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Journal articles on the topic 'Apologetics works'
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1
Balandina, R. R., and E. V. Kuzmina. "Axiological Attitudes in the Interpretation of the Rational and Irrational in the Works of Latin Apologetics Scholars." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Political Science and Religion Studies 37 (2021): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2021.37.128.
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The article aims at demonstrating significant differences in the perception of rationality and irrationality in the works of ancient Greek philosophers and philosophers of the period of Latin apologetics. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the works of ancient and Latin philosophers. The analysis revealed that the Greeks solved the problem of the ratio of the rational and the irrational in an ontological way, while the Latins shifted the focus on the problem to the axiological dimension. The article presents the correlation of three examples of ontological orientation of pagan philosophy with three examples of axiological orientation of Latin theology of the apologetic period. The research methodology is based on the combination of historical-functional and comparative analyses. The works of N. S. Mudragey, where the validity of the use of the concepts "rational" and "irrational" in relation to ancient philosophy was proved, provided the methodological basis of the study, as well as the works of G. G. Mayorov, who actually was the first to consider Latin apologetics as a system with a clear tendency from hellenophilia to hellenophobia. The works of ancient Greek philosophers provided the theoretical basis of the study, as well as the works of Lactantius, Arnobius, Tertullian, and Minucius.
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Matsan, Konstantin M. "Apologetics in V.N. Ilyin’s Works on Aesthetics." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 64 (June 30, 2021): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2021-0-2-335-343.
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In the article the author tries to view the works of Russian philosopher V.N. Ilyin on aesthetics as apologetic. Ilyin’s philosophic system that he himself termed as general morphology is based on such categories as “form”, “image” and “icon” as key elements, and thus it has obvious aesthetic dimension. General metaphysical principles stated in Ilyin’s theoretic and philosophic works that were not published in his lifetime, were reflected in his publicistic works – on aesthetics and liturgics. According to Ilyin, “form” is something by way of which the invisible ousia (essence) of the thing manifests itself on the surface – the phenomenon of invisible in visible image. For Ilyin the illustration of that principle was icon-painting. Ilyin also called his morphological system materologism – the doctrine on Logos running through the substance. Through the prism of this statement Ilyin views the phenomenon of bell-ringing, the “metaphysical task” of which was in “spiritualization of inorganic substance”, in that case – metal. An important part in Ilyin’s morphology was the metaphysics of light: light was something that allowed initially to discern forms and was the prerequisite for beauty and for admiring the beautiful. The appeal to beauty as something that was perceived directly in inner experience and lead the thought out of the limits of abstract logical construct, according to Ilyin, was part of the ontological argument of the divine being. Not only it contained the logically necessary conclusion of the divine being as the Absolute, but also included as a condition the “fact and act” of the man’s personal religious experience, – the experience of the direct perception of the divine reality in prayer and in church service, that, in its turn, was connected with the perception of the beauty of liturgical forms and with the cult as the phenomenon of the Absolute in circumstantial. This is the reason of the importance of the works on aesthetics and liturgics of Ilyin as an apologist.
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Hrabovecký, Pavol. "Sacramental Realism of Chesterton and Lewis." AUC THEOLOGICA 11, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363398.2021.7.
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The aim of this study is to present G. K. Chesterton’s and C. S. Lewis’s understanding of sacramental realism and its possible adoption in pre-evangelisation. It is demonstrated that G. K. Chesterton’s works influenced C.S Lewis’s conversion, his Christian literary thinking, and his apologetics. Both Chesterton and Lewis offered sacramental perceptions of the world, available through the baptism of imagination. In their works, imagination helps reason to expand and recognise the supernatural in the natural. Therefore, imagination is an essential part of their apologetics of Christianity, which still appeals to contemporary man. In this way, new imaginative apologetics can serve as a suitable preparation for the proclamation of the Gospel today.
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Heering, Jan Paul. "The Sources of Grotius’s De Veritate Religionis Christianae." Grotiana 35, no. 1 (December 6, 2014): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760759-03501005.
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Grotius’ apologetic work De veritate must be described as traditional, because the author took all his arguments from existing apologetic literature. He allowed himself some freedom to choose from the apologetic works of such disparate authors as the Protestant Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, the Roman catholic Juan Luis Vives, and the anti-trinitarian Faustus Socinus. What was remarkable in this work was the new combination of arguments. He defended a natural theology like in his early, unpublished work Meletius. This work can be viewed as a predecessor of De veritate. Grotius combined his natural theology with a factual proof of Christian religion, the model for which he found in Socinus’ work De auctoritate Sacrae Scripturae. But his really innovative contribution to apologetic literature was his reduction of the material: he refrained from discussing Christian doctrines and thereby detached apologetics from dogmatics. Thus he wished to offer a remedy for the sickness of Christianity of his days, which in his opinion was plagued by dogmatic disputes that had driven out the truth.
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McGrath, Alister E. "Apologetics: Learning from C. S. Lewis." Theofilos 14, no. 13 (February 28, 2022): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.48032/theo/14/1/8.
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This article introduces the world-famous Oxford academic and author C.S. Lewis as a Christian apologist. Aiming at clarity and conviction, Lewis produced a series of works aimed at communicating the reasonableness of Christianity to his own generation. Lewis’s intelligent and persuasive approach to Christianity is grounded in his core belief that Christianity makes sense of life. It commends itself by its reasonableness. For Lewis, Christianity offers a ‘big picture’ which weaves together the strands of experience and observation into a compelling pattern. Thus, apologetics is not simply about trying to persuade people that Christianity is right; it is about showing that it is relevant and existentially meaningful, able to engage life’s deepest questions and give rich and satisfying answers.
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Strauss, S. A. "Johan Heyns as apologeet." Verbum et Ecclesia 15, no. 1 (July 19, 1994): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v15i1.1085.
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Johan Heyns as apologist It is well known that Johan Heyns developed not only the theological disciplines of Dogmatics and Ethics. He also published a number of important works in the field of Apologetics. In this article special attention is paid to these books. This investigation leads to the conclusion that Heyns most certainly made a valuable contribution to the way in which Apologetics should be practised. His evaluation of viewpoints which differ from his own is always balanced, although he does not hesitate to point out the dangers in the modernistic worldview that threaten the Christian faith. He impresses one with his knowledge of contemporary philosophy.
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HOLOVASCHENKO, Sergii. "Development of Theological-Apologetical Discourse in Biblical Studies at Kiev Theological Academy of the late XIX - early XX centuries." Theological Reflections: Eastern European Journal of Theology, no. 21 (February 9, 2022): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29357/2521-179x.2018.21.3.
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The article highlights the development of hermeneutical strategies for the analysis and refutation of rationalist “negative” biblical criticism, represented by the works of leading theologians - professors of the Kiev Theological Academy of the late XIX - early XX centuries. In the conditions of secularization, the decline of church authority, the spread of political radicalism, the need for apologetic understanding of the biblical heritage increased. A systematic analysis of the signs, approaches and methods of rationalism in biblical studies has been heuristicly valuable, in particular: criticism of panlogism, abstract schematics, empirically groundless extrapolations and generalizations. At the same time, Kyiv Biblical scholars criticized the insolvent apologetic techniques: the literalistic view of the inspiration, the absolute authority of the tradition, the excessive spiritualization in the perception of the biblical prophecy. Their main goal was to prove the authenticity and authenticity of the content of biblical books and the very biblical hystory. The methodological impulse for the biblical apologetics was the intensification of supranaturalism, providentialism, and soteriology in the reading and interpretation of the Bible - just as the Holy Scriptures of the Church. The apologetic motive was to determine both scientific bibliological studies, and school teaching and study of the Bible, and private and public Biblical reading for religious and moral instruction.
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Chazan, Robert. "Joseph Kimhi's Sefer Ha-Berit: Pathbreaking Medieval Jewish Apologetics." Harvard Theological Review 85, no. 4 (October 1992): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001781600000821x.
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Christian anti-Jewish polemics have a long and rich history, stretching all the way back to the early stages of the new faith community. Anti-Jewish treatises dot the history of Christian literature from the third century onward. By contrast, Jews seem to have been much less concerned with combatting Christianity. It has been widely noted that the earliest Jewish compositions devoted to anti-Christian polemics stem from the twelfth century. While the twelfth-century provenance of the earliest Jewish anti-Christian tracts has long been recognized, little attention has been focused on the significance of this dating. The fact that sometime toward the end of the twelfth century, perhaps in the 1160s or 1170s, two anti-Christian works, the forerunners of a substantial body of Jewish anti-Christian polemical-apologetic works, were composed almost simultaneously begs interpetation. What changes gave rise to a new Jewish sensitivity, to a need to present Jewish readers with formulation and rebuttal of Christian claims? The answer clearly lies in the enhanced agressiveness of western Christendom toward the Jews, as well as other non-Christians, a development that has been recognized and discussed extensively in modern scholarly literature. In the face of an increasingly aggressive Christendom, Jewish intellectual and spiritual leadership had to reassure the Jewish flock of the rectitude of the Jewish vision and the nullity of the Christian faith. This is precisely what the first two anti-Christian treatises, the Milhamot ha-Shem of Jacob ben Reuven and the Sefer ha-Berit of Joseph Kimhi, undertook to achieve. Given the pioneering nature of these works, it is striking that insufficient scholarly attention has been accorded to these two efforts. They surely have much to tell both of perceived Christian thrusts and of meaningful Jewish rebuttal of these challenges.
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Claussen, M. A. "Pagan Rebellion and Christian Apologetics in Fourth-Century Rome: The Consultationes Zacchaei et Apollonii." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 46, no. 4 (October 1995): 589–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900080453.
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Compared with other apologetical works from the early Christian period, the Consultationes zacchaei et Apollonii are surprisingly little discussed. One reason for this is that a lack of scholarly consensus regarding both the author and the period when the text was written has clearly limited its usefulness as a source for historians and theologians. But there is a second problem too: the Consultationes appear to belong to a number of different genres. The work, in different parts, has aspects of a standard apologetic treatise, in which the basic doctrines of Christianity are explained to a sympathetic pagan; of a sometimes rather specialised exposition of systematic theology, which is especially concerned with the relationship between the persons of the Trinity; of a rather mean-spirited attack on various kind of Christian enemies, from pagans to heretics to Jews; of an ascetic, or perhaps even monastic, tractate, which seeks toexplain certain Christian practices.
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Grandi, Giovanni B. "Providential Naturalism and Miracles: John Fearn's Critique of Scottish Philosophy." Journal of Scottish Philosophy 13, no. 1 (March 2015): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2015.0082.
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According to Thomas Reid, the development of natural sciences following the model of Newton's Principia and Optics would provide further evidence for the belief in a provident God. This project was still supported by his student, Dugald Stewart, in the early nineteenth century. John Fearn (1768–1837), an early critic of the Scottish common sense school, thought that the rise of ‘infidelity’ in the wake of scientific progress had shown that the apologetic project of Reid and Stewart had failed. In reaction to Reid and Stewart, he proposed an idealist philosophy that would dispense with the existence of matter, and would thus cut at the root what he thought was the main source of modern atheism. In this paper, I consider Fearn's critique of Reid and Stewart in his main works: First Lines of the Human Mind (1820) and Manual of the Physiology of Mind (1829). I also consider Fearn's arguments against Hume and in favour of a renewed apologetics in An Essay on the Philosophy of Faith and the Economy of Revelation (1815).
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Krikh, Sergey B. "Farewell to Tradition: Rationalism of the Biblical Studies in the Later Russian Empire." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical Studies 7, no. 4 (28) (December 28, 2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2020.7(4).69-74.
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The article considers the increase in rationalization in the research of Biblical history and its conclusions in the historical works of pre-revolutionary Russia. A. P. Lopukhin wrote his work at the end of the 19th century and his main goal was the Biblical apologetics based on new Near Eastern studies. The works of N. M. Nikolsky, who used materialistic methodology and suppose that the significant part of Biblical stories contains a little historical truth had a great contrast with the views of Lopukhin. The reasons for this evolution connected with two factors: the big successes of foreign Biblical studies and the abolition of censorship restrictions after 1905.
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Filippov, Vasily. "The “Françafrique” Phenomenon as Reflected in French Historiography." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 60, no. 3 (September 7, 2022): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-60-3-73-87.
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The subject of consideration is the French historiography of the African policy of the Fifth Republic. The author considers a continuum of any significant works (monographs, scientific articles, dossiers) devoted to the political, economic, military aspects of the ideology and political practices of the Champs Elysees during the presidency of Ch. de Gaulle, J. Pompidou, J. d’Estaing, F Mitterrand, J. Chirac, N. Sarkozy, F. Hollande and E. Macron. Considering the evolution of the views of French scientists and publicists on the African policy of French politics, the author comes to the conclusion that the apologetic tradition in assessing the activities of the Elysee Palace in the former colonies of the French Empire was replaced by critical ones in the 80s of the last century. Apologetics began to quickly leave the socio-political discourse and gave way to an increasingly persistent and large-scale criticism of the military-political phenomenon called “Françafrique”. The political establishment more and more shyly recalled the actions of politicians, military and special services agents of the Fifth Republic on the Black Continent. High-profile revelations, investigative journalism, lawsuits, and trials have made this topic dangerous for the careers of French politicians. It has become a tradition for all contenders for the presidency of the French Republic to renounce the Françafrique policy.
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Moklytsia, Mariia. "Psychoanalytic and Existentialist Versions of Don Juanism: Lesia Ukrainka’s The Stone Host." Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal, no. 8 (December 24, 2021): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/kmhj249178.2021-8.34-44.
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The article substantiates the necessity of psychoanalytical and existential methodology in interpreting Lesia Ukrainka’s drama Kaminnyi hospodar (1912; The Stone Host), including the works of José Ortega y Gasset and Miguel de Unamuno on Don Quixote, Albert Camus on absurd characters (The Myth of Sisyphus. Essay on the Absurd), and Jacques Lacan’s The Mirror Stage. Biographical data testify to the critical attitude of the writer to world treatments of the legend. Her challenge to tradition was bold and conscious. It is regarded that the main point of Lesia Ukrainka’s polemics with tradition concerns Don Juan apologetics, introduced by romantics and developed by modernists. Exploring Don Juan’s psychological makeup provides the opportunity to show that all participants of the legend have become victims of Don Juan apologetics (that distinguish the tragic fi nale of the story). The Don Juan myth has played an integral role in the image of the Person (social mask) being accepted by characters as a trustful image of the Self. Interpretation of the Mirror Image in The Stone Host and its crucial role in the final scene allows for justifying that the mirror serves the narcissistic characters’ admiration of themselves and shows them not only an attractive appearance but an ideal version of the Self, created by myth.
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Ehinger, Jessica Lee. "Was Anyone Listening? Christian Apologetics Against Islam as a Literary Genre." Studies in Church History 48 (2012): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400001224.
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By the middle of the eighth century, a new genre of Christian writing had developed among those Christians living within the Islamic empire, that of apologetics intended to defend Christianity against attacks from Muslims. Although the Islamic empire had come into existence a century earlier, a series of changes took place in the mid eighth century, including the rise of the Abbasid caliphal dynasty and the stabilization of the empires border with Byzantium, which led to more stable internal politics. In this new atmosphere, Christian authors began to consider, for the first time, the theological ramifications of an empire that was ruled by Muslims, but which still had a majority Christian population. The purpose of this essay is to enter into the ongoing scholarly discourse surrounding the genre of Christian apologetics produced under Islam in the eighth and ninth centuries. There are two competing perspectives on studying these works. One argues for them as historical sources authentically representing an ongoing dialogue between Christians and Muslims during a period commonly known as the Golden Age of Islam. The other argues that these texts are literary creations; at its most extreme, this school of thought asserts that these texts are purely fictional, creating a world of Christian rhetorical superiority in the face of mass conversion from Christianity to Islam.
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Pezzini, Giuseppe. "Newman on Art, Imagination, and the Classics: Callista Revisited." Religion & Literature 55, no. 1 (March 2023): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rel.2023.a909157.
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ABSTRACT: Despite its popular success during his lifetime, Newman's historical novel Callista (1855) gradually fell out of fashion and is nowadays among one of his most neglected works. Even critics who are sympathetic to Callista cannot help but betray the feeling that the merits (if any) of Newman's second novel are pastoral or apologetic, rather than literary, and that its place in Newman's opus is minor at best. This essay will argue that Callista has been both undeservedly neglected and significantly misunderstood. Callista is an important work, possessing notable aesthetic merits and highlighting Newman's remarkable breadth of literary appreciation. The novel weaves an impressive web of literary intertexts and exhibits a sensitive and informed cross-fertilization between early Christian apologetics, martyr narratives and the Romantic historical novel. Above all else, Callista is a text with a strong meta-artistic dimension. Meaning, it is in the very act of writing the novel that Newman addressed to the issue whether, as a recent convert to Roman Catholicism, he could reconcile or negotiate the classical (pagan) tradition with Christianity. This essay will show the degree to which Callista tracks Newman's developing views on art and imagination, in the early period of his conversion. An attendant hope of this essay is that it can also supply a redressive response to Newman's late complaint that, when it came to Callista , "Catholics have [n]ever done justice to [it]."
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Novikov, Oleg Alekssevich, Igor' Olegovich Nadtochii, and Sergei Vyacheslavovich Nikishin. "Medieval “liberation theology” in the works of Theodore the Studite." Право и политика, no. 1 (January 2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2021.1.34832.
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The subject of this article is the political-legal ideas of the Byzantine philosopher, public figure and theologian Theodore the Studite. His life and activity were closely related with the policy of Byzantine Iconoclasm conducted in the VIII – IX centuries. The emperors of the Romans, in their struggle against the political and economic power of the Orthodox Church, used discrepancies in interpretation of one of the doctrinal questions of Christianity, which historically manifested as a “stumbling block” among the adherents of this religion. Western province of the Byzantine Empire were against the policy of “iconoclasm” and its monasticism, the prominent representative of this intellectual tradition of which (in the medieval understanding of the latter) was Theodore the Studite. The political-legal ideas of Theodore the Studite, unlike his theological views, are poorly studied in the Russian science. However, they have certain scientific value due to the uniqueness of views of the philosopher comparing to the works of contemporaries and the Byzantine political;-legal literature overall. In his polemical works of theological orientation, Theodore the Studite discusses the problems of the liberty of conscience, individual autonomy, human rights (in their medieval interpretation), boundaries of intrusion of public authorities in social life, etc. The ideas of the Byzantine philosopher represent one of the first attempts of apologetics of “democratic Christianity”.
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Smith, G. M. "Ambivalence in the Christian poetry of C.S. Lewis." Literator 20, no. 1 (April 26, 1999): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i1.442.
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This article examines the ambivalence expressed in certain of the explicitly Christian poems written by C.S. Lewis. As a writer his primary claim to fame is his Christian apologetics, in spite of the fact that he is well thought of in literary circles and produced several scholarly works. In the light of his considered Christian convictions, one would expect his poetry to voice a strong faith and confidence in God However, somewhat ironically, certain of his poems reflect his struggles and doubts concerning faith in an intensely personal register. Nevertheless, in spite of his ambivalent feelings towards God, he retains the certainty that God is able to transcend his human frailty and difficulties. The problem of faith is relevant in our own time, and it therefore seems fitting that we should examine certain of C.S. Lewis's poems in commemoration of the centenary year of his birth.
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Okello, Belindah Aluoch, and Dorothy Nyakwaka. "Missionaries’ Rivalry in Kenya and the Establishment of St. Mary’s School Yala." African and Asian Studies 15, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341082.
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This article discusses the establishment of St. Mary School Yala, a school begun by the Mill Hill Missionaries as an incentive to attract potential African converts to Catholicism. The school was the outcome of fierce rivalry among missionary groups to spread their denominational faith. Provision of formal education became a popular method of enticing potential converts when colonialism took root as Africans then began flocking mission stations in search of this education to survive the colonial economy. Data for this study was collected from the Kenya National Archive, oral interviews, and from published works on missionary activity in their early years of settlement in Kenya. The study has applied Christian Apologetics theory in analysing the missionaries’ conflict which initiated the establishment of St. Mary’s School; and Dahrendorf’s Theory of Social Conflict in examining conflicts between missionaries, Africans and the colonial state which steered the later development of St. Mary’s School.
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Borto, Paweł. "From an Apology for Catholicism to Theological Modernism: The Principle of Development in Alfred Loisy’s Thought." Verbum Vitae 40, no. 2 (June 10, 2022): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vv.13682.
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This paper aims to show the reasons why Alfred Loisy’s idea to develop an apology for Christianity was unsuccessful and led to his transition to the modernist position. It explores theological and fundamental issues underlying his ambitious program. Firstly, it discusses the concept of modernism, having in mind that Loisy himself opposed the accusations of his following modernism. Secondly, it synthetically presents the context and characteristics of Loisy’s works to properly understand his idea of Christian apologetics. The subsequent section analyses Loisy’s most important assumptions and the way he formulated his apologia, focusing on the issue of historical criticism and his application of John Henry Newman’s idea of development to the history of religion. These analyses allow us to conclude that by applying the historical-critical method, Loisy did not avoid adapting incorrect philosophical assumptions and improper application of Newman’s development of Christian doctrine to his reflections on the history of religion.
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Daigle-Williamson, Marsha, Robert Woods, and Donald Alban. "The Writings of William Carey: Journalism as Mission in a Modern Age." Mission Studies 22, no. 1 (2005): 85–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338305774783667.
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AbstractWilliam Carey is reviewed as both product and producer of journalism, with an emphasis on the latter and its synergistic relationship to his mission work and the work of others. Carey's philosophy of life was formed largely by the written works of his predecessors and contemporaries. Specifically, Jonathan Edwards, John Bunyan, Jeremy Taylor, Captain James Cook, and Robert Hall, among others, clearly affected his outlook on theology, missions, Bible translation, ecumenism, and a host of related topics. Writings by Cook opened Carey's eyes to distant people, whom he evaluated in the light of his journalistically influenced theology. Consequently, Carey became concerned about the spiritual and moral state of the world abroad. His concern found expression in the Enquiry – a polemic for missionary work – and ultimately led him to Bengal, where his own attempts to influence people through journalism expanded.Carey's own writings and those of his colleagues at the Serampore Mission are the most obvious examples of his journalistic works. But they hardly stand alone. Thus, after the authors describe the emergence and significance of the Enquiry and the Serampore Press, they refer to other publications printed either at Serampore or elsewhere in response to the press' influence. Among these are works as diverse as textbooks, governmental publications, and periodical apologetics for Hinduism. The Serampore mission's expansion of Indian literacy also is reviewed because of its relevance to understanding the influence of others' writings on his life's philosophy and work. It further helps to shed light on Carey's distinct approach to evangelization, presented herein as a form of inculturation. Lastly, many would not have become readers of the mission's works had it not equipped them to read through its network of native schools. The authors suggest that Serampore's journalistic mission extended beyond the mere production of writings; it also included the production of a readership.
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Gentry, James Duncan. "Tracing the Life of a Buddhist Literary Apologia: Steps in Preparation for the Study and Translation of Sokdokpa’s Thunder of Definitive Meaning." Religions 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12110933.
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This article discusses Buddhist apologetics in Tibet by examining the formation, revision, and reception of the most renowned literary apologia ever written in defense of the Old School of Tibetan Buddhism: Sokdokpa Lodrö Gyeltsen’s early 17th-century magnum opus the Thunder of Definitive Meaning. It reconstructs in broad strokes the history of the Thunder’s reception from the early 17th century to the present and relates this to details in different versions of the Thunder and its addendum to shed light on the process by which this work was composed and edited. By considering this work’s peculiar context of production and history of reception alongside passages it presents revealing how it was conceived and revised, this analysis aims to prepare the ground for its study and translation. In so doing, this discussion attempts to show how a broadly historical approach can work in tandem with a fine-grained philological approach to yield fresh insights into the production and reception of Buddhist literary works that have important ramifications for their understanding and translation.
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Cárdenas Arenas, Julio César. "El conocimiento teológico y filosófico de lo divino (al-ilāhīāt) entre judíos, cristianos y musulmanes según Ibn Taymīyah." Mediaevalia Textos e estudos 41 (2024): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/21836884/med41a8.
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This article presents a brief introduction on the reception of Greek philosophy in Ibn Taymīyah’s Islamic epistemology and his critique of theological knowledge (al-ilāhīāt) both outside the Islamic culture (i.e., Jews, Christians and Greeks), and inside it, with the Muslim heterodox theological sects, philosophers (al-Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd) and mystics (Ibn ’Arabī). It shows the objectives, methodologies, and results of the author in his epistemological critique of Greek and Muslim phi-losophy, carried out through his various works of religious polemics, theological apologetics, and philosophical criticism to present a proposal of Muslim philosophical rationality based on Islamic religious sources and Arabic terminology for the knowledge of the divine from philosophy, theology and mysticism within the Islamic culture. It also demonstrates the use of arguments and philosophical terminology by the author in his critique of it and the need to study his work to understand the res-ponse of Islamic theology to the “Greco-Muslim” philosophy from the viewpoint of Islamic orthodox theology, as a bridge of dialogue with other philosophical and religious traditions.
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Koreneva, Nadezhda. "Philosophy of religion F. Schleiermacher in the works of representatives of the theological academies of the late 19th — early 20th century: the concept of religious experience." St. Tikhons' University Review 105 (February 28, 2023): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi2023105.69-82.
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The concept of religious feeling in the beginning XX century Russian thinkers dealing with the philosophy of religion are increasingly becoming the focus of attention, but the meaning of this concept is often not explicated, which makes it necessary to study the sources of this concept, one of which (the most important) are the works of F. Schleiermacher. This article is devoted to the analysis of the perception of his concept of religious feeling in theological academies: spiritual and academic periodicals, individual works on the philosophy of religion and textbooks of basic theology (apologetics) are considered. Basically, Schleirmacher's ideas are criticized, there are several ways to understand the "religious feeling": a number of authors adhere to the position of G.V.F. Hegel, feeling is considered by them as something secondary to reason and will (V.D. Kudryavtsev-Platonov, Proto. T. Butkevich); the concept of religious feeling can also be understood in a negative way as the aestheticization of religion (N.M. Bogolyubov, D.S. Leonardov, etc.), but most often the concept of religious feeling by Schleiermacher is understood as psychologism, as the subjectivization of religion, excluding the concept of revelation (S.A. Ornatsky, F. Aleksinsky, etc.). Finally, representatives of theological academies, whose works were written already at the beginning of the XX century, share the point of view of V. Dilthey, giving a fundamentally new interpretation of the concept of religious feeling as a pre-rational unity of consciousness (S.S. Glagolev). Finally, the author of the article concludes about the philosophical productivity of the considered interpretations of the concept of "religious feeling", and also briefly characterizes its significance for the Russian philosophy of the period in question as a whole.
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Rubiés, Joan-Pau. "Tamil Voices in the Lutheran Mission of South India (1705-1714)." Journal of Early Modern History 19, no. 1 (December 19, 2015): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342439.
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The English edition of the Bibliotheca Malabarica, a manuscript catalogue of the Tamil works collected by the young Lutheran missionary Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg during his first two years in India (1706-8), attests to his prodigious effort to acquire, read, and summarize all the works of the “heathens” of South India that he could possibly get hold of. Most of this literature seems to have originated from local Śaiva mattams. Besides epics and puranas, the collection included many popular works on ethics, divination and astrology, devotional poetry, or folk narratives and ballads. Ziegenbalg seems to have acquired these through his Tamil teacher in Tranquebar—an elderly schoolmaster—and his son. In this respect, a focus on the social and cultural dynamics by which local knowledge was transmitted to Europeans is no less important than identifying the literary sources for their interpretation of Hinduism. A fascinating work, the Tamil correspondence conducted between 1712 and 1714 by the Lutheran missionaries with a number of learned Hindus reveals their desire to embark on a kind of inter-religious dialogue as a foundation for their Christian apologetics. The replies received from his “heathen” correspondents would inform much of Ziegenbalg’s interpretation of Śaivism as a form of natural monotheism. Translated into German and published in Halle, they also became part of the Pietist propaganda concerning the mission, exerting a much wider impact than Ziegenbalg’s unpublished monographs about Hindu doctrines and theology. But how authentic were these Tamil voices? Close analysis suggests that even if we conclude with the editors that the letters were what they claim to be, that is a direct translation of the work of many independent Tamil correspondents, the extent to which there was a religious “dialogue” based on reciprocity is open to question.
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Mukhetdinov, Damir V. "The first ever edition of the Quran Latin translation published in 1543 — Milestone in the history of Christian-Muslim dialogue." Issues of Theology 5, no. 4 (2023): 603–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2023.406.
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The article focuses on a Book that formed the basis of knowledge about Islam and the Quran in Europe in the early modern period. It was the first edition of the Latin translation of the Quran, published in Zurich in 1543. It was prepared by the Swiss theologian and orientalist T. Bibliander. T. Bibliander’s edition is notable for being one of the first in Europe for applying a humanistic methodology of philological analysis to the text of the Quran. Moreover, in his study T. Bibliander stepped out of both the paradigm of radical medieval anti-Islamic polemics and the mainstream of new reformist apologetics, and tried to present Islam and Muslims in a humanistic way, trying not to close the way of salvation in the Christian sense to them. T. Bibliander’s edition of the Quran, accompanied by extensive commentaries and a number of works on Islam and Muslims (including prefaces by the leaders of the Reform movement, M. Luther and F. Melanchthon), had a truly encyclopaedic character and marked a significant step towards the creation of a scientific Islamic studies in Europe, thus paving the way for further Christian-Muslim dialogue.
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Heron, A. I. C. "An Exchange Between Scotland and Germany in 1879: Ebrard of Erlangen and Matheson of Inellan." Scottish Journal of Theology 42, no. 3 (August 1989): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003693060003204x.
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In 1988 the Reformed Church in Bavaria commemorated the life and work of August Ebrard (1818–1888), the first Professor Ordinarius of Reformed Theology in the University of Erlangen. Ebrard is today almost completely forgotten; Karl Barth is reported to have opined that his theology was ‘deader than dead’. Yet he was a remarkable man, successively Professor in Erlangen, Konsistorialrat in Speyer, independent author and lecturer, finally minister of the French Reformed congregation in Erlangen (as his father had been long before). He contributed considerably to the maintenance and strengthening of the Reformed witness in Germany in the nineteenth century, took up the cudgels to defend the faith against D. F. Strauss on the one hand and Haeckel's Darwinism on the other, and published voluminous theological works, from biblical exegesis through church history to dogmatics, apologetics and practical theology, including liturgies, hymnology and sacramentalia. His interests were wider still; he was a kind of nineteenth century ‘renaissance man’, his studies extending inter alia to geology, mineralogy, musical theory and linguistics; learned, cultivated, busily writing up to the day of his death. Alongside his specifically theological works stand historical novels (written under the pen-name Gottfried Flammberg), poems, travel reports, an autobiography of Herculean proportions and such special gems as a System of Musical Acoustics and a Handbook of Middle Gaelic. Ground enough there alone for a Scot occupying Ebrard's chair a century after his death to look more closely at the man and his writings! Ebrard's papers are preserved in the Erlangen City Archives.
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Gerasimova, Irina, and Vladimir Milkov. "Genesis of the Rationality in the Old Russian Book: From the Sensual Image to the Abstract Concept." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences, no. 6 (October 10, 2018): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2018-6-52-62.
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In the article the authors put and discuss the problem of rationality in the culture of Old Russia in the context of contemporary discussions on the prob- lems of rationality. Enlighteners of Peter's time adhered to the view of the total absence of intellectual life in Old Russia. Authors distinguish various areas of intellectual activity: the study of nature, mathematical and chronological works, the use of logical tools in apologetics and polemics, medical practices, political strategies, translation activity, understanding of the inner nature of man. The evolution of Old Russian language passed along the line of transformations of concrete-figurative thinking into conceptual, abstract thinking. In the processes of mastering philosophical concepts, the formation of an analytical system of language on a logico-verbal basis takes place. In the formation of a verbal-ordered language, the key role was played by symbols-concrete things, verbal and abstract. Fundamental philosophical concepts stem from symbols. Specific-proprietary and conceptual languages have different expressive and cognitive capabilities. Allegory, analogy, thought experiment (design), isolation of an abstract trait, visualization are typical techniques of figurative thinking. Modern Russian language absorbed the features of both figurative and logical construction. The digital era opens up new possibilities for visual methods of encoding information.
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Whitmarsh, Tim. "Justin, Tatian and the Forging of a Christian Voice." Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum / Journal of Ancient Christianity 28, no. 1 (May 30, 2024): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zac-2024-0006.
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Abstract This article considers the construction of the speaking subject in Justin’s First Apology and Tatian’s To the Greeks, two interlocking texts (often associated with the problematic genre of Christian apologetics). Bracketing questions of biographical reality, it explores the fictionalising techniques Justin and Tatian adopt to magnify their own authority, co-opt well-known narrative models (including martyrologies and imitatio Christi) in the service of their own self-fashioning. I take their autobiographies as stylised self-dramatisations, rather than guides to historical realities. There are strong parallels with the kind of self-modelling that we see in the works of pagan sophists of the era, notably Dio Chrysostom. Reading these two authors in this way blurs the sharp distinctions they seek to draw between Christian and pagan. It also requires a reading of their texts, in line with recent scholarship, as generically complex, sophisticated and absorbent, and open to the opportunistic appropriation of elements characteristic of pagan literature of the era. Foucault has argued that the voice of early Christianity was characterised by its confessional quality, which was new, confident and distinctive; this article argues, by contrast, that Justin and Tatian at any rate were intellectual bricoleurs and experimentalists, and had much more in common with their pagan peers.
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Albulanee, Alwan Hassan. "“The American Dream” in Norman Mailer's novel and travelogue “O'key, an American Novel” by B. Pilnyak: Shattered Illusions and Rethought Dreams." Litera, no. 5 (May 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2024.5.70512.
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The concept of "dreams" as the core of American literature is recognized by most literary critics. The affirmation and apologetics of the "American dream", which is associated with the traditions of critical realism, remains the subject of discussion by both foreign and Russian researchers. Literary studies of the concept of the "American dream" encourage us to critically analyze the beliefs, experiences and aspirations underlying it, as well as its broader implications for society. The subject of this article is the concept of the "American dream", analyzed on the basis of Norman Mailer's novel "The American Dream" and the travelogue “O'key, an American Novel” by Boris Pilnyak. Using descriptive, hermeneutical, comparative, historical-literary and historical-cultural methods, the author examines the details of this concept that were not affected in previously published scientific works. The sources and prerequisites for the emergence of the phenomenon of the “American dream” in American literature are presented and its complex quintessences presented in the works of Mailer and Pilniak through the prism of different cultural contexts are revealed. The study showed that the failure of the American Dream project leads to its restructuring, which confirms its self-stabilizing nature and fundamental role in the process of personal self-determination of the character. Mailer, deeply rooted in American culture, criticizes the American dream from the inside, emphasizing individualism, social pressure and the pursuit of success. On the contrary, Pilniak offers us a different view of the "American dream". This is the view of a Soviet writer who emphasizes the relationship of the American dream with capitalism, democracy and social transformation. Conclusions. Despite the revealed differences in views, both authors encourage readers to take a critical look at the promises and pitfalls of the American dream, enriching our understanding of its universal appeal and enduring relevance.
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Конурбаев, Марклен, Marklen Konurbaev, Салават Конурбаев, and Salavat Konurbaev. "An Essay on the History and Hermeneutics of Naslhat al-Muluk by Ghazali, Abu HamidMuhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Tusi: semic analysis." Servis Plus 8, no. 4 (December 3, 2014): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6463.
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The series of articles entitled «An Essay on the History and Hermeneutics ofphilosophy ofFalsafa» is dedicated to the studies of Abu Hamid Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al- TusT´s work «NasihatAl-Muluk». The Persian philosopher of lth century Al-Ghazali went down in history as one of the brightest representatives of medieval Muslim apologetics. The study of his works allows turning to different aspects of life of the medieval Muslim East. One of´his mostfamousworks, «NasihatAl-Muluk», which is part of his fundamental theological study «The Elixir of Bliss», belongs to the genre of medieval Arabic-Muslim literature — so-called «Mirrors for princes» which are simplified retellings of fundamental philosophical views on state and politics of a certain thinker in plain language. These retellings help to comprehend in practice the essence of government by series of allegories and narratives. The conducted hermeneutical analysis of«Nasihat Al-Muluk» reveals the unique approach of a brilliant Persian philosopher to determination of complicated ethical questions that underlie the art of governing. The methodological approach of the French philosopher and literary critic Roland Barthes was taken as the analysis basis. The first and the second part of the essay contain the history of formation and evolution ofphilosophy ofFalsafa and the exposition of the fundamentals of the hermeneutical teaching of Roland Barthes which underlies the instrumental basis of the analysis.
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Fedko, Olha. "THE RHETORIC OF THE UKRAINIAN POLISH LANGUAGE TREATISES OF THE MOHYLIAN PERIOD." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 39 (2023): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2023.39.491-506.
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The article is characterized that the rhetorical parameters of the Ukrainian Polish-language treatises of the Mohylian period: Cassian Sakowicz “Perspective and explanation of delusions, heresies and superstitions of the Greco- Roman Church” (“Επανόρθόσις albo Perspectiwa y obiasnienie”) (1642), Petro Mohyla “The Lithos, or the Stone from the pilgrimage of the Holy Russian Orthodox Church” (“ΛΙΘОΣ abo kamień z procy prawdy Cerkwie Świętey Prawosławney Ruskiey. Na skruszenie fałecznoćiemney Perspektiwy albo raczey Paszkwilu od Kassiana Sakowicza” (1644), Ivan Dubovych “Image of the Eastern Orthodox Church” (“Hierarchia abo o zwierzchności w Cerkwi Bożey”) (1644), Pachomius Voyna-Oransky “The Mirror, or the Curtain” (“ZWIERCIADŁO albo ZASŁONA od Przewielebnego Oyca Pachomiusza Woyny Orańskiego, z łaski Bożey y Ś. Stolice Apostolskiey Episkopa Pińskiego y Turowskiego naprezik uszczypliwey PERSPEKTYWIE przez X. Kassiana Sakowicza zlożonego Archimandry Dubieńskiego zebraney y napisaney ic. ic. WYSTAWIONA”) (1645). It is emphasized that their appearance was influenced by both historical and political circumstances in Ukraine and trends that were widespread in Europe at that time. Through the prism of rhetoric, the individual style of the authors is studied, the techniques of persuasive text creation used in the works, the formative principles of the argumentation system are separated, their connection with apologetics is traced, the peculiarities of the theologians’ use of methods and approaches to the interpretation of the Holy Scripture, which the authors interpreted in accordance with their religious beliefs, which were in permanent dialogue with a specific addressee, opponent and their works. The study of the influence of the Renaissance-Reformation and Counter- Reformation literature of Western Europe on the development of treatises was significantly deepened, and the reception of the works by their opponents was studied. It is proven that the works were aimed at a wide audience, as they were based on the rules of behavior and morality of a decent Christian, their purpose was to convey to believers the basic norms of Christian morality, spread religious beliefs, and interpret the biblical text. And their rhetorical accents increased the emotional and evaluative expressiveness of speech, giving their works persuasiveness, allowing writers to influence readers and make them understand their religious position, focusing on important theological issues and subjects of controversy. They not only had a special literary and aesthetic value, but also served as the basis of the treatises of the second half of the 18th century, which continued the inter-confessional dispute, occupied an important place in the contemporary theological debates and the activation of tolerance in the attitude towards opponents.
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Vybyvanets, Eleonora V. "The War Requiem by Benjamin Britten in the Light of Intertextual Links." Observatory of Culture 18, no. 4 (October 11, 2021): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2021-18-4-436-446.
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The theme of war and peace is one of humankind’s eternal problems and one of the most relevant topics in art at all times. On the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War (1941—1945), the author’s research interest is focused on one of the rare works in terms of its power of influence, which tears the mask off the apologetics of war, uncompromisingly and honestly telling about the human price for the military madness. That is B. Britten’s “War Requiem”.The presented experience of art historical analysis is intended to explicate the intertextual connections of the work with a number of texts (verbal and mainly musical) inscribed in a wide socio-historical and artistic context of both the past and contemporary works of the English musician. This way of reading the opus allows to trace the role of dialogue with the European and national tradition in the birth of B. Britten’s text, which is original, innovative in style, highly outstanding in its artistic and civil-ethical merits. With the identification of intertextual inclusions — literary, ideological-shaped, story, genre, musical-lexical, intonational, and those at the level of musical thematism (from the works of Mozart, Berlioz, Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich) — a number of new opportunities appear: to strengthen the emotional experiences of the recipient; to deepen the understanding of the meaning of both individual sections of the requiem and its general concept; to expand the content field of interpretations of the musical score; to ensure that cultural traditions are inexhaustible for relevant art creativity; and finally, to specify our ideas about Britten’s expressed humanist and anti-militarian aspirations, which were dictated not so much by the external reasons (the relevance of the topic during the Cold War, the Requiem’s being ordered for the opening of the cathedral in Coventry), but by his deep sufferings for the fate of the world and humanity. In general, according to the author, the analysis practically confirms the idea that semiosis — the process of interpreting signs and generating meanings in art (including music) — is unlimited, and can cease only with the termination of the existence of the culture itself.
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Парпара, Анатолий Анатольевич. "The Mind-Body Problem in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: A Review of the Main Approaches." Вопросы богословия, no. 1(1) (June 15, 2019): 158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2658-7491-2019-1-1-158-178.
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В статье рассматривается современная постановка вопроса о взаимоотношении духовного и телесного начала в человеке и основные варианты его решения в аналитической философии. Прежде всего, субстанциальный дуализм, ведущий начало от Декарта, противопоставляется материалистическому редукционизму (теория тождества и функционализм). Далее обсуждаются более «компромиссные» направления: антиредукционизм и дуализм свойств, в том числе эпифеноменализм. Рассматривается вопрос, насколько мозг может быть уподоблен вычислительной машине (компьютерная метафора сознания). Для каждого решения приводятся ключевые аргументы и контраргументы, оценивается значимость философии сознания для христианской апологетики. Намечается связь современной проблематики с работами русских исследователей начала XX века (Г. И. Челпанов, В. В. Зеньковский). The objective of the article is to review modern approaches to interaction between the mental and the physical in the human person in the analytic philosophy. It starts with the critical comparison between the mind-body dualism, inaugurated by Descartes, and the materialistic reductionism including the identity theory and functionalism. The next step is to discuss some more “compromising” approaches as the antireductionism and the property dualism including the epiphenomenalism. The author discusses the question, to which extent the human brain may be compared to a computer (the computer metaphor). Each solution is supplemented with the key pro and contra arguments, while the mind philosophy is evaluated from the positions of its instrumentality for the Christian apologetics. The author shows the connections between modern approaches and works of the Russian researchers on the early 20th century (G. Chelpanov,V. Zenkovsky).
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Karanaev, Mikhail. "Pre-Revolutionary (before 1917) Russian Historiography of the Hasmonean State: Directions, Themes, Researches." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2023): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080022850-2.
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In the paper Russian pre-revolutionary (before 1917) historiography of the Hasmonean state (167-63 BC) is considered. These works are divided by the author into four groups (categories) according to aims of the scholars within each group and their social-cultural environment. 1) “Theological” group is represented by the scientists from Orthodox seminaries and academies (T.I. Butkevich, I.G. Troitskiy, F.P. Arfaksadov et al.). These scholars referred to the history of Hasmoneans, which was already included in the historical narrative, for validate the biblical history within the Christian apologetics framework. 2) “Rational-critical” group is represented by the works of researchers who have received a university education and tended towards the materialistic concept of history. N.M. Nikolsky, A.I. Tyumenev and others embedded the content related to the Hasmonean state into formed by them rationalized concept of ancient and world history. 3) The “traditionalist” category merged articles and monographs of the bearers of the Jewish tradition, who had received both religious and secular education (S.M. Dubnov, M.Ya. Khashkes, Yu.I. Gessen, et al.). They referred to the Hasmonean history as to a period of Jewish independence and used it for the development of Jewish national secular identity in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as for the popularization of Jewish history as an organic part of the general historical process. 4) The “foreign” group, unlike the others, is distinguished not by the goal-setting principle, but by its generic characteristics. This group includes pre-revolutionary publications of foreign researchers in Russian (F.W. Farrar, E. Renan, J. Wellhausen, H. Hertz, et al.), which were most often used by representatives of other groups. As a result of the study, the conclusion is made about the greatest viability of the “rational-critical group”, which was developed during the Soviet period, while most representatives of other categories were excluded from the scientific environment, changed their views, or became part of the “bourgeois” historical science.
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Podlesnykh, S. N. "Issues of the Russian judicial system in the 1860–1880s in M.N. Katkov’s works." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities 29, no. 1 (February 17, 2024): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2024-29-1-162-176.
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Importance. The conservative trend in Russian social thought of the second half of the 19th century is one of the main goals of research in history science. The views analysis of one of the most prominent Russian conservatives, M.N. Katkov, on the new institutions of the Russian judicial system, the judicial corps after the reform of 1864 reflects the role of a well-known publicist and his influence on the masses and state judicial policy in the era of reforms and counter-reforms. The purpose of the study is to identify issues on a given topic in M.N. Katkov’s works, to describe the main conclusions of M.N. Katkov regarding the Russian judicial system in the 1860s and 1880s.Materials and Methods. The main sources of the study are numerous publications by M.N. Katkov, reflecting his views on the Russian judicial system in the 1860s and 1880s, and in particular on institutions new to the Russian state, law and society: world justice, cassation departments of the Governing Senate, jury trial. Additional sources of the study are the works of Russian scientists of the second half of the 19th century on a given topic. The methodological basis of the study is both general and particular methods of scientific cognition: the structural analysis method, which made it possible to assess changes in Russian society in the second half of the 19th century; the historical-comparative method, with which general and particular conclusions are drawn in the study by comparing different points of view on the Russian judicial system; the historical-systemic method that made it possible to comprehensively analyze the views of Russian researchers in the 1860s and 1880s on the post-reform Russian judicial system, in particular on world justice, cassation departments of the Governing Senate, jury trial; the logical method that allowed to identify the reasons for the change in M.N. Katkov’s views on the Russian judicial system in the 1860s and 1880s; other methods of scientific knowledge are also used.Results and Discussion. M.N. Katkov’s views on the Russian judicial system as a whole, and in particular on three institutions introduced as a result of the judicial reform of 1864: world justice, cassation departments of the Governing Senate, jury trial, are considered. The analysis of publications by a well-known journalist on problematic issues in the activities of these institutions is carried out. The influence of M.N. Katkov’s journalism on the state life of the Russian Empire in the 1860s–1880s is noted, the analysis of the reasons for the change in M.N. Katkov’s views on the Russian judicial system of in the post-reform period is given.Conclusion. The study of M.N. Katkov’s views allows us to present the complex process of struggle between the two main currents of public thought in Russia of the second half of the 19th century (liberals, conservatives) on issues of the Russian judicial system, as well as to note the most problematic and controversial moments in the provisions implementation of the Judicial Statutes of November 20, 1864, to understand the causes of disputes. The conclusion is made about the conflict of the main provisions of the Judicial Statutes of November 20, 1864 with the M.N. Katkov’s autocratic philosophy, which caused a change in the attitude of the famous publicist to the judicial reform carried out in the Russian Empire, and also determined M.N. Katkov’s apologetics in the era of the so-called counter-reforms.
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Makarova, A. V. "V.S. Solovyov and Russian Catholics: Similarities and Differences in the Understanding of Church Unity and Infallibility." Solov’evskie issledovaniya, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2076-9210.2022.1.026-039.
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This article considers Russian Catholicism as a system of views characterized by the need for an independent Church authority, the special role of the Catholic Church in the history of Europe, and the importance of the unity of Churches around the Pope. Given all this, the article analyzes the criteria by which V.S. Solovyov could be included within the representatives of Russian Catholicism, albeit his confessional affiliation to the Catholic Church still remains controversial. The main part of this text is devoted to V.S. Solovyov’s relationship with the key issues of Russian Catholicism, i.e. the understanding of church unity, authority, and infallibility; the hierarchy’s and laity’s participation in the preservation of doctrinal truths; and finally the truth criteria for the decisions taken by the Ecumenical Councils. While these questions have been already raised in the writings of the main ideologist of philocatholicism, P.Y. Chaadayev, this article also demonstrates the way in which they occupy a crucial place in the heritage of the Russian Catholicism’s representatives from the last half of the 19th century: i.e. I.S. Gagarin and E.G. Volkonskaya. As a conclusion of this analysis, V.S. Solovyov’s views – which he expressed in his 1880s works – on the Church authority and on the special powers of Roman pontifices seem to partially converge with those of the conservative Russian Catholics. However, it is still possible to recognize a number of discrepancies between the two positions. These discrepancies would subsequently lead Solovyov to distance himself from Catholic apologetics to pursue a different approach in the understanding of Church infallibility. In this regard, an examination of Solovyov’s triads will be the key to identify the transformation, within his ecclesiological ideas, of the functions of secular and church authorities as well as of the need for an additional link between Christ and the believers.
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Awad, Wadi Abullif Malik. "Towards a New Edition of al-Ṣafī Ibn al-ʿAssāl’s Apologetic Works." Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 2, no. 1-2 (2014): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-00201014.
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Al-Ṣafī Ibn al-ʿAssāl is well known as a canonist, but much less so as an apologist. He is the author of three major apologies and a shorter one and wrote epitomes of various apologetic works by earlier Christian writers. Following a brief outline of al-Ṣafī’s life, I shall inroduce his apologetic treatises and the works they aim to refute. For each text I will point to the earliest manuscripts and available editions and give a short outline of its contents. The article closes with a short overview on the reception of al-Ṣafī’s apologetic works and a sample edition of a short extract from his K. al-Ṣaḥāʾiḥ fī Jawāb al-naṣāʾiḥ.
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Portillo, Rocio Daga. "Christian Arabic Theological Works: Copyists and Author’s Endings and Self-abasement." Al Abhath 71, no. 1-2 (December 11, 2023): 144–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589997x-00710108.
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This article analyzes author’s endings and copyist’s colophons in theological works, especially from tenth-century Syro-Palestine and Egypt. A tentative typology and a comparison of Christian and Islamic colophons is also provided. Self-abasement, seeking God’s forgiveness, and prayers from the reader are features derived from the monastic tradition in the Greek, Syriac and Coptic languages before they became characteristic of Arabic colophons of Christian works. Moreover, the apologetic language of Christian works varies according to historical circumstances. While Abū Qurra, in the Syro-Palestine region, wrote a strong apologetic colophon in a time of mass conversions, Sāwīrus b. al-Muqaffaʿ, under the tolerant Fāṭimid rulers, takes a less apologetic approach. Islamic colophons render similar formulas of self-abasement, mostly using the vocabulary of Sufism. The extent of this usage needs further research, however. The printing press put an end to religious formulas and self-abasement, due to the influence of the secularized milieu of Western Europe.
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Chistyakova, Olga, and Denis Chistyakov. "Eastern Patristics on Human’s Free Will and Divine Predestination: Conceptual Continuity in the Contemporary Russian Culture." Religions 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12100900.
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This article deals with the most crucial philosophical and theological issue of correlation of freedom, freedom of will, and Divine predestination, which arose in shaping the Christian doctrine and remains emergent for contemporary Russian culture and society. This problem permeated all the centuries of Christianity’s formation, beginning with the period of apologetics, but it reached its climax in the classical Patristics epoch during the Byzantine Trinity and Christological theological disputes between the Western and Eastern Church Fathers. In theological discussions, they formed subtle differences, characterizing the discrepancy between Eastern and Western Patristics representatives’ views. We analyze the creative heritage of Greek-Byzantine (Eastern) Patristics, influencing the relationship between human freedom and Divine predestination, also conducting some comparative analysis with Western Patristics. The attention is also focused on the subtleties mostly of the Greek Church Fathers’ comprehension of connections between free will and freedom of choice, which correlates with human rationality, high morality, and choice of deification as a movement towards God. Philosophical reflection of described ideas of Eastern Patristics is also carried in conjunction with Christian soteriology, that is, the doctrine of spiritual salvation and eternal life. A prominent place in the article is given to some ideas of deification, the moral perfection of personality, and the Absolute spiritual ascent. The article stands on the original teachings of prominent Saints of Eastern Christianity—Maximus the Confessor, Athanasius of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa, John of Damascus, and Justin Martyr as a predecessor for both the Eastern and Western Patristics. This article also examines the refraction of the ideas of Church Fathers in contemporary Russian culture and philosophical studies of Patristics and Byzantine philosophy. Adhering to the Russian academic tradition of Byzantology, we present some implementations of Greek Church Fathers’ ideas, particularly on free will and Divine predestination, in the works of gifted Russian Byzantologist scholars. We try to attract the reader’s attention to the valuable Byzantine heritage in order to continue the tradition of studying the Church Father’s legacy in our country.
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Баринов, Николай. "Theological-Historiographical Analysis of the Works of the Holy Fathers of the Russian Orthodox Church of the 19th — early 20th cent. on the Topic of the Reasons and Purposes of the Creation of the World." Вопросы богословия, no. 1(9) (May 20, 2023): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/pwg.2023.9.1.003.
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Предметом исследования данной работы являются труды святых отцов Русской Православной Церкви XIX - начала XX в. по теме причин и целей сотворения мира. В статье выявляется исторический контекст, пути развития богословия, различные школы, круг и характер источников, проводится ретроспективный и перспективный анализ. Все это в полном объёме не исследовалось и является научной новизной. Определены две группы мнений святых отцов и синтезирован consensus patrum о причинах сотворения мира, это есть благая свободная воля Божия. Найдена богословская линия оптинских старцев, говорящая, что мир создан для человека, и ее происхождение от прп. Петра Дамаскина. Данное мнение известно в богословии, но проведённый анализ выявил перспективность и актуальность его использования для апологетики. Нока-зана несостоятельность позиции, считавших это суждение эгоистичным. Подтвердились теории прот. Павла Хондзинского о «балансировании» богословия свт. Филарета Черниговского между Москвой и Киевом и прот. Олега Мумрикова о христологичности антроп-ного принципа Вселенной. Введен новый термин: «христоцентризм вселенной», являющийся средоточием всех целей творения мира, обнаруженных в данной работе. The subject of research of this work is the writings of the holy fathers of the Russian Orthodox Church of the 19th - early 20th cent. on the topic of the causes and purposes of the creation of the world. The historical context, the paths of development of theological thought are clarified, various schools, the range and nature of sources are identified, a retrospective and prospective analysis are carried out.As a result of the work, it was possible to identify two groups of opinions of the holy fathers and synthesize from them a consensus patrum about the reasons for the creation of the world; this is the good free will of God. The theological line of the Optina elders has been found, saying that the world was created for man, and its origin is from St. Peter of Damascus. This opinion is known in theology, but the analysis revealed the prospects and relevance of its use for apologetics. The fallacy of the position of those who considered this judgment egoistical is shown. The theories of archipriest Pavel Khondzinsky on «balancing» the theology of St. Philaret of Chernigov between Moscow and Kiev and archpriest Oleg Mumrikov on the Christology of the anthropic principle of the Universe are confirmed in the work. A new term has been introduced: «Christocentrism of the universe», which is the focus of all the purposes of the creation of the world identified in this work.
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Афанасов, Н. Б. "К визуальной семиотике фашистской утопии: «Звездный десант» Пола Верховена." Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке 53, no. 3 (2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1997-2857/2020-3/165-173.
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Статья предлагает анализ идеологических нарративов в культовом фильме Пола Верховена «Звездный десант» (1997). Нидерландско-американский автор известен своим особенным и провокационным подходом к режиссуре, который объединяет низкое и высокое. Помимо прочего, Пол Верховен предлагает в своих фильмах высказывания о таких философских категориях, как власть, насилие, утопия, сексуальность и др. «Звездный десант» является одним из самых противоречивых произведений режиссера, представляя собой экзотерическую критику фашистской утопии. Автор статьи указывает, что разночтения в интерпретациях, которые можно обнаружить в исследовательской литературе, заслуживают отдельного анализа. Прибегая к методологической рамке визуальной семиотики, а также обращаясь к литературному прототипу фильма, одноименному роману Роберта Хайнлайна, статья показывает, что в плане критического высказывания фильм вышел за границы замысла режиссера. В конечном итоге прямая интерпретация фильма как апологетики насилия и шовинизма имеет свою реальную основу, что порождает ряд вопросов о нейтральности роли первоисточника, сценаристов и самой избранной Верховеном визуальности. Ключевые слова: утопия, социальная философия, анализ фильма, философия кино, фашизм, национал-социализм, Пол Верховен, «Звездный десант» The article offers an analysis of ideological narratives in Paul Verhoeven’s cult film «Starship troopers» (1997). The Dutch-American author is known for his special and provocative approach to directing, which combines the low-brow with the high-brow. Among other things, in his films Paul Verhoeven offers statements about such philosophical categories as power, violence, utopia, sexuality, etc. «Starship troopers» is one of his most controversial works, representing an exoteric criticism of the fascist utopia. The author of the article points out that discrepancies in interpretations of the film, which can be found in the research literature, are worth analyzing. Using the methodological framework of visual semiotics and referring to the literary prototype of the film, Robert Heinlein’s novel of the same name, the article shows that in terms of critical expression the film went beyond the boundaries of the director’s plan. In the end, the direct interpretation of the film as apologetics for violence and chauvinism has its own real basis, which raises a number of questions about the neutrality of the role of the original source, the screenwriters’ work, and the visual style chosen by Verhoeven. Keywords: utopia, social philosophy, film analyses, philosophy of cinema, fascism, national socialism, Paul Verhoeven, «Starship troopers»
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Афанасов, Н. Б. "К визуальной семиотике фашистской утопии: «Звездный десант» Пола Верховена." Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке 53, no. 3 (2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1997-2857/2020-3/165-173.
Full textAbstract:
Статья предлагает анализ идеологических нарративов в культовом фильме Пола Верховена «Звездный десант» (1997). Нидерландско-американский автор известен своим особенным и провокационным подходом к режиссуре, который объединяет низкое и высокое. Помимо прочего, Пол Верховен предлагает в своих фильмах высказывания о таких философских категориях, как власть, насилие, утопия, сексуальность и др. «Звездный десант» является одним из самых противоречивых произведений режиссера, представляя собой экзотерическую критику фашистской утопии. Автор статьи указывает, что разночтения в интерпретациях, которые можно обнаружить в исследовательской литературе, заслуживают отдельного анализа. Прибегая к методологической рамке визуальной семиотики, а также обращаясь к литературному прототипу фильма, одноименному роману Роберта Хайнлайна, статья показывает, что в плане критического высказывания фильм вышел за границы замысла режиссера. В конечном итоге прямая интерпретация фильма как апологетики насилия и шовинизма имеет свою реальную основу, что порождает ряд вопросов о нейтральности роли первоисточника, сценаристов и самой избранной Верховеном визуальности. Ключевые слова: утопия, социальная философия, анализ фильма, философия кино, фашизм, национал-социализм, Пол Верховен, «Звездный десант» The article offers an analysis of ideological narratives in Paul Verhoeven’s cult film «Starship troopers» (1997). The Dutch-American author is known for his special and provocative approach to directing, which combines the low-brow with the high-brow. Among other things, in his films Paul Verhoeven offers statements about such philosophical categories as power, violence, utopia, sexuality, etc. «Starship troopers» is one of his most controversial works, representing an exoteric criticism of the fascist utopia. The author of the article points out that discrepancies in interpretations of the film, which can be found in the research literature, are worth analyzing. Using the methodological framework of visual semiotics and referring to the literary prototype of the film, Robert Heinlein’s novel of the same name, the article shows that in terms of critical expression the film went beyond the boundaries of the director’s plan. In the end, the direct interpretation of the film as apologetics for violence and chauvinism has its own real basis, which raises a number of questions about the neutrality of the role of the original source, the screenwriters’ work, and the visual style chosen by Verhoeven. Keywords: utopia, social philosophy, film analyses, philosophy of cinema, fascism, national socialism, Paul Verhoeven, «Starship troopers»
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Wijaya, E. Chrisna, Asih Rachmani Endang Sumiwi, and Joseph Christ Santo. "METODE BERTEOLOGI PAULUS MENURUT 1 KORINTUS 9:1-23 DALAM KONTEKS MASA KINI." Manna Rafflesia 10, no. 1 (October 25, 2023): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.38091/man_raf.v10i1.350.
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The method of theology used by a person in providing theological understanding has a uniqueness or distinctiveness that can be judged and even imitated by other theological learners. What the Apostle Paul had and did became an example for believers in his time and today, amid the demands of a society that is increasingly moderate and increasingly sensitive to the gospel message, not only in terms of setting an example of life but also setting an example in terms of theology. The author uses qualitative research methods in discussing and studying specifically 1 Corinthians 9:1-23 in order to examine and discover Paul's theological method. In the study, the author found three theological methods used by the Apostle Paul in this context: the rhetoric method, the apologetics method, and the contextual method. In today's context, the rhetorical method enables effective speech by choosing words, terms, expressions, and sentences that can attract the attention and sympathy of the listener. The apologetic method pays attention to the substance of the true truth of the Christian faith without getting bogged down in the demands of the perspective of the average society. The contextual method pays attention to the condition of society, culture, and all its characteristics, with the aim that the gospel is preached and people in that context can accept and know Christ.
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Astafiev, Oleksandr. "UKRAINIAN-POLISH DIALOGUE OF LITERATURES AS A WAY OF OVERCOMING THE CIVILIZATION CRISIS." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 36 (2020): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2020.36.124-138.
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In the article on the broad background of Ukrainian and Polish literatures of the twentieth century the problem of the crisis of modern culture and the need for dialogue have been clarified. The greatest philosophers Oswald Spengler, Arthur Schopenhaur, Friedrich Nietzsche, Mykola Berdyaev, Albert Camus, Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger, Herbert Marcuse, and others wrote about the crisis of culture and the destructive role of the human-machine connection in it. Modernism, in particular, the Young Poland Group, came out of distrust of the cult of reason. The article deals with the works of modernists at the reception of Lesya Ukrainka and Ivan Franko, analyzes the manifestations, programs and discussions of Young Poland, and shows its impact on the Young Muse group in Lviv. The apologetics of the “machine age” in the literature is related to the work of Italian (Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Corado Govoni, Ardengo Soffici, Giovanni Panini, etc.), Russian (Igor Severianin, Vadim Shershenevich, Vladimir Mayakovskiy, Velemyr Khlebnikov, Vasiliy Kamenskih, David Burliuk) ), Ukrainian (Mikhail Semenko, Geo Shkurupiy, Oleksa Slysarenko, Dmytro Buzko, Leonid Skrypnyk), and Polish (Bruno Jasensky, Stanislav Mladozhenets, Titus Chizhevsky, August Zamoisky, Stanislav Ignacy Vitkevich, Leon Khvistek, Anatol Stern) futurists. Constructivism developed in parallel to the “industrial age”: in Ukraine - Valerian Polishchuk, Leonid Chernov-Maloshenko, Raisa Troyanker, Mike Jogansen; in Poland - Vladislav Stzeminski, Katarzyna Kobro-Stzeminska, Meczyslaw Schuka, Jan Golus, Meczyslaw Schulz and others. Symptoms of the crisis of culture and disintegration of social communication are noticeable in surrealism, neo-romanticism, expressionism, existentialism, theater of the absurd and more. The First, and later the Second World Wars, questioned the belief in the identity of European cultures. Extremely rapid development of communication tools and communication media has opened the prospects for a dialogue of literatures. It is not about their unification, which is reduced to the functioning of the product on the market. Culture is a large polyphonic space. It can distinguish the “voices” of different cultural figures, whose significance does not depend on either age or nationality. The article emphasizes that the dialogue of literatures offers the exchange of cultural values between peoples, as well as the spiritual rapprochement of large and small cultural regions, which have their unique features. As Edward Kaspersky rightly points out, dialogue is not only a matter of humanitarian contacts of the great cultures, but also of the way in which an individual takes part in their spiritual world. The dialogue of literatures helps to organically borrow the best from the treasury of neighbors (i.e., recent editions in Poland of works by Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky, Yuri Andrukhovych, Oksana Zabuzhko; editions in Ukraine of books by Stanislav Trembetsky, Lev Venglinskiy, Tomash Padura, Yaroslav Ivashkevich, Leopold Staff, Boleslaw Lesmian, and others - in the series “Library of Polish Literature”), prompts the reader to rethink “foreign” literature. Today, the principle of dialogue of literatures is a real opportunity to overcome the deep contradictions of the civilization crisis and to overcome the environmental catastrophe and the nuclear threat. The dialogue of literatures is able to preserve cultural differences in all their richness and diversity and to establish mutual understanding and cultural contacts between peoples.
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Makeiev, Serhii. "Apologetics of Culture as an Apologetics of War: the Case of Werner Sombart." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, no. 1 (March 2023): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2023.01.042.
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W. Sombart’s attitude to the First World War is characterized in the literature as extremely nationalistic. It made a radical revolution in his perception of the processes in world civilization. He saw in a new light the main conflict of the era — the conflict of national worldviews, and with it the purpose and meaning of the world historical mission of the German people. The war is a phenomenon that has a stressful impact on its participants, transforms feelings and mindsets, ordering the supreme authority of blood, soil, roots, and intellectuals are extremely sensitive to such orders. However, nationalism, even in minimal doses introduced into speech and writing, takes the spoken words and texts beyond the limits of scholarship, turning them into propaganda statements. So the 1915 book "Traders and Heroes. Reflections of a Patriot" belongs to the propaganda genre, which is an apology for the war. In it, the most famous economist and sociologist of his time justifies the war on the part of Germany by the fact that the development of economy, culture, communication, caused and promoted by market capitalism, turns into consequences that destroy the very foundations of human existence. Mainly — the growth of selfish individualism, the desire for comfort and the fullest possible realization of everyday needs and pleasures. According to the author, the war of German "heroes" against the "traders" personified by the British will turn the human race to recognize the paramount importance of high ideals of spiritual culture. This a priori introduced initial distinction is clarified by a set of dichotomous oppositions: "us — them", "high — low", "sacred — profane", "good — evil", "general — individual". Talking from a radically nationalist perspective turns the apologetics of culture into the apologetics of war. As a result, war is one of those rather rare events that are mythologized and mystified in the most radical way. In W. Sombart’s descriptions, the undeniable, as he is convinced, spiritual significance of war obscures and marginalizes the pain, suffering, loss and destruction that accompany it.
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Crawford, Matthew R. "Reconsidering the Relationship Between (Pseudo-)Didymus’s De Trinitate and Cyril of Alexandria’s Contra Julianum." Journal of Theological Studies 71, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 236–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/flaa014.
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Abstract Cyril of Alexandria’s apologetic treatise Contra Julianum drew upon a wide range of earlier Christian literature, including works by Clement of Alexandria, Eusebius of Caesarea, Pseudo-Justin Martyr, and others. The literary relationship between Contra Julianum and the De Trinitate attributed to Didymus the Blind is, however, contested. In this article I re-examine the parallel passages between these two works and argue that Cyril drew directly upon the De Trinitate as he composed Contra Julianum, using that prior work in three different ways. In the light of this finding, I argue that this literary dependency sheds some light on the intellectual and perhaps also social milieu out of which Contra Julianum arose, namely the long tradition of Christian authors who appropriated non-Christian sources for apologetic purposes, including such figures as Origen and Didymus.
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Rabbie, Edwin. "Twenty-ninth Annual Erasmus Birthday Lecture: Long and Useless: The Polemic between Erasmus and Béda." Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook 30, no. 1 (2010): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/027628510x533846.
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AbstractThis essay investigates the background and printing history of the five works written between 1526 and 1529 that constitute Erasmus' polemic against the Parisian theologian Noël de Bède (Béda). Taken together, these polemical works are more voluminous than any others against his Roman Catholic adversaries. Unlike most of these other apologetic undertakings, moreover, this one concerns not Erasmus' edition of the New Testament but his Paraphrases.
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Busic, Jason. "Between Latin Theology and Arabic Kalām: Samson’s Apologeticus contra perfidos (864 CE) and Ḥafṣ b. Albar al-Qūṭī’s Extant Works (fl. Late Ninth/Early Tenth Centuries)." Medieval Encounters 25, no. 5-6 (November 18, 2019): 553–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340056.
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Abstract The Latin authors of ninth-century Umayyad Córdoba Eulogius, Albarus, and Samson are known for their opposition to acculturation, Arabic learning, and, in the case of Eulogius and Albarus, their defense of the martyrs’ movement of the 850s. One generation later, the first known Christian-Arabic theologian of Hispanic origin appears, Ḥafṣ b. Albar. His adoption of Islamized Arabic has traditionally represented an ideological break from the previous generation of Christian intellectuals in Córdoba. This article questions this discontinuity through analysis of Samson’s Apologeticus contra perfidos (864 CE) and Ḥafṣ’s extant work. The article argues that the Apologeticus engages kalām and proves relevant for its Islamic context. Further, the article argues that Ḥafṣ’s work continues the project laid out by Samson, though with a more polemical eye towards Islam.
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LACARRA, María Jesus. "Referencias a Pedro Alfonso de Huesca en la literatura castellana de la Edad Media." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 10 (October 1, 2003): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v10i.9246.
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The references made to Pedro Alfonso de Huesca in medieval Castilian literature show an indirect knowledge, derived from the diffusion of the works of major French and Italian authors, such as Vicente de Beauvais, Guido de Colonna or Brunetto Latini. Only the authors of other apologetic texts, often themselves converts, seem to mention him through direct reading.
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PARDO PASTOR, Jordi. "La naturaleza humana en Ramon Llull. El pequeño mundo del hombre." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 13 (October 1, 2006): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v13i.6272.
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The study of the human nature in Ramon Llull is fundamental because it works to show the divine magnificence and, thanks to the dignitates dei, to demonstrate that the Trinity is necessary, because if don´t God would be a passive being and that is impossible. This demonstration possesses apologetic features, because in Llull everything rotates around the infidel’s conversion.