Academic literature on the topic 'Apollo missions'

The use of cyberspace as a platform for military operations presents many new research challenges. Current security techniques are not sufficiently effective in protecting IT systems, as they fail to address the correlation between actions and effects across multiple domains. More specifically, modern IT systems permeate different areas, and assessing their security requires identifying how actions performed in the cyber domain affect the accomplishment of the mission';s operational goals. This thesis proposes a framework that links mission and infrastructure domains to measure cyber-effects on the mission. This framework, Cyber-ARGUS, consists of a C2 simulation environment, along with semantic technologies to provide consistent mapping between domains. Relevant information is stored in a semantic knowledge base about the nodes in the cyber domain, and then used to build a Bayesian Network to provide impact assessment. The technique is illustrated through the simulation of an air transportation scenario in which the C2 infrastructure is subjected to various cyber-attacks and their associated impact to the operations is assessed. The main contribution of this research is a methodology that enables cyber impact assessment in the ongoing mission to be achieved by using only overall effects (combination of effects produced by the attackers and defenders'; plans), without the need to know the enemy';s individual actions. This ability will also be used to generate more accurate relevant defense/offensive plans and scenarios. The environment not only supports the research presented in this thesis, but can also provide a platform to conduct general work on cyber situation awareness.

Um estudo acerca da importância das missões internacionais, levadas a cabo pela Guarda Nacional Republicana, enquanto força de Gendarmerie, assim como o seu contributo para a resolução de conflitos, gestão de crises, manutenção da paz internacional, e a sua contribuição para a Política Externa do Estado Português, particularmente no Iraque, de 2003 a 2005, na missão denominada por Operation Iraqi Freedom. O crescente interesse pelos Estudos para a Paz, bem como a existência de Organizações Internacionais cada vez mais envolvidas neste setor de atuação, particularmente a Organização das Nações Unidas, tem levado a uma crescente valorização das Operações de Apoio à Paz, pois estas têm sido consideradas um elemento chave na resolução de conflitos, a nível internacional. Também a criação das forças Gendarmerie, consideradas forças de polícia militares, têm tido um papel extremamente importante na resolução destes conflitos, devido à sua característica de órgão de polícia criminal e ao mesmo tempo, militar, sendo que através desta dissertação pretende-se demonstrar que esta característica militar de uma força de polícia, como é a GNR, e numa missão aliada à doutrina NATO e ao seu sistema de segurança coletiva, foi fundamental para o cumprimento dos objetivos definidos no Iraque. Através de uma metodologia de caráter qualitativo, com base num estudo de caso, e de entrevistas como instrumento de recolha de dados, foi possível compreender que a missão no Iraque, enquadrada numa doutrina militarizada da NATO, e baseada numa estratégia que, segundo os entrevistados se inseriu num contexto de imposição de paz, permitiu compreender que a coordenação, interoperabilidade, liderança e características militares das forças de Gendarmerie são fundamentais neste tipo de missões, e que efetivamente conseguem fazer uso destas com vista à construção de uma paz duradoura e sustentável, de acordo com o desígnio de Johan Galtung, considerado o criador dos Estudos para a Paz; Abstract: Peace Support Operations: Guarda Nacional Republicana in Iraq (2003-2005) A study on the importance of the international missions, carried out by the Republican National Guard, as a Gendarmerie force, as well as its contribution to conflict resolution, crisis management, international peacekeeping, and its contribution to the Portuguese State Foreign Policy, particularly in Iraq, from 2003 to 2005, in the mission called Operation Iraqi Freedom. The growing interest in Peace Studies, as well as the existence of International Organisations increasingly involved in this sector, particularly the United Nations Organisation, has led to a growing appreciation of Peace Support Operations, as they have been considered a key element in conflict resolution at the international level. Also the creation of Gendarmerie forces, considered as military police forces, has played an extremely important role in the resolution of these conflicts, due to its characteristic of a criminal and at the same time military police force, and through this dissertation it is intended to demonstrate that this military characteristic of a police force, such as GNR, and in a mission allied to NATO doctrine and its collective security system, has been fundamental to the achievement of the goals set in Iraq. Through a qualitative methodology, based on a case study, and interviews as a data collection tool, it was possible to understand that the mission in Iraq, framed in a militarized NATO doctrine, and based on a strategy that, according to the interviewees, was inserted in a context of peace enforcement, made it possible to understand that the coordination, interoperability, leadership and military characteristics of the Gendarmerie forces are fundamental in this type of mission, and that they can effectively make use of these with a view to building a lasting and sustainable peace, in accordance with the design of Johan Galtung, considered the creator of Studies for Peace.

This study aimed to verify how time pressure and missing information influence the quality of decisions. Themes investigated were decision process; its influential factors - time pressure and missing information; quality of the decision; and Multicriteria Method AHP - Analytical Hierarchical Process. To achieve the proposed objective was developed a Decision Support System - the AHP MAKH-ER structured with the AHP method. Once validated by users and the researcher, an experimental research was done using a decision task with multiple alternatives and criteria, with twenty subjects divided into four experimental groups, according to the incidence or not of the time pressure and the missing information. The task which simulates a car purchase was structured to create an environment for decision, in which knowledgeable individuals from car industry make their choices and comparisons, whether or not subjected to time pressure and missing information. Formulated and tested the hypothesis it was verified that (a) the time pressure does not influence negatively the quality of individuals‟ decisions, (b) the missing information does not influence negatively the quality of individuals‟ decisions, and (c) further information does not overcome the lack of time to decide, thus not improving the quality of individuals‟ decisions. However, it was also possible, through a post-experiment questionnaire and the mapping of computer access (logs) to verify different behaviors of individuals in decision making. Pressured by time the individuals sought the information by criteria, or, changed their strategy: starting by the alternative and subsequently by the criterion. The experimental subjects, facing the time pressure focused on the car of their choice, whereas without time pressure, they rationalized some more, using the information, and disagreed with the car chosen. Assumptions of the Theory of Image also explained some findings, indicating that previously structured images in the mind of the decision maker, which represent his preferences, are a way to face the time pressure. Still regarding this variable, it was found that the decision-makers accelerate the processing of information, making the task more quickly and thus they feel more the pressure of time, as blocking of the mind and feeling of stress, then the missing information when subjected to both variables. Upon the missing information it was observed that the use of prior knowledge and experience was the most prominent strategy of confrontation. In a lower frequency, there was also a demonstration of confidence by some experimental subjects when information was missing in the task. Finally, a strategy observed was the choice of the alternative in which information was available (when compared with other alternative without information), emphasizing that this topic needs a greater depth.
Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar como a pressão do tempo e a falta de informação influenciam na qualidade das decisões. Foram abordados os temas processo decisório; seus fatores influentes pressão do tempo e falta de informação; a qualidade da decisão; e o Método Multicritério AHP Processo Analítico Hierárquico. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi desenvolvido um Sistema de Apoio à Decisão - o AHP MAKH-ER- estruturado com o Método AHP. Depois de validado pelos usuários e pela pesquisadora, realizou-se uma pesquisa experimental utilizando uma tarefa decisória com múltiplas alternativas e critérios, com vinte sujeitos separados em quatro grupos experimentais, de acordo com a incidência ou não da pressão do tempo e da falta de informação. A tarefa, que simula uma compra de carro, foi estruturada a fim de criar um ambiente de decisão, em que indivíduos conhecedores do ramo de automóveis fazem suas escolhas e comparações, submetidos ou não a pressão do tempo e a falta de informação. Formuladas e testadas às hipóteses verificou-se que (a) a pressão do tempo não influencia negativamente na qualidade das decisões dos indivíduos, (b) a falta de informação não influencia negativamente na qualidade das decisões dos indivíduos, e (c) mais informação não supera a falta de tempo para decidir, não melhorando assim a qualidade das decisões dos indivíduos. Entretanto, também foi possível, por meio de um questionário pós-experimento e do mapeamento dos acessos computacionais (logs); verificar diferentes comportamentos dos indivíduos no processo decisório. Pressionados pelo tempo os indivíduos buscaram a informação por critérios, ou ainda, mudaram de estratégia: iniciando por alternativa e posteriormente por critério. Os sujeitos experimentais, diante da pressão do tempo focaram no carro de sua preferência, enquanto que sem pressão de tempo, alguns racionalizaram mais, utilizaram as informações, e não concordaram com o carro escolhido. Pressupostos da Teoria da Imagem também justificaram alguns achados, indicando que as imagens previamente estruturadas na mente do decisor, as quais representam suas preferências, são uma forma de enfrentar a pressão do tempo. Ainda com relação a esta variável, verificou-se que os tomadores de decisão aceleram o processar da informação, realizando a tarefa de forma mais rápida, e sentindo assim mais a pressão do tempo, na forma de bloqueamento da mente e sentimento de estresse, do que a falta de informação quando sujeito a ambas as variáveis. Diante da falta de informação observou-se que a utilização do conhecimento prévio bem como da experiência do indivíduo foi a estratégia de enfrentamento mais destacada. Em uma freqüência menor, encontrou-se também a demonstração de autoconfiança por parte de alguns sujeitos experimentais quando havia informação faltante na tarefa. Por fim, uma estratégia observada, foi a escolha da alternativa em que a informação estava disponível (quando comparada a outra alternativa sem informação), destacando que este tópico carece de um aprofundamento maior.

High voltage transmission lines are used for distributing electricity and have to work reliably as it directly affects their performance. Therefore, inspections and maintenances are required in order to keep them working and to find damages as soon as possible. These inspections are still done by humans, which costs a lot of resources, as it is not only dangerous but also cost- and time consuming. This Bachelor's thesis proposes an alternative way of inspection that can be done by presenting an expert system that is able to help the flight controller of an unmanned aerial vehicle. The implementation is done by splitting the main objective into smaller scenarios, each building the fundamentals for developing further flight missions. CLIPS is the expert system programming language used in order to write scripts for each scenario. Tests to verify the functionality and executability of the implemented concept were done using three dfferent methods. The first test was made using a simulation, the next step was to use the hardware that is used in the field and the last test was to execute the implementation on a real copter.
Hochspannungsleitungen werden zur Verteilung von Strom verwendet und müssen zuverlässig funktionieren, da sich ihre Zuverlässigkeit direkt auf die Leistung auswirkt. Deshalb sind Inspektionen und Wartungen erforderlich, um die Funktionsfähigkeit aufrechtzuerhalten und Schäden so schnell wie möglich zu erkennen. Diese Inspektionen werden noch immer vom Menschen durchgeführt, was viele Ressourcen kostet, da es nicht nur gefährlich, sondern auch kosten- und zeitaufwendig ist. Diese Bachelorarbeit schlägt eine alternative Art und Weise Inspektionen durchzuführen vor, indem sie ein Expertensystem verwendet, das in der Lage ist bei der Führung des Flug-Controllers eines unbemannten Luftfahrzeugs zu helfen. Die Umsetzung erfolgt durch die Aufteilung des Hauptziels in kleinere Szenarien, die jeweils die Grundlagen für die Entwicklung weiterer Flugmissionen bilden. CLIPS ist die verwendete Expertensystem-Programmiersprache, um Skripte für jedes Szenario zu schreiben. Tests zur Uberprüfung der Funktionalität und Ausführbarkeit des implementierten Konzepts wurden mit Hilfe von drei verschiedenen Methoden durchgeführt. Der erste Test wurde mit einer Simulation erhoben. Der nächste Schritt war die Verwendung von Hardware, die in echten Einsätzen benutzt wird und der letzte Test war die Ausführung der Implementierung auf einem echten Quadrocopter.