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Abdulayeva, Yu A., N. H. Alekperova, S. B. Logmanova, N. F. Kafarova, and R. Z. Hasanova. "Investigation of the qualities of some promising oils of the Absheron oil and gas region." World of Oil products the Oil Companies Bulletin 02 (2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2071-5951-2021-0-2-22-26.
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The article presents the characteristics of characteristic oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region, as well as the hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions. Oils of the Apsheron oil and gas region in terms of light fractions, sulfur content, and density are comparable to marketing grades of oils. The standards for prices are: graded crude oil WTI, Light Sweet, Brent, and Russian oils Sokol, Urals, Siberian Light are approaching them. We have studied in detail the yields and hydrocarbon composition of light and oil fractions of oils from the Apsheron oil and gas region. To obtain oils with a high viscosity index, studies were carried out to change the structure of oil fractions using hydrogen using the example of oil fractions of Azeri oil. Due to the significant content of aromatic hydrocarbons, schemes for the processing of oil fractions have been developed, including selective purification of distillates, dewaxing (except for Guneshli oil), as well as hydrocatalytic treatment in a severe mode in the presence of industrial Russian catalysts. As a result, it was possible to obtain API group I oils, according to the viscosity classification corresponding to SAE 20 and SAE 30. Thus, a study of the qualities and hydrocarbon composition of oils from the Absheron oil and gas region showed that these oils are characterized by a high content of light fractions, low density, and low sulfur content. According to these indicators, these oils correspond to the marker oils. In order to obtain base oils with a viscosity index of ≥90 and an aromatic hydrocarbon content of ≥10, a traditional refining method was used: selective refining, dewaxing, and severe hydrotreating.
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Abakarov, A. A., Sh M. Igitov, and Ali A. Abakarov. "Determination of engine oil change interval for patrol engines based on actual operating time." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 18, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2021-18-3-274-285.
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Introduction. This paper shows the results of a study of the frequency of maintenance of passenger cars in various operating conditions, and provides recommendations for replacing the engine oil of gasoline engines (category SN classification according to API) according to the actual engine operating time (moto-hours). The service book of passenger cars contains the regulations for car maintenance with a list of operations that must be performed. The oil change intervals specified in the Regulations on Maintenance and Repair of Rolling Stock of motor Transport and the factory instructions do not take into account the specifics of the operation of vehicles. Depending on the road and climatic conditions and the operating mode, the standard maintenance schedule can be adjusted, in particular, the frequency of engine oil changes. The scientific novelty of the work is to determine the intervals of car maintenance for specific operating conditions.Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis of Russian and foreign car maintenance systems, in particular, the oil change intervals of gasoline engines in European countries, the United States and Japan.The results of operational and resource tests of motor oils of gasoline engines carried out by methods of measuring their physical and chemical properties are presented.Results. In this paper, based on the analysis of the problem, recommendations for changing oil in gasoline engines by motorcycle hours for the conditions of the Republic of Dagestan (RD) are developed.The use of external and built-in technical means for calculating the motor hours allows you to determine the recommended oil change interval.Discussion and conclusion. In this paper, on the basis of research on a certain number of vehicles operating in various (including difficult) conditions, recommendations are developed that allow you to determine the rules of car maintenance for various operating conditions.
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Trainor-Guitton, Whitney, Leo Turon, and Dominique Dubucq. "Python Earth Engine API as a new open-source ecosphere for characterizing offshore hydrocarbon seeps and spills." Leading Edge 40, no. 1 (January 2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40010035.1.
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The Python Earth Engine application programming interface (API) provides a new open-source ecosphere for testing hydrocarbon detection algorithms on large volumes of images curated with the Google Earth Engine. We specifically demonstrate the Python Earth Engine API by calculating three hydrocarbon indices: fluorescence, rotation absorption, and normalized fluorescence. The Python Earth Engine API provides an ideal environment for testing these indices with varied oil seeps and spills by (1) removing barriers of proprietary software formats and (2) providing an extensive library of data analysis tools (e.g., Pandas and Seaborn) and classification algorithms (e.g., Scikit-learn and TensorFlow). Our results demonstrate end-member cases in which fluorescence and normalized fluorescence indices of seawater and oil are statistically similar and different. As expected, predictive classification is more effective and the calculated probability of oil is more accurate for scenarios in which seawater and oil are well separated in the fluorescence space.
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Xue, Wei Guo, Zheng Hua Zhao, Peng Wang, Zhi Liang Jin, Xiao Hong Xu, and Xu Guang Zhou. "Performance Study of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Lubricant Oil." Advanced Materials Research 1118 (July 2015): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1118.195.
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One oil soluble zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by surface-modification method. Its tribological performance was evaluated by four-ball test, SRV Friction-Wear Test and Mini-Traction machine, its oxidation resistance estimated by Rotating Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test and Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry, all these study were contrast with ZDDP in base oils and API SM Gasoline engine oil. As a result, nanozinc oxide has good anti-oxidative capability, excellent anti-wear properties, In API SM Gasoline engine oil, the comprehensive Performance of nanoZnO additive substitution ZDDP is similar to ZDDP, in particular friction and antioxidative properties, nanoZnO in more outstanding than ZDDP. These results showed that zinc oxide nanoparticles were a kind of good performance lubricanting oil additives.
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Lammoglia, Talita, and Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho. "SATELLITE DETERMINATION OF API GRAVITY AND SARA COMPONENTS OF OFFSHORE PETROLEUM SEEPS." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v30i4.229.
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Petróleos podem ser classificados segundo o grau API ou frações de hidrocarbonetos (HCs) saturados, aromáticos, resinas e asfaltenos (SARA). Esse trabalho objetiva avaliar a possibilidade de qualificar óleos remotamente quanto a essas características com base em dados de espectroscopia de reflectância e deimageamento multiespectral e hiperespectral. Para tanto, amostras de óleo e de filmes de óleo sobre água foram medidas em laboratório, através do espectrorradiômetro FieldSpec FR, para caracterização de seus espectros de reflectância (0,35-2,5μm). Esses espectros foram avaliados por estatística multivariada (análise de componentesprincipais e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais), tanto na resolução ultraespectral (2150 bandas) do espectrorradiômetro, como também na resolução espectralde sensores orbitais hiperespectrais (i.e Hyperion (220 bandas)) e multiespectrais (i.e ASTER (9 bandas)). A aproximação estatística visou o estabelecimento de modelos preditivos baseados na relação entre as características qualitativas de óleos e as feições espectrais que apresentam. Com base nesses modelos foi possível a avaliação remota de uma exsudação na Bacia de Campos. O petróleo exsudado realisticamente tem ◦API entre 19-22 e % massa/massa de hidrocarbonetos variando entre 40-49 para saturados, 33-25 para aromáticos, 20-28 para resinas e 3-1,5 para asfaltenos. Os valores derivados dos modelos preditivos baseados na assinatura espectralremota da exsudação foram ◦API = 19,6; %m/msaturados = 45,38; %m/maromáticos = 26,91; %m/mresinas = 24,61; %m/masfaltenos = 2,14 (% m/m). Esses resultadosmostram o potencial do método aqui desenvolvido de forma pioneira para a determinação do grau API e da %m/m de hidrocarbonetos SARA em exsudações com base em dados e técnicas de sensoriamento remoto ótico.ABSTRACT: Crude oils can be classified based on their API gravity or their SARA components (i.e. saturated, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes). This work evaluatesthe possibility to infer such oil’s characteristics by means of reflectance spectroscopy and multispectral and hyperspectral imagery. Reflectance spectra (0.35-2.5μm)of oils and films of oil on water were measured under laboratory conditions using a high-resolution spectroradiometer. Multivariate statistics (i.e. principal componentand partial least square analysis) were used to evaluate these spectra, taking into consideration both the spectral resolution at laboratory measurements (2150 bands) and the spectral resolution offered by orbital sensors (i.e. Hyperion (220 bands) and ASTER (9 bands)). The statistical approach yielded predictive models based on the correlation of oil composition and its spectral response, allowing remote assessment of the oil quality of a particular see page from the Campos Basin (Brazil). This oil has a known API gravity ranging between 19-22, 40-49% mass/mass of saturated, 33-25 of aromatics, 20-28 of resins and 3-1.5 of asphaltenes. The remotely retrieved values based on the spectral response of the seep are within the actual range and are remarkably similar: API gravity of 19.6 and 45.38% mass/mass of saturated, 26.91 of aromatics, 24.61 of resins and 2.14 of asphaltenes. This result indicates the potential of this methodology, first proposed in this work, for the indirect inference of API gravity and SARA composition based on remote sensing data and techniques.Keywords: seepage, spectroscopy, remote sensing, API, SARA.
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Shih, C. F., and C. D. Babcock. "Buckling of Oil Storage Tanks in SPPL Tank Farm During the 1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 109, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264904.
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An oil storage tank that suffered damage during the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake is studied using a laboratory model. The tank is unanchored and includes a floating roof. The tank is subjected to a single horizontal axis base excitation. Buckling is studied under both harmonic and simulated earthquake base motion. The model buckling results are in reasonable agreement with the field observations. It was also found that the floating roof has no effect on the buckling behavior. Comparison with the API design provisions shows that the empirical model used as the basis of the code for both tip-over and buckling have little resemblance to the actual tank behavior.
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Mukhtrova, G. S., Yu A. Abdullayeva, R. Z. Hasanova, S. B. Logmanova, and N. F. Kafarova. "The study of the qualities of light and oil fractions of Azeri oil." World of Oil products the Oil Companies Bulletin 02 (2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2071-5951-2021-0-2-28-31.
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The article provides research on the qualities of Azeri oil and its light and oil fractions. A characteristic feature of Azeri oil is its high content of light fractions. This oil is light, low-sulfur, and paraffinic. Azeri oil in terms of density, sulfur content, content of light (light) fractions corresponds to marketing grades of oils and is called Azeri Light. Along with light fractions, Azeri Light oil contains up to 30-32% of oil fractions boiling above 350°C. Studies of 50°C oil fractions 350-500°C showed that the viscosity of the fractions at 100°C is in the range of 2.5-10.2 mm2/s, the viscosity index is 72-79.3, and the pour point is 12-36°С, potential content of base oils - 25.73%, their hydrocarbon composition, %: n-paraffinic oils - 50.7; isoparaffinic + naphthenic - 10.67; aromatic - 8.94%. Using traditional methods of purification using a selective solvent, followed by dewaxing and hydrotreating, from 50°C oil fractions of Azeri oil, base oils with a viscosity of 4.2-9.0 mm2/s at 100°C and a viscosity index of 91.0 can be obtained - 95.8, pour point minus 15°С / minus 20°С. By cleaning a wide oil fraction of 350-500°C, it is possible to obtain a base oil with a viscosity at 100 C of 6.5 mm2/s (SAE 20), a viscosity index of 95, a pour point of minus 15°C, an oil yield (350-500°C) is 20.3% for distillate (12.4% for oil). In terms of saturated hydrocarbons content (≥90%, sulfur content less than 0.03%), viscosity index > 90, the oil has good antioxidant properties and can be assigned to API group II.
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Ye, Yan, Wen Hua An, Da Yin, Qing Wen Zhang, Lei Li, and Ling Ling Ren. "Application of Ultrafine Weighting Materials in High-Density Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Technology." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.338.
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High-density oil-based drilling fluid already was considered as one of the most effective technologies during the HTHP Ultra-deep well drilling process. The weighting materials sag such as barite sag, however, always occurred because of the density contrast between the base oil and the weighting material, and hence sag can result in excessive torque, lost circulation and many other problems. This study applied three kinds of ultra-fine powder (particle size≤4μm), which are new weighting materials, to replace the common API barite (particle size10~70μm). The different kinds of high-density oil-based drilling fluids, which weighted with micronized barite, micronized ilmenite, manganese tetraoxide and API barite, were prepared and evaluated separately in lab. The performance data showed that compared with conventional weighting materials, the application of ultrafine powder technology could greatly optimize the rheology of high-density oil-based drilling fluids (ρ ≥ 2.3 g/cm3), reduce the amount of emulsifiers about 50% and dramatically enhance the dynamic suspension-stability of the system, Furthermore, OBM drilling fluids weighted with ultrafine weighting materials almost presented lower viscosity, shear force and sedimentation rate, which will meet more severe requirements of ultra-deep complex well drilling.
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Balabin, Roman M., and Ravilya Z. Safieva. "Biodiesel classification by base stock type (vegetable oil) using near infrared spectroscopy data." Analytica Chimica Acta 689, no. 2 (March 2011): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.041.
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Sanphui, Palash, Lalit Rajput, Shanmukha Prasad Gopi, and Gautam R. Desiraju. "New multi-component solid forms of anti-cancer drug Erlotinib: role of auxiliary interactions in determining a preferred conformation." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 72, no. 3 (May 13, 2016): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520616003607.
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Erlotinib is a BCS (biopharmaceutical classification system) class II drug used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. There is an urgent need to obtain new solid forms of higher solubility to improve the bioavailability of the API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). In this context, cocrystals with urea, succinic acid, and glutaric acid and salts with maleic acid, adipic acid, and saccharin were preparedviawet granulation and solution crystallizations. Crystal structures of the free base (Z′ = 2), cocrystals of erlotinib–urea (1:1), erlotinib–succinic acid monohydrate (1:1:1), erlotinib–glutaric acid monohydrate (1:1:1) and salts of erlotinib–adipic acid adipate (1:0.5:0.5) are determined and their hydrogen-bonding patterns are analyzed. Self recognitionviathe (amine) N—H...N (pyridine) hydrogen bond between the API molecules is replaced by several heterosynthons such as acid–pyridine, amide–pyridine and carboxylate–pyridinium in the new binary systems. Auxiliary interactions play an important role in determining the conformation of the API in the crystal. FT–IR spectroscopy is used to distinguish between the salts and cocrystals in the new multi-component systems. The new solid forms are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to confirm their unique phase identity.
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Hasçakir, B., G. Glatz, L. M. M. Castanier, and A. R. R. Kovscek. "In-Situ Combustion Dynamics Visualized With X-Ray Computed Tomography." SPE Journal 16, no. 03 (June 9, 2011): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/135186-pa.
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Summary One method to access unconventional, heavy-oil resources is to apply in-situ combustion (ISC) to oxidize in place a small fraction of the hydrocarbon, thereby providing heat and pressure that enhances recovery. ISC is also attractive because it provides the opportunity to upgrade oil in situ by increasing the API gravity and decreasing, for instance, sulfur content. Despite a considerable literature on ISC dynamics, the propagation of a combustion front through porous media has never been visualized directly. We use X-ray computed tomography (CT) to monitor ISC movement, displacement-front shape, and thickness in a 1-m-long "combustion" tube. Temperature-profile history, liquid production, and effluent gas data are also obtained. Tests employ an 8.65°API heavy crude oil and representative sand. The general trend of saturation profiles is defined through spatially and temporally varying CT numbers. The role of initial oil and water saturations is examined by packing the combustion tube with either multiple samples with different saturations or by filling it with a uniform sample. Our work quantifies that ISC fronts display instabilities on a fine scale (cm). ISC reactions appear to add to front instability in comparison to inert gas advance. The pressure gradients during ISC appear to influence grain arrangement for loose packing. These grain arrangements cause combustion-front fingering, suggesting that the geomechanical state is relevant to combustion. These new data advance the knowledge base significantly by providing a data set for benchmarking of ISC simulations.
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Carper, H. J., A. Ertas, and O. Cuvalci. "Rating Thread Compounds for Galling Resistance." Journal of Tribology 117, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831529.
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Results are presented from an experimental study which demonstrates the feasibility of using an existing galling tester and test method as a screening device for evaluating thread compound additives for galling protection. The galling tester employs tubular pin and box specimen pairs fabricated from steel tubing used in the oil field. For the test thread compounds, four different additive packages were used, all with the same grease base of lithium stearate. For reference purposes, the lithium stearate grease base without any additives was tested as one of the thread compounds. The data obtained on contact stress at galling failure show that of the five thread compounds tested, the best galling protection is afforded by the API Modified thread compound, the industry standard for casing and tubing used by the oil industry. The other four compounds show lower galling failure contact stresses of varying degrees. Friction coefficient data obtained during the tests are also presented and discussed.
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Swandito, Adji, and Viktor Malau. "Corrosion Rate Analysis of API 5L Gr B Steel Pipe in Acetic Acid Contained Crude Oil Treatment System by Using Amine Base Organik Corrosion Inhibitor." Materials Science Forum 991 (May 2020): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.991.191.
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Corrosion is the main problem in the processing of crude oil containing soap emulsion by using acetic acid based demulsifier. This study aims to analyze corrosion of API 5L Gr B steel pipe in the solution of 90% brine and 10% crude oil with addition of 2000 ppm of acetic acid based demulsifier at various concentration of amine based organic inhibitor. Corrosion testing was conducted using weight loss coupon. SEM and EDS analysis were performed to investigate corroded specimen. The weight loss results indicate that amine based organic inhibitor made the steel resistant to corrosion with an inhibitor effectiveness of up to 96.67% at a concentration of 40 ppm. SEM observation following with EDS analysis identifying the presence of inhibitor and corrosion product protection layer.
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Nworgu, O. D., and O. D. Osahon. "Determination of the Distribution Patterns and Abundances of Trace Elements in Nigerian Crude Oil Using the AAS Technique." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 5 (July 2011): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.5.64.
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Crude oil samples from four oil wells in Nigeria were analyzed for the following seven trace elements: V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Pb using Atomic Absorption Spectrometric (AAS) analytical technique. The mean concentrations of these elements on a weight to weight basis were found to range from 0.017 ± 0.005 to 1.977 ± 0.397ppm. The results also show that V was the most abundant metal with Ovia 1 Long String (OLS) Oil well containing the highest concentration of V. The V/Ni ratio from the method used shows that Ovia 1 Long String (OLS) and Ovia 1 Short String (OSS) were the most and the least matured oil wells respectively. All the samples had comparably the same V/Ni ratio (1.16—1.77) implying identical source for all the oils. Furthermore, the calculated values of American Petroleum Institute (°API) gravity determined using the measurement of specific gravity (S.G.) of the crude oil samples range from 47.80 to 55.50. This suggests that the samples fall into one category of crude oil classification which in this case is light crude.
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Erfando, Tomi, Novia Rita, and Romal Ramadhan. "The Key Parameter Effect Analysis Of Polymer Flooding On Oil Recovery Using Reservoir Simulation." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2019.4.1.2107.
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As time goes by, there will be decreasing of production rates of a field along with decreasing pressure. This led to the necessity for further efforts to increase oil production. Therefore, pressure support is required to improve the recovery factor. Supportable pressure that can be used can be either water flooding and polymer flooding. This study aims to compare recovery factor to scenarios carried out, such as polymer flooding with different concentrations modeled in the same reservoir model to see the most favorable scenario. The method used in this research is reservoir simulation method with Computer Modeling Group (CMG) STARS simulator. The study was carried out by observing at the pressure, injection rate, and polymer concentration on increasing field recovery factor. This study used cartesian grid with the assumption of homogeneous reservoir, there are no faults or other geological condition in the reservoir, and driving mechanism is only solution gas drive. This reservoir, oil type is light oil with API gravity 40.3˚API and layer of conglomerate rock. The simulation result performed with various scenarios provides a good result. Where the conditions case base case field recovery factor of 6.7%, and after water flooding produced 25.5% of oil, whereas with tertiary recovery method is polymer flooding was carried out with four concentrations of 640 ppm, 1,500 ppm, 3,000 ppm, and 4,000 ppm obtained optimum values at 4,000 ppm polymer concentration with recovery factor 28.9%, SOR reduction final value 0,5255, polymer adsorption of 818,700 ppm, reservoir final pressure 1,707 psi, and an increase in water viscosity to 0.94 cP.
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Setiawan, Jhoni, Teti Arabia, and Abubakar Karim. "Karakteristik, Klasifikasi, dan Pengelolaan Tanah yang Terbentuk di Daerah Gunung Api Jaboi Kota Sabang." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v5i2.14854.
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Abstrak. Kota Sabang memiliki luas 12.061,08 ha, yang terdiri dari pulau-pulau kecil, yaitu: Pulau Weh, Pulau Klah, Pulau Rubiah, Pulau Seulako, dan lain-lain. Pulau kecil ini terbentuk karena adanya gerakan vulkanik berupa letusan gunung Seulawah yang mengakibatkan pulau ini terpisah dari daratan Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik, klasifikasi, serta pengelolaan tanah-tanah yang terbentuk di daerah gunung api Jaboi Kota Sabang. Metode yang digunakan yaitu survai deskriptif kuantitatif. Parameter yang diukur di lapangan berupa karakteristik morfologi diantaranya: warna dan kedalaman tanah. Dilaboratorium berupa karakteristik fisika tanah adalah tekstur tanah; karakteristik kimia tanah yaitu C-organik dan kejenuhan basa serta jenis mineral tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik dan klasifikasi tanah Alfisol adalah: (a) epipedon molik karena memiliki solum tanah ≥ 18 cm (23 cm), kandungan C-organik ≥ 0,6% (1,29%), kejenuhan basa ≥ 50% (55,72%) dan value serta chroma ≤ 3 (value 3 dan chroma 3); (b) horison penciri bawah yang dijumpai adalah argilik karena mengandung liat 15%, maka horison argilik 3% lebih liat yang terdapat pada horison Bt dibandingkan horison di atasnya; (c) subordo dikategorikan Udalf, great group Hapludalf, subgroup Typic Hapludalf, famili Typic Hapludalf, berlempung, campuran, isohipertermik. Pengelolaan yang sesuai tanah Alfisol yaitu dengan olah tanah konvensional.Characteristics, Classification, and Management of Soil Formed in Jaboi Volcano Sabang CityAbstract. Sabang City has an area of 12,061.08 ha, which are consists of small islands, namely: Weh Island, Klah Island, Rubiah Island, Seulako Island, and others. This small island was formed due to a volcanic movement in the form of the Seulawah volcano eruption which resulted in the island being separated from the mainland of Aceh Besar. This study aims to determine the characteristics, classification, and management of soils formed in the Jaboi volcano in Sabang City. The method in this research is used a quantitative descriptive survey. The parameters measured in the field in the form of morphological characteristics include: color and depth of the soil. In the laboratory the characteristics of soil physics are soil texture; soil chemical characteristics are C-organic and base saturation and soil mineral types. The results showed that the characteristics and classification of Alfisol soils were: (a) Molic epipedon because it had soil solum ≥ 18 cm (23 cm), C-organic content ≥ 0.6% (1.29%), base saturation ≥ 50% ( 55.72%) and the value and chroma ≤ 3 (value 3 and chroma 3); (b) the lower characteristic horizon found is argillic because it contains clay 15%, the argillic horizon 3% more clay found in the Bt horizon compared to the above horizon; (c) subordo is categorized as Udalf, Hapludalf great group, Typic Hapludalf subgroup, Typic Hapludalf family, clay, mixed, isohipertermic. Appropriate management of Alfisol land is conventional tillage.
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Balla, Dániel, Tibor József Novák, Emőke Kiss, Tamás Mester, Gergő Karancsi, and Marianna Zichar. "Classification and geovisualization process of soil data using a web-based spatial information system." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 638–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0054.
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AbstractBecause of the increased demand for information, the scientific community have published their results on the Internet over the last 20 years, adapting to society requirements. Due to the development of web-based spatial information soil systems, access to data on various themes and of varying quality has become substantially easier. The focus of our paper is to demonstrate a freely accessible and usable web-based soil database and soil information system (Soil Information and Soil Classifier System), which is suitable for geovisualization uploaded soil data and for determining reference soil groups (RSGs) in accordance with the World Reference Base of Soil Resources (WRB; RSG). In order to achieve this, we algorithmized the diagnostic soil classification process of the WRB, then we created decision trees to correspond input soil data to the WRB system. In order to facilitate geovisualization of the spatial data, the Keyhole Markup Language file format supported by Google API was applied.
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Cao, Qun, Ji Jun Li, and Shuang Fang Lu. "Shale Oil Resources Classification Evaluation of Hetaoyuan Formation, Biyang Depression." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.612.
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Effective mud shale system of Hetaoyuan Formation in the Biyang Depression was divided base on geological and exploratory conditions. According to the relationship between TOC and oiliness, the classification evaluation criteria was identified to reflect the shale oil accumulation degree. Using ΔlogR method to identify organic carbon and oiliness, and the loss part of the oil was recovery corrected. According to the mechanism of generation-expulsion, the criteria of movable oil was identified. Using volume method, the total and movable oil resources were calculated. The results show that effective mud shale system is found mainly in the deep depression; shale oil resources is divided into three grades: enriched resources, low efficient resources, scattered resources; logging method can be used to identify organic carbon and oiliness; it is necessary to correct light and weight hydrocarbon. The total systematic resources is 894 million tons to 945 million tons, the total movable resources is 246 million tons to 237 million tons, the Upper Member of Eh3 resources have a higher degree of enrichment than the other two. Movable resources accounts for more than 25 percent of the total, and more than 90 percent of movable resources is attributed to Class I resources.
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Balabin, Roman M., and Ravilya Z. Safieva. "Motor oil classification by base stock and viscosity based on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy data." Fuel 87, no. 12 (September 2008): 2745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.02.014.
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Silva, Gildo W. B., Adriano A. Gomes, Priscila da Silva, Gean B. Costa, David Douglas Sousa Fernandes, Marcelo M. Fontes, and Germano Veras. "Biodiesel/Diesel Blends Classification with Respect to Base Oil Using NIR Spectrometry and Chemometrics Tools." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 89, no. 7 (February 16, 2012): 1165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-012-2028-8.
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Urbanus, Jan H., Rupert C. Lobo, and Anthony J. Riley. "European Hazard Classification Advice for Crude Oil–Derived Lubricant Base Oils Compared with the Proposed Mineral Oil Mist TLV®." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18, no. 11 (November 2003): 815–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473220390237304.
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Bott, Ivani S., A. A. H. Vieira, L. Felipe G. de Souza, and Paulo Rangel Rios. "Microstructural Evaluation of API 5L X80 Pipeline Steels Submitted to Different Cooling Rates." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3146.
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During the life cycle of an API steel there are occasions when it will be submitted to thermal cycle. For tubes produced by the UOE process, for the oil and gas industry, severe thermal cycles occur during the welding procedure and when the tube requires hot induction bending. It is therefore of interest to learn about the influence of different cooling rates on the microstructure of these steels, produced by TMCP (Thermomechanical Controlled Process), since these changes can be reflected in a variation in the mechanical properties and hence in the performance of the pipeline. In this work three steels of class API 5L X80, with additions of, Nb-Cr, Nb-Cr-Mo and Nb-Cr-Mo-V, and otherwise similar alloy content, produced by TMCP without accelerated cooling were investigated. These alloys were submitted to austenitization at 900oC for 1 hour followed by three different cooling rates of 1.5oC/s, 30oC/s, 115oC/s, in air, oil and water respectively. It is well known that the main strengthening mechanism in TMCP, which allows a simultaneous increase in strength and toughness, is the reduction of the grain size. Other mechanisms such as solid solution hardening, precipitation and increasing dislocation density also contribute. For the steels in this study, all having a similar base chemical composition and yield strength, all the different thermal cycles applied promoted a reduction in the grain size, and only for the higher cooling rate (115oC/s) were there significant observable phase transformations. The Nb-Cr-Mo-V system exhibited a higher percentage of martensite than the Nb-Cr and Nb-Cr-Mo systems.
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Newton, C. B. "THE TINTABURRA OILFIELD." APPEA Journal 26, no. 1 (1986): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj85029.
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The Tintaburra oilfield, discovered in December 1983 with the drilling of Tintaburra 1, is situated within Petroleum Lease 29 (previously within Authority to Prospect 299P Part 2) on the southeast margin of the Eromanga Basin, Queensland.Tintaburra 1 recorded the first flow of oil from the Cretaceous Wyandra Sandstone Member of the Cadnaowie Formation in the Eromanga Basin and established the presence of oil columns in the Murta Member and Hutton Sandstone. The Hutton Sandstone produced 1750 barrels of 44° API gravity oil per day on drill stem test.The results of six successful appraisal wells show the field to be a simple structural accumulation at the top Hutton level. The top Hutton accumulation is believed to be full to fault-independent closure. The hydrocarbons are trapped on the western upthrown side of the Tertiary reverse faulted Tintaburra Anticline. Approximately 80 per cent of reserves are reservoired in the top Hutton.The discovery extended the productive limits of the Eromanga Basin 100 km to the north and east from theJackson oilfield, and highlighted the potential of Tertiary structures, previously thought by many to be non-prospective.Channelling at the 'C' horizon (base Wallumbilla Formation) extends across the southern part of the field, complicating depth mapping by virtue of the large velocity contrasts between channel and host sediments. Velocity and raypath distortion below the channel are major geophysical complexities that have been successfully overcome, allowing more accurate location of appraisal wells.Appraisal drilling, combined with high quality seismic data, has identified the nature of the Early Cretaceous submarine channelling, and has identified new channel-related plays. 'C' horizon channelling imparts a strong stratigraphic component to the Murta and Wyandra accumulations. Integrated core and log studies indicate that every reservoir within fault-independent closure, and overlain by a laterally continuous effective seal, contains oil. Facies variations within the top Hutton/base Birkhead interval have important implications for trap integrity and are generally not resolvable seismically.The high API gravity, low pour point Wyandra and Murta crudes are distinct from the waxy, paraffinic Hutton crudes, and geochemical analysis of the oils and source rocks indicates a probable Eromanga-sequence origin for all the crudes.
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Destiny, Amanze Josiah, and Fortune Chukwuebuka Amanze. "Performance of rubber seed oil as an alternative to diesel in oilbased drilling mud formulation." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v10.i1.pp47-59.
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The formulation of an oil-based mud was made possible with the oil extracted from rubber seeds using the famous soxhlet extraction method. The mud was formulated using the API standard of 25 g of bentonite to 350 mL base fluid. The choice of Rubber oil comes as a result of its flash point and aniline point which lies in the range of base oils used for mud formulation. The rheological properties of the rubber OBM were beyond the scope of the viscometer and hence thinner was added to reduce its viscosity and its suitability to compete favorably with diesel OBM was checked. The 10-sec and 10-min gel strength of the Rubber OBM was recorded as 68 lb/100 ft2 and 69 lb/100 ft2 respectively while that of Diesel was 65 lb/100 ft2 and 67 LB/100 ft2 . The plastic viscosity of Rubber OBM was 12 cp while that of Diesel was 17 cp. They both exhibited Bingham Plastic behavior and a similar yield point of 146 lb/100 ft2 . The formulated mud samples were subjected to temperatures of 60 oC and 75 oC and it was discovered that Rubber OBM was likely to retain its rheological property than diesel OBM. Comparison with other rheological properties of diesel OBM showed that the formulated mud could be used alternatively for diesel in drilling operations.
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Kohls, Daniel, Enori Gemelli, Laercio da Silva Filho, and Majorie Anacleto Bernardo. "Susceptibility Study to Hydrogen Embrittlement of Welded Joints of API 5L X52 Steel in Sulphide Media." Advanced Materials Research 1158 (April 2020): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1158.27.
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Pipelines for oil and gas, manufactured in high-strength low-alloy steels (HSLA), such API pipes, promote high levels of strength and fracture toughness. Therefore, it is important to ensure this high level of toughness in the welded joint. When the pipelines are exposed for many years to wet H2S environments, they can fail due to hydrogen embrittlement. Thus, it is important to evaluate the influence of different weld specifications in the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. In this case, the aim of this work was to study the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement of API 5L X52 steel and in the welded region in wet environments. The welding was performed in the circumferential direction by GMAW process in two different specifications (with lower and higher thermal input). The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement was carried out according to NACE TM0177 and SSRT (slow strain rate tensile tests) test, performed according to ASTM G 129 standard. All welded joints and base metal did not show any signal of cracks and susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement, according to the requirements of the NACE TM0177 test. According to SSRT tensile test, the results showed that the welded joints and base metal are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. The tensile tests exhibited a drop in the strain and necking, and higher values of yield stress. The welded joint with the lowest heat inputs employed in the welding process presented the highest susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement.
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ZHORNIK, Viktor I., Andrey V. ZAPOLSKY, Anton V. IVAKHNIK, and Alexander M. PARNITSKY. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF THE BIODEGRADABLE LIQUID LUBRICANT FOR SAW CHAINS." Mechanics of Machines, Mechanisms and Materials 3, no. 56 (September 2021): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46864/1995-0470-2021-3-56-70-82.
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The procedure of working out of the component composition of the biodegradable liquid lubricant for the saw chains is shown. The experimental statistical mathematical model is developed for the optimization of the formulation of the main base taking into account the necessary viscosity and temperature parameters. At the same time the kinematic viscosity of the base body at the temperature of 40 °C and its pure point are chosen as the optimization criteria and the following three factors are used as the optimization parameters: the content of vegetable (rapeseed) oil in the composition, the viscosity of mineral oil at the temperature of 40 °C and the content of an adhesive additive in the base composition. The component composition of the lubricant is adjusted to achieve the required level of tribological properties of the saw chain oil and to ensure the stability of all its characteristics during storage (at least 12 months) and operation at a given level of biodegradability (at least 90 %). In particular, the biodegradable calcium sulfonate grease OIMOL KSC BIO was selected as an additive to improve tribological parameters. The special adhesive additive for vegetable oils of the Petrolad 484BD brand is used to increase the sedimentation stability, and the highly refined oil of group III according to the API standard is recommended to use as a mineral component. The developed lubricant has the following characteristics: density at 15 °C — 926 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C — 47.3 mm2/s, kinematic viscosity at 100 °C — 9.9 mm2/s, viscosity index — 202, pour point — –28 °C, flash point — 272 °C, critical load — 872 N, welding load — 1,600 N, wear index at 200 N — 0.39 mm, biodegradability — 93 %.
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Irawan, Ahmad, and Robiah Robiah. "GREEN SYNTHESIS NANOPARTIKEL GRAPHENE DENGAN AGEN PEREDUKSI URIN MANUSIA DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI ADITIF BIONANOLUBRICANT BERBASIS CPO (CRUDE PALM OIL)." Jurnal Distilasi 2, no. 2 (November 5, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/jd.v2i2.1201.
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Graphene is a nanomaterial that has been widely applied to various fields because of the uniqueness of the material, therefore this material is very interesting to be developed as an additive in lubricant. This study aims to determine the optimum additive weight ratio and obtain optimum operating conditions in the graphene dispersion process in base oil. This research is divided into 2 stages: preliminary research and main research. The preliminary study aims to transform the chemical structure of crude palm oil (CPO) through a three-stage reaction into a polyol as a base oil. The main research is the process of making bionanolubricant. Graphene is synthesized using a combination technique with a human urine as reducing agent. The formulations are known by varying the weight of the additive and the time of the dispersion. Variation of additive weight was 0% (A1), 0.25% (B1), 0.5% (C1), 1% (D1) while for dispersion time variation ranged from 0 min (A2), 60 min (B2), 90 minutes (C2) and, 120 minutes (D2). Based on the SEM-EDX test results, the SEM image formed graphene and spectrum layers on EDX show that the oxide in graphene has been successfully reduced. Bionanolubricant was tested for quality with 7 parameters. The composition of base oil formula 250 gr and graphene nanoparticles 0.5% w / w is the optimum additive weight ratio for C1 sample code whereas the economical dispersion time is 60 minutes. The result of the viscosity index test is 121,72, its pour point is 10,4oC, flash point equal to 228oC with lubrication capability tested through four ball tester got scar diameter equal to 0,87 mm. This Bionanolubricant belongs to the SAE 250 class and is classified as a GL-4 lubricant based on the quality level of API (American Petroleum Institute) performance test.
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Goffey, Graham, Mark Attree, Paul Curtis, Fiona Goodfellow, Jeremy Lynch, Dave Mackertich, Tobore Orife, and William Tyrrell. "New exploration discoveries in a mature basin: offshore Denmark." Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference series 8, no. 1 (September 26, 2016): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pgc8.1.
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AbstractIn 2011, two discoveries were drilled by PA Resources in the Danish sector. The Broder Tuck 2/2A wells were drilled on a thrusted anticlinal structure, downdip of the apparently small U-1X gas discovery. The wells found an excellent quality gas reservoir within an interpreted Callovian lowstand incised valley containing braided fluvial and marginal-marine sandstones. A top and base seal are provided by mudstones of the over- and underlying transgressive systems tracts respectively. The development of a base seal is key to the presence of a potentially commercial resource downdip of a relatively unpromising old well.The Lille John 1/1B wells were then drilled on a salt diapir on which 1980s wells had encountered shallow oil shows. Lille John 1 found slightly biodegraded 34° API oil in Miocene sandstones at the uncommonly shallow depth of −910 m true vertical depth subsea (TVDSS). The reservoir is full to spill, whilst the trap developed intermittently through latest Miocene–Late Pleistocene times. It is interpreted that a deeper Chalk accumulation temporarily lost seal integrity owing to glacially induced stress or overpressure triggering top-seal failure or fault reactivation during and after latest Pleistocene diapir inflation. The wider hydrocarbon exploration implications of glaciation on stress, pore pressure and trap integrity appear to be underappreciated.
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Braz, José Felipe, Luiz Eduardo Nicolini do Patrocínio Nunes, Francisco José Grandinetti, José Rui Camargo, and Valesca Alves Correa. "Modeling the Mechanical Behaviour of a Subsea Guide Base Subject to Installation and Operations Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.741.
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Historically, the guide cable system for installation of subsea oil production equipment has proven its efficiency. These cables extend from the rig to the wellhead, which are fixed to the guide base posts and will be subject to loads during the installation and operation of the production equipment. The majority of guide base designs have been calculated by analytical methods, although they allow obtaining exact answers in all infinite points of a structure, they are not applicable to all cases. This motivated the application of finite element analysis method (FEA) in this work, which from the development of approximate procedures can be applied regardless of the structure shape and loading conditions. This paper consists of a structural analysis of the guide base frame model, generated in Autodesk Inventor® software and analyzed in ANSYS® Workbench. The study brings a diagnostic research using a quantitative and exploratory approach. Different mathematical models were generated to obtain the results at the most critical points of the structure in order to determine its resistance to the loads applied during installation and operation, taking into account the criteria laid down in DNV 2.7-3, API 17D 1st Ed and von-Mises equivalent stress.
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Egorov, Danil Petrovitch. "Classification of oil and gas-bearing territories of Russia and the structure of the oil and gas industry of the regions." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202172763p.422-427.
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The article is devoted to the qualitative assessment of the state of the oil and gas industry in the Russian Federation based on the context of administrative-territorial units. It was realized that the data provided by different sources differs due to the variation in the calculation methods used, and the lack of detailed regional reports from foreign agencies shows the novelty of the research. In the current research the projection of administrative borders on the territory of oil and gas-geological zoning is used. To determine the degree of the dependence of regional economies from the oil and gas industry, current data about the state of the mineral resource base in the subjects of the Russian Federation were compared with the geography of the location of processing enterprises. On the basis of the obtained materials, the classification of oil and gas-bearing territories is carried out.
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Igwilo, Chinwuba Kevin, Nnaemeka Uwaezuoke, Emeka Emmanuel Okoro, Veronica Chika Nwachukwu, and Nnanna Okoli. "Evaluation of Pleurotus as Fluid Loss Control Agent in Synthetic Base Mud for Oil and Gas Drilling Operations." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 52 (January 2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.52.30.
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Pleurotus as a fluid loss control additive in synthetic based mud for oil and gas operations was conducted in the laboratory in accordance with API standards using high temperature-high pressure filter press. The effectiveness and compatibility of Pleurotus to synthetic based mud was also evaluated. Its rheological properties were also carried out. Sodium Asphalt Sulfonate was used as a control sample. Synthetic base mud was formulated and the concentrations of 2ppb, 4ppb, 6ppb and 8ppb of Pleurotus were used in four mud formulations with the same materials and in equal concentrations. 4.6ml, 4.0ml, 3.5ml and 3.1ml of fluid loss volumes were obtained respectively. 1mm thick filter cake, with increase in electrical stability was observed. From the laboratory measurement, the optimum effective concentration of Pleurotus to be applied as a fluid loss control agent for fresh non-aqueous mud for field operation is 2ppb which gave the fluid loss volume less than 5ml. The result was compared with the field standard of less than or equal to 5ml fluid loss volume. These results were comparable with control sample and field standard. Also, the thin impermeable filter cake obtained reflects one of the qualities of a good fluid loss control agent. It also showed that Pleurotus contribute very minimal effect on the rheological properties of the synthetic base mud. Improved electrical stability which is the function of emulsion stability confirmed the compatibility property of Pleurotus as fluid loss control additive in the synthetic based mud. The volume of the filtrate improved in geometric progression with the concentrations of the additive applied which summarizes the characteristics of a good fluid loss control agent.
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Mukhametshina, Albina, Taniya Kar, and Berna Hascakir. "Asphaltene Precipitation During Bitumen Extraction With Expanding-Solvent Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage: Effects on Pore-Scale Displacement." SPE Journal 21, no. 02 (April 14, 2016): 380–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/170013-pa.
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Summary Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a proved enhanced-oil-recovery technique for oil-sand extraction. However, the environmental and the economic challenges associated with steam generation limit the application of this technology. To address these issues, we have investigated the effectiveness of expanding-solvent-SAGD (ES-SAGD) over base SAGD on a bitumen sample (8.8 °API). Experimental studies are conducted with a 2D physical model. Different strategies for solvent injection are tested (coinjection and cyclic injection) to examine the impact of the deposition of the asphaltene fraction of the bitumen on porous media and the behavior of the asphaltene fraction in produced oil. Toluene is used as asphaltene-soluble solvent, and n-hexane is selected as asphaltene-insoluble. Steam-chamber development is monitored with temperature profiles from 47 separate positions. The oil rate, recovery factor, and the produced-oil quality are evaluated together. The effectiveness of SAGD and ES-SAGD is discussed by considering the role of asphaltenes and their interactions with clays in both produced- and residual-oil samples. This study reveals that coinjection of hydrocarbon solvents with steam enhances the steam-chamber development with higher oil-production rate. Moreover, ES-SAGD results in recovery of more-upgraded oil and has a lesser environmental impact. We observe that the selections of solvent type and injection strategy are the most crucial parameters for the design of a hybrid SAGD process, and solvent cost and toxicity can be minimized with the recycling of solvent for continuous injection of solvents. High-energy consumption for steam generation during the SAGD process can be reduced by coinjection of proper solvent type with steam at a proper injection strategy. Our study reveals that the ES-SAGD process has environmental and economic benefits that are preferable to those of the base SAGD. However, some solvents can cause undesirable effects because of asphaltene destabilization and precipitation in production or transportation lines. The results of this work show that not only asphaltenes but also the other fractions of oil, along with the reservoir-clay type and the clay amount, affect the ES-SAGD performance.
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Silva, R. A., G. Z. Batista, L. Felipe G. de Souza, and Ivani S. Bott. "Effect of Varying High Frequency Induction Bending on the Longitudinal SAW Weld of API X80 Steel Pipe." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2059.
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Hot induction bending is a process applied to tubes produced for the oil and gas industry, where bending temperatures above Ac3 can be reached. The base metal is submitted to two thermal cycles, one during welding, generating the heat affected zone (HAZ), and another during bending when this HAZ is reheated. Also, after the bending process is completed, heat treatment is required, which represents a third thermal cycle. The objective of the present work was to compare the effect of two different induction bending process conditions on the longitudinal SAW weld of two API 5L X80 steel pipes of 20” diameter, 19mm thickness, Pcm of 0.17% and Σ NbTiV of 0.11%. The pipes, were produced by the UOE process from a steel plate obtained by thermomechanical processing without accelerating cooling. The bending parameters applied were 105 kW power at 2500 Hz frequency and 205 kW at 500Hz A major microstructural decomposition of the welded joint occurred for the 205 kW / 500Hz condition due to the higher heat input in function of the doubled power input during bending. These microstructural changes led to an inversion of the microhardness profile from the internal pass to the external pass as compared to the welded joint before bending. Tensile strength values obtained after bending were above the minimum limit (621MPa) established for grade X80 by the API 5L norm, showing that these microstructural changes promoted by the bending process do not compromise the structural integrity of the joint.
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MALYSHKINA, Elena S. "CLASSIFICATION OF SORBENTS USED IN TECHNOLOGIES FOR PURIFICATION OF WASTE WATER FROM PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Urban construction and architecture 10, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2020.03.5.
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Currently, there is no a generally accepted classifi cation of the sorbents used in the technologies for wastewater treatment from oil products. The purpose of this work is to more fully systematize the sorbents used in wastewater treatment, depending on their main characteristics, as well as on the economy and environmental friendliness. Based on the existing classifi cations, the generalized classifi cation of the sorbents designed for wastewater treatment from oil products in the dissolved and emulsifi ed forms, and additionally in the fi lm form, was developed and supplemented with the new parameters. A special algorithm, that allows one to make an informed choice of the sorbent in terms of its application effi ciency, environmental protection and material costs, is formed. In this regard, as an example, the classifi cation of pine sawdust has been performed. It can be considered as an eff ective sorbent base.
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A. Sautermeister, Falko, Martin Priest, and Malcolm F. Fox. "FTIR lubricant analysis: Concentration of dispersed sulphuric acid." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2012-0065.
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Purpose – This paper aims to establish the acid concentration of finely dispersed droplets in hydrocarbon oils. Small quantities of aqueous sulphuric acid (H2SO4) were found to be trapped within hydrocarbon shells, making them inaccessible for concentration evaluation by titration. Design/methodology/approach – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) used in the attenuated total reflection mode (ATR; FTIR-ATR) was applied to study the reaction products of squalane, C30H62, and an API Group I base oil with various concentrations of aqueous H2SO4. Findings – The absorbance comparison usually used for estimating acid concentrations was found to fail when small quantities of acid are trapped in the reaction product. It was found that the peak shift and changes in absorbance found for various pure aqueous acid concentrations were useful to establish the remaining concentration of the trapped H2SO4. Originality/value – This paper fulfils the identified need to study acid dissociation-dependent peak shifts of H2SO4 to find the acid concentration of finely dispersed droplets in hydrocarbon oils.
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Elliott, Jim. "Recovery of a Toxic Cargo from a Sunken Tank Barge: Lessons Learned and Policy Implications." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 478–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.478.
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Abstract: In December 2015, operations were successfully completed in the recovery of a highly toxic cargo from the sunken tank barge ARGO in Lake Erie. The ARGO, constructed in 1911, sank in 1937 with a cargo of benzol that contained a high percentage of the carcinogen benzene. The ARGO was previously listed as the highest environmental risk in the Great Lakes by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Remediation of Underwater Legacy Environmental Threats (RULET) study. To recover the cargo, salvors designed a diver directed hot-tapping and pumping system to pump the remaining high benzene cargo from the sunken barge at a depth of approximately 50-feet below the lake’s surface. The cargo off-load system included pumping the cargo to a series of storage tanks onboard a barge equipped with designed-for-purpose inert gas and vapor recovery systems to ensure the safety of the public and responders. Working in a Unified Command that included the Coast Guard, U.S. and Ohio Environmental Protection Agencies and National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, the salvage crew achieved all operational objectives – from safely conducting around-the-clock cold-water contaminated water diving operations to collecting environmental and barge hull samples for further analysis. The ARGO case study will provide lessons learned to assist future responders in safely performing subsea oil removal operations. Additionally, the case study will frame the discussion of current submerged oil recovery regulations and guidance, including the 2016 American Petroleum Institute (API) sunken oil detection and recovery guidance and the U.S. Coast Guard’s guidance on the classification of Oil Spill Removal Organizations (OSRO) that perform non-floating oil detection and recovery operations.
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Geng, Zhiqiang, Xuan Hu, Ning Ding, Shanshan Zhao, and Yongming Han. "A pattern recognition modeling approach based on the intelligent ensemble classifier: Application to identification and appraisal of water-flooded layers." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233, no. 7 (October 10, 2018): 737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651818803725.
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Since the actual chromatogram data of the water-flooded layer have characteristics of multiple dimension, complexity and noise, it is difficult to accurately identify and appraise the water-flooded layer in the oil and gas reservoirs. Therefore, this article proposes a recognition modeling approach based on the intelligent ensemble classifier, integrated model-free Bayesian classifier, the AdaBoost algorithm and the support vector machine algorithm. The effective chromatogram characteristic information can be obtained using the curve fitting method. In order to transform the sparse classification problem into a general classification problem, the synthetic minority over-sampling technique algorithm is used to process an unbalanced training sample as a general training sample. Moreover, the model-free Bayesian classifier, AdaBoost and support vector machine algorithms are used as the base classifiers to train the ensemble classification model. Compared to the traditional single classification approach, the robustness and the effectiveness of the ensemble classifier model are validated through the standard data source from the UCI (University of California at Irvine) repository. Finally, the proposed model is applied in the identification and appraisal of the water-flooded layers in a complex oil and gas recognition system. The chromatogram characteristic information and the prediction results are obtained to provide more reliable water-flooded layer information, guide the process of reservoir exploration and improve the oil development efficiency.
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Sejkorová, Marie, Branislav Šarkan, Petr Veselík, and Ivana Hurtová. "FTIR Spectrometry with PLS Regression for Rapid TBN Determination of Worn Mineral Engine Oils." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 5, 2020): 6438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236438.
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The TBN (Total Base Number) parameter is generally recognized by both engine oil processors and engine manufacturers as a key factor of oil quality. This is especially true for lubricating oils used in diesel and gas engines, which are exposed to relatively high temperatures and, therefore, require more effective protection against degradation. The FTIR spectrometry method together with a multivariate statistical software helped to create a model for the determination of TBN of worn motor oil SAE 15W-40 ACEA: E5/E7, API: CI-4. The best results were provided using a model FTIR with Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression in an overall range of 4000–650 cm−1 without the use of mathematical adjustments of the scanned spectra by derivation. Individual spectral information was condensed into nine principal components with linear combinations of the original absorbances at given wavenumbers that are mutually not correlated. A correlation coefficient (R) between values of TBN predicted by the FTIR-PLS model and values determined using a potentiometric titration in line with the ČSN ISO 3771 standard reached a value of 0.93. The Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC) was determined to be 0.171 mg KOH.g−1, and the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) was determined to be 0.140 mg KOH.g−1. The main advantage of the proposed FTIR-PLS model can be seen in a rapid determination and elimination of the necessity to work with dangerous chemicals. FTIR-PLS is used mainly in areas of oil analysis where the speed of analysis is often more important than high accuracy.
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Li, Cun Lei, Lei Qin, Xue Li, and Xi Long Zhang. "High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphic Frameworks Research in the XII Group of the Member III of Qing Shankou Formation in the Qian'an Oilfield." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.728.
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With the instruction of the high resolution sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology theory, and the comprehensive application of 11 wells core, more than 800 mud logging and log data, high resolution sequence stratigraphic characteristics research in the XII Group of the Member III of Qing Shankou Formation in the Qianan oilfield has been finished. The results show that the study area can be divided into one middle-term base level cycle and five short-term base level cycles. The only sequence structure of middle term cycle is (B type) and the short term cycle mainly consists of B types meanwhile there are small mounts of upward deepening structures (A type) and symmetric structures (C type). Based on the classification of base-level cycles, fine stratigraphic correlation is conducted by using isochronous cycle correlations. In addition, 15 high resolution sequence stratigraphic frameworks are established which unify the study area and provide the solid geological basis for the sandstone distribution, the identification of mainly oil-bearing sand bodies and potential oil reservoirs.
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Mannu, Alberto, Gina Vlahopoulou, Veronica Sireus, Giacomo Luigi Petretto, Gabriele Mulas, and Sebastiano Garroni. "Bentonite as a Refining Agent in Waste Cooking Oils Recycling: Flash Point, Density and Color Evaluation." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 5 (May 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300523.
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Clarification of waste recycled cooking oil (WCO) is very important in order to refine the intermediate regenerated base resulting from the previous steps. Bentonite has been historically employed as a filling material for oil refining filters due to its easy availability and its cheap price. In the present communication our early results from the filtration of degummed WCO through a pad of bentonite are presented. In particular, the variation of density, flash point and color have been monitored prior and after the filtration process and compared with samples of non-filtered WCO. An early classification of the bentonite employed has been conducted on the basis of FT-IR and XRD measurements.
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Qin, Lei, Cun Lei Li, Yan Li, and Jing Zhe Li. "High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphic Study of Single Sand Body in the Complex Reservoir in High Water-Cut Period: Take the Member I of Qing Shankou Formation of Hei 96 Block of Songliao Basin for Example." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.732.
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With the method of the high resolution sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology theory, oil-bearing sand bodies have been accurately recognized and descripted which could provide precisely geological data for 3-D modeling and numerical simulation. It has the vital significance for the development of oilfield during the late stage of high water cut. According to the drilling, logging, seismic and analytical experiments data, the results show that the study area can be divided into one long-term base level cycle, four middle-term base level cycles, sixteen short-term base level cycles and twenty-eight super short-term base level cycles. Based on the classification of base-level cycles, control functions of cycles which have effects on the sediment environment have been discussed. And with the application of the chronostratigraphic correlation fine stratigraphic correlation, 10 high resolution sequence stratigraphic frameworks are established in the direction that is parallel and perpendicular to the source.
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Vega-Becerra, O., Ricardo Galván-Martínez, S. L. Hernández-Mejía, and Antonio Contreras-Cuevas. "Residual Stress Assessment of Multiple Welding Repairs of Girth Welds in Pipeline Used in Oil Industry." Materials Science Forum 793 (May 2014): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.793.93.
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This work presents the residual stress assessment of multiple welding repairs in the same area in seamless API X52 low carbon pipeline. Four conditions of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) repairs and one as welded specimen of the girth weld were evaluated to determine changes in the microstructure (metal base, weld bead and heat affected zone) to evaluate their effect on the residuals stresses and mechanical properties of the welded joints. One of the mainly adverse effect of residuals stresses are in the susceptibility of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of buried pipelines. The residual stresses were measured through X-ray diffraction (XRD). Samples were evaluated on the internal side of the pipe in longitudinal and circumferential direction. Circumferential residual stresses are greater than longitudinal stresses. Microstructural characterization of the welding joints through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. Relation between microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses was carried out. In general, the grain size increases with the number of repairs, and consequently there is an increase in residual stresses. Significant reduction in Charpy-V impact resistance with the number of weld repairs was observed overall in the weld fusion line. The hardness and strength increase in the first repair and in subsequent repairs decrease. As increasing the average grain size, the hardness and the absorbed energy decreases. Generally, the residual stresses showed a tendency to decrease in the first repair and after showed an increase with the number of repairs. It is clear that residual stresses depend more than the position of measurement than the welding repair number, which is directly relate with the microstructure and phases presented.
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Kornfield, Thomas, and Michael F. Lawrence. "Impacts on Home Heating Costs of Incentives for Alternative Fuel Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1520, no. 1 (January 1996): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152000116.
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Regulatory incentives for increased usage of alternative fuels in motor vehicles could have an impact on home heating costs, potentially increasing the price of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG, or propane) while decreasing the price of home heating oil. The Alternative Fuels Trade Model (AFTM) is used to estimate these end-use cost impacts by comparing price results from two scenarios: a base case and an unconstrained case. The AFTM is a macroeconomic simulation model for determining prices and quantities that balance the interrelated world oil and gas markets given assumptions about supply, demand, and costs. Under the base case, alternative fuel usage is set at 5.5 percent of total light-duty motor vehicle fuel usage, while under the unconstrained case, alternative fuel-usage levels increase to 32 percent. All prices and expenditures are estimated for the year 2010 and are expressed in 1992 dollars. Increased usage of compressed natural gas (CNG) and LPG by alternative fuel vehicles as a result of either regulatory incentives or market forces will tend to increase annual natural gas and LPG home heating costs, while reducing distillate fuel-oil home heating costs. Per household, natural gas and LPG annual home heating costs are predicted to increase by $4.14 and $20.65, respectively, while annual distillate fuel-oil home heating costs are predicted to decrease by $3.17. The increase for LPG amounts to a 3.7 percent increase over the base case expenditures. These cost impacts are estimated at the national and regional levels and by income classification.
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Log and Pedersen. "A Common Risk Classification Concept for Safety Related Gas Leaks and Fugitive Emissions?" Energies 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 4063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214063.
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Gas leaks in the oil and gas industry represent a safety risk as they, if ignited, may result in severe fires and/or explosions. Unignited, they have environmental impacts. This is particularly the case for methane leaks due to a significant Global Warming Potential (GWP). Since gas leak rates may span several orders of magnitude, that is, from leaks associated with potential major accidents to fugitive emissions on the order of 10−6 kg/s, it has been difficult to organize the leaks in an all-inclusive leak categorization model. The motivation for the present study was to develop a simple logarithmic table based on an existing consequence matrix for safety related incidents extended to include non-safety related fugitive emissions. An evaluation sheet was also developed as a guide for immediate risk evaluations when new leaks are identified. The leak rate table and evaluation guide were tested in the field at five land-based oil and gas facilities during Optical Gas Inspection (OGI) campaigns. It is demonstrated how the suggested concept can be used for presenting and analysing detected leaks to assist in Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs. The novel categorization table was proven valuable in prioritizing repair of “super-emitter” components rather than the numerous minor fugitive emissions detected by OGI cameras, which contribute little to the accumulated emissions. The study was limited to five land based oil and gas facilities in Norway. However, as the results regarding leak rate distribution and “super-emitter” contributions mirror studies from other regions, the methodology should be generally applicable. To emphasize environmental impact, it is suggested to include leaking gas GWP in future research on the categorization model, that is, not base prioritization solely on leak rates. Research on OGI campaign frequency is recommended since frequent coarse campaigns may give an improved cost benefit ratio.
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Park, Minho, Jisun Kim, Changmin Pyo, Jaewoong Kim, and Kwangsan Chun. "A Study on the Weldment Hardening Discrimination Procedure and Improvement of Flux Cored Arc Welding Process of ASTM A553-1 (9% Nickel Steel) Material Using Bead Geometry Distribution." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081282.
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As a result of strengthened sulfur content standards for ship fuel oil in IMO regulations, major domestic and foreign carriers have a high and growing demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG) powered ships and related equipment. For LNG operation in a cryogenic environment, a storage tank and fuel supply system that uses steel with excellent brittleness and fatigue strength is required. Ships that use LNG have a high vulnerability to explosion and fire. For this reason, 9% Ni is typically used, since a ship requires high quality products with special materials and structural technologies that guarantee operability at cryogenic temperatures. However, there is an urgent need for research to derive a uniform welding quality, since high process difficulty and differences in welding quality related to a welder’s skills can cause a deterioration of the weld quality in the 9% Ni steel welding process. For 9% Ni steel, the higher the dilution ratio of the base metal, the lower the strength. In order to secure the required strength, excessive dilution of the base metal should be avoided, and the relationship between dilution ratio and strength should be investigated. According to previous research, if it exceeds 25% it may be lower than the API standard of 363 MPa for hardening welds. Therefore, in this study, the flux cored arc welding process is performed by establishing criteria that can be evaluated based on the SVM method in order to determine the structure of the weld to be cured according to the dilution rate of the base metal. We would like to propose a multipurpose optimization algorithm to ensure uniform quality of 9% Ni steel.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Cyclic Gas Injection EOR in Eagle Ford Can Increase Estimated Ultimate Recovery." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 08 (August 1, 2021): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0821-0065-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 200427, “Evaluation of Eagle Ford Cyclic Gas Injection EOR: Field Results and Economics,” by George Grinestaff, SPE, Chris Barden, and Jeff Miller, SPE, Shale IOR, prepared for the 2020 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Tulsa, 18–22 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Cyclic-gas-injection-based enhanced oil recovery (CGEOR) in the Eagle Ford was begun in late 2012 by EOG Resources and, at the time of writing, has expanded to more than 30 leases by six operators (266 wells). An extensive EOR evaluation was initiated to analyze the results recorded in these leases. The authors write that CGEOR in Eagle Ford volatile oil can yield substantial increases in estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) with robust economics, depending on compressor use and field life. Introduction Eagle Ford Source Rock and Reservoir. The Eagle Ford shale represents some of the world’s richest source rocks. The Upper Cretaceous seafloor received abundant organic debris and preserved it in an anoxic environment. The low permeability of the shale and limestone helped generate hydrocarbons when pore pressure exceeded overburden pressure. The resulting natural fractures provided a means to expel oil, much of it migrating into the overlying Austin Chalk and Tertiary sandstones. The primary target area for produced-gas injection EOR is currently in the volatile oil window between 9,000 and 11,000 ft true vertical depth, which yields oil API gravity of greater than 40. Initial gas/oil ratio (GOR) typically ranges from 1,000 to 3,000 scf/bbl. Eagle Ford EOR History. The first large-scale CGEOR project was implemented in October 2014. Rapid development has occurred since then, but, in the complete paper, the authors present the first commercial EOR projects by EOG Resources because these have the longest CGEOR production history. Recent projects show more-efficient startup, cycling, and higher optimization of gas injection. Therefore, the analysis of EOR in this paper takes a conservative approach of using the first projects because they appear to have lower EOR recovery but more production history. Evaluation Methodology Unconventional EOR Work Flow. Analysis of CGEOR production and results has been completed using production history and reservoir simulation to provide a rigorous evaluation. The authors use a 14-component fracture element model with a very fine grid to predict well GOR, EUR, and reservoir behavior for the compositional process. The element model is then scaled up to mimic the average well for a given pad or lease, and then cycle operations are developed based on CGEOR simulation runs and criteria. Unconventional CGEOR provides a direct response after the first cycle of gas injection; however, the base depletion profile also is important for understanding economics for increased oil production or incremental EOR. A history match of the base depletion is first completed to match an average well at the pad level (approximately one 640-acre section with 10 to 14 wells). The element is then scaled up based on well completion, stimulated rock volume, and EUR for the base depletion.
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Medina, Oscar E., Cristina Caro-Vélez, Jaime Gallego, Farid B. Cortés, Sergio H. Lopera, and Camilo A. Franco. "Upgrading of Extra-Heavy Crude Oils by Dispersed Injection of NiO–PdO/CeO2±δ Nanocatalyst-Based Nanofluids in the Steam." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121755.
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The main objective of this study is to evaluate the injection of a dispersed nanocatalyst-based nanofluid in a steam stream for in situ upgrading and oil recovery during a steam injection process. The nanocatalyst was selected through adsorption and thermogravimetric experiments. Two nanoparticles were proposed, ceria nanoparticles (CeO2±δ), with and without functionalization with nickel, and palladium oxides (CeNi0.89Pd1.1). Each one was employed for static tests of adsorption and subsequent decomposition using a model solution composed of n-C7 asphaltenes (A) and resins II (R) separately and for different R:A ratios of 2:8, 1:1, and 8:2. Then, a displacement test consisting of three main stages was successfully developed. At the beginning, steam was injected into the porous media at a temperature of 210 °C, the pore and overburden pressure were fixed at 150 and 800 psi, respectively, and the steam quality was 70%. This was followed by CeNi0.89Pd1.1 dispersed injection in the steam stream. Finally, the treatment was allowed to soak for 12 h, and the steam flooding was carried out again until no more oil production was observed. Among the most relevant results, functionalized nanoparticles achieved higher adsorption of both fractions as well as a lower decomposition temperature. The presence of resins did not affect the amount of asphaltene adsorption over the evaluated materials. The catalytic activity suggests that the increase in resin content promotes a higher conversion in a shorter period of time. Also, for the different steps of the dynamic test, increases of 25% and 42% in oil recovery were obtained for the dispersed injection of the nanofluid in the steam stream and after a soaking time of 12 h, compared with the base curve with only steam injection, respectively. The upgraded crude oil reached an API gravity level of 15.9°, i.e., an increase in 9.0° units in comparison with the untreated extra-heavy crude oil, which represents an increase of 130%. Also, reductions of up to 71% and 85% in the asphaltene content and viscosity were observed.
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Beshentsev, V. A., I. G. Sabanina, O. G. Beshentseva, and R. N. Abdrashitova. "HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CONDITIONS OF THE MESOZOIC HYDROGEOLOGICAL BASIN IN THE TERRITORY OF THE YARUDEY OIL AND GAS CONDENSATE FIELD." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 4 (August 30, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2018-4-15-20.
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Hydrogeochemical conditions of the Yarudey oil and gas condensate field are largely determined by its position within the elysion lithostatic water pressure system and the presence of a large number of faults in the base plate. In the article we explore the main features of the Neocomian and the Jurassic hydrogeological complexes of the field. Underground waters of the Mesozoic hydrogeological basin are characterized by chloride sodium ion-salt composition. They belong to the hydrocarbonate sodium type according to V. A. Sulin’s classification, mineralization is 7,0 g/l in the Neocomian complex and is 11,1 g/l in the Jurassic complex. The existence of complex hydrogeochemical conditions is confirmed by the nature of the change in the genetic sodiumchlorine coefficient (up to 1,4) and boron-bromine coefficients (up to 0,49).
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Pinnock, S. J., A. R. J. Clitheroe, and P. T. S. Rose. "The Captain Field, Block 13/22a, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.35.
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AbstractThe Captain Field is located in Block 13/22a in the Western Moray Firth Basin of the UK North Sea, 80 miles NE of Aberdeen in a water depth of 340 ft. Hydrocarbons are trapped in two geographical regions, the Main and Eastern closures, both with a significant stratigraphic pinchout component. The principal reservoirs consist of turbidite sandstones of Lower Cretaceous age which have been informally subdivided into two stratigraphic units comprising the Upper and Lower Captain Sandstones. At the base of the preserved Jurassic section the Heather Sandstone, Oxfordian in age, provides a secondary reservoir. Reservoir quality is uniformly excellent in the Lower Cretaceous with in situ, Klinkenberg corrected permeability averaging 7 Darcies and porosity in the range 28-34%. The reservoir is generally poorly consolidated sandstone with the depth to the crest of the field at -2700 ft TVDss. The reservoirs contain a total oil-in-place of 1000 MMBO. The Upper Captain Sandstone has a small associated gas cap containing 16 BCF gas-in-place. The oil is heavy, by North Sea standards, with oil gravity ranging from 19° to 21° API and has high in situ viscosity, 150 to 47 cP, at the mean reservoir temperature of 87°F. The fluid properties and offshore location necessitate the employment of innovative horizontal drilling methods, completion design and artificial lift technology in order to achieve an economically viable field development. Extended reach horizontal wells, with reservoir completion lengths of up to 8000 ft, are drilled for all oil producers and water injectors. Development risks were significantly reduced following two appraisal drilling campaigns in 1990 and 1993 culminating with the successful drilling and extended testing of a prototype horizontal field development well (13/22a-10). The field is being developed in two phases, Area A and Area B. First oil production commenced from the Captain platform in March 1997 from Area A and the field now produces at between 50000 and 70000 BOPD. Area B development is now underway with first oil planned for December 2000. Completion of this phase of the development will increase the plateau production rate to 85000 BOPD.
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Mattos, M. Beatriz C. "APPLICATION OF OIL SPILL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSES TO BRAZILIAN ROAD NETWORKS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-169.
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ABSTRACT Roads provide the main means of transportation in Brazil. According to data from the Brazilian Department of Infrastructure and Transport, 96.2% of the passenger transportation and 61.8% of the cargo transportation are based on road infrastructure. However, three quarters of the Brazilian roads are in terrible, unsatisfactory or generally inadequate condition. Poor road conditions are responsible for a great number of accidents with severe consequences for the population and the environment. Given the importance of this matter, there is a need to develop an intelligent system for automatic classification of social and environmental sensitivity maps in order to support actions that respond to emergencies and to help in transportation planning, especially considering the heavy movement of hazardous cargo, such as petroleum and its derivates. For this, tools such as GIS (Geographic Information System) allow social-environmental and traffic engineering characterization maps to be analyzed on a unified, georeferenced digital base. This way, administrators can estimate which stretches of the network are more environmentally sensitive and which pose greater risks, and therefore draw inferences on the most socially and environmentally vulnerable. Social and environmental vulnerability data not only help in the classification of the areas which pose the greater risks, but also make it possible to decide on emergency support points, creating a culture of prevention in the area of hazardous cargo transportation. The case study on the state of Rio Grande do Norte provides a measure of the importance of such work. The city of Natal - the state capital - and the Guamarí petrochemical facility are interconnected by 180 Km Road, on which more than 100 tanker trucks loaded with diesel and its derivates travel every day. This road is classified as in poor conditions and, according to the Brazilian Roads Police, it is one of the most dangerous. The relevance of this work is to show how information consolidated to a single database, georeferenced in a GIS, can assist planning for the safe transport of oil and hazardous cargos, benefiting not only the state'S population but the environment as a whole.