Journal articles: 'Apis mellifera Caucasica'

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Nikolova, Stanimila, Malgorzata Bienkowska, Dariusz Gerula, and Evgeniya Ivanova. "Microsatellite DNA polymorphism in selectively controlled Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera caucasica populations from Poland." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 3 (2015): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs141102048n.

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Genetic polymorphism in selectively controlled honeybee populations of A. m. carnica and A. m. caucasica in Poland, was characterized by microsatellite DNA analysis. All honeybee samples were analyzed for nine microsatellite loci: Ac011; A024; A043; A088; Ap226; Ap238; Ap243; Ap249 and Ap256, which were found to be polymorphic in both populations. The mean number of alleles per locus was 6.222 for A. m. carnica and 4.556 for A. m. caucasica. Average observed and expected heterozygosity values were calculated as 0.976 and 0.734 in A. m. carnica and as 0.933 and 0.603 in A. m. caucasica, respectively. For the nine microsatellite loci, a total of 76 alleles were found in both populations. Thirty-five private alleles were observed in A. m. carnica and 20 in A. m. caucasica. Information about allele frequencies, FST values and genotypic differentiation is given. Nei?s genetic distance between studied populations of A. m. carnica and A. m. caucasica was calculated as 0.384.

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Węgrzynowicz, Paweł, and Aleksandra Łoś. "Dataset of wing venation measurements for Apis mellifera caucasica, A. mellifera carnica and A. mellifera mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), their hybrids and backcrosses." Biodiversity Data Journal 8 (August 5, 2020): e53724. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e53724.

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Wing venation is used as a tool in honeybee (Apis mellifera L., 1758) subspecies identification. The presented dataset concerns nineteen landmarks located at honeybee worker's forewing vein junctions. Landmarks of Apis mellifera caucasica Pollmann, 1889, A. mellifera carnica Pollmann, 1879 and A. mellifera mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, their hybrids and backcrosses were measured. In total, data from 9590 wings were collected. The dataset could be used in geometric morphometric analysis, studies of degree of inheritance of morphological features and, after further development and supplementation with other local subspecies and hybrids, can contribute to in-depth evolutionary research on honeybees.Baseline dataset for wing venation of hybrids and backcrosses of A. mellifera carnica, A. mellifera caucasica and A. mellifera mellifera.

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Farshineh Adl, M. Bagher, H. Vasfi Gençer, Çetin Firatli, and Rasoul Bahreini. "Morphometric characterization of Iranian (Apis mellifera meda), Central Anatolian (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) and Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica) honey bee populations." Journal of Apicultural Research 46, no. 4 (2007): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2007.11101399.

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Çağlayan, Nevzat, Kemal Karabag, Inan Dursun, et al. "Microsatellite-based genetic characterisation of honeybee populations from Bingöl." Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 38, no. 1 (2025): 29–34. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1569823.

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The conservation of endemic genetic resources is crucial for maintaining genetic diversity in animal production, particularly in honeybees, where preserving local adaptations is challenging. Türkiye’s rich flora, supported by diverse climates, fosters various honeybee races and ecotypes. Bingöl province, situated at the intersection of three phytogeographic regions, is a biodiversity hotspot and a key beekeeping center. Genetic characterization of 141 worker bees from five Bingöl locations, using 30 microsatellite loci, revealed 6.77% genetic variation among locations, 65.69% among individuals, and 27.54% overall. The population exhibited signs of a genetic bottleneck and deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Phylogenetic analysis distinguished the Bingöl honeybee population from other Turkish populations, representing five different honeybee genotypes: Muğla (Apis mellifera anatolica), Hatay (Apis mellifera syriaca), Kırklareli (Apis mellifera carnica), Artvin (Apis mellifera caucasica), and Düzce (Apis mellifera anatolica, Yığılca ecotype), revealing 18 specific alleles that may indicate local genetic distinctiveness.

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Triseleva, T. A., A. F. Safonkin, T. O. Bykova, and M. J. Rukhkyan. "Intrabreed Diversity and Relationships between Races of Honey Bee Apis mellifera carpathica and Apis mellifera caucasica." Известия Российской академии наук. Серия биологическая, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102634702360005x.

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Based on the analysis of 94 sequences of the mtDNA CO1 gene, the intrabreed diversity and evolutionary relationships of bees from Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Poland were studied. We revealed two main haplotypes corresponding to the races A. m. carpathica and A. m. caucasica, common in the studied regions. However, in Armenia bees of the Caucasian race predominate, and in Poland – Carpathian. A. m. caucasica has higher haplotype diversity: one of its haplotypes is formed by samples of bees from the Crimean mountain breed, possibly an independent race A. m. taurica. There are 2 clusters on the phylogenetic tree: one cluster includes A. m. mellifera and A. m. iberica (evolutionary line M), the other (line C) ‒ A. m. ligustica, A. m. carpathica, A. m. caucasica. Haplotypes of A. m. caucasica have more substitutions per site, indicating their earlier origin compared to A. m. ligustica and A. m. carpathica. According to the time of divergence of A. mellifera and A. cerana at 6 Ma, the divergence of all races of line C is estimated from 1.3 to 0.6 Ma; races A. m. caucasica 0.35–0.25 million, A. m. carpathica – 0.2–0.04 million. When using universal primers with optimization of amplification conditions for the mtDNA CO1 gene region, a nonsynonymous G/A SNP was detected in position 4 (680 bp) which can be used to identify A. m. carpathica from A. m. ligustica.

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Kaskinova, M. D., L. R. Gaifullina, and E. S. Saltykova. "Genetic characteristics of the Gray Mountain Caucasian Bee Apis mellifera caucasica." Genetika 60, no. 8 (2024): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016675824080125.

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In this study we present the results of a comparative genetic analysis of bees of the Apis mellifera caucasica subspecies with the subspecies A. m. carnica and A. m. mellifera. We performed polymorphism analysis of nine microsatellite loci (Ap243, 4a110, A24, A8, A113, A88, Ap049, A28, and A43) and determined the haplotypes of the tRNAleu-COII locus. Analysis of the genetic structure of representatives of three subspecies of honey bees, widespread in Russia, showed a significant level of their differentiation even when using a small set of microsatellite loci. An assessment of the prevalence of tRNAleu-COII haplotypes in the three studied samples showed that for A. m. caucasica the predominant haplotype was C2j.

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Çolak, Mehmet, and Esra Taş. "INVESTIGATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF HONEYBEE VENOMS (APITOXIN) FROM APIS MELLIFERA CAUCASICA AND APIS MELLIFERA CARNICA." Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi 25, no. 1 (2025): 43–52. https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1593886.

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The discovery of new therapeutic agents is crucial in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. The antimicrobial potential of apitoxin from Apis mellifera caucasica and A. m. carnica (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was tested in vitro against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC-29212), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC-25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-27853) bacterial strains and a fungal pathogen (Candida albicans ATCC-10231). Using an electro stimulation technique, Apitoxin was extracted from honey bee colonies under standardized conditions between May 2022 and April 2023. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the disk diffusion method and the results were compared with standard antibiotics (ampicillin, vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, itraconazole) to calculate the antibiotic equivalence of the apitoxins. Apitoxin from both subspecies showed dose-dependent inhibitory effects against all microorganisms tested. The highest activity was observed against E. coli, with inhibition zone diameters of 16.6±0.2 mm for A. m. caucasica and 17.0±0.2 mm for A. m. carnica (p0.05). The results indicate that apitoxin has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and could be used as a therapeutic agent.

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PENG, WENJUN, JILIAN LI, YAZHOU ZHAO, YANPING CHEN, and ZHIJIANG ZENG. "A descriptive study of the prevalence of parasites and pathogens in Chinese black honeybees." Parasitology 142, no. 11 (2015): 1364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000840.

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SUMMARYThe Chinese black honey bee is a distinct honey bee subspecies distributed in the Xinjiang, Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces of China. We conducted a study to investigate the genetic origin and the parasite/pathogen profile on Chinese black honeybees. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Chinese black honeybees were two distinct groups: one group of bees formed a distinct clade that was most similar to Apis mellifera mellifera and the other group was a hybrid of the subspecies, Apis mellifera carnica, Apis mellifera anatolica and Apis mellifera caucasica. This suggests that the beekeeping practices might have promoted gene flow between different subspecies. Screening for pathogens and parasites showed that Varroa destructor and viruses were detected at low prevalence in Chinese black honeybees, compared with Italian bees. Further, a population of pure breeding black honeybees, A. m. mellifera, displayed a high degree of resistance to Varroa. No Varroa mites or Deformed wing virus could be detected in any examined bee colonies. This finding suggests that a population of pure breeding Chinese black honeybees possess some natural resistance to Varroa and indicated the need or importance for the conservation of the black honeybees in China.

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Panasiuk, Beata, Małgorzata Bieńkowska, Dariusz Gerula, and Paweł Węgrzynowicz. "Susceptibility of Bee Larvae to Chalkbrood in Relation to Hygienic Behaviour of Worker Bees in Colonies of Chosen Races of Honeybee (Apis Mellifera )." Journal of Apicultural Science 58, no. 1 (2014): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2014-0012.

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Abstract The susceptibility of bee larvae to Ascosphaera apis infestation and the hygienic behaviour of worker bees in relation to A. apis infected and freeze-killed brood were evaluated in three races of bees: Apis mellifera carnica, Apis mellifera caucasica, and Apis mellifera mellifera. Experimental bee colonies were evaluated in field conditions during the three beekeeping seasons. The lowest percentage of infected larvae was observed in car GR1 and mel A colonies (8.5% and 15%, respectively) and the highest in car Mr and cau P colonies (21% and 24.3%, respectively). Bees in the car GR1 and mel A colonies removed mummified brood in a shorter period of time (6.5 and 7.1 days on average, respectively) than car Mr and cau P colonies (above 8 days). Bees in the mel A and car GR1 colonies cleaned significantly more cells with freeze-killed brood within 24 and 48 hours (above 70% and 80% on average, respectively) than car Mr and cau P colonies (on average 10 - 20% lower cleaning rate). A low correlation coefficient was found for the susceptibility of larvae to A. apis infection and hygienic behaviour.

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Kaskinova, M. D., L. R. Gaifullina, and E. S. Saltykova. "The Genetic Characteristics of the Gray Mountain Caucasian Bee Apis mellifera caucasica." Russian Journal of Genetics 60, no. 8 (2024): 1134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795424700613.

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Kandemir, Irfan, Ibrahim Cakmak, Charles I. Abramson, et al. "A colony defence difference between two honey bee subspecies (Apis mellifera cypria and Apis mellifera caucasica)." Journal of Apicultural Research 51, no. 2 (2012): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/ibra.1.51.2.04.

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Karlıdağ, Semiramis, and Sevgi Kolaylı. "Comparison of some mineral and heavy metal contents of blossom honey samples from Yamadağ and Battalgazi regions." Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2025): 182–90. https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1652944.

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Honey is a valuable nutritional bee product, particularly in terms of essential minerals. The mineral composition depends on geographical and botanical factors. This study aims to determine trace element composition of honey samples collected from Yamadağ Mountain and the Battalgazi Plateau of Malatya province, Türkiye. In this study, elemental changes in honey were investigated according to two different bee genetic types of Apis mellifera, Apis mellifera caucasica and Apis mellifera carnica. The Honey samples were analyzed for their mineral content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The findings revealed significant variations in mineral composition based on geographical origin and floral diversity. Analyses of honey samples from the Yamadağ and Battalgazi regions revealed that the former has lower concentrations of trace elements compared to the latter. However, both regions' honey samples exhibited heavy metal levels within acceptable limits.

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Bykova, T. O., A. S. Krivozubov, A. V. Ivashov, et al. "Morphometric variability of wild honey bees of the mountain forest zone of Crimea as a material for breeding." E3S Web of Conferences 224 (2020): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022404014.

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The results of studies of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) from two points are presented: from a bee colony captured near the Tankovoye village (this swarm was found by a local resident an entrepreneur, the owner of the private nursery “Orekhovod – practitioner” I.S. Emirsinov) and bees captured in the vicinity of Sugut-Oba mountain (Burus) from a swarm captured about 25 km to the southeast of Belogorsk and west of the Feodosia height. Measurements of morphometric features were carried out using the method of V.V. Alpatov (1948), the method of F. Ruttner (2006) was used to identify the morphotypes and the width of the hairline of worker bees. The phenotypic homogeneity of bee colonies from the Tankovoye village was revealed by morphotypes and the width of the hairline on the abdomen of worker bees in the presence of a variety of classical morphometric characters. At the same time, one phenotype characterized by morphotype O (light brown coloration of chitinous integuments on the abdomen) and a narrow hairline f was registered. The presence of this phenotype characterizes the compliance with the breed standards of Apis mellifera caucasica (gray mountain Caucasian), Apis mellifera carpatica (Carpathian) or Apis mellifera carnica (Carniolan), i.e. breeds with a gray abdomen. Molecular genetic analysis of the mtDNA COI site showed the homogeneity of the sample of wild bees captured near the Tankovoye village and their proximity to the Vuchkovskaya line of the Carpathian breed.

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Lamiye YILDIZ. "Pharmacological action and physiological effect of the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 3 (2021): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.3.0652.

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The present’s experimental data on the influence of the venom of the honey bee on the life span of experimental animals irradiated with small doses of gamma radiation on physiological and pharmacological action venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica. The aim of the studies was to study the radioprotective effect of the pre-introduced venom Apis mellifera Caucasica with a single gamma irradiation of 60Co mice at doses of 1.3, 5, 7, 10 Gy at irradiation dose rates of 1 Gr / min. Injection of venom followed by gamma irradiation of 60Co at a dose of D = 1, 3, 5 and 7 Gy at an irradiation dose rate of 1 Gy / min increased the life span of the experimental groups of mice ranging from 45% to 56 % and from 52% to 67%, respectively. An increase in the lifespan of experimental rats exposed to radiation with the preliminary introduction of the venom of the honey bee.

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Lamiye, YILDIZ. "Pharmacological action and physiological effect of the venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 3 (2021): 334–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5805018.

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The present’s experimental data on the influence of the venom of the honey bee on the life span of experimental animals irradiated with small doses of gamma radiation on physiological and pharmacological action venom of the honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica. The aim of the studies was to study the radioprotective effect of the pre-introduced venom Apis mellifera Caucasica with a single gamma irradiation of 60Co mice at doses of 1.3, 5, 7, 10 Gy at irradiation dose rates of 1 Gr / min. Injection of venom followed by gamma irradiation of 60Co at a dose of D = 1, 3, 5 and 7 Gy at an irradiation dose rate of 1 Gy / min increased the life span of the experimental groups of mice ranging from 45% to 56 % and from 52% to 67%, respectively. An increase in the lifespan of experimental rats exposed to radiation with the preliminary introduction of the venom of the honey bee.

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Plakhova, A. A. "THE FIRST EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RICHES OF THE VASYUGAN SWAMP." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2022-37-3-90-95.

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Introduction to Siberia of bees of different breeds such as Italian Apis mellifera ligustica Spin., Apis mellifera carnica Pollm., Kuban (yellow Caucasian) Apis mellifera remipes Gerst., Far Eastern Apis mellifera acervorum, grey mountain Caucasian Apis mellifera caucasica Gorb. led to the fact that crossbreeds of an unknown generation predominate in the Novosibirsk region. These bees are rich in swarms, do not winter well, and the egg-laying of the queens is low. Currently, the importation of packet bees has stopped due to sharp increases in fuel prices (fuels and lubricants) and air and rail transport. But the importation of fetal queen bees is still ongoing. The authors studied the method of reproduction of bee colonies to preserve the beekeeping industry in Western Siberia. In one of the promising regions of Western Siberia, in the Vasyugan swamps, nectariferous plants grow for breeding bees. In that place, plants grow such as Rubus idaeus L. (common raspberry), Angelica sylvestris L. (wood angelica), Archangelica decurrens L. (Siberian angelica), Ribus nigrum L. (black currant), Sonchus arvensis L. (field sow thistle), Melilotus officinalis L. (yellow sweet clover), Melilotus albus Medik. (White sweet clover), Centaurea scabiosa L. (rough cornflower), Salix L. (willow), Taraxacum Wigg. (dandelion), Dracocephalum nutans L. (Siberian snakehead), Glechoma bederaceae L. (ivy-shaped budra), Prunella vulgaris L. (common blackhead). These plants are an excellent forage base for beekeeping. For two years of research, the authors found that the collection of honey per bee colony was in the group where the bees were propagated by natural swarming, 51.8 ± 5.1 kg, individual layering - 49.9 ± 4.3, prefabricated layering - 55, 6±3.1 kg. The strength of the families that went into the winter was 8.47±0.30; 8.77±0.20 and 9.06±0.40 bee space, respectively. Reproduction of bee colonies for two years showed that it is possible to increase the number of bee colonies from 4 to 16 (403%) by natural swarming, by individual layers - up to 19 (572%), and teams - up to 17 (422%).

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Triseleva, T. A., A. F. Safonkin, T. O. Bykova, and M. J. Rukhkyan. "Intrabreed Diversity and Relationships between Races of the Honey Bee Apis mellifera carpathica and Apis mellifera caucasica." Biology Bulletin 50, no. 4 (2023): 546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023601052.

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Bieńkowska, Małgorzata, Aleksandra Splitt, Paweł Węgrzynowicz, and Robert Maciorowski. "The Buzz Changes within Time: Native Apis mellifera mellifera Honeybee Subspecies Less and Less Popular among Polish Beekeepers Since 1980." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070652.

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Socio-cultural research might address anthropocentric reasons for honeybee (Apis mellifera) conservation. In some regions, particular honeybee subspecies are considered to be native; A. mellifera mellifera (“dark bee”) in the north-east and A. mellifera carnica in the Island Beskids in Poland. Additionally, A. mellifera caucasia (often incorrectly called A. mellifera caucasica) and Buckfast are reported across Poland. In order to verify the actual choice of beekeepers, a survey on honeybee subspecies kept in apiaries was conducted annually from 1980 to 2018. This is a way to verify if conservation management towards the dark bee influenced its maintenance at a sufficient level for their restoration. The analysis revealed that Polish beekeepers know what is “buzzing” in their hives, and the awareness of which subspecies/types of honeybee they maintain has grown through the years. Initially, they kept up to four different subspecies per apiary, but now most have only one (maximum of two). Currently, Polish apiaries approach a homogeneous share with the exclusive presence of A. mellifera carnica subspecies. The popularity of indigenous A. mellifera mellifera has declined over time and is low now. It seems that new solutions should be considered to increase the effectiveness of dark European bee conservation management efforts.

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Shafiga, Topchiyeva, and Babayev Elmar. "Radioprotective action of venom of honey bee Apis mellifera Caucasica." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 2, no. 5 (2017): 2288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.5.2.

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Gumbatova, G. "Development Peculiarities in Azerbaijan Apis mellifera subsp. caucasica Gorbachev, 1916." Bulletin of Science and Practice 10, no. 6 (2024): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/103/20.

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The work provides data on the current state of beekeeping in Azerbaijan. Information on the morphology and ecology of the Caucasian bee is analyzed. The characteristics of the subspecies obtained using the morphometric program BEE2 are given. Expeditions were organized to the Ganja-Gazakh, Sheki-Zagatala and Guba-Khachmaz regions of the country, and bees were selected from apiaries. On the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the average annual productivity of a bee colony is 10-12 kg in years with favorable weather and 3-5 kg in years with unfavorable weather conditions. In apiaries, due to various reasons (sowing, weakness, illness, etc.), not all bee colonies are able to reach this level. Therefore, if we carry out calculations with the average productivity limit, then the annual volume of honey production in Azerbaijan is currently about 4,000 tons.

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Ostroverkhova, Nadezhda V., Aksana N. Kucher, Nadezhda P. Babushkina, Olga L. Konusova, and Igor V. Sharakhov. "Variability and Structure of the Repetitive Region of the Major Royal Jelly Protein Gene mrjp3 in Honeybee Apis mellifera of Different Evolutionary Branches." Journal of Molecular Biology Research 8, no. 1 (2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmbr.v8n1p122.

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An assessment of the genetic diversity of the microsatellite locus mrjp3 in honeybee of European Apis mellifera subspecies was conducted. Differences in the frequency of alleles for the mrjp3 locus were found in honeybees of different evolutionary branches. Allele "529" was found to be specific for the Apis mellifera mellifera, evolutionary branch M, while alleles "406", "518", and "485" were characteristic of the southern subspecies of bees (A. m. carnica, A. m. carpatica (some researchers consider this breed as a derivative of A. m. carnica), and A. m. caucasica; evolutionary branches C and O, respectively). A high correspondence of the studied nucleotide sequences (&gt;=99% identity) with the reference sequences (Genbank) was established indicating a high conservation of the repetitive region of the mrjp3 gene in A. mellifera subspecies inhabiting different geographic regions of Europe and Siberia. Locus mrjp3 is of considerable interest for further study as a candidate marker for differentiation of bee subspecies.

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Saltykova, E. S., A. V. Lvov, G. V. Ben'kovskaya, A. V. Poskryakov, and A. G. Nikolenko. "Interracial Differences in Expression of Genes of Antibacterial Peptides, Abaecin, Hymenoptaecin, and Defensin, in Bees Apis mellifera mellifera and Apis mellifera caucasica." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 41, no. 5 (2005): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10893-005-0089-0.

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Grodzicki, Przemysław, Joanna Bacia, Katarzyna Piątkowska, and Bartosz Piechowicz. "Do Glycogen Content and Thermal Preference in Worker Bees Vary Depending on Geographical Origin? A Comparison of Carniolan Honeybees, Central European Honeybees and Caucasian Honeybees." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (2023): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020492.

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Among the honeybee subspecies, Polish beekeepers most commonly rear three of them, i.e., Apis mellifera carnica, A. m. mellifera and A. m. caucasica. They differ in morphological and physiological features. Our goal was to find a linkage between their thermal behaviour and body glycogen content that could be decisive for their wintering perspective. We compared the temperature preference and body glycogen concentration in six honeybee groups of three subspecies obtained from hives in two seasons, on 12 May 2021 (summer bees) and on 20 September 2020 (autumn bees preparing for wintering). In the Carniolan and Central European honeybees, the glycogen content in worker bodies was higher in autumn bees preparing for wintering than in summer bees. The Caucasian honeybee deviated from this pattern. The choice of ambient temperature by a given subspecies depended neither on the season nor the geographical race.

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Kaskinova, Milyausha D., Luisa R. Gaifullina, and Elena S. Saltykova. "Haplotypes of the tRNAleu-COII mtDNA Region in Russian Apis mellifera Populations." Animals 13, no. 14 (2023): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13142394.

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Analysis of the mtDNA tRNAleu-COII locus is a widely used tool to establish belonging to a particular evolutionary lineage of Apis mellifera L. (lineages A, M, C, O, and Y). In Russia, most of the area was once inhabited by Apis mellifera mellifera from the M evolutionary lineage, but the introduction of bee subspecies from the southern regions of Russia (A. m. caucasica, A. m. carnica) and from abroad (A. m. carnica, A. m. ligustica) led to fragmentation of their native range. In this study, the results of assessing the haplotype number for the tRNAleu-COII locus of mtDNA in Russian Apis mellifera populations were presented. We analyzed 269 colonies from 19 regions of Russia. As a result, two evolutionary lineages were identified: the East European lineage C (26.4%) and the Northwestern European lineage M (73.6%). A total of 29 haplotypes were identified, 8 of them were already reported, and 21 were found to be novel. From the C lineage, haplotypes C1, C2, C2c, C2j, and C3 were predominant. All M lineage samples from Russia belong to the M17 and M4’ haplogroups but have only minor variations in the form of nucleotide substitutions. An analysis of publications devoted to the tRNAleu-COII locus haplotypes, as well as an analysis of the available tRNAleu-COII sequences in GenBank, showed that there is still a problem with the haplotype nomenclature.

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Önk, Kadir. "Effects of Rearing Periods on Some Reproductive Characteristics of Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica) Queen Bees." Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 3 (2016): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.17094/ataunivbd.282977.

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Pérez Claudio, Eddie, Yoselyn Rodriguez-Cruz, Okan Can Arslan, et al. "Appetitive reversal learning differences of two honey bee subspecies with different foraging behaviors." PeerJ 6 (November 21, 2018): e5918. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5918.

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We aimed to examine mechanistically the observed foraging differences across two honey bee, Apis mellifera, subspecies using the proboscis extension response assay. Specifically, we compared differences in appetitive reversal learning ability between honey bee subspecies: Apis mellifera caucasica (Pollman), and Apis mellifera syriaca (Skorikov) in a “common garden” apiary. It was hypothesized that specific learning differences could explain previously observed foraging behavior differences of these subspecies: A.m. caucasica switches between different flower color morphs in response to reward variability, and A.m. syriaca does not switch. We suggest that flower constancy allows reduced exposure by minimizing search and handling time, whereas plasticity is important when maximizing harvest in preparation for long winter is at a premium. In the initial or Acquisition phase of the test we examined specifically discrimination learning, where bees were trained to respond to a paired conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus and not to respond to a second conditioned stimulus that is not followed by an unconditioned stimulus. We found no significant differences among the subspecies in the Acquisition phase in appetitive learning. During the second, Reversal phase of the experiment, where flexibility in association was tested, the paired and unpaired conditioned stimuli were reversed. During the Reversal phase A.m. syriaca showed a reduced ability to learn the reverse association in the appetitive learning task. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that A.m. syriaca foragers cannot change the foraging choice because of lack of flexibility in appetitive associations under changing contingencies. Interestingly, both subspecies continued responding to the previously rewarded conditioned stimulus in the reversal phase. We discuss potential ecological correlates and molecular underpinnings of these differences in learning across the two subspecies. In addition, in a supplemental experiment we demonstrated that these differences in appetitive reversal learning do not occur in other learning contexts.

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Gençer, H. Vasfi, and Jerzy Woyke. "Eggs from Apis mellifera caucasica laying workers are larger than from queens." Journal of Apicultural Research 47, no. 3 (2006): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/ibra.1.45.4.02.

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Janashia, Irakli, Layne Westover, and George Japoshvili. "A review of Apis mellifera caucasica (Hym., Apidae): History, taxonomy and distribution." Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 11, no. 2 (2025): 455–68. https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.11.2.455.

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v, M. D., L. R. Gaifullina, E. S. Saltykova, R. N. Kaipkulov, and R. R. Baitullin. "Assessment of the hybridization level of populations of the dark forest bee Apis mellifera mellifera L. in the northern Bashkortostan." Biomics 16, no. 1 (2024): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2024-6.

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In this study the results of analysis of the genetic structure of bees samples from six northern districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Baltachevsky, Birsky, Blagoveshchensky, Buraevsky, Tatyshlinsky and Yanaulsky) were presented. First, using the analysis of the intergenic locus COI-COII, belonging to the evolutionary lineages M (A. m. mellifera) or C (A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasica, A. m. ligustica) was established. Then, in bee colonies A. m. mellifera, the level of introgression of the gene pool of evolutionary lineage C was established based on the polymorphism of 9 microsatellite loci of nuclear DNA. As a result, the lowest level of hybridization was detected in samples from Yanaulsky, Tatyshlinsky, Buraevsky and Baltachevsky districts. The highest level of hybridization was detected in colonies from Birsky and Blagoveshchensky districts. In addition, in these two areas, a large number of colonies from the evolutionary lineage C were identified.

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Młynek, Krzysztof, Kalina Wnorowska, and Grzegorz Pawluk. "Relationships Between the Quantity and Quality of Pollen and the Quantity of Capped Brood in Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera caucasica." Animals 15, no. 4 (2025): 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040611.

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An important aspect in improving the efficiency of apiary production is knowledge of factors stimulating the condition of colonies. In view of climate change, one important factor is bee behavior associated with meteorological conditions. Studying the effect of selected meteorological parameters on honeybee colony development can help enhance management of the apiary economy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the connections between the quantity and quality of collected pollen and the quantity of capped brood, as an indicator of the rate of development against the background of weather condition indicators. We studied colonies of two relatively old subspecies: Apis mellifera carnica L. (CR) and Apis mellifera caucasica L. (CC) colonies. It was hypothesized that the quantity of pollen gathered is dependent on meteorological conditions, while the amount of capped brood depends on the quality and quantity of pollen. The study was carried out from April to July. Until May, both groups collected similar amounts of pollen. In the second part of the study, CC collected more pollen (averaging 32.3 g more). CR bees, however, exhibited greater development potential, with 6.32 g more capped brood on average (p ≤ 0.05). The greatest differences were noted in the spring period, which indicates faster development in CR colonies. The capped brood weight was positively correlated (0.391, p ≤ 0.05) with the amount of protein in the pollen. Trends in capped brood mass indicate that CR colonies were stronger during spring development. To some extent, this can be explained by the dependency of this behavior on meteorological conditions, specifically wind speed. In comparison to the CC subspecies (−0.600, p ≤ 0.05), CR bees were less sensitive to this factor, as indicated by the stronger correlation between pollen collection and wind strength (−0.642, p ≤ 0.05). The results indicate that some of the features of the subspecies we studied may have some potential in improving colony strength management in the context of changes related to the course of spring weather in eastern Poland.

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Hisamov, A. R., D. V. Shelekhov, and M. D. Kaskinova. "ASSESSMENT OF THE SUBSPECIES OF BEES IN THE MURADYMOV GORGE NATURE PARK." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 69, no. 1 (2024): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2024-69-1-87-90.

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The article presents the results of a study on the analysis of the subspecies belonging of bee colonies from two apiaries in the Muradymov Gorge Nature Park using nine microsatellite loci of nuclear DNA and the intergenic locus COI-COII of mitochondrial DNA. As a result, it was found that only one family descends on the maternal line from the evolutionary branch M (to which the subspecies dark forest, or Central Russian, bee Apis mellifera mellifera belongs), the remaining families descend from the branch C (includes subspecies A. M. carnica, A. m. ligustica, A. caucasica). The analysis of microsatellite loci of nuclear DNA showed that all families have a hybrid origin or belong to subspecies from the evolutionary branch of C.

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Erdoğan, Yaşar, and Kani Yavuz. "Determination of Color and Odor Preferences of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.)." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 2 (2022): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i2.355-359.4955.

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This study was carried out in the beekeeping research area of Bayburt University in order to determine the effect of odor and color on plant preference of honeybees in 2021. The experimental setup was established at a distance of 200 meters from the apiary where 80 Caucasian bees (Apis mellifera caucasica) colonies are located. As a result of the study, the most preferred feeders were the control group (pure sucrose syrup) (9.81 pieces), and the least preferred feeders were the rose-scent group (2.58). The effect of odor on honeybees' feed preferences varied according to months. Considering the effect of months on honeybees' visits to their feeders, the most visited feeders were Melissa (6.8) in June, control (11.69) in July, and control (14.58) in August. The highest number of feeder visits by honeybees was in August (9.24), and the lowest (2.89) in June. Considering the color preferences of honeybees, the most visited forage color was blue (5.98) and the least red was 4.89. The effect of colors on the feed preferences of honeybees also varied according to the months. The highest visitor bee average was found in the blue colored feeder (4.53) in June, the green colored feeder (7.24) in July, and the yellow and blue colored feeders (7.29) in August.

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Gulov, Alexey N., Andrey S. Berezin, Elena O. Larkina, Elena S. Saltykova, and Milyausha D. Kaskinova. "Creation of a Biobank of the Sperm of the Honey Bee Drones of Different Subspecies of Apis mellifera L." Animals 13, no. 23 (2023): 3684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13233684.

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The cryopreservation of gametes and embryos is an important element of biodiversity conservation. One species in need of conservation is the honey bee Apis mellifera L. Changing environmental factors, especially the anthropogenic factor, have led to a reduction in the numbers of this insect species. In this study, we provide an example of the creation of a biobank of honey bee drone sperm. For sperm cryopreservation, drones of the most common subspecies of honey bees common in Russia were selected. These were the dark forest bee, Apis mellifera mellifera, from the Republic of Bashkortostan, with three subspecies (A. m. carnica, A. m. carpatica, and A. m. caucasica) from the southern regions of Russia, as well as two breeding stocks, the Far Eastern bee and Prioksky bee. For subspecies identification, morphometric and genetic methods were used. The subspecies of the studied samples were confirmed via the analysis of the tRNAleu-COII locus of mitochondrial DNA and nine microsatellite markers of nuclear DNA. It was shown that bees of the Prioksky breeding stock belong to the subspecies A. m. caucasica based on phylogenetic analysis, and the Far Eastern breeding stock is a stable hybrid, descending on the maternal line from the evolutionary lineage C or O. The results of the morphometric analysis are consistent with the results of the genetic analysis. For the cryopreservation of sperm, we used a cryoprotectant solution with honey. As a result, the viability of frozen–thawed sperm decreased by 20.3% compared to fresh sperm, and overall motility decreased 25-fold. The measurement of the sperm concentration in the spermatheca of artificially inseminated queens showed that it varied from 0.22 to 4.4 million/μL. Therefore, the use of honey in sperm cryopreservation has great potential.

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YILDIZ, Berkant İsmail, Emel TÜTEN, Sinan AYDIN, et al. "İzole bölgelerde korunan Kafkas arısı, Apis mellifera caucasica Pollmann, 1889 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) popülasyonunda genetik varyasyonun azalıp azalmadığına dair bir çalışma." Turkish Journal of Entomology 47, no. 3 (2023): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1273612.

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The Caucasian honeybee, Apis mellifera caucasica Pollmann, 1889 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is one of the most productive bee subspecies. This subspecies, which has special importance for Türkiye, has been taken under protection in two isolated regions (Artvin and Ardahan) since 2000. To date, no study has been conducted on whether genetic diversity has decreased in these protected Caucasian honeybee colonies. Therefore in 2022, worker bees were collected from 100 different colonies in 15 different locations in these two regions and their genetic variations were examined using 30 microsatellite loci. The average number of alleles per locus was 13.57, and the loci had a high level of information content according to the PIC (0.7) value. FIS (0.96) and FST (0.01) values showed low genetic diversity and high inbreeding in populations. Genetic variations were calculated as 0.77% among populations, 99.23% among individuals in populations, and 0% among all individuals. Also, populations deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p&lt;0.001). Significant bottleneck evidence was found for Artvin in the analysis results using the two-phase mutation model. These results provide important information that can be used as a guide for Caucasian bee breeding strategies and conservation programs.

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Galatyuk, O., V. Yarovets, V. Babenko, et al. "Wing morphometry of worker bees in the central and northern parts of Ukraine." Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva, no. 1(178) (May 25, 2023): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9289-2023-178-1-74-87.

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In the flat forest-steppe region of Ukraine, several evolutionary lines of honey bees subspecies Apis mellifera mellifera L., Apis mellifera macedonica Ruttner, and Apis mellifera caucasica Pollmann are believed to be widespread, the territorial boundaries and within-population relationships of which require detailed study.Wing morphometry is one of the available methods for establishing the wing phenotype and morphological features of bees in general. However, the completeness and degree of study of the morphometric features of bee populations present in the territory of Ukraine are insufficient. The aim of the study was to carry out a more accurate and thorough classification of wings, establish morphometric standards of worker bees of local populations of Ukrainian steppe bees, create a methodology for assessing possible hybridization by wing phenotype, and attempt to find bee families with queens suitable for further breeding. To achieve this goal, classical morphometry was used to study the wing phenotype using 8 features: traditional - Ci, Dbi, Disc.sh, Pci, Ri, and additional features proposed by the authors - Сі.2, Сі.3, Сі.2.1, which allowed to increase the level of confidence in the quality of statistical data processing of wing features. Using discriminant analysis of the data and the Statistica software package, a classifier was created and 3717 wings were classified. With sufficient reliability (95.6 %), the wings of 28 bee families were divided into five clusters. Five arrays of standards were formed, two of which probably belong to the population of Ukrainian steppe bees subspecies A. m. macedonica, one to subspecies A. m. Carnica Pollmann, two to hybrids of Ukrainian steppe bees and the Polissya population of subspecies A. m. mellifera. A significant similarity in phenotypes was established between two clusters of investigated wings and wings of bees from the Carpathian region, and the hybridization of worker bees of the indicated territory was determined by the Polissya population of subspecies A. m. mellifera. It is shown how, in the presence of standard data of worker bee wing features obtained as a result of this work and others formed in another, it is possible to use discriminant analysis to correctly classify wings and assess the possible hybridization of bees. Formed arrays of five new standards can be used in subsequent studies as standards of comparison. Key words: Morphometry of wings, classification of worker bees, discriminant analysis.

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Węgrzynowicz, Paweł, Dariusz Gerula, Adam Tofilski, Beata Panasiuk, and Małgorzata Bieńkowska. "Maternal Inheritance in Hybrids of Three Honey Bee Subspecies." Journal of Apicultural Science 63, no. 1 (2019): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2019-0010.

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AbstractThe identification of honey bee (Apis mellifera) subspecies is often based on the measurements of workers’ fore-wings. The interpretation of the measurements can be difficult because the phenotype of workers is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Moreover, it is not clear how the phenotype is affected by maternal inheritance. We have used the methodology of geometric morphometrics to verify if hybrids of honey bee subspecies and their backcrosses are more similar to either the father or mother colony. The comparison was based on fore-wing venation of three honey bee subspecies: A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasica, A. m. mellifera. First generation hybrids and backcrosses of those subspecies were obtained through instrumental insemination. Workers of the hybrids were compared with their parental colonies. The shape of wing venation was more similar to the maternal than to parental colony. This phenomenon was particularly visible in first generation of hybrids but it was also present in backcrosses. There were also symptoms of genetic dominance of some subspecies but this effect interacted with maternal inheritance and was difficult to interpret.

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ÇAKMAK, İbrahim, and Harrington WELLS. "Flower Color, Nectar Reward, and the Flower Fidelity of the Caucasus Honey Bee (Apis mellifera caucasica)." Turkish Journal of Zoology 20, no. 4 (1996): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.55730/1300-0179.3002.

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Erkan, Cengiz, Veysel Serkan Günbey, Belgin Günbey, and Fırat Cengiz. "Comparison of pure caucasian, carniolan and native anatolian ecotype honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in the eastern anatolia region with reciprocal F1 hybrids." Bioscience Journal 40 (January 31, 2024): e40008. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v40n0a2024-68555.

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The aim of this study was to compare specific physiological and behavioral characteristics of A. m. caucasica, A. m. carnica, and native honeybees, as well as reciprocal crosses, within the ecological conditions of East Anatolia (Van province), Turkey. The findings revealed that native honeybees exhibited the highest average sealed brood area and the highest average number of frames with bees. In contrast, the highest average honey yield was observed in the crossbreeding of Carniolan bees with native bees. Significant differences were identified among the groups concerning brood area, the number of bee frames, aggression tendency, and honey yield. The study concluded that Carniolan and Caucasian bees exhibited suboptimal performance outside their native habitats. Nevertheless, Carniolan bees were identified as a viable option for mitigating aggression tendencies and enhancing honey yield in native bee populations.

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Fornara, M. S., A. S. Kramarenko, S. V. Svistunov, E. M. Lyubimov, S. S. Sokol’skii, and N. A. Zinovieva. "MORPHOMETRIC AND MOLECULAR GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF Apis mellifera caucasica L. HONEY BEE LINES REARED IN SOCHI REGION." Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya 50, no. 6 (2015): 776–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2015.6.776eng.

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Galatyuk, Oleksandr, Volodymyr Yarovets, Volodymyr Babenko, et al. "II. Morphometry of wings of worker bees of the subspecies Apis mellifera mellifera L. (Polissya population of Zhytomyr region)." ScienceRise: Biological Science, no. 1(34) (March 31, 2023): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-8025.2023.275588.

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The uncontrolled spread of the subspecies A. m. carnica, A. m. ligustica, and A. m. caucasica has led to a reduction in the areas of pure "dark forest bees" populations belonging to the subspecies A. m. mellifera in their natural habitats within Ukraine. Due to the need to use dark forest bees in breeding, it became necessary to identify the locations of individual populations of bees belonging to the A. m. mellifera subspecies. The purpose of the work is to create an accessible and at the same time complete methodology for classifying bee wing phenotypes, which would make it possible to determine the probable breed of worker bees, the type and degree of hybridization of the main breed with impurities, and to identify "purebred" bee families by the wing phenotype suitable for further breeding. Material and methods of research: Using discriminant analysis of data, at the first stage of the study, 1500 wings of bee families were classified using 8 features: Ci, Dbi, Disc.sh, Pci, Ri, Сі.3, Сі.2, Сi.2.1, for which there was preliminary information about the possible belonging of the wing phenotype to the subspecies A. m. mellifera or its hybrids. At the second stage, additional 1212 wings of bee colonies were studied, about which there were doubts about their breed. Results of research and discussion: The wings are reliably divided into four clusters, indicating the presence of four sufficiently distinct groups among the studied wings in terms of phenotype. Conclusions and prospects for further research: A classification model has been created that allows for effective discrimination of the wings of working bees of bee colonies in Ukraine, the subspecies A. m. mellifera. Phenotypic values of indices of four Polissia micro-populations of bees, used as reference standards for possible hybridization detection, have been established, which can serve as standards in future research. Four colonies have been found, whose queens produce bees of the A. m. mellifera type of the Polissia population, and three colonies whose queens produce bees of the A. m. macedonica hybrid and can be used for further selection work

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Gyulalyyeva, F. "Epidemiological Situation of Salmonellosis in Beekeeping Farms of South-East Regions of Azerbaijan." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/89/21.

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The article is devoted to the study of bee salmonellosis in beekeeping farms in the north-eastern regions of Azerbaijan. As a result of studies conducted in 2013-2021. in the beekeeping farms of the north-eastern regions of Azerbaijan, it has been established that salmonellosis is widespread and causes significant economic damage to beekeeping. The studies were carried out in beekeeping farms with bees of the Gonagkend population of the Bozdag Caucasian breed Apis mellifera subsp. caucasica Gorbachev, 1916. 720 bee colonies were subjected to research. Infection in the Gusar district is 62.5%, in Khachmaz district — 37.5%, in Guba district — 75.0%. The seasonal dynamics, the degree of spread of invasion along the altitudinal zones, depending on the strength of bee colonies, were studied. Depending on the strength of the bees, the dynamics of salmonellosis in bee colonies weakens with warming weather, that is, from March to May. So, in May, the average infection in families with poor nutrition is 18.47%, in families with average nutrition — 12.77%, in families with strong nutrition — 10.53%. The spread and development of salmonellosis is inversely proportional to the increase in ambient temperature.

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Aktürk, Salim, Dilek Kabakcı, Gökhan Akdeniz, Yeliz Kasko Arıcı, and Ahmet Kuvancı. "The Effects of Wintering in Different Climatic Regions of Turkey on Some Physiological Characteristic of Caucasian Honey Bee (Apis mellifera caucasica) Colonies." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 10 (2020): 2139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i10.2139-2143.3607.

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This study was conducted in two locations have different altitudes in the cities which have different climates as Ankara, Ordu, Erzurum, Mersin. The purpose of this work was to define some physiological properties of the bees such as the survivability of colony, wintering ability, usage of stoked honey and to discuss all these data. This study lasted two years and the second year was the continuation of the first year. At the beginning of the year, colonies which has the same genotype were equalized as number of combs covered with bees, stocked honey and brood areas and so on. According to the data analysis, it was obtained that the quantity of the stocked honey was not statistically significant by the region×altitude×year interaction. However, year×region and region×altitude interactions were statistically significant. Similarly, it was obtained that the wintering ability was not statistically significant by the region×altitude×year interaction. The only year×region interaction was statistically significant. Also, descriptive statistics obtained for the survivability of the colonies (%) during the first and second year was added statistically to this application. As a result, this work showed that migratory beekeepers could reevaluate the regions which have the microclimate properties in Aegean, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea. And new research should be made by adding different species of honeybees for the performance of overwintering in different climates.

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Tymochko, L. I., O. V. Cherevatov, and V. F. Cherevatov. "RACES COMPOSITION OF THE COLONIES OF HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA L.) IN THE APIARIES OF THE NORTHERN BUKOVINA." Biolohichni systemy 15, no. 1 (2023): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2023.01.070.

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Modern honey bee races have evolved from local natural subspecies. Due to this, native bees are adapted better to local climatic conditions and are less susceptible to the combined effects of negative factors that lead to colony extinction. However, the distribution of honey bee subspecies in Europe over the past century has been heavily influenced by humans. According to the plan of breed zoning of honey bees in Ukraine, Chernivtsi region is defined as the region of the Carpathian bee. However, interbreed hybrids were formed due to the uncontrolled introduction of other breeds to the area and spontaneous hybridisation between them and native bees. Due to the existence of such hybrid forms, the diversity of local bee ecotypes is lost and genetic polymorphism within the population increases dramatically. This increase in polymorphism has led to an increase in biodiversity, the emergence of numerous intermediate variants of morphometric characteristics, and the loss of valuable Carpathian bee traits. Modern phylogenetic studies of bees include the analysis of a set of morphometric external parameters: cubital index, discoidal displacement and proboscis length. An integrated approach to the study of these traits can reflect the evolution of honey bees and, accordingly, their belonging to specific subspecies or breeds. In the region as a whole, the predominant breeds were Carpathian, Ukrainian Steppe, and Grey Mountain Caucasian, which belong to the subspecies A. m. carnica (Carpathian ecotype), A. m. macedonica and A. m. caucasica, respectively. In addition, the hybrid forms contain features of the alpine variant of carnica and dark European bees (A. m. mellifera). It is shown that hybridisation within Northern Bukovina was chaotic, and no localities with preservation of Carpathian lines were found.

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Rozhkov, Konstantin, Anatoliyi Kuznetsov, and Irina Lunegova. "PSVI-19 Medical nutrition as a factor in increasing the adaptive potential of the honeybee." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.437.

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Abstract In the implementation of all modern methods of keeping honey bees and caring for them, physiologically sound medical nutrition using adaptogens and biostimulants of various nature is of crucial importance. The object of the study was the clinically healthy families of two honeybee races: Apis mellifera carpatica and Apis mellifera caucasica. Experimental and control groups were formed on the principle of pairs of analogues. Bee colonies in the experimental groups of both races received 60% sugar syrup with Monclavit-1 (12 ml / 1 liter), and in the control groups they received syrup without additives. Studies have shown that the use of the drug Monclavit-1 (water-polymer system based on iodine in the form of poly-N-vinylamide-cyclo-sulfoiodide complex, total iodine content of 0.35 mg / 100 cm3) in the composition of the liquid carbohydrate feed contributed to a better supply of milk larvae in the milk during the spring development (table 1), so the amount of milk in cells with 3 day brood in the І and ІІ experimental groups ranged from 7.21 ± 0.12 to 5.32 ± 0.78 mg against from 4.29 ± 0.84 up to 4.17 ± 0.29 mg in І and І control, and in autumn, respectively, from 17.73 ± 0.57 to 15.97 ± 0.19 pro from 11.06 ± 0.81 to 10.12 ± 0.98. What is associated with the adaptive effect on the body of therapeutic nutrition and the correction of microflora in the digestive system of bees with Monclavit-1.With the introduction of the drug Monklavit-1 into the diet of the honeybee during medical nutrition, there is a pronounced upward adaptation expressed by a prolonged effect on the body, which indicates the promise of research in the indicated direction with the study of a set of morphophysiological and biochemical indicators.

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ФОРНАРА, М. С., А. С. КРАМАРЕНКО, С. В. СВИСТУНОВ, Е. М. ЛЮБИМОВ, С. С. СОКОЛЬСКИЙ та Н. А. ЗИНОВЬЕВА. "МОРФОМЕТРИЧЕСКАЯ И МОЛЕКУЛЯРНО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ ЛИНИЙ И СЕМЕЙ МЕДОНОСНОЙ ПЧЕЛЫ Apis mellifera caucasica L., РАЗВОДИМЫХ В РАЙОНЕ БОЛЬШОГО СОЧИ". Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya 50, № 6 (2015): 776–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2015.6.776rus.

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Abramson, Charles I., Tugrul Giray, T. Andrew Mixson, et al. "Proboscis Conditioning Experiments with Honeybees,Apis Mellifera Caucasica,with Butyric Acid and DEET Mixture as Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli." Journal of Insect Science 10, no. 122 (2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.010.12201.

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Topchiyeva, Sh A. "Prevention of Radiation Damage with the use of Biologically Active Components of the Honey Bee Apis Mellifera L. Caucasica." Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science 2, no. 3 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22259/2637-5338.0203001.

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Kaskinova, M. D., A. M. Salikhova, L. R. Gaifullina, and E. S. Saltykova. "Genetic methods in honey bee breeding." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 27, no. 4 (2023): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-23-44.

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The honey bee Apis mellifera is a rather difficult object for selection due to the peculiarities of its biology. Breeding activities in beekeeping are aimed at obtaining bee colonies with high rates of economically useful traits, such as productivity, resistance to low temperatures and diseases, hygienic behavior, oviposition of the queen, etc. With two apiaries specializing in the breeding of A. m. mellifera and A. m. carnica as examples, the application of genetic methods in the selection of honey bees is considered. The first stage of the work was subspecies identification based on the analysis of the polymorphism of the intergenic mtDNA locus tRNAleu-COII (or COI-COII) and microsatellite nuclear DNA loci Ap243, 4a110, A24, A8, A43, A113, A88, Ap049, A28. This analysis confirmed that the studied colonies correspond to the declared subspecies. In the apiary with A. m. mellifera, hybrid colonies have been identified. A method based on the analysis of polymorphisms of the tRNAleu-COII locus and microsatellite nuclear DNA loci has been developed to identify the dark forest bee A. m. mellifera and does not allow one to differentiate subspecies from C (A. m. carnica and A. m. ligustica) and O (A. m. caucasica) evolutionary lineages from each other. The second stage was the assessment of the allelic diversity of the csd gene. In the apiary containing colonies of A. m. mellifera (N = 15), 20 csd alleles were identified. In the apiary containing colonies of A. m. carnica (N = 44), 41 alleles were identified. Six alleles are shared by both apiaries. DNA diagnostics of bee diseases showed that the studied colonies are healthy. Based on the data obtained, a scheme was developed for obtaining primary material for honey bee breeding, which can subsequently be subjected to selection according to economically useful traits. In addition, the annual assessment of the allelic diversity of the csd gene will shed light on the frequency of formation of new allelic variants and other issues related to the evolution of this gene.

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Eroglu, Nazife, Senem Akkus, Mustafa Yaman, Baris Asci, and Sibel Silici. "Amino Acid and Vitamin Content of Propolis Collected by Native Caucasican Honeybees." Journal of Apicultural Science 60, no. 2 (2016): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jas-2016-0021.

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Abstract The polyphenol content of propolis has received a lot of attention due to the benign biological properties noted in the chemical composition studies. However, there are very limited studies about other chemical components found in trace amounts in nature which contribute to the therapeutic properties of propolis. The present study, therefore, investigated the amino acid and vitamin composition of propolis. Propolis harvested by 60 colonies of Apis mellifera caucasica belonged to local non-migratory beekeepers. The A. m. caucasica is known for its distinctive propolis collecting capability which native to the secluded Ardahan Province of Turkey. Vitamin (Thiamine, Riboflavin) combinations of propolis were determined using the HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) fluorescent detector. An amino acid analysis was also performed with the UFLC (Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography) system consisting of binary pump and UV/VIS. Our findings record that the vitamin and amino acid content of propolis samples collected from three areas of different altitudes in the same region differed from each other. Vitamin B1 content and Vitamin B2 content ranged between 0.025-0.16 mg/100g, and 0.304-0.777mg/100g, respectively. A maximum amount of amino acid was reported as leucine, while a minimum amount of amino acid was seen as tryptophan in Ardahan propolis. Consequently, the vitamin and amino acid content of propolis, which derived from secondary plant metabolites of resin, varied depending on their geographical altitudes. Those vitamin and amino acids found in the propolis composition are believed to have beneficial therapeutic properties.

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Akyol, Ethem, Halil Yeninar, Mustafa Karatepe, Bilge Karatepe, and Duran Özkök. "Effects of queen ages on Varroa(Varroa destructor)infestation level in honey bee(Apis mellifera caucasica)colonies and colony performance." Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, no. 2 (2007): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.143.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Apis mellifera Caucasica'

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