Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Apoptose – Dissertation universitaire'
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Daressy, Florian. "Caractérisation et études précliniques d'un nouvel inhibiteur naturel de MCL-1 Natural Sesquiterpenoids From Winteraceae As Covalent MCL-1 Inhibitors." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL055.
Full textProteins of the BCL-2 family play a major role in cellular homeostasis since they regulate apoptotic cell death through dynamic interactions between the anti- and pro-apoptotic members. Over-expression of anti-apoptotic members (BCL-2, BCL-xL, MCL-1...), and particulary MCL-1, participates in the development of tumors as well as in their resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatments. Synthetic inhibitors targeting this anti-apoptotic protein have therefore been developed, some of which being currently in clinical trials. In this context, our goal is to obtain natural inhibitors of the BCL-2 family, and more specifically of MCL-1. Natural products are playing a significant role in drug discovery and development processes. Since the 1940’s, 75% of the 175 small molecules used in cancer therapy are either natural products or derivatives of natural products. We have isolated and purified a new compound called NA1-115-7, evaluated its efficiency in vitro and characterized its mechanism of action before testing it in vivo, thanks to a nano-emulsion formulation
Bugueno, Valdbenito Isaac Maximiliano. "Impact de l'infection par Porphyromonas gingivalis sur la réponse inflammatoire locale et systémique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ090.
Full textThe mechanisms involved in the initiation and development of periodontitis, as well as the dissemination of periodontal pathogens via the systemic circulation and their effects at the vascular level, remain poorly described. Chronic infection has been identified as a potential mechanism involved in atherothrombosis worsening. Indeed, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) is considered to be a major periodontal pathogen involved in the onset and development of the diseases. Its ability to disrupt the epithelial barrier, as well as the endothelium barrier, and to induce a sustained inflammatory response contributes to tissue destruction. In this thesis, we evaluated the effects of P.gingivalis on apoptosis and inflammation of epithelial cells (GEC), fibroblasts (FB) and in a 3D model of microtissues (MT), as well as in endothelial cells (EC). Finally, we evaluated its role in the signaling-related inflammatory response via TLR-2 and TLR-4 and its five TIR-domain-containing adaptors proteins (TIR). We have shown that P.gingivalis is able to activate the inflammation and host-immune response, resulting in the destruction of the periodontium through modulation of primordial biological processes of various cell types, such as apoptosis (modulation of apoptosome Apaf-1 and its inhibitor XIAP), cell cycle (P53, P21, CDK4), inflammation (modulation of TLR-2, TLR-4, its MAL and TRAM adaptors proteins and inflammatory proteins such as TNF-α) , allowing it to escape from the immune system contributing to periodontal destruction and its systemic dissemination. The discovery of new mechanisms or new molecular targets affected by this pathogen will allow us to develop new therapeutic strategies
Hochane, Mazène. "La protéine apparentée à l'hormone parathyroïdienne (PTHrP) dans la biologie de la cellule mésangiale : rôles dans l'inflammation, la croissance et la survie." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867932.
Full textVerneuil, Laurence. "L' apoptose caspase-dépendante dans les interactions hôte / virus et en immunopathologie." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077200.
Full textApoptosis is an active physiological process involving a genetically regulated cell suicide process. Two effector cytolytic pathways of apoptosis are involved: one is triggered by the engagement of cell-surface death receptors of the Fas/tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, and the other is the mitochondrial pathway, which involves released of pro-apoptotic effectors. These two pathways trigger the effector caspases activation. A deregulation of apoptosis control mechanisms can provide some pathologies. We investigate a possible implication of apoptosis induction and the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytomegalovirus infection and in the acute graft versus host disease (GVHD). HCMV (human cytomegalovirus) encodes proteins with antiapoptotic properties but no proapoptotic protein is known. Here we show, in vitro, that the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), US28 encoded by HCMV, constitutively induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis but independent of the mitochondrial pathway activation and of cellular TNF family death receptor activation. In the context of allogeneic bone marrow grafting, the GVHD corresponds to an allogeneic response of donor effector cells against recipient epithelial target cells. In a murine model of acute GVHD, in vivo, our results shown that endothelial cell death precedes the induction of epithelial cell death in the oral mucosa and that FasL expression by allogeneic actived lymphocytes T is required, in the absence of any conditioning treatment
Duplaquet, Leslie. "Implication du récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase (RTK) MET sur la balance survie/apoptose et identification de nouvelles mutations de RTKs dans les cancers colorectaux métastatiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S031/document.
Full textRTKs are involved in tissue dialogue by regulating many cellular mechanisms such as survival, proliferation or mobility. In cancers, these receptors are frequently deregulated, as a result of various molecular alterations leading to their activation. RTKs overactivation induces cell transformation and tumorigenesis notably by promoting survival. Since the early 2000s, the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) demonstrated that RTKs represent major therapeutic targets in cancer treatment.MET receptor and its ligand the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF) are known to promote survival of many epithelial structures during embryogenesis and later during adulthood. Besides pro-survival role of the ligand-activated MET, the receptor is also able to promote apoptosis, which has led to classify it within the dependence receptor family. Indeed, in absence of its ligand and under stress conditions, MET is cleaved by caspases leading to the production of an intracellular fragment of nearly 40 kDa named p40MET able to amplify apoptosis. This fragment activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by causing mitochondrial permeabilization. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this permeabilization and the physiological impact of the pro-apoptotic function of MET were still unknown.My PhD work has evidenced p40MET localization at the MAM microdomain and characterized a calcium transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria triggered by p40MET. This calcium transfer triggers a calcium overload in mitochondria leading to their membrane permeabilization and apoptosis. In addition, we engineered a knock-in mouse model expressing mutated MET at the C-terminal caspase site. These mice are unable to produce the pro-apoptotic p40MET fragment. This model allowed us to assess the importance of MET cleavage in physiological apoptosis in vivo. Altogether, our work brings the first evidence for MET function as a dependence receptor in an organism and demonstrates a new signaling mechanism involved in apoptosis amplification by p40MET through calcium flux deregulation. This process may be relevant in the physio-pathology of organs where MET is expressed.In recent years, the discovery of mutations affecting RTKs in cancers has increased exponentially. However, for a large majority of mutations, their functional consequences are totally unknown. Thus, in parallel of my main thesis topic, we evaluated the biological and clinical relevance of RTKs mutations identified by high throughput sequencing from patient samples. Sequencing of healthy tissues, colorectal tumours and liver metastases of 30 patients has identified many somatic mutations. Some of them affect the receptor kinase domain and are present in both tumors and metastases. Functional analysis of 7 of these mutations shows that they do not cause neither kinase overactivation nor transformation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts. On the contrary, two RTK mutations cause drastic inhibition of the corresponding kinase activity. These findings indicate that these RTK variants are not suitable targets for TKI. Therefore, it appears important to set up reliable functional assays to interpret identified variants and classify them as pathogenic or neutral.In conclusion, my work opens up new perspectives on therapeutic strategies targeting RTKs in cancers. First of all, the pro-apoptotic capacities of some RTKs are undoubtedly a brake to tumorigenesis, and their stimulations could reinforce the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies. On the other hand, we have shown that RTKs mutations in the kinase domain do not necessarily lead to overactivation of the receptor suggesting that they are probably not involved in tumorigenesis and that treatment with TKIs targeting them would be ineffective. This functional information could notably influence the choice of a suitable targeted therapy
Rouquet, Nicolas. "Apoptose hépatocytaire induite par las systèmes FAS et TNF : applications thérapeutiques." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05CD21.
Full textMortuaire, Geoffrey. "Modulation des mécanismes inflammatoires impliquant les polynucléaires éosinophiles au cours de la polypose naso-sinusienne associée à l'asthme." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S010/document.
Full textBackground: The chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a plurifactorial inflammatory disease whose etiology is still unknown. Innate and acquired immune agents are key factors with a pivotal role of the eosinophil (EO). Asthma is recognized as a major factor of medical failure. Objectives: Setting histological, biological and cellular patterns of inflammation in CRSwNP in accordance with the asthmatic status of the patient and describing the membrane immune phenotype of EOs both in blood and polyp compartments. Materiel: A prospective study was conducted enrolling patients with medical refractory CRSwNP. With institutional review board agreement, nasal secretions and polyp specimens were harvested through endoscopic surgical procedure. A 1-month corticosteroid wash-out was required prior to surgery. Inflammatory biomarkers measurements (interleukin-5 (IL-5), Immunoglobulins E (IgE), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), IL-9), histological study on microscopic slides and cytometric analyses of adhesion receptors (beta(β) integrins, CD44), activation proteins (CD69) and of the IL-5 receptor alpha (IL-5Rα) were performed on purified EOs collected from the blood and the polyp. Data were compared with the asthmatic status of the patients.Results: A histological classification was established. Three subtypes were observed. The edematous polyp with huge EO infiltration (64%), the fibrous polyp with a collagen framework and a large amount of seromucous glands (9%) and the intermediate polyp with mixed fibro-edematous stroma and EO infiltration (27%). No correlation was described between this classification and the clinical status. CRSwNP with concomitant asthma was depicted with a major eosinophilia (p=.026). High IL-5, IgE and IL-9 concentrations in nasal secretions and polyp were also associated with asthma (p≤.04). EO homing into the polyp was partly promoted by the β integrins and CD44 membrane downregulation observed during tissular migration (p≤.02). CD69 activation process and IL-5Rα surface enhancement on EOs were observed in CRSwNP with or without asthma during tissue migration. The IL-5Rα expression was slightly reduced in asthmatic CRSwNP patients by comparison with the non-asthmatic counterparts (p≤.04). In vitro analyses showed the anti-apoptotic function of IL-5 in EOs of the asthmatic patients. The co-culture with IL-5 and IL-9 led to the up-regulation of the IL-5Rα surface expression. Discussion: Our results stress the major role of the EO in particular in asthmatic CRSwNP patients. The remodeling process implied in the polyp formation is not directly involved in the corticosteroid resistance as the 3 subtypes of polyps were evenly observed whatever the clinical status. High IL-5, IgE and Il-9 environment promotes EO polyp migration and activation by the regulation of adhesion and activation proteins on the EO membrane. The synergistic action of pro Th2 cytokines (IL-5/IL-9) balances the IL-5Rα downregulation observed in high IL-5 rate conditions. Conclusion: The cellular and inflammatory phenotype profiles in CRSwNP are correlated to the asthmatic status of the patients. Taken together, our results suggest that processes of immune modulation are key factors of inflammatory homeostasis in CRSwNP. Intricate mechanisms of up and down regulation of cytokines receptors expression could be involved in the incomplete efficacy of targeted therapies whose evaluation is still pending
Conti, Filoména. "Etude des facteurs de risque du rejet chronique d'allogreffe hépatique chez l'homme." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD01.
Full textBruneel, Arnaud. "Etude protéomique des cellules endothéliales et identification de protéines impliquées dans leur apoptose induite par l'étoposide." Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05P629.
Full textIn this work, we have carried out the proteomic study of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using the combination of 2D-electrophoresis, automated trypsin digestion, peptide mass fingerprinting analysis after MALDI-TOF MS and peptide sequencing using nano LC-ESI-MS/MS. The overall functional characterization of the 162 identified proteins from primary cultures of HUVECs confirms the metabolic capabilities of endothelium and illustrates various cellular functions more related to cell motility and angiogenesis, protein folding, anti-oxidant defenses, signal transduction, proteasome and resistance to apoptosis. In comparison with controls cells, the differential proteomic analysis of HUVECs treated by the pro-apoptotic topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide further revealed the modulation of eight proteins namely, GRP78, GRP94, valosin-containing protein, proteinase inhibitor 9, cofilin, 37 kDa laminin receptor protein, bovine apolipoprotein and tropomyosin. These data suggest that etoposide-induced apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells results from the intricate involvement of multiple apoptosis processes including at least the mitochondrial and the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. The presented 2D pattern and protein database,as well as the data related to apoptosis of HUVECs, are available at http://www. Huvec. Com
Pârvu-Ferecatu, Iona Costina. "Etude de nouvelles activités de p53 et Rb à la mitochondrie et dans le contrôle de l'apoptose." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0043.
Full textSince their discovery, p53 and Rb proteins have been considerably studied mainly due to their regulatory function of cell cycle and apoptosis; their activities are found to be inactivated in most human cancers. During my PhD, I focused my interest in better understanding the role of p53 and Rb proteins in both apoptotic and living cells. First, we demonstrated that in stress conditions p53 is able to activate a mitochondria-independent alternative apoptotic pathway, which is under control of caspase-9. Moreover, we show that this caspase is able to cleave Rb protein, to generate a truncated p76Rb form which protects cells from p53-dependent apoptosis. Afterwards, we brought evidences of a mitochondrial localization of these proteins in proliferative cells, in many cell models, localization that has never been described before in such conditions. At mitochondria, p53 is mainly located at membranes level (inner or outer) while Rb displays more of an internal placement (inner-membrane or matrix). The domains of p53 involved in mitochondria localization of living cells seem to differ from those involved in nuclear or mitochondrial localization in stress conditions. The VDAC protein, one of most abundant proteins of mitochondrial outer-membrane, is the mitochondrial partner of p53 solely in living conditions. As for Rb, the pocket domain appears to be the one required for mitochondrial binding of the protein. These results suggest either that mitochondria may represent a sequestration site for both p53 and Rb, or that these proteins may be directly involved in mitochondria activity
Chollat-Namy, Marie. "Effet de l’inactivation du gène suppresseur de tumeur p53 et de sa réactivation pharmacologique sur la réponse cytotoxique anti-tumorale The Pharmalogical Reactivation of p53 Function Improves Breast Tumor Cell Lysis by Granzyme B and NK Cells Through Induction of Autophagy Mutant P53 Gain of Function Stimulates PD-L1 Expression." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL032.
Full textImmune system plays an important role in the control and destruction of cancer cells. The major effectors of antitumor immune response are Natural Killer (NK) cells and the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which recognize et destroy tumor cells by exocytosis of perforin and granzymes contained in cytotoxic granules. It has been previously shown in the laboratory that the tumor suppressor p53 plays an important role in this apoptotic pathway. However more than 50% of human tumors have p53 inactivating mutations which favor tumor development. Consequently, frequent p53 inactivation in human tumor could enable them to escape from destruction by cytotoxic immune cells. In this context, my thesis work has shown that the pharmacological reactivation of wild type p53 function in cancer cells expressing a mutated p53 increased their susceptibility to NK cell-mediated apoptosis cells through the induction of an autophagic process. Moreover, I tried to determine the link between p53 mutations and the expression of the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 which prevent efficient activation of cytotoxic cells and promote immune cells exhaustion. My work suggests that the expression of p53 mutants promotes an the expression of PD-L1 at the cancer cell surface. The study of the underlying mechanisms is still in progress
Thomas, Mélissa. "Origins of Cellular Lethality Resulting From a Defect in Homologous Recombination in Human Cells." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL027.
Full textHomologous recombination (HR) is involved in repairing DNA double strand breaks, and in protecting and restarting stalled or collapsed replication forks. Rad51 and BRCA2 are two key proteins of HR. I have showed that inhibiting HR, as well as over expressing Rad51, is lethal in human cells, although a very few cells still survive the inhibition. Moreover, many cancers carry mutations in an HR gene (BRCA1/2 in breast and ovary cancers) or over express an HR gene. My project aims to identify the mechanisms and the causes behind the lethality triggered by a dysregulation of HR, and to understand how a few cells manage to survive it. I have determined, through FACS and phosphorylated histone H3 labeling (IF), that HR deficient human cells, or those over expressing Rad51, accumulate at the G2/M checkpoint.At the same time, time-lapse microscopy experiments seemed to indicate that the cells died from apoptosis, which was confirmed by data from experiments using Annexin-V as an apoptosis marker and from Western-Blots. Western-Blots showed that the G2/M checkpoint is activated, through analysis of CyclinB1 and of cdk1, and that apoptosis is triggered, through analysis of PARP cleavage. My main working hypothesis was that overexpressing a dominant negative form of Rad51, and possibly also overexpressing Rad51 WT, would lead to replication defects, whose accumulation would in turn lead to an activation of the checkpoint. BrdU incorporation experients and use of the molecular combing technique confirmed this hypothesis : in HR-dysregulated cells, replication speed is slowed down and there are more stalled forks. In-silico analyses have showed that HR-mutated cancers often carry a second mutation in another gene, involved in either the G2/M checkpoint or in restarting stalled replication forks. Based on these analyses and on results from RNAseq experiments performed on FANCD1 patients' fibroblasts, candidate genes have already been listed, confirming the in-silico analysis
Logette, Emmanuelle. "Etude de la régulation transcriptionnelle du gène de la Caspase-2 : un nouveau rôle dans le métabolisme lipidique." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOMU07.
Full textRialland, Pascale. "Mécanismes moléculaires de régulation de la durée de vie des cellules dentritiques spléniques murines." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T010.
Full textRegulation of dendritic cell (DC) lifespan contributes to the maintenance of tolerance and to the regulation of immune responses amplitude. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this control are not fully elucidated. Bid-/- cells are resistant to apoptosis induced by different cytotoxic pathways. I show that antigen cross-presentation to T lymphocytes is improved in Bid-/- mice in absence of inflammatory signals. We postulated that this increased cross- presentation could be due to a defect of immature DC elimination by T lymphocytes, hypothesis we couldn't confirm. We also show that poly(LC) injection induces splenic conventional DC apoptosis in vivo. Apoptosis relies partially on recognition of poly(I:C) by the cytosolic receptor MDA-5. CD8α+ DCs respond to poly(I:C) by producing type I interferons, that control their lifespan. Our results highlight a new pro-apoptotic pathway in DCs induced by poly(I:C) and identify a new feedback regulatory role for the type I IFN response
Filomenko, Rodolphe. "Régulation de la mort cellulaire induite par des agents cytotoxiques : rôles de la PKC zeta et de la caspase-10." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOMU11.
Full textHaddad, Mohamed. "Isolement, détermination structurale de saponosides de quatre plantes de la famille des mimosaceae, ploygalaceae et caryophyllaceae et leur évaluation biologique dans les domaines de l'immunologie et la cancérologie." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOPE03.
Full textPrunet, Céline. "Activités cytotoxiques, oxydatives et pro-inflammatoires de différents oxystérols présents dans la plaque d'athérome." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOMU13.
Full textFrisan, Emilie. "Etude de la différenciation érythroïde des syndromes myélodysplasiques de faible risque : rôle des protéines GATA-1 et Hsp70." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T007.
Full textNormal hematopoietic progenitors commitment into erythroid lineage is controlled by stem cell factor (SCF) and erythropoietin (Epo) while erythroid terminal differentiation is only Epo-dependent. DyserythropoYesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) which clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell, combines a defective differentiation of the progenitors and an increased apoptosis of the precursors. This work shows (1) the implication of endoplasmic reticulum in MDS apoptosis downstream of death domain) receptor Fas, (2) defective Epo-dependent activation of the MAPK in patients resistant to Epo treatment, and (3) a caspase-3-mediated Cleavage of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 due to a defective nuclear localization of the chaperone protein Hsp70 in MDS. Nuclear export of HspVO is regulated by AKT phosphorylation in response to SCF and would be increased by an ectopic expression) of SCF receptor in MDS mature erythroblasts
Ameqrane, Ilhame. "Dégénérescence rétinienne chez la souris rd10 Implication de SIRT 1 et PGC-1 alpha ?" Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T041.
Full textRetinopathies are characterized by a progressive degeneration of photoreceptors, leading to blindness. Until now, there are no treatments to prevent the loss of photoreceptors, that’s why it’s important to study the mechanisms involved in the degenerative processes. Rd10 mouse is a good model for retinopathy because the first steps of degeneration occur after the development of the different retinal layers. SIRT 1 is a desacetylase protein involved in DNA repair and in survival cell. PGC-1 alpha is a target of SIRT1, has particularly been studied for its roles in mitochondrial metabolism. PGC-1 alpha desacetylation by SIRT1 has been shown to reduce neuronal death in several neurodegenerative diseases. Retina is part of the central neuronal system, that’s why we studied the involvement of SIRT1 and POGC-1 alpha in a model in retinitis pigmentosa. First, we characterized SIRT1 and PGC-1 alpha expression in normal mouse retina. In rd10 retina, we observed an alteration of SIRT1 expression correlated with photoreceptor apoptosis. Then, we showed a decrease in PGC-1 alpha acetylation since early stages of degeneration, supposing that the activation of the protein increases during the degenerative process. PGC-1 alpha is known to be desacetylated only by SIRT1 which suggest that SIRT1/PGC-1 alpha axis could be important in the development of retinal degeneration. This study is the first to characterize SIRT1 and PGC-1 alpha in retina and to highlight their potential involvement during retinal degeneration
Chauvier, David. "Camptothécine versus homocamptothécine : approche moleculaire et cellulaire. Induction de l'apoptose et modulation de la résistance multiple." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMP206.
Full textHomocamptothecin (hCPT), a topoisomerase I (top1) inhibitor, combines higher cytotoxicity and lactone stability in aqueous buffer than camptothecin (hCPT). Spectrofluorometry has allowed the real-time investigation of its hydrolysis kinetic in absence and presence of top1 and/or ADN. The stabilisation of the cleavable complex by hCPT implies steric contacts of the b-hydroxylactone ring with the DNA-top1 complex, rather than opening of the lactone ring, as observed for CPTs. HCPT/CPT have been detected in the cytoplasm of MCF7 and HT29 cancer cells by 2-photon laser confocal microspectrofluorometry,. The induction of apoptosis by hCPT is mediated in HT29 cells by DYm disruption, cytosolic acidification, reactive oxygen species, cytochrome C release, caspase-3 activation, gene expression, de novo synthesis of ceramide. HCPT/CPT have been identified to be substrates of MRP1 but not Pgp proteins. Sub-toxic doses of hCPT/CPT potentiated daunorubicin (DNR) cytotoxicity by inhibition of MRP1 activity, in correlation with increase of the nuclear accumulation of DNR in anthracyclins-resistant K562 and MCF7 cells
Oulès, Bénédicte. "Impact physiologique du transfert de calcium entre le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) et la mitochondrie : rôle de l'isoforme SERCAI tronquée (S1T) dans le stress du RE et la maladie d'Alzheimer." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T063.
Full textCalcium (Ca2+) transfer between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria is mediated through dynamic contacts sites. We showed that the truncated isoform of SERCA1 (S1T) initiates and simplifies the proapoptotic pathway of the ER stress signaling. In addition, owing to its localization at the ER-mitochondria contacts sites, it determines a localized ER Ca2+ leak towards the mitochondria leading to mitochondrial apoptosis. We also demonstrated that S1T is overexpressed in Alzheimer's disease. In parallel, Aβ accumulates in ER-mitochondria contact sites. In addition, an extensive analysis of subcellular Ca2+ signaling allowed us to demonstrate its drastic deregulation. Lastly, we have revealed that Ca2+ control bioenergetics pathways in Leigh's disease related to mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II deficiency. Our results showed the impact of Ca2+ transfer from ER to mitochondria-related pathologies
Carocci, Margot. "Sur la route d'un virus recombinant EMCV-FMDV." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077186.
Full textFoot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious animal disease with important economic impacts. The causative agent, FMDV, a picornavirus, replicates and spreads extremely rapidly. The recent outbreaks in countries previously FMD-free demonstrated the need to develop control strategies to stop or at least slow the spread of the virus. The aim of this project is to develop a safe recombinant virus that would be made of FMDV capsid proteins, and the non structural proteins of the Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). This recombinant virus will serve as a marker vaccine against FMD. In order to attenuate EMCV virulence, a deletion in the 2A protein was introduced. Study of EMCV1. 26 Δ 2A virus showed that it causes cell death by apoptosis in contrast to the wild type, suggesting that the EMCV 2A protein is necessary to inhibit apoptosis. Moreover, we have shown that EMCV1. 26 Δ 2A virus was strongly attenuated in vitro as in vivo, and efficiently protected mice after challenge with a lethal dose of wild type virus. Our results indicate that this virus is a good candidate for a live attenuated vaccine against EMCV and a safe base for the production of the EMCV-FMDV chimera virus. The production of this recombinant chimera virus required several cloning steps, leading to the construction of the EMC VA2 Δ -PI FMDV genomic cDNA (pMCl). The first attempts to produce recombinant virus EMC V Δ 2A-P1 FMDV allowed detection of FMDV capsid antigens, but did not succeed yet to produce infections recombinant virus. The formation of recombinant viral particles or the eventual limiting steps of the viral cycle remain to be determined. However, the results obtained up to now are heartening and promising
Awad, Ali. "Les cellules Natural Killer (NK) dans l’allergie : effet de la chimiokine CCL18 sur les cellules NK humaines et rôle des cellules NK sur les éosinophiles." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S002/document.
Full textAllergic diseases are steadily increasing both in prevalence and severity. Known physiopathological mechanisms involve the induction of a Th2 response by dendritic cells, leading to IgE production and inflammation, in particular linked to the recruitment of eosinophils. Eosinophils are heavily involved in injury and tissue dysfunction and contribute to the maintenance of inflammation. Different cells of innate immunity were shown to be involved in the control of allergic reaction. Among them, (NK) cells, primarily known for their anti-tumor and anti-microbial functions, may regulate different aspects of allergic reaction as suggested by studies in humans or mice. In the peripheral blood of patients with asthma, NK cells exhibit increased cytotoxic capacity, and a predominance of NK2 cells compared to the prevalence of NK1 cells in non-allergic subjects. In patients with atopic dermatitis, the number and cytotoxicity of peripheral NK cells are reduced, as well as their ability to produce IFN-g. Moreover, the dialogue between NK cells and dendritic cells is less effective in asthmatic patients, leading to a reduced capacity of IFN-g production by NK cells. In murine models of pulmonary inflammation, depletion of NK cells by anti-NK1.1 or anti-ASGM1 before immunization inhibits pulmonary eosinophilia, the infiltration of CD3+ T cells and increased levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-12 in the bronchoalveolar lavage. However, depletion with anti-ASGM1 after the establishment of eosinophilic inflammation delays its resolution, suggesting a dual role of NK cells in allergic inflammation.We studied the recruitment and function of human NK cells in allergy through in vitro analysis of the role of CCL18 on NK cells. This chemokine is preferentially produced in the lungs and has a dual role in allergic diseases since it recruits Th2 cells but also regulatory T cells and generates tolerogenic DCs capable of inducing regulatory T cells only from non-allergic donors. We evaluated the response of NK cells in allergic subjects towards CCL18 and compared it to that of NK cells from non-allergic donors. We showed that CCL18 attracts NK cells from non-allergic subjects and induces their cytotoxicity in a G protein dependent pathway. However, NK cells from allergic subjects did not respond to CCL18. This chemokine has no effect on the proliferation of NK cells, but may negatively regulate IFN-g production.The second part of the thesis is based on the hypothesis of a dialogue between NK cells and eosinophils which would modify their respective functions. NK cells and autologous eosinophils were cocultured during 3 and 12 hours, at different ratios. We showed that NK cells directly activate eosinophils as evidenced by the increased release of ECP, eosinophil derived neurotoxin EDN, and the expression of CD63, CD69, and reduced expression of CD62L on living eosinophils. In addition, coculture with NK cells induced apoptosis and mortality of eosinophils in the first hours of coculture. However, apoptosis and death of NK cells were not changed. Fixation of NK cells prevented almost completely the activation and apoptosis of eosinophils, suggesting the involvement of surface molecules, however soluble factors cannot be excluded. These interactions require cell contact, but the molecules involved remain to be determined. Concerning soluble factors, IFN-g and TGF-β are not involved in these mechanisms. However, the signaling pathways p38MAPkinase, ERK, JNK and PI3-kinase are involved in eosinophils activation. Concerning eosinophil apoptosis induced by NK cells, the mitochondrial pathway is more involved than the caspase pathway.In summary, our studies show that NK cells from allergic patients exhibit a defect in their response towards CCL18 compared to non-allergic subjects. In addition, these results suggest that NK cells may regulate eosinophilic inflammation by inducing their activation and / or apoptosis
Minatchy-Noléo, Marie-Nathalie. "Rôle des caspases dans l'apoptose induite par les médicaments anticancereux et dans la différenciation des cellules erythroleucémiques de Friend." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S002.
Full textCaspases are cystein proteases, which are known to be involved in the events inducing cell differentiation and cell death. My work consists in the analysis of the role of caspase during differentiation and cell death by drugs of the erythroleukemic Friend cell line. The first part of this work shows that, when treated with Ara-c or VP-16, these cells undergo the classical apoptoss, which is caspase-dependent, and which ise delayed bt the anti-apoptic gene bcl-2. However when treated by daunorubicine, cells die by a non-dependent caspase necrosis. In the second part of my work, we show that caspases are not implicated during the the erythroleukemic differentiation of Friend cells by DMSO
Essayagh, Sanah. "Interactions entre endothélium vasculaire et microparticules d'apoptose ou d'activation cellulaire : étude des conséquences fonctionnelles et des mécanismes impliqués." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077173.
Full textMicroparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles shed by ectocytosis from activated or apoptotic cells. Their involevement in trans-cellular communication is now established. During vasculopathies, especially thrombotic events, their number increases in the systemic circulation and their cellular origin depends on pathology. MPs are physiopathological mediators and may change the endothelial phenotype. We investigated the effects of MPs interaction on prothrombotic activity, Weibel-Palade bodies secretion, cell adhesion molecules expression and blood cell recruitment. We show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are second messengers for monocyte derived MP (M-MPs) effects. M-MPs induced ROS induce transient platelet recruitement at the endothelial surface and TF-dependant activity via the p38/MAPK pathway. MPs derived from apoptotic smooth muscle cells induce endothelial dysfunction by reducing NO bioavailibility. This effect also involve ROS generation and is dependant on the adhesion of microparticles to the endothelial cells mediated by beta-3 integrin. Besides, we compared endothelial effects of MPs derived from monocytes, platelets and smooth muscle cells on cell adhesion molecule expression and ROS generation
Gibault, Laure. "Altérations génomiques récurrentes des sarcomes de l'adulte à génomique complexe : perte d'expression de PTEN et DKK1, mécanismes et implications biologiques." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T011.
Full textAdult soft tissue sarcomas with complex genomics (SCG) are rare tumors of mesenchymal lineage characterized by very complex naryotypes and genomic profiles, encompassing leiomyosarcomas, myxofibrosarcomas, pleiomorphic liposarcomas/rhabdomyosarcomas and undifferentiated pleiomorphic sarcomas. Array-Comparative Genomic Hybridation and transcriptome analysis evidenced frequent losses of chromosomes Iq, 2q, 13, IQq, du 16q, and 5p and 17p gains. Loss of 1 or 2 PTEN alleles was observed in 46% SGC, with rare mutations but loss of protein expression in 68% tumors. Frequent activation of AKT and subsequent mTOR pathway was observed. DKK1, inhibitor of the WNT canonical pathway, is not expressed in LMS and part of SCG. However, WNT canonical pathway was rarely activated, suggesting other potential roles for DKK1
Rigaud, Stéphanie. "Identification et caractérisation d'un nouveau syndrome lymphoprolifératif lié à l'X causé par des mutations dans le gènes BIRC4 codant la molécule anti-apoptopique XIAP." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T041.
Full textThe homeostasis of the immune response requires tight regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of activated lymphocytes. In humans, defects in immune homeostasis result in lymphoproliferation disorders. The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) is a rare, inherited immunodeficiency that is characterized by lymphohystiocytosis, hypogammaglobulinaemia and lymphomas, and that usually develops in response to infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Mutations in the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein SAP, a signalling adaptor molecule, underlie 80% of cases of familial XLP. During my PhD, we identify mutations in the gene that encodes the X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis XIAP (also termed BIRC4) in patients with XLP from three families without mutations in SAP. By identifying an XLP immunodeficiency caused by mutations in XIAP, we show that XIAP is a potent regulator of lymphocyte homeostasis in vivo
Fraisse, Ingrid. "Etude de la régulation du gène vrille, impliqué dans la croissance et la prolifération chez Drosophila melanogaster." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077182.
Full textThe Drosoplhila melanogaster vrille (vri) gene solated in the lab is homologuous of genes involved in growth, proliferation or apoptosis. It encoded a bZIP transcription factor repressing the Cycle and cryptochrome key genes of the circadian clock. The alteration of its human homolog, E4BP4/NF-IL3, is responsible of leukaemia The vri gene pattern is dynamic during the development but we don't know in which pathway vri implicated. To understand its role in the very important process during the development like growth or apoptosis, we choose the look for the VRI targets and regulators. By bioinformatics approaches we find that vri could be its own target. The PAR-bZIP factor, PDP1 should be a vri regulator. PDP1 is a transactivator of myogenic gènes et is involved in regulation of larval growth. It play a VRI antagonistic role in the circadian clock. Molecular and genetic tools, allow us to confirm these results in vivo. It seems that VRI and PDP1 may act together to regulate the tissue growth during the embryogenesis and larval development. Furthermore, any studies were made about PDP1 role in adult tissues formation. The genetic tools made during my thesis, let me suppose a role of PDP1 in the muscular and wing differentiation adult tissues
Prévotat, Laurent. "Apoptose et voie WNT/beta-caténine : induction et régulation par le monoxyde d’azote dans des cellules cancéreuses coliques humaines." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS030.
Full textDeregulation of signaling pathways involved in survival or cell death is the leading cause of cancer. Therefore, any cytotoxic agent able to modulate these pathways is potentially efficient in cancer treatment. We demonstrate that, glyceryltrinitrate (GTN), an endogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor, induces caspase-1 and -10-dependant human colon cancer cells apoptosis. Moreover, GTN sensitizes these cells to Fas ligand induced apoptosis. We also analyze GTN effects on the oncogenic signaling Wnt/ beta catenin pathway which is highly active in colorectal cancer. I demonstrate that GTN induces a strong decrease of this activity mediated by an enzyme sensitive to two serine protease inhibitors, TPCK and AEBSF. Therefore, we describe an original regulatory mechanism of the Wnt/betacatenin pathway additionally to proteasome, calpain or caspase degradation pathways
Li, Li. "Evaluation d’un effet anti-apoptotique du fibroblaste gingival et étude des mécanismes impliqués : contribution au développement d’une thérapie cellulaire de l’anévrisme de l’aorte abdominale." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T023.
Full textThe abdominal aortic aneurysm is a vascular disease characterized by a degradation of the extracellular matrix. It is accompanied by a decrease of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Previous work performed in the laboratory showed that the gingival fibroblast (GF) inhibits the degradation of elastic fibers in an ex vivo artery culture model. This effect is linked to the stimulation of the synthesis of TIMP-1 by SMCs of the aortic wall by gingival fibroblast (Gogly, 2007). In order to contribute to the development of a cell therapy with GFs, it is important to know whether GFs also have a protective effect on the arterial wall cells. We first showed that the presence of GFs in co-culture with fragments of aorta, lead to a decrease of the number of apoptotic cells in the aortic wall. The treatment of aorta segments with GFs conditioned medium gave similar results. To study the mechanisms of this anti-apoptotic effect, we used cells in monolayer (a line of human fibroblast Wi26 and HUVEC). The GFs inhibit the activity of caspases 3 and 9. The inhibition of the caspase 9 activity showed that GFs modulate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. This is confirmed by studies of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and the release of cytochrome c. The analysis of pro- (Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Hsp27) protein expression also showed an increase of the expression of Bcl-2 and an inhibition of Bax. Next, we showed that overexpression of Bcl-2 by the GFs conditioned medium go through the FAK/Pi3K signaling pathway and the induction of phosphorylation of MAP kinase Erk1 / 2. Finally, among the various factors secreted by the GFs, we analysed the effects of TIMP-1 and TGF-beta1 using blocking antibodies. The results showed an inhibition of the expression of Bcl-2 by anti-TIMP-1 and an inhibition of the expression of Bcl-2 accompanied by a decrease of the phosphorylation of Erk1 / 2 by the antibody anti-TGF-beta1. Therefore the TIMP-1 and the TGF-beta1 contribute, at least partially, to the anti-apoptotic effects of GFs. Thus, this research permits to have a better understanding of the mechanisms of these anti-apoptotic effects of GFs and contributes to the development of a new cell therapy strategy based on GFs
Ye, Yunbin. "The effect of a Grb2-SH3 inhibitor on Bcr-Abl expressed K562 cell." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05S008.
Full textIn CML, Grb2 binds to Bcr-Abl and activates the Ras signal pathway which induces the transformation of haemotopoietic stem cell. Peptidimer-c had been designed to block the interaction between the Grb2 and its ligands. In Bcr-Abl positive K562 cells, the peptidimer-c can enter the cells and interact with Grb2 SH3 domains. It inhibits K562 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The combined treatment of peptidimer-c with Gleevec and other anti-CML drugs had synergetic or additive effects on the inhibition of K562 colony formation. Peptidimer-c significantly increases K562 cell hypodiploid percentage. It results in K562 cell necrosis, induces the cell apoptosis by activating the caspase-3. It induces S phase arrest, concomitantly with down-regulation of cyclin A and phospho-cdk2. Gene chip assay demonstrated that peptidimer-c causes the change of gene expression of K562 cells which are those for apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell cycle, and some other functions
Essabbani, Abdellatif. "La clusterine : un nouveau régulateur de la voie NF-қB et de la mort cellulaire." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T025.
Full textClusterin: a new regulator of NF-kappaB pathway and cell death Clusterin is a multifunctional protein that plays numerous roles in mammalian cells. By mean of transcriptomic analysis, we previously demonstrated that lower expression of clu both in tissues and cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to osteoarthritic patients. We showed that CLU interacts with phospho-IkB-a and decreases the translocation of p50/p65 to the nucleus. To specify the interaction sites of CLU with its partners and to study the CLU isoforms roles, we generated several molecular constructs coding for various CLU regions of interest and test their role on NF-қB pathway and CLU subcellular localization. We have also developed a new approach of "exon skipping" in order to induce preferential expression of the nuclear spliced form of the gene. This strategy will allow a good understanding of nuclear forme poorly characterized
Geoffroy, Marine. "Rôle de la claudine 1 dans les cellules cancéreuses mammaires triple-négatives et son implication dans les effets anticancéreux de dérivés de la troglitazone." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0056/document.
Full textA major challenge in oncology is the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (ER-, PR-, HER2-) as no targeted therapy are available. These tumors present often a chemotherapy resistance and a higher relapse incidence. 78% of them do not express claudin 1 and display a poor prognosis. Claudin 1 is involved in cell-cell adhesion and may be a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. In this context, we study if claudin 1 re-expression could be a possible approach. In the laboratory, we developed derivatives thaziolidinediones (TZD) compounds, which increase claudin 1 expression and lead to apoptosis of breast cancer cells. The goals of my thesis is 1) to characterize the involvement of claudin 1 in their pro-apoptotic effect 2) to study their mechanism of action 3) to determine if claudin 1 could sensitize the TNBC cells to the chemotherapy agents. During my thesis, we showed that claudin 1 overexpression and the compound Δ2-TGZ induce apoptosis of TNBC « claudin 1-low » MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells. Claudin 1 is involved in the pro-apoptotic effect of Δ2-TGZ in MDA-MB-231 cells. Then, we demonstrated that Δ2-TGZ and AB186 lead to early action through a modification of cell morphology followed an expression of claudin 1 at the membrane and an inhibition of cell migration before the apoptosis process. In addition, claudin 1 overexpression decreases the cell migration through the loss of stress fibers and the formation of cell junctions. We showed that claudin 1 overexpression potentialize the pro-apoptotic effect of Δ2-TGZ in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, we observed that claudin 1 sensitize the MDA-MB-231 cells to 5-FU. In fine, our data allowed a better understanding of Δ2-TGZ and AB186 mechanism of action and identification of claudin 1 as a promising target in TNBC « claudin 1-low »
Shlyakhtina, Yelyzaveta. "Role of TRAIL-receptors in apoptosis and nonapoptotic signaling in cancer cells populations undergoing fractional killing." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ053/document.
Full textTumor necrosis factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) gives a promise for cancer selective therapy as it exclusively induces apoptosis in tumor cells while sparing normal tissues. TRAIL also activates pro-survival pathways in cancer cells resistant to TRAIL-induced cell death. In this study we used clonal populations of cancer cells that respond in fractional killing upon TRAIL treatment: only a fraction of a clonal cancer cell population dies while another survives, activates non-apoptotic cascades and proliferates. We found that TRAIL receptors play an important role in the bifurcation of TRAIL signaling in populations of cancer cells that respond in fractional killing upon TRAIL challenge. These results will provide insights for evaluating whether combined therapies targeting components promoting the activation of pro-survival signaling would allow the use of rhTRAIL/DR5 agonistic antibodies to activate TRAIL-mediated killing while avoiding TRAIL-induced tumor progression
Silina, Linda. "Targeting TYRO3 : A Novel Strategy to Radiosensitise Bladder Cancer Cells Review of Preclinical Studies to Improve Radiotherapy Response in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Lessons and Perspectives TYRO3 Targeting as a Radiosensitizing Strategy in Bladder Cancer TYRO3 as a Molecular Target for Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induction in Bladder Cancer." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL024.
Full textBladder cancer (BCa) is a major global health problem. It is the fourth most common cancer in men in industrialized countries. 25% of all diagnosed BCa are Muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) which have poor prognosis. Cystectomy is the standard treatment for MIBC, but for patients with comorbidities it presents significant drawbacks including increased risk of infection and impacted quality of life. Radiotherapy coupled with chemotherapy and tumor transurethral resection has emerged as a promising bladder sparing. Chemotherapy does not spare normal tissue and results in side effects. Therefore, it is of great interest to discover novel radiosensitisation strategies for bladder tumors.TYRO3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the TAM family (comprising TYRO3, AXL and MERTK) and is known to regulate diverse biological. TYRO3 is overexpressed in many types of cancer and promotes tumor cell proliferation, survival and resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, higher levels of TYRO3 expression have been associated with decreased overall survival in patients of diverse cancers. However, the role of TYRO3 in BCa has so far not been studied. In this thesis, I investigated:(1)The role of TYRO3 in BCa; (2) The radiosensitising effect of TYRO3 downregulation and inhibition in BCa cells; (3) The effect of TYRO3 downregulation and inhibition on normal human urothelial tissue.We first demonstrated that TYRO3 is overexpressed in 50% of MIBCs. TYRO3 overexpression conferred a TYRO3-dependance to bladder tumor cells for cell growth and viability. Transcriptomic analysis of TYRO3-downregulated cells suggested that TYRO3 signaling controlled cell cycle and protected from apoptosis, which indicated a potential to improve radiation response. TYRO3 downregulation lead to a significantly increased radiosensitivity of BCa cells and conversely, TYRO3-overexpression induced radioresistance. In combination with radiotherapy, TYRO3 dowregulation lead to a cell cycle arrest and a long term persistence of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Foci (IRIF). Finally, I demonstrated that TYRO3 downregulation and inhibition did not impact viability of normal human bladder cells suggesting that inhibiting TYRO3 could improve radiotherapy efficiency while sparing normal surrounding tissues
Jia, Jieshuang. "Study of molecules with nonsense mutation correction capacity." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S009/document.
Full textNonsense mutations represent approximately 10% of mutations found in the inherited geneticdiseases. mRNAs harboring a nonsense mutation are rapidly degraded by a quality-controlmechanism called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) to prevent the synthesis of toxic or nonfunctionaltruncated proteins. Some stratégies have been developed to correct nonsense mutations.In our lab, we study 2 of them which are (i) the NMD inhibition and (ii) the PTC-readthroughactivation which is a mechanism leading to the incorporation of an amino-acid at the PTC position. Todesign new therapeutic tools for the inherited genetic diseases, our lab tested molecules byscreening to find ones with the capacity of NMD inhibition. For each molecules selected in thescreen, we measure the efficiency of NMD inhibition and PTC-readthrough activation of thesemolecules in cell lines harboring a nonsense mutation. We have shown that amlexanox not onlyinhibits NMD but also activâtes PTC readthrough. But the efficacy of amlexanox is still low. Wewanted to find other families of molecules capable of rescuing the expression of nonsense mutationcontainingmRNA with a higher efficacy or with some specificity. In my study, I found two spécialfamilies, one is the family of apoptosis inducers and the other is the family of cytoskeleton inhibitors.I found that apoptosis inducers can inhibit NMD by activating caspase pathway and cleave NMDfactors (UPF1 and UPF2). I also found that cytoskeleton inhibitors can inhibit NMD and some of themcan activate PTC-readthrough by inducing NMD factors (UPF1 or/and UPF3X) to concentrate in Pbodiesor in other cytoplasmic foci. The efficiencies of these molecules on NMD inhibition are similaror higher than amlexanox. Apoptosis inducers and cytoskeleton inhibitors demonstrated thatmolecules which can inhibit NMD or/and activate PTC-readthrough can be found and candemonstrate a higher correction of nonsense mutation efficiency than the existing molecules(ataluren or amlexanox for example)
Schaeffer, Céline. "Effets protecteurs d'un neuropeptide, le CGRP, sur des cellules du système cardiovasculaire soumises à un stress oxydant." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOMU14.
Full textArico, Sébastien. "Etudes des relations entre l'autophagie et la mort induite par les anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens dans les cellules cancéreuses coliques humaines HT-29." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05S012.
Full textMacroautophagy is amajor lysosomal catabolic pathway conserved from yeast to human. This process involves the sequestration and delivery of cytoplasmic contents including organelles like mitichondria, into the lysosome for degradation. Moreover, this process promotes cell survival during cellular stress like starvation. However autophagy has been associated to non-apoptotic programmed cell death. The role of autophagy in cell survival or cell death is unclear. This study focuses, in a first part, on the relationship between autophagy and cancer in HT-29 human colon cancer cells through the regulatory action of tumor suppressor gene PTEN on this process. In a second part, the relationship between autophagy and cell death induced in response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were assessed on this model
Jarray, Rafika. "Etude biologique de cibles dans le processus angiogénique." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05P621.
Full textMolecular biomarker research in angiogenesis inhibition is an actively growing field. Although current data are extremely promising, it is still uncertain which biomarkers can reliably predict the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy. With increasing numbers of inhibitors being developed, the need for biomarkers is more critical than ever for clinical use in human disease management and knowledge. We sought, first to identify downstream of the axis VEGF / VEGFR new key proteins involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, and also to develop potential inhibitors of a protein tyrosine kinase, FAK(Focal Adhesion Kinase). 1. We identified by differential screening Phactr-1 gene (Phosphatase-1 and Actin Regulator) whose expression is modulated by VEGF-A165 in primary human endothelial cells (HUVEC). The extinction of Phactr-1 by siRNA results in impaired tubulogenesis in vitro, and activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Its depletion also disrupts the cycles of polymerization / depolymerization of actin by stimulation with VEGF-A165. This is accompanied by a defect in lamellipodium dynamics. In addition, the expression of Phactr-1 was modulated by the VEGFR-1/NRP-1. 2. We have developed chemical inhibitors of the kinase domain of FAK and performed their biological evaluation. The biochemical activity of the different libraries was assessed by a test on purified protein using the TR-FRET. These libraries were tested on HUVEC to assess their cytotoxic activity. The best compounds inhibit the phosphorylation of FAK in HUVEC and also tubulogenesis in vitro. The results allowed us to establish pharmacomodulations to develop more selective compounds
Nugues, Anne-Lucie. "Altération du ripoptosome dans la leucémie aiguë myéloïde." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018661.
Full textProla, Alexandre. "Rôle de la sirtuine 1 dans la modulation de la réponse des cardiomyocytes au stress RE et à l’apoptose." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114815/document.
Full textImpairment of physiological functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces the so-called ER stress. ER stress has been implicated in many cardiovascular diseases including ischemic heart, hypertrophy and heart failure. To overcome the deleterious effect of ER stress, an evolutionarily conserved adaptive response known as Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is activated in order to restore ER homeostasis and promote cell survival. Nevertheless, in the case of prolonged or severe ER stress, apoptotic cell death is ultimately activated to eliminate stressed cells, thus contributing to the development of the pathology. The modulation of ER stress response, in order to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis, thus appears as a promising therapeutic strategy for such pathologies. During my Ph.D thesis, I studied the modification that occur during ER stress response in the heart and the role of the sirtuine 1 (SIRT1) in the modulation of this response. SIRT1 is a deacetylase activated in response to many cardiac stresses to promote cell survival. First, we showed that ER stress induces important structural modifications of cardiomyocytes and in particular an increase in contact sites between ER and mitochondria associated with an alteration of the mitochondrial function. Secondly, using a cell line (H9c2), freshly isolated adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and SIRT1-KO mice, we demonstrated in vitro and in vivo (i) that SIRT1 is activated and plays a cardioprotective role in ER stress response, (ii) that SIRT1 attenuates the UPR by specifically regulating the PERK pathway, and (iii) that SIRT1 modulates PERK axis by deacetylating the translation initiation factor, eIF2on two lysine residues. Collectively, our results provide the first evidence that SIRT1 modulates ER stress-induced apoptosis in the heart and suggest that this deacetylase may represent a therapeutic target to prevent apoptosis in cardiac pathologies associated to ER stress
Gourdier, Isabelle. "Exploration de la résistance à l'oxaliplatine dans les cancers colorectaux : implication de la voie apoptotique mitochondriale." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON13520.
Full textTumor resistance to chemotherapy limits considerably the efficacy of colorectal cancer treatment. The aim of this thesis was to identify major cellular mechanisms leading to oxaliplatin resistance of colorectal cancers. For this purpose, we developed cellular models to study resistance, submitting several human colorectal cell lines to increasing concentrations of oxaliplatin. In this study, oxaliplatin resistance was found to be associated with a mitochondrial apoptosis defect, first in the HCT116 cellular model and then in a second cellular model: SW620. Indeed, oxaliplatin resistance was found to be associated with functional alterations in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (cross-resistance to apoptosis inducers acting directly on the mitochondria). In some cases, apoptosis alterations were found to be associated with a dysregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax at several levels: genetic (Bax mutation), transcriptional (over-expression of Bax transcripts) and/or proteomic ( dawn-expression or complete loss of expression of Bax protein). Identification of these alterations in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in relation to acquisition of oxaliplatin resistance opens new clinical horizons among which are:(i) the development of a method to predict oxaliplatin resistance, based on the identification of tumor markers of mitochondrial apoptosis defects, and (ii) the conception of a therapeutic strategy designed to increase oxaliplatin efficacy by addition of a substance able to modulate phenomena of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis resistance
Dubuisson, Agathe. "Génération et caractérisation de nouveaux anticorps anti-DR4 et anti-DR5." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCI005/document.
Full textDevelopment of therapeutic antibodies has attracted many interests in recent decades. More than 30 of them have been approved and are used to treat cancer patients. TRAIL agonist receptors (DR4 or DR5) are overexpressed by the tumour cells and are able to trigger their death. Therefore, they represent ideal targets. Despite encouraging results, most clinical trials based on monoclonal antibodies targeting DR4 or DR5 have been discontinued. However, current knowledge opens therapeutic perspectives of choice for the use of such antibodies in oncology. In order to develop new anti-DR4 and anti-DR5 antibodies recognizing selectively the native form of the proteins of interest, and endowed with antitumor properties, we have chosen to perform a genetic immunization approach based on hydrodynamic injections of complementary DNA. This approach allowed us to obtain significant humoral responses, and after fusions of the corresponding spleens, to generate 21 monoclonal antibodies capable of recognizing specifically and with very high affinity DR4 or DR5 receptors, in their native forms. Of these monoclonal antibodies, two are display pro-apoptotic properties, and four are capable of enhancing TRAIL pro-apoptotic potential. The antitumor properties of the most potent anti-DR4 antibody, mAb-C16, have also been validated using in-vivo xenografts models.Altogether this work demonstrates, for the first time, that the DNA immunization hydrodynamic injection method can be used to generate therapeutically effective monoclonal antibodies targeting TNF superfamily receptors. Beyond the TRAIL system, this immunization approach, scarcely exploited, could open new therapeutic perspectives by adapting it to new targets
Sabbah, Emmanuelle. "Propriétés apoptotiques de la protéine de régulation Vpr du VIH-1 : interaction entre Vpr et le translocateur de nucléotides à adénine, neurotoxicité de Vpr." Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05P615.
Full textThe apoptotic properties of the HIV-1 Vpr protein were studied by caracterising the interaction between Vpr and the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) and the Vpr neurotoxicity. A mapping of the Vpr epitopes recognized by several anti-Vpr antibodies was done. Biochemical and biophysical techniques have allowed us to determine that Vpr binds to an ANT domain encompassing its first intermembranous loop via the minimal regions (27-51) and (71-82). In the tridimensionnal model we proposed, the Vpr N-terminal region is located in the ANT barrel. Microscopy and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the Vpr apoptotic properties over primary cultures of rat neurons. The Vpr neurotoxic region is located in the (70-96) fragment. Caspase-3 activation and reactive oxygen species hyperproduction were observed. These results could be used during the search of anti-apoptotic agents
Vetillard, Alexandra. "Rôle de la kinase Akt dans la chimiorésistance : Régulation de l’équilibre Apoptose-Sénescence." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0078.
Full textActivated by chemotherapy, senescence is a tumor suppressive mechanism that prevents tumor progression. However, some cancer cells can emerge to induce clinical relapse. The mechanisms set up by cells to escape senescence are not yet clearly known. We have recently described that cells that escape senescence are more transformed than non treated parental cells ; they resist anoikis and depend on Mcl-1. In this study, we further characterize this emergence in response to irinotecan, a first line treatment used in colorectal cancer. Our results indicate that the Akt kinase was activated as a feedback pathway during the early step of senescence and also during emergence. Inhibition of the kinase with GSK690693 prevented cell emergence and improved treatment efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. This improvement was correlated with senescence inhibition, p21waf1 down regulation and a concomitant activation of apoptosis due to Noxa upregulation and Mcl-1 inactivation. Indeed, Noxa inactivation prevented apoptosis and increased the number of emergent cells. Moreover, using p21waf1-deficient cells, we further confirmed that an intact p53-p21-senescence pathway favored cell emergence and that its down regulation improved treatment efficacy through apoptosis induction. These results highlight that Akt inhibition improves irinotecan treatment and prevent cell emergence by switching the senescence response to apoptosis. Therefore, we propose that use of Akt inhibitors in sequential therapies should be considered in future to improve the treatment of irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancers
Baloche, Valentin. "Contributions négatives et positives de la galectine-9 au développement tumoral : étude dans des modèles tumoraux murins syngéniques In the MB49 Murine Model, Genetic Ablation of Galectin-9 Enhances Anti-Tumor Immune Response: Possible Role of a Greater CXCL9/Il-6 Production Tumor Exosomal Micrornas Thwarting Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas Interferon β and Anti-PD1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade Cooperate in NK Cell-Mediated Killing of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells Interferon Beta Increases NK Cell Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cells in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma via Tumor Necrosis Factor Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Opportunities and Challenges Galectin-9 Promotes a Suppressive Microenvironment in Human Cancer by Enhancing STING Degradation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS117.
Full textLike other galectins, galectin-9 (gal-9) is an animal lectin which interacts with a defined subgroup of glycans carried by glycoproteins or glycolipids. Gal-9 associated with cells performs multiple functions in the cytoplasm, in the nucleus and at the surface of the plasma membrane. Some publications suggest that intracellular gal-9 inhibits the mobility of malignant cells and exerts an anti-metastatic effect. In addition, gal-9 can be secreted into the extracellular medium where it behaves like a cytokine with mainly immunosuppressive effects. These effects have been demonstrated in the context of human tumors and in mouse tumor models. However, so far there was no murine tumor model available to assess the pro-tumor or anti-tumor effet of gal-9 independently of gal-9 produced by infiltrating cells. To address this issue, we derived isogenic clones invalidated or not for gal-9 from 2 murine tumoral lines : CT26 (BABL/c genetic background) and MB49 (C57BL/6 genetic background), using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In the case of the MB49 line, we were able to demonstrate a remarkable phenotype in vivo. During serial transplantations, we saw, for tumors derived from invalidated clones, a dramatic reduction in tumor growth after 3 or 4 passages in syngenic mice but not in immunodeficient mice. The emergence of the immune response responsible for this arrest of tumor growth was investigated by immunohistochemistry, multiplex cytokine assay in tumor extracts and transcriptome analysis by RNAseq. Increased intra-tumor production of interferon-γ, CXCL9 and Il-6 appears to play an important role in enhancing the immune response against KO-gal-9 tumors
Ragagnin, Audrey. "Mort neuronale et maladies à prions." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ094/document.
Full textThe conversion of the protective cellular prion protein PrPC into an infectious, neurotoxic conformer PrPSc is a feature of prion diseases. In the prion-diseased brain, the loss of PrPC, the production of pathogenic PrPSc and inflammation contribute to neuronal death by still unknown mechanisms.The present results validate cerebellar organotypic cultures as a valuable experimental system to study ex vivo these mechanisms and provide insight into the apoptotic and autophagic processes activated by the absence of PrPC in Prnp-deficient mice and by PrPSc prions and lead to the death of the cerebellar Purkinje cells. A second line of research in situ showed that the anatomo-functional compartmentation of the mouse cerebellum is an endogenous parameter of the pathogenesis of the 22L scrapie prions. Finally, another in situ approach revealed that prions increase the levels of TNFR1, a receptor for the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α at the membrane of the astrocytes enveloping Purkinje cell excitatory synapses in the cerebellar cortex of infected mice. This implies that the response of synaptic complexes to prions involves a glial component
Schulz, Cathrin. "Tumour-selective apoptosis : identification of NMHCIIa as novel death receptor interactor regulating the response to TRAIL." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069133.
Full textPaucard, Alexia. "Etude des mécanismes mis en jeu lors d'un stress oxydatif induit par l'injection intrastriatale de malonate chez le rat." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05P643.
Full textOxidative stress (OS) has been reported in various cerebral pathogenesis. In this context, our work aimed to elucidate the mechanisms triggered by OS and their contribution to neuronal death. Our model of OS consisted in an injection of malonate (3 æmol), a mitochondrial toxin, in the striatum of rats. In this model, we showed an early drop of total glutathione, the major endogenous antioxidant, associated with a massive lesion and a cerebral edema. A-phenyl tert-butyl nitrone, an antioxidant compound, exerts in this model an antiedematous effect. Malonate injection was followed by NO production by the neuronal NO-synthase. This NO modulates caspase-3 activation, one of the enzymes implicated in apoptotic cell death. Nevertheless, inhibition of caspase-3 did not exert a neuroprotective effect. Thus the OS induced by malonate leads to neuronal death mainly through necrotic mechanisms
El, ali Zeina. "Rôle du facteur de transcription Nrf2 dans le contrôle de l'allergie cutanée en réponse aux molécules allergisantes." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114847/document.
Full textAllergic reactions such as contact hypersensitivity (CHS) are a problem of public health occurring after repeated exposures to contact sensitizers. CHS is a common skin disease involving dendritic cells (DC) playing a key role in this pathology. Contact sensitizers, like dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or cinnamaldehyde (CinA) are known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The Nrf2/Keap1 pathway is central for detoxification. In the absence of a chemical stress, Keap1 associates with Nrf2 and leading to its degradation. In the presence of an electrophilic compound like contact sensitizers, Keap1’s conformation is modified leading to Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus and transcription of its target genes [heme-oxygénase 1 (ho-1), NADPH quinone oxydoreductase (nqo1), glutathione-s-transferase (gst)]. We showed, for the first time, that Nrf2 controls the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3/7 activity in DC activated by contact sensitizers. In the absence of Nrf2, DNCB and CinA induced DC apoptosis via caspase activation involved in intrinsic pathway of apoptosis also called ‘mitochondrial pathway’. This apoptosis was mainly mediated by the production of ROS in response to DNCB. However, ROS faintly control CinA-induced cell death. We also showed that Nrf2 controls the transcription of the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 in response to DNCB or CinA and also the transcription of immune related and antioxidant genes that could be implicated in DC apoptosis.Otherwise, we also showed that Nrf2 plays a key role in sensitization and elicitation phases of CHS and even in the irritation phase. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that Nrf2 plays a crucial role in DC during CHS.Finally, we showed that Nrf2 regulates skin Treg and participates to skin tolerance