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Academic literature on the topic 'Apoptose – Dissertation universitaire'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Apoptose – Dissertation universitaire"
Daressy, Florian. "Caractérisation et études précliniques d'un nouvel inhibiteur naturel de MCL-1 Natural Sesquiterpenoids From Winteraceae As Covalent MCL-1 Inhibitors." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL055.
Full textProteins of the BCL-2 family play a major role in cellular homeostasis since they regulate apoptotic cell death through dynamic interactions between the anti- and pro-apoptotic members. Over-expression of anti-apoptotic members (BCL-2, BCL-xL, MCL-1...), and particulary MCL-1, participates in the development of tumors as well as in their resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatments. Synthetic inhibitors targeting this anti-apoptotic protein have therefore been developed, some of which being currently in clinical trials. In this context, our goal is to obtain natural inhibitors of the BCL-2 family, and more specifically of MCL-1. Natural products are playing a significant role in drug discovery and development processes. Since the 1940’s, 75% of the 175 small molecules used in cancer therapy are either natural products or derivatives of natural products. We have isolated and purified a new compound called NA1-115-7, evaluated its efficiency in vitro and characterized its mechanism of action before testing it in vivo, thanks to a nano-emulsion formulation
Bugueno, Valdbenito Isaac Maximiliano. "Impact de l'infection par Porphyromonas gingivalis sur la réponse inflammatoire locale et systémique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ090.
Full textThe mechanisms involved in the initiation and development of periodontitis, as well as the dissemination of periodontal pathogens via the systemic circulation and their effects at the vascular level, remain poorly described. Chronic infection has been identified as a potential mechanism involved in atherothrombosis worsening. Indeed, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) is considered to be a major periodontal pathogen involved in the onset and development of the diseases. Its ability to disrupt the epithelial barrier, as well as the endothelium barrier, and to induce a sustained inflammatory response contributes to tissue destruction. In this thesis, we evaluated the effects of P.gingivalis on apoptosis and inflammation of epithelial cells (GEC), fibroblasts (FB) and in a 3D model of microtissues (MT), as well as in endothelial cells (EC). Finally, we evaluated its role in the signaling-related inflammatory response via TLR-2 and TLR-4 and its five TIR-domain-containing adaptors proteins (TIR). We have shown that P.gingivalis is able to activate the inflammation and host-immune response, resulting in the destruction of the periodontium through modulation of primordial biological processes of various cell types, such as apoptosis (modulation of apoptosome Apaf-1 and its inhibitor XIAP), cell cycle (P53, P21, CDK4), inflammation (modulation of TLR-2, TLR-4, its MAL and TRAM adaptors proteins and inflammatory proteins such as TNF-α) , allowing it to escape from the immune system contributing to periodontal destruction and its systemic dissemination. The discovery of new mechanisms or new molecular targets affected by this pathogen will allow us to develop new therapeutic strategies
Hochane, Mazène. "La protéine apparentée à l'hormone parathyroïdienne (PTHrP) dans la biologie de la cellule mésangiale : rôles dans l'inflammation, la croissance et la survie." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867932.
Full textVerneuil, Laurence. "L' apoptose caspase-dépendante dans les interactions hôte / virus et en immunopathologie." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077200.
Full textApoptosis is an active physiological process involving a genetically regulated cell suicide process. Two effector cytolytic pathways of apoptosis are involved: one is triggered by the engagement of cell-surface death receptors of the Fas/tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, and the other is the mitochondrial pathway, which involves released of pro-apoptotic effectors. These two pathways trigger the effector caspases activation. A deregulation of apoptosis control mechanisms can provide some pathologies. We investigate a possible implication of apoptosis induction and the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytomegalovirus infection and in the acute graft versus host disease (GVHD). HCMV (human cytomegalovirus) encodes proteins with antiapoptotic properties but no proapoptotic protein is known. Here we show, in vitro, that the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), US28 encoded by HCMV, constitutively induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis but independent of the mitochondrial pathway activation and of cellular TNF family death receptor activation. In the context of allogeneic bone marrow grafting, the GVHD corresponds to an allogeneic response of donor effector cells against recipient epithelial target cells. In a murine model of acute GVHD, in vivo, our results shown that endothelial cell death precedes the induction of epithelial cell death in the oral mucosa and that FasL expression by allogeneic actived lymphocytes T is required, in the absence of any conditioning treatment
Duplaquet, Leslie. "Implication du récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase (RTK) MET sur la balance survie/apoptose et identification de nouvelles mutations de RTKs dans les cancers colorectaux métastatiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S031/document.
Full textRTKs are involved in tissue dialogue by regulating many cellular mechanisms such as survival, proliferation or mobility. In cancers, these receptors are frequently deregulated, as a result of various molecular alterations leading to their activation. RTKs overactivation induces cell transformation and tumorigenesis notably by promoting survival. Since the early 2000s, the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) demonstrated that RTKs represent major therapeutic targets in cancer treatment.MET receptor and its ligand the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF) are known to promote survival of many epithelial structures during embryogenesis and later during adulthood. Besides pro-survival role of the ligand-activated MET, the receptor is also able to promote apoptosis, which has led to classify it within the dependence receptor family. Indeed, in absence of its ligand and under stress conditions, MET is cleaved by caspases leading to the production of an intracellular fragment of nearly 40 kDa named p40MET able to amplify apoptosis. This fragment activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by causing mitochondrial permeabilization. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this permeabilization and the physiological impact of the pro-apoptotic function of MET were still unknown.My PhD work has evidenced p40MET localization at the MAM microdomain and characterized a calcium transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria triggered by p40MET. This calcium transfer triggers a calcium overload in mitochondria leading to their membrane permeabilization and apoptosis. In addition, we engineered a knock-in mouse model expressing mutated MET at the C-terminal caspase site. These mice are unable to produce the pro-apoptotic p40MET fragment. This model allowed us to assess the importance of MET cleavage in physiological apoptosis in vivo. Altogether, our work brings the first evidence for MET function as a dependence receptor in an organism and demonstrates a new signaling mechanism involved in apoptosis amplification by p40MET through calcium flux deregulation. This process may be relevant in the physio-pathology of organs where MET is expressed.In recent years, the discovery of mutations affecting RTKs in cancers has increased exponentially. However, for a large majority of mutations, their functional consequences are totally unknown. Thus, in parallel of my main thesis topic, we evaluated the biological and clinical relevance of RTKs mutations identified by high throughput sequencing from patient samples. Sequencing of healthy tissues, colorectal tumours and liver metastases of 30 patients has identified many somatic mutations. Some of them affect the receptor kinase domain and are present in both tumors and metastases. Functional analysis of 7 of these mutations shows that they do not cause neither kinase overactivation nor transformation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts. On the contrary, two RTK mutations cause drastic inhibition of the corresponding kinase activity. These findings indicate that these RTK variants are not suitable targets for TKI. Therefore, it appears important to set up reliable functional assays to interpret identified variants and classify them as pathogenic or neutral.In conclusion, my work opens up new perspectives on therapeutic strategies targeting RTKs in cancers. First of all, the pro-apoptotic capacities of some RTKs are undoubtedly a brake to tumorigenesis, and their stimulations could reinforce the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies. On the other hand, we have shown that RTKs mutations in the kinase domain do not necessarily lead to overactivation of the receptor suggesting that they are probably not involved in tumorigenesis and that treatment with TKIs targeting them would be ineffective. This functional information could notably influence the choice of a suitable targeted therapy
Rouquet, Nicolas. "Apoptose hépatocytaire induite par las systèmes FAS et TNF : applications thérapeutiques." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05CD21.
Full textMortuaire, Geoffrey. "Modulation des mécanismes inflammatoires impliquant les polynucléaires éosinophiles au cours de la polypose naso-sinusienne associée à l'asthme." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S010/document.
Full textBackground: The chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a plurifactorial inflammatory disease whose etiology is still unknown. Innate and acquired immune agents are key factors with a pivotal role of the eosinophil (EO). Asthma is recognized as a major factor of medical failure. Objectives: Setting histological, biological and cellular patterns of inflammation in CRSwNP in accordance with the asthmatic status of the patient and describing the membrane immune phenotype of EOs both in blood and polyp compartments. Materiel: A prospective study was conducted enrolling patients with medical refractory CRSwNP. With institutional review board agreement, nasal secretions and polyp specimens were harvested through endoscopic surgical procedure. A 1-month corticosteroid wash-out was required prior to surgery. Inflammatory biomarkers measurements (interleukin-5 (IL-5), Immunoglobulins E (IgE), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), IL-9), histological study on microscopic slides and cytometric analyses of adhesion receptors (beta(β) integrins, CD44), activation proteins (CD69) and of the IL-5 receptor alpha (IL-5Rα) were performed on purified EOs collected from the blood and the polyp. Data were compared with the asthmatic status of the patients.Results: A histological classification was established. Three subtypes were observed. The edematous polyp with huge EO infiltration (64%), the fibrous polyp with a collagen framework and a large amount of seromucous glands (9%) and the intermediate polyp with mixed fibro-edematous stroma and EO infiltration (27%). No correlation was described between this classification and the clinical status. CRSwNP with concomitant asthma was depicted with a major eosinophilia (p=.026). High IL-5, IgE and IL-9 concentrations in nasal secretions and polyp were also associated with asthma (p≤.04). EO homing into the polyp was partly promoted by the β integrins and CD44 membrane downregulation observed during tissular migration (p≤.02). CD69 activation process and IL-5Rα surface enhancement on EOs were observed in CRSwNP with or without asthma during tissue migration. The IL-5Rα expression was slightly reduced in asthmatic CRSwNP patients by comparison with the non-asthmatic counterparts (p≤.04). In vitro analyses showed the anti-apoptotic function of IL-5 in EOs of the asthmatic patients. The co-culture with IL-5 and IL-9 led to the up-regulation of the IL-5Rα surface expression. Discussion: Our results stress the major role of the EO in particular in asthmatic CRSwNP patients. The remodeling process implied in the polyp formation is not directly involved in the corticosteroid resistance as the 3 subtypes of polyps were evenly observed whatever the clinical status. High IL-5, IgE and Il-9 environment promotes EO polyp migration and activation by the regulation of adhesion and activation proteins on the EO membrane. The synergistic action of pro Th2 cytokines (IL-5/IL-9) balances the IL-5Rα downregulation observed in high IL-5 rate conditions. Conclusion: The cellular and inflammatory phenotype profiles in CRSwNP are correlated to the asthmatic status of the patients. Taken together, our results suggest that processes of immune modulation are key factors of inflammatory homeostasis in CRSwNP. Intricate mechanisms of up and down regulation of cytokines receptors expression could be involved in the incomplete efficacy of targeted therapies whose evaluation is still pending
Conti, Filoména. "Etude des facteurs de risque du rejet chronique d'allogreffe hépatique chez l'homme." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD01.
Full textBruneel, Arnaud. "Etude protéomique des cellules endothéliales et identification de protéines impliquées dans leur apoptose induite par l'étoposide." Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05P629.
Full textIn this work, we have carried out the proteomic study of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using the combination of 2D-electrophoresis, automated trypsin digestion, peptide mass fingerprinting analysis after MALDI-TOF MS and peptide sequencing using nano LC-ESI-MS/MS. The overall functional characterization of the 162 identified proteins from primary cultures of HUVECs confirms the metabolic capabilities of endothelium and illustrates various cellular functions more related to cell motility and angiogenesis, protein folding, anti-oxidant defenses, signal transduction, proteasome and resistance to apoptosis. In comparison with controls cells, the differential proteomic analysis of HUVECs treated by the pro-apoptotic topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide further revealed the modulation of eight proteins namely, GRP78, GRP94, valosin-containing protein, proteinase inhibitor 9, cofilin, 37 kDa laminin receptor protein, bovine apolipoprotein and tropomyosin. These data suggest that etoposide-induced apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells results from the intricate involvement of multiple apoptosis processes including at least the mitochondrial and the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. The presented 2D pattern and protein database,as well as the data related to apoptosis of HUVECs, are available at http://www. Huvec. Com
Pârvu-Ferecatu, Iona Costina. "Etude de nouvelles activités de p53 et Rb à la mitochondrie et dans le contrôle de l'apoptose." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0043.
Full textSince their discovery, p53 and Rb proteins have been considerably studied mainly due to their regulatory function of cell cycle and apoptosis; their activities are found to be inactivated in most human cancers. During my PhD, I focused my interest in better understanding the role of p53 and Rb proteins in both apoptotic and living cells. First, we demonstrated that in stress conditions p53 is able to activate a mitochondria-independent alternative apoptotic pathway, which is under control of caspase-9. Moreover, we show that this caspase is able to cleave Rb protein, to generate a truncated p76Rb form which protects cells from p53-dependent apoptosis. Afterwards, we brought evidences of a mitochondrial localization of these proteins in proliferative cells, in many cell models, localization that has never been described before in such conditions. At mitochondria, p53 is mainly located at membranes level (inner or outer) while Rb displays more of an internal placement (inner-membrane or matrix). The domains of p53 involved in mitochondria localization of living cells seem to differ from those involved in nuclear or mitochondrial localization in stress conditions. The VDAC protein, one of most abundant proteins of mitochondrial outer-membrane, is the mitochondrial partner of p53 solely in living conditions. As for Rb, the pocket domain appears to be the one required for mitochondrial binding of the protein. These results suggest either that mitochondria may represent a sequestration site for both p53 and Rb, or that these proteins may be directly involved in mitochondria activity