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1

Kalakhy, Younes. "Apical Surgery: New Concepts." Acta Scientific Dental Scienecs 4, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asds.2020.04.0969.

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2

Montoya, T. Ignacio, Kathryn B. Grande, and David D. Rahn. "Apical Vaginal Prolapse Surgery." Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery 18, no. 6 (2012): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spv.0b013e3182713ccc.

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3

RUBINSTEIN, RICHARD. "Magnification and illumination in apical surgery." Endodontic Topics 11, no. 1 (July 2005): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2005.00159.x.

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4

Hallam, Mike. "Use of lasers in apical surgery." Journal of Endodontics 18, no. 8 (August 1992): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81238-0.

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5

Parris, Joanna. "Use of ultrasonics in apical surgery." Journal of Endodontics 18, no. 8 (August 1992): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81239-2.

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6

Wadia, Reena. "Vertical root fractures after apical surgery." British Dental Journal 229, no. 10 (November 2020): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-2409-6.

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7

Verardi, Simone. "Apical Surgery may Cause Gingival Recession." Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice 12, no. 1 (March 2012): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2011.12.011.

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8

Ohara, P. K., and M. Torabinejad. "Apical closure of an immature root subsequent to apical curettage." Dental Traumatology 8, no. 3 (June 1992): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1992.tb00451.x.

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9

Prati, Carlo, Arash Azizi, Chiara Pirani, Fausto Zamparini, Francesco Iacono, Lucio Montebugnoli, and Maria Giovanna Gandolfi. "Apical surgery vs apical surgery with simultaneous orthograde retreatment: A prospective cohort clinical study of teeth affected by persistent periapical lesion." Giornale Italiano di Endodonzia 32, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/j.gien.2018.9.

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Aim: This prospective clinical study analyzed the 24-month outcome of conventional apical surgery retro-filled with calcium-silicate cement versus apical surgery with simultaneous orthograde retreatment by means of clinical and radiographic criteria. Materials and methods: This study included 83 teeth affected by persistent periapical lesions in 68 patients. Mean age was 52 years (median = 51 years; range 19-81 years). Twenty-eight cases were treated with apical surgery, 16 cases with apical surgery with simultaneous orthograde retreatment and 39 cases with orthograde retreatment in previously treated teeth established as control group. Periapical index score (PAI) was used as radiographic criteria. Teeth were examined at 6 months, 1 and 2 years and classified as healed (without any symptoms and PAI 2), healing (without any symptoms and PAI = 3) or diseased (with symptoms or PAI 4 and not functional) on the basis of radiographic and clinical criteria. At 24 months evaluation, healed and healing were considered as success and diseased and fracture as failure. Multilevel GLM model and an ordered logistic regression as statistical analysis was made with level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Total drop-out was 7% (n = 6). After 6—9 months, 6 teeth (3 from apical surgery, 2 from simultaneous treatment and 1 from orthograde retreatment) were extracted for root fracture. Twenty-four-month success rate of apical surgery group was 78% (n = 17), apical surgery with simultaneous orthograde retreatment presented 81% (n = 10) and orthograde retreatment success was 80% (n = 24). There was no statistically difference between the groups at 24 months (p = 0.890). Conclusions: Both surgical techniques revealed a high percentage of healing, similar to that reported by previous studies. Apical surgery with simultaneous orthograde retreatment showed a faster healing after 12 months comparing to the control group.
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10

Tasar, F., B. C. Sener, H. Celik, and M. Sargon. "SEM investigation of apical surfaces after apical root resection with Nd:YAG laser." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 26 (January 1997): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(97)81630-x.

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11

Wallace, Shannon L., Raveen Syan, and Eric R. Sokol. "Surgery for Apical Vaginal Prolapse after Hysterectomy." Urologic Clinics of North America 46, no. 1 (February 2019): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2018.08.005.

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12

Lee, Wai, Justina Tam, and Kathleen Kobashi. "Surgery for Apical Vaginal Prolapse After Hysterectomy." Urologic Clinics of North America 46, no. 1 (February 2019): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2018.08.006.

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13

Naito, Toru. "Ultrasonic preparation improves outcome in apical surgery." Evidence-Based Dentistry 9, no. 2 (June 2008): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6400585.

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14

Souza, Paulo Otávio Carmo, Carolina Ferrari Piloni de Oliveira, Iussif Mamede-Neto, Amin De Macedo Mamede Sulaimen, Pedro Luís Alves de Lima, and Daniel De Almeida Decurcio. "Apical Surgery: Therapeutic Option for Endodontic Failure." Journal of Health Sciences 20, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2018v20n3p185-189.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is present a surgical solution of the case of endodontic root canal failure caused by overfilling, with a history of endodontic retreatment and aesthetic rehabilitation with porcelain veneers. Patient C.F.P.L, 50 years old, female, was looking for treatment complaining of pain. Previous endodontic treatment was reported on tooth 11, and root canal retreatment after 6 months due to the persistence of painful symptomatology. Later, the patient carried out aesthetic rehabilitation with porcelain veneers, and approximately 6 months later the vitro pain related to the tooth 11 occurred again. Radiographic and tomographic images showed obturation of the root canal of the tooth 11 associated with diffuse hypodense area in the periapical region, with overextended endodontic material. The probable clinical diagnosis was symptomatic traumatic apical periodontitis, and apical surgery was proposed as treatment plan. After infiltrative anesthesia, a Newmann incision and split flap were performed, followed by osteotomy with micro-chisel and curettage of the lesion. An apicectomy was performed with Zecrya drill, followed by retro cavity with diamond ultrasonic tip and retrograde obturation with white MTA. After 2 years of follow-up bone neoformation and absence of symptomatology were observed, tooth in function and preservation of aesthetic rehabilitation harmony. Apical surgery is a therapeutic alternative with favorable prognosis for the treatment of endodontic failure, provided that it is correctly indicated and with a wellexecuted surgical protocol.Keywords: Apicectomy. Periapical Periodontitis. Periapical Granuloma. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a resolução cirúrgica de um caso de insucesso endodôntico ocasionado pela sobre obturação do canal radicular, com histórico de retratamento endodôntico e reabilitação estética com facetas cerâmicas. Paciente C.F.P.L, 50 anos, gênero feminino, procurou atendimento odontológico queixando-se de dor. Foi relatado tratamento endodôntico prévio no dente 11, e retratamento do canal radicular após 6 meses devido à persistência de sintomatologia dolorosa. Posteriormente, a paciente passou por reabilitação estética com facetas cerâmicas e, aproximadamente 6 meses após, houve o reaparecimento de dor espontânea relacionada ao dente 11. As imagens radiográficas e tomográficas revelaram obturação do canal radicular do dente 11 associado à área hipodensa difusa na região periapical, com extravasamento de material obturador. O diagnóstico clínico provável foi de periodontite apical sintomática traumática, e plano de tratamento proposto uma cirurgia parendodôntica. Posterior a anestesia infiltrativa, realizou-se incisão do tipo Newmann e retalho dividido, seguido de osteotomia com micro cinzel e curetagen da lesão. A apicectomia foi realizada com broca Zecrya, seguida da confecção da retrocavidade com ponta ultrassônica diamantada e obturação retrógrada com MTA branco. Após 2 anos de proservação foi observada neoformação óssea e ausência de sintomatologia, dente em função e preservação da harmonia da reabilitação estética. A cirurgia parendodôntica é uma alternativa terapêutica com prognóstico favorável para o tratamento do insucesso endodôntico, desde que corretamente indicada e com protocolo cirúrgico bem executado.Palavras-chave: Apicectomia. Periodontite Periapical. Granuloma Periapical.
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15

MOODY, BRENT R., JOHN E. McCARTHY, and ROBERTA D. SENGELMANN. "The Apical Angle." Dermatologic Surgery 27, no. 1 (January 2001): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200101000-00018.

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16

Kichenaradjou, A., J. Chandrasekhar, and M. Belligoi. "Schwannoma mimicking peri-apical cyst." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 48 (May 2019): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.03.651.

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17

Lim, Tong Wah, and Teng Kai Ong. "An unusual endodontic complication following crown lengthening surgery: A Case Report." Journal of Oral Research 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2021.020.

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A gummy smile is a form of excessive gingival display when smiling. The excessive gingival display due to altered eruption is likely to benefit from crown lengthening surgery in order to restore the esthetic smile. Case Report: The potential complications of the crown lengthening surgery include possible esthetic deformities, dentine hypersensitivity, transient mobility, and root resorption. The present case report reveals a rare complication happened after an esthetic crown lengthening surgery which was performed to correct the gummy smile of a 37-year-old female. The patient experienced dull throbbing pain and mild tender to percussion on tooth 11, 3 weeks after the surgery, and the symptoms did not improve after the composite restorations were placed at the cervical regions. Instead, the tooth was tender to percussion and palpation with a sign of coronal discoloration. Pulp necrosis was confirmed with the clinical tests. A cone-beam computed tomography was taken after the root canal treatment, and apical fenestration on tooth 11 was noted. Therefore, this case report shows the possible correlation between crown lengthening surgery on a tooth with apical fenestration and pulp necrosis, if the apical vasculature is severed accidentally during the procedure. Conclusion: A cone-beam computed tomography should be considered prior to the surgery and extra precaution during the surgery may reduce the risk of severing the apical vasculature if apical fenestration is evidenced.
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18

Bernabe, Pedro Felicio Estrada, Mariane Maffei Azuma, Luciana Louzada Ferreira, Eloi Dezan-Junior, Joao Eduardo Gomes-Filho, and Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra. "Root Reconstructed with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Guided Tissue Regeneration in Apical Surgery: A 5-year Follow-up." Brazilian Dental Journal 24, no. 4 (July 2013): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201302242.

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Apical surgery should be considered as the last treatment option and employed when conventional endodontic treatment does not provide the expected result. In teeth undergoing apical surgery, the type of retrograde filling material is one of the factors interfering with the repair of periapical tissues. The material in intimate contact with the periapical tissues plays a fundamental role in the repair process. Several materials have been studied and indicated for use in apical surgery procedures, but the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is still the most frequently used one. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) techniques have been proposed as an adjunct to apical surgery to enhance bone healing. Here is reported a clinical case in which apical surgery was performed in conjunction with MTA-based root reconstruction of the maxillary right second incisor. After the apical surgery, a root-end cavity was prepared at the vestibular face of the involved tooth and filled with MTA. A bovine bone graft and a cortical collagen membrane were placed on the bone defect. After 5 years, clinical and radiographic assessments showed that the treatment was successful. It may be concluded that MTA presents favorable characteristics in adverse conditions and can be used in conjunction with GTR in cases involving root reconstruction.
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19

Torul, Damla, Sevda Kurt, and Kamber Kamberoglu. "Apical surgery failures: Extraction or re-surgery? Report of five cases." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 12, no. 2 (June 20, 2018): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2018.018.

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20

Stanford, Edward J., Robert D. Moore, Jan-Paul W. R. Roovers, Christophe Courtieu, James C. Lukban, Eduardo Bataller, Bernhard Liedl, and Suzette E. Sutherland. "Elevate Anterior/Apical." Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery 19, no. 2 (2013): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spv.0b013e318278cc29.

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21

Lomcali, G., B. H. Sen, and H. Cankaya. "Scanning electron microscopic observations of apical root surfaces of teeth with apical periodontitis." Dental Traumatology 12, no. 2 (April 1996): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1996.tb00100.x.

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22

Schulz, Malte, Thomas von Arx, Hans Jörg Altermatt, and Dieter Bosshardt. "Histology of Periapical Lesions Obtained During Apical Surgery." Journal of Endodontics 35, no. 5 (May 2009): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.01.024.

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23

FRIEDMAN, SHIMON. "The prognosis and expected outcome of apical surgery." Endodontic Topics 11, no. 1 (July 2005): 219–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2005.00187.x.

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24

Gürol, Tayfun. "Management of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy before non-cardiac surgery: A case report." Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 29, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2021.21660.

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Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (left ventricular apical balloon syndrome) is characterized by transient apical ballooning, leading to apical systolic dysfunction. This syndrome typically mimics acute coronary syndrome in terms of electrocardiographic changes and cardiac enzyme release. Although its exact pathophysiology is still unclear, it is thought to be due to stress related to the catecholaminergic discharge. It is usually seen on postmenopausal women. Herein, we report a 78-year-old female patient with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy admitted to the orthopedic surgery clinic due to a femoral fracture and had no complication after surgery.
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25

Yousem, Samuel A. "Pulmonary Apical Cap." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 25, no. 5 (May 2001): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200105000-00018.

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26

Dail, David H. "Pulmonary Apical Cap." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 25, no. 10 (October 2001): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200110000-00024.

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27

Butnor, Kelly J., Thomas A. Sporn, and Victor L. Roggli. "Pulmonary Apical Cap." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 25, no. 10 (October 2001): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200110000-00025.

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28

Foosiri, Pimchanok, Korapin Mahatumarat, and Soontra Panmekiate. "Relationship between mandibular symphysis dimensions and mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness as assessed with cone-beam computed tomography." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 1 (January 2018): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.23.1.054-062.oar.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the relationship between symphysis dimensions and alveolar bone thickness (ABT) of the mandibular anterior teeth. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 51 patients were collected and measured. The buccal and lingual ABT of the mandibular anterior teeth was measured at 3 and 6 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and at the root apices. The symphysis height and width were measured. The symphysis ratio was the ratio of symphysis height to symphysis width. Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships between the variables at a 0.05 significance level. Results: The mandibular anterior teeth lingual and apical ABT positively correlated with symphysis width (p<0.05). Moreover, these thicknesses negatively correlated with the symphysis ratio (p<0.05). Symphysis widths and ratios showed higher correlation coefficients with total and buccal apical ABT, compared with lingual ABT. Buccal ABT at 3 and 6 mm apical to the CEJ was not significantly correlated with most symphysis dimensions. The mean thickness of the buccal alveolar bone at the upper root half was only 0.2-0.6 mm, which was very thin, when compared with other regions. Conclusion: For mandibular anterior teeth, the apical alveolar bone and lingual alveolar bone tended to be thicker in patients with a wide and short symphysis, compared to those with a narrow and long symphysis. Buccal alveolar bone was, in general, very thin and did not show a significant relationship with most symphysis dimensions.
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Susini, Guy, Ludovic Pommel, Imad About, and Jean Camps. "Lack of correlation between ex vivo apical dye penetration and presence of apical radiolucencies." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 102, no. 3 (September 2006): e19-e23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.03.015.

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30

Loeck, M., J. Becker, and P. Reichart. "Apical seal problems in therapeutics replantations." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 17, no. 2 (April 1988): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(88)80183-8.

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31

Khomich, S., B. Kritsky, and A. Khomich. "Morphological research of chronic apical periodontitis." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 38, no. 5 (May 2009): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2009.03.615.

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32

Ekici, Ömer. "Technical and biological causes of periapical surgery: Retrospective analysis of 301 apical surgical cases." International Dental Research 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.no1.7.

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Aim: Endodontic surgery is a treatment for persistent peri-radicular pathological conditions that do not improve after endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of endodontic treatment, technical error types seen in root canals and the periapical condition of the teeth in patients undergoing periapical surgery, and thus to analyze the reasons leading to periapical surgery. Methodology: Clinical and radiographic data of 301 periapical surgery cases were retrospectively evaluated in this study. The causes of periapical surgery were classified into technical and biological reasons. Results: In this study, 51.8 % of periapical surgery cases were related to biological factors and 48.2 % were related to technical factors. Maxillary anterior teeth were the most common teeth undergoing apical surgery with a rate of 66,8 %. The most common technical reasons were non-homogeneous filling (15,6 %), underfilling (12,0 %) and overfilling (9,6 %). The most common biological reasons were cysts (30,2 %), traumas (16,6 %) and apical abscess (5,0 %). 37.5% of cases undergoing periapical surgery, the diameter of the cystic lesion was 10mm or more. Conclusion: The number of cases of apical periodontitis is increasing in the community due to insufficiently filled root canals. Increasing the quality of root canal treatments applied by dentists will reduce the need for periapical surgery by reducing the incidence of apical periodontitis. How to cite this article: Ekici Ö. Technical and biological causes of periapical surgery: Retrospective analysis of 301 apical surgical cases. Int Dent Res 2021;11(1):38-45. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.no1.7 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
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33

Prati, Carlo, Arash Azizi, Chiara Pirani, Fausto Zamparini, Francesco Iacono, Lucio Montebugnoli, and Maria Giovanna Gandolfi. "Apical surgery vs apical surgery with simultaneous orthograde retreatment: A prospective cohort clinical study of teeth affected by persistent periapical lesion." Giornale Italiano di Endodonzia 32, no. 1 (June 2018): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gien.2018.03.001.

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34

LEANZA, V., M. BOLOGNA, and N. GASBARRO. "TENSION-FREE TECHNIQUES IN UROGYNAECOLOGICAL SURGERY." Urogynaecologia 19, no. 2-3 (July 1, 2010): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/uij.2005.5.

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The new tension-free techniques for treatment of either stress urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse are shown. They are divided as follows. Techniques for the anterior compartment: TVT (Tension-free Vaginal Tape), Retropubic TUS (Tension-free Urethral Suspension), TOT (Transobturator Tape), Prepubic TUS (Tension-free Urethral Suspension), TCR (Tension-Free Cystocele Repair), Retropubic TICT (Tension-free Incontinence Cystocele Treatment), Prepubic TICT (Tension-free Incontinence Cystocele Treatment); Techniques for the apical compartment: Indirect abdominal colposacropexy; Techniques for the postero- apical compartment: Posterior IVS; Techniques for the posterior compartment: Colpoperineoplasty with mesh. Both a correct diagnosis and an appropriate procedure are the right key to achieve a greater therapeutic success.
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Maharjan, Dhiresh Kumar, Roshan Ghimire, Yugal Limbu, Sujan Regmee, Anuj Parajuli, Prabin Bikram Thapa, and Suman Kumar Shrestha. "Apical tissue resection in triangle operation during Whipple’s surgery." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v9i4.38094.

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Background: In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, standardised concepts of radical surgical clearance have not been universally applied. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to reveal the status of circumferential resection margin of the apical tissue of the triangle namely the confluence of SMA and coeliac trunk in relation to circumferential resection margin of triangle tissue bounded by superior mesenteric artery, common hepatic artery and portal vein when performing the TRIANGLE operation. Methodology: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, from September 2020 to December 2020. The study was done after ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College. All consecutive patients who were subjected for Whipple’s operation for pancreatic head and uncinate process were included. Results: Fifteen patients underwent the “TRIANGLE” operation during a four months period. Median age of the patients was 65 ± 13.34 years (range 32–84 years). Medianpreoperative BMI 21.75± 2.5 (range: 18 to 26.7). Regarding histopathological results, an R0 resection was achieved in 9/15 patients. In nine patients,circumferential resection margin(CRM) of both the apical tissue and the rest of the triangle was negative. In the next three patients, the CRM of apical tissue was negative but the triangle tissue was positive whereas in the other three patients CRM of both the apical tissue and the triangle tissue were positive. Conclusion: This study emphasises the importance of inclusion of apical tissue dissection at the confluence of SMA and coeliac trunk in order to achieve R0 resection without significant short-term morbidity. However, a long-term follow is awaited.
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36

Ishchenko, A. I., A. A. Ishchenko, I. D. Khokhlova, T. A. Dzhibladze, O. Yu Gorbenko, and A. Asambaeva. "Promontofixation using titanium implant in patients with polyvalent allergy and combined gynecologic pathology." Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 20, no. 4 (2021): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-4-170-173.

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Clinical observation of two patients with polyvalent allergy, uterine leiomyoma, and stage II apical prolapse who underwent a combined surgical intervention of subtotal/total hysterectomy followed by cervical stump/vaginal stump promontofixation using titanium mesh implants. Dynamic follow-up for 3–12 months after surgery showed the absence of pelvic organ prolapse during gynecologic examination, Valsalva maneuver, and transperineal ultrasound. A questionnaire survey of the patients revealed satisfaction with the results of surgery and improvement of the quality of life. Conclusion. The study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of combined laparoscopic surgery for uterine leiomyoma and stage II apical prolapse in premenopausal patients with polyvalent allergy. The surgery contributed to the normalization of anatomical relations in the small pelvis and relieving the apical prolapse symptoms. The use of titanium mesh implants minimized the risk of allergic reactions and mesh-associated complications, which resulted in satisfaction with the results of surgery and improvement in the quality of life of the patients. Key words: pelvic organ prolapse, apical prolapse, hysterectomy, titanium mesh implants
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37

Pulliam, Samantha J., Milena M. Weinstein, and May M. Wakamatsu. "Minimally Invasive Apical Sacropexy." Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery 18, no. 2 (2012): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/spv.0b013e31824a3995.

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38

von Arx, Thomas, Simone F. M. Janner, Simon S. Jensen, and Michael M. Bornstein. "The resection angle in apical surgery: a CBCT assessment." Clinical Oral Investigations 20, no. 8 (December 22, 2015): 2075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1695-x.

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39

von Arx, Thomas, Mohammed AlSaeed, and Giovanni E. Salvi. "Five-year Changes in Periodontal Parameters after Apical Surgery." Journal of Endodontics 37, no. 7 (July 2011): 910–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2011.03.024.

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40

von Arx, Thomas, Eliane Roux, and Walter Bürgin. "Treatment Decisions in 330 Cases Referred for Apical Surgery." Journal of Endodontics 40, no. 2 (February 2014): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.024.

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41

Michanowicz, Andrew E., John P. Michanowicz, Josue Ardila, and Augusto Posada. "Apical surgery on a two-rooted maxillary central incisor." Journal of Endodontics 16, no. 9 (September 1990): 454–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81891-1.

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42

Watson, Jeffrey. "Apical Root Resorption of Anterior Teeth Following Orthognathic Surgery." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 64, no. 9 (September 2006): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2006.06.109.

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Jansson, Leif, Peter Sandstedt, Ann-Charlotte Låftman, and Annika Skoglund. "Relationship between apical and marginal healing in periradicular surgery." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 83, no. 5 (May 1997): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(97)90126-8.

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44

von Arx, Thomas. "Apical surgery: A review of current techniques and outcome." Saudi Dental Journal 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2010.10.004.

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45

Taneja, Rishi, Marco A. Aguirre, Chen Shi, and Philip E. Greilich. "Embolization of Left Ventricular Apical Thrombus During Cardiac Surgery." Anesthesia & Analgesia 111, no. 1 (July 2010): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3181e04fe6.

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Monea, Monica, Anca Maria Pop, Veronica Grozescu, Alexandra Stoica, Simona Mocanu, and Cosmin Moldovan. "An Insight into Histopathologic Examination as a Gold Standard for the Diagnosis of Chronic Apical Periodontitis." Acta Medica Marisiensis 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2018-0002.

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Abstract:
AbstractObjective: The purpose of our study was to determine the level of correlation between histopathologic results after surgery for chronic apical periodontitis and the radiographic and clinical diagnosis. The status of gold standard technique of histologic examination was evaluated in the diagnosis of apical radiolucency in necrotic teeth.Methods: Out of 154 patients with incorrect root fillings and apical radiolucency included in an endodontic retreatment protocol, 87 patients (108 teeth) were scheduled for apical surgery at 3-6 months control recall. Clinical and radiographic exams were completed prior to surgery and compared to the histological results of apical biopsies. The collected data were statistically analyzed with the SPSS version 20.0 and the Chi-square test was used to determine the associations between clinical and histologic diagnosis. A value of p <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the number of cases diagnosed as granulomas or cysts during clinical and radiological evaluation compared to histologic evaluation of tissue samples, with 40.9% to 75.9% and 54.2% to 16.8% respectively (p<0.05).Conclusions: The final diagnosis was obtained only after histologic examination of apical tissue samples, which means that the observations made based on radiologic investigations must be confirmed by biopsy.
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Vallières, Eric. "Apical axillary thoracotomy." Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 8, no. 2 (May 2003): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1522-2942(03)70020-8.

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Vallieres, Eric. "Apical axillary thoracotomy." Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 8, no. 2 (May 2003): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/s1522-9042(03)00031-1.

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Myhre, Ulf, Brian W. Duncan, Roger B. B. Mee, Raja Joshi, Shivaprakash G. Seshadri, Octavio Herrera-Verdugo, and Geoffrey L. Rosenthal. "Apical right ventriculotomy for closure of apical ventricular septal defects." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 78, no. 1 (July 2004): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.12.054.

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Cohenca, Nestor, Sunil Karni, and Ilan Rotstein. "Transient apical breakdown following tooth luxation." Dental Traumatology 19, no. 5 (September 9, 2003): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-9657.2003.t01-1-00191.x.

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