete since its density less than 1900 kg/m3 and strength larger than 17 MPa. Eventually the 25 % replacement of the normal aggregate by the OPC will improve the strength and durability of the concrete.
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Kambič, Milan. "Premium quality hydraulic oils." In International conference Fluid Power 2021. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-513-9.19.
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The base of the final product is the base oil. The final product is ready for use and is a mixture of base oil (or several base oils) and additives. Additives improve the properties of the base oil. Base oils can be mineral or synthetic based. Base oils or base stocks are created from separating and cleaning up crude oil. They are one of several liquid components that are created from crude oil. The crude oil refining process will be briefly described. The American Petroleum Institute implemented a system for describing various base oil types. The result was the development and introduction of base oils group numbers. The API numbers of various base oil groups and the main differences between them will be explained. At the end, premium quality hydraulic oil and its main characteristics will be presented.
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Shargay, Cathleen, Kuntak Daru, and Jigneshkumar J. Desai. "Hot Tapping in Oil Refineries: Corrosion and Material Concerns." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65422.
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The purpose of hot tapping is to add connections on piping or equipment without depressurization or disruption of normal process operations. Hence, hot taps involve welding on items while they are in service. Although not desirable, owners are faced with situations in which hot tapping is the best option. With due regards to safety, owners rely on published industry standards, such as API RP 2201 Safe Hot Tapping Practices in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries and ASME PCC-2, Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping, Article 2.10, for guidance on hot tapping. These standards provide excellent guidelines on the safety reviews, design details, welding procedures, testing, etc., and cover some special restrictions for hot taps due to the specific service and/or base materials. However, there are numerous additional hot tapping cases which arise in the refining industry, and the purpose of this paper is to highlight considerations due to potential corrosion or environmental cracking risks and/or due to refinery materials with special welding requirements. Examples are hot taps in services containing sour water and on low alloy Cr-Mo steels. The considerations and suggested special requirements are explained.
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Werner, Benjamin, Velaug Myrseth, Bjørnar Lund, Arild Saasen, Zalpato Ibragimova, Jan David Ytrehus, and Knud Richard Gyland. "Effects of Oil-Based Drilling-Fluid Rheological Properties on Hole-Cleaning Performance." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54050.
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Drilling fluids play an important role in safe and efficient drilling operations. Wellbore stability, formation integrity, drill string lubrication, and cuttings transport are among their main requirements. The removal of a cuttings bed is one of the major difficulties while trying to keep up a steady drilling progress. Deviated and long horizontal wellbore sections provide challenges not only to the drilling equipment in use, but also to the fluids. Cuttings accumulate easily on the bottom of a wellbore section due to gravity and can therefore reduce hole cleaning efficiency. Cuttings transport is highly dependent on the properties of the drilling fluid. Viscosity, density and gel strength are among the key parameters. Drilling fluids have in general a complex composition with either water or oil as a base substance. Demanding operating conditions, for example high temperature difference from topside to the deep downhole sections or varying shear rates throughout the wellbore, also influence the properties of the fluids during operation. Drilling fluids have to be adapted to all these different drilling situations. The aim of the full project is to compare different water- and oil-based drilling fluids regarding their hole cleaning abilities. As part of the experimental study where drilling fluids are circulated in a 10 m long flow-loop test section with a free-whirling rotating inner drill string, rheological characterization with an Anton Paar MCR rheometer is performed. These measurements include determination of flow properties, yield stress and viscosity-temperature dependence. The results are correlated with the industry standard procedures for the testing of drilling-fluid properties with Fann 35 viscometers (API/ ISO standards). Measurements performed on viscometers at the oil rigs are done to receive fast results in order to control the drilling operation. In contrast, rheometer measurements provide the possibility of a deeper comprehension of the rheological properties of the drilling fluids due to the advanced measurement system. This work presents rheological properties for a typical oil-based drilling fluid commonly used on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, and includes a comparison with two other oil-based drilling fluids based on previously published work. The rheometer results are analyzed in relation to the flow loop experiments and to the viscosity data measured in accordance with the API/ISO specifications. The results from the rheological comparison together with the results from the flow-loop experiments are expected to make an influencing contribution to the question of why various drilling fluids perform so differently in terms of cuttings transport.
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Toyoda, Shunsuke, Sota Goto, Takatoshi Okabe, Yasushi Kato, Satoshi Igi, Tomohiro Inoue, and Motoharu Egi. "Mechanical Properties of Newly Developed API X80 Grade HFW Linepipe for Long-Term Exposure at Elevated Temperature." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23765.
Full textAbstract:
API X80 grade UOE double submerged arc-welded pipe has been applied to steam injection oil sand recovery systems to increase the volume of steam to be injected and decrease the installation cost. The pipes for the systems are subjected to high temperature for a long period, such as 350 °C for 20 years. Therefore, it is important to ensure the reliability of the pipes during and after long-term operation. In this study, based on the recent development of high-frequency electric-resistance-welded (HFW) linepipe with a high-quality weld seam, the durability of newly developed API X80 grade HFW linepipe for long-term high-temperature operation was investigated. The change in the microstructure of the pipe body and weld seam was small after exposure to 400 °C and lower temperatures. The tensile strength of the base metal and weld seam after heat treatment with temperatures as high as 400 °C can be determined using the Larson-Miller parameter, which depends on the temperature and holding time of the heat treatment. The newly developed API X80 grade HFW linepipe was considered to have sufficient tensile strength during and after long-term operation at 350 °C for 20 years, similar to API X80 grade UOE pipe. No significant change in the Charpy absorbed energy during long-term heating was observed. Creep tests indicated that the time to rupture at 400 °C or lower exceeded 106 hours, and the creep effect was considered almost negligible at temperatures less than 400 °C. The rupture stress at approximately 350 °C was estimated to be far higher than the typical hoop stress of approximately 200 MPa on the steam distribution system. High-temperature fatigue properties were also measured to ensure reliability under varying stress conditions.
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Watson, Simon A. G., Victor W. Wong, Darrell Brownawell, and Scott P. Lockledge. "Controlling Lubricant Acidity With an Oil Conditioning Filter." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76100.
Full textAbstract:
In modern diesel engines, acidity generally determines the lubricant drain interval. To control acidity, lubricant suppliers incorporate detergent additives to neutralize acids that accumulate in the oil via exhaust blow-by and base-stock oxidation. However, formulations that meet the most recent diesel lubricant classification specifications typically contain lower levels of detergent since this additive contributes to ash that fouls emissions aftertreatment systems. This study explores a novel approach to lubricant acid control as a potential means to reduce additive requirements or increase oil drain interval. The authors investigate the performance of an innovative oil filter that releases no additives into the lubricant, yet enhances the acid control function typically performed by detergent and dispersant additives. The filter chemically conditions the crankcase oil during engine operation by sequestering acidic compounds derived from engine combustion and lubricant degradation. Long duration heavy-duty diesel engine tests show that the filter reduces both the rate of Total Base Number (TBN) decline and the rate of Total Acid Number (TAN) increase by a factor of two. Analysis by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy also indicates that lubricant oxidation may be lowered. In addition, these results suggest a reduction in engine wear. These results imply that lower lubricant additive levels in combination with this novel oil filter may be used to reduce ash accumulation in diesel aftertreatment systems, while maintaining adequate engine protection. The results also indicate that the engine operator may use this oil filter with a state-of-the art lubricant to lengthen oil change intervals.
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Smedley, Philip, Pat O’Connor, and Richard Snell. "ISO Offshore Structures Standards." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49160.
Full textAbstract:
The ISO 19900 series of Standards address the design, construction, transportation, installation, integrity management and assessment of offshore structures. Offshore structural types covered by ISO include: bottom-founded ‘fixed’ steel structures; fixed concrete structures; floating structures such as monohull FPSOs, semi-submersibles and spar platforms; arctic structures; and site-specific assessment of jack-up platforms. All the fundamental ISO Offshore Structural Standards have now been published representing a major achievement for the Oil and Gas Industry and representative National Standards Organizations. A summary of the background to achieving this milestone is presented in this paper. In parallel, other Codes and Standards bodies such as API, CEN, CSA, Norsok and the Classification Societies are looking to harmonize some, or all, of their Offshore Structures Standards in-line with ISO, wherever this is desirable and practical. API, in particular, have been pro-active in reviewing and revising their Offshore Recommended Practices (RPs) to maximize consistency with ISO, including revising the scope and content of a number of existing API RPs, adopting ISO language, and embracing technical content. Given API’s long heritage of Offshore Standards it is not surprising that this remains very much a mutual effort between ISO and API with much in ISO Standards building on existing API design practice. Now published, those involved in developing and maintaining the ISO 19900 series of Standards have to deal with both new and existing challenges, including encouraging wider awareness and adoption of these Standards, enhancing the harmonization effort, ensuring technical advances are captured in timely revisions to these Standards, and most pressing to ensure that the next generation of offshore engineers are encouraged to participate in the long-term development of the Standards that they will be using and questioning. This paper is one of a series of papers at this OMAE Conference that outline the technical content and future strategy of the ISO Offshore Structures Standards.