Relevant bibliographies by topics / Appalachian fold and thrust belt

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Academic literature on the topic 'Appalachian fold and thrust belt'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Appalachian fold and thrust belt"

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Lammie, Daniel, Nadine McQuarrie, and Peter B. Sak. "Quantifying shortening across the central Appalachian fold-thrust belt, Virginia and West Virginia, USA: Reconciling grain-, outcrop-, and map-scale shortening." Geosphere 16, no. 5 (August 10, 2020): 1276–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02016.1.

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Abstract We present a kinematic model for the evolution of the central Appalachian fold-thrust belt (eastern United States) along a transect through the western flank of the Pennsylvania salient. New map and strain data are used to construct a balanced geologic cross section spanning 274 km from the western Great Valley of Virginia northwest across the Burning Spring anticline to the undeformed foreland of the Appalachian Plateau of West Virginia. Forty (40) oriented samples and measurements of >300 joint orientations were collected from the Appalachian Plateau and Valley and Ridge province for grain-scale bulk finite strain analysis and paleo-stress reconstruction, respectively. The central Appalachian fold-thrust belt is characterized by a passive-roof duplex, and as such, the total shortening accommodated by the sequence above the roof thrust must equal the shortening accommodated within duplexes. Earlier attempts at balancing geologic cross sections through the central Appalachians have relied upon unquantified layer-parallel shortening (LPS) to reconcile the discrepancy in restored line lengths of the imbricated carbonate sequence and mainly folded cover strata. Independent measurement of grain-scale bulk finite strain on 40 oriented samples obtained along the transect yield a transect-wide average of 10% LPS with province-wide mean values of 12% and 9% LPS for the Appalachian Plateau and Valley and Ridge, respectively. These values are used to evaluate a balanced cross section, which shows a total shortening of 56 km (18%). Measured magnitudes of LPS are highly variable, as high as 17% in the Valley and Ridge and 23% on the Appalachian Plateau. In the Valley and Ridge province, the structures that accommodate shortening vary through the stratigraphic package. In the lower Paleozoic carbonate sequences, shortening is accommodated by fault repetition (duplexing) of stratigraphic layers. In the interval between the duplex (which repeats Cambrian through Upper Ordovician strata) and Middle Devonian and younger (Permian) strata that shortened through folding and LPS, there is a zone that is both folded and faulted. Across the Appalachian Plateau, slip is transferred from the Valley and Ridge passive-roof duplex to the Appalachian Plateau along the Wills Mountain thrust. This shortening is accommodated through faulting of Upper Ordovician to Lower Devonian strata and LPS and folding within the overlying Middle Devonian through Permian rocks. The significant difference between LPS strain (10%–12%) and cross section shortening estimates (18% shortening) highlights that shortening from major subsurface faults within the central Appalachians of West Virginia is not easily linked to shortening in surface folds. Depending on length scale over which the variability in LPS can be applied, LPS can accommodate 50% to 90% of the observed shortening; other mechanisms, such as outcrop-scale shortening, are required to balance the proposed model.
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Thomas, William A. "Basement-cover relations in the Appalachian fold and thrust belt." Geological Journal 18, no. 3 (April 30, 2007): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350180306.

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WU, SCHUMAN, and RICHARD H. GROSHONG, JR. "Low-temperature deformation of sandstone, southern Appalachian fold-thrust belt." Geological Society of America Bulletin 103, no. 7 (July 1991): 861–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0861:ltdoss>2.3.co;2.

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Gao, Zihui, Nicholas D. Perez, Brent Miller, and Michael C. Pope. "Competing sediment sources during Paleozoic closure of the Marathon-Ouachita remnant ocean basin." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 1-2 (July 15, 2019): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35201.1.

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Abstract The Paleozoic construction of Pangea advanced southwestward from the Appalachian system to the Marathon fold-and-thrust belt in west Texas and progressively closed a remnant ocean basin between Laurentia and Gondwana. The resulting collisional orogen was a potential driver of Ancestral Rocky Mountain tectonism and impacted continental-scale sediment routing. New detrital zircon U-Pb geochronologic and heavy mineral provenance data from Ordovician–Pennsylvanian strata in the Marathon fold-and-thrust belt, and Permian strata in the Guadalupe Mountains of west Texas record changes in sediment provenance during the tectonic development of southwestern Laurentia and the Delaware Basin. In the Marathon fold-and-thrust belt, Ordovician rocks (Woods Hollow and Marathon Formations) record peri-Gondwanan sediment sources prior to continent collision. Syncollisional Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks (Tesnus, Haymond, Gaptank Formations) record contributions from distal Appalachian sources, recycled material from the active continental suture, and volcanic arc material from Gondwana. Near the Guadalupe Mountains, postcollisional Permian strata (Delaware Mountain Group) from the northern Delaware Basin margin suggest a dominantly southern catchment that was sourced from the deforming suture and Gondwanan arc. The results demonstrate that both plates and the active suture zone were sources for the siliciclastic wedge, but their proportions differed through time. These results also suggest that the delay between initial late Mississippian suturing in the Marathon region and increased mid-Permian siliciclastic deposition into the northern Delaware Basin may have been linked to a southward catchment expansion that integrated the collisional belt and southern volcanic arc into a broadly north-directed sediment dispersal system.
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MARSHAK, STEPHEN, and JOHN R. TABOR. "Structure of the Kingston orocline in the Appalachian fold-thrust belt, New York." Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, no. 5 (May 1989): 683–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0683:sotkoi>2.3.co;2.

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Remus, David, and Karen Tindale. "THE PLEASANT CREEK ARCH, ADAVALE BASIN, A MID DEVONIAN TO MID CARBONIFEROUS THRUST SYSTEM." APPEA Journal 28, no. 1 (1988): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87017.

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Interpretation of recently acquired multifold seismic data has led to a reappraisal of the structural evolution of the Adavale Basin with particular reference to the Pleasant Creek Arch.The Basin initially formed as a back arc basin to the west of the Anakie/Nebine volcanic arc. Three stages of tectonic evolution are recognised; rifting, extension and convergence. The Pleasant Creek Arch represents a foreland fold belt cratonward of the major convergent margin deformational zone.The model proposed for the development of the Pleasant Creek Arch is a buried to weakly emergent foreland thrust system modified by Late Carboniferous erosion. This was subsequently covered by sediments of the Galilee and Eromanga Basins. Late to Middle Devonian sediments are involved in thrusting that exhibits two styles of deformation. Along the southern 70 km of the thrust front Lower to Middle Devonian sediments are thrust under an upper decollement forming a passive roof duplex or backthrust zone. The Boree Salt acts as this upper decollement. The thrust tipline is controlled by the western depositional edge of the salt. North of this area the thrust appears to have been weakly emergent. Proprietary and open file seismic data from ATP's 301P, 304P and 305P and surrounding permits are used to illustrate the model. Comparisons can be made between this model and similar thrust systems in the Canadian Rocky and Mackenzie Mountains, the Appalachian Plateau, the Southern Norwegian Caledonides, the Kirthar and Sulaiman Mountain ranges of Pakistan and the Papua New Guinea fold belt.
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Lewis, Sharon E., and James C. Hower. "Implications of Thermal Events on Thrust Emplacement Sequence in the Appalachian Fold and Thrust Belt: Some New Vitrinite Reflectance Data." Journal of Geology 98, no. 6 (November 1990): 927–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629462.

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Wu, Schuman. "Microstructures, deformation mechanisms and strain patterns in a vertical profile, inner appalachian fold-thrust belt, Alabama." Journal of Structural Geology 15, no. 2 (February 1993): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(93)90091-n.

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Thomas, William A. "Stratigraphic framework of the geometry of the basal decollement of the Appalachian-Ouachita fold-thrust belt." Geologische Rundschau 77, no. 1 (February 1988): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01848683.

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Zagorevski, A., C. R. van Staal, and V. J. McNicoll. "Distinct Taconic, Salinic, and Acadian deformation along the Iapetus suture zone, Newfoundland Appalachians." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1567–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-037.

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Structural mapping in central Newfoundland has identified seven distinct phases of deformation (D1 to D7), the most significant of which are D1, D2, and D4. D1 involved the formation of a Middle and Late Ordovician south-southeast-directed thrust belt and concomitant development of mylonite and phyllonite. A Late Ordovician to Early Silurian D2 thrust and fold belt overprints D1 mylonitic deformation and is the most distinctive deformation event in the study area. Late Silurian to Devonian D4 is responsible for folds and north-northwest-directed dextral thrust and reverse faults that overprint D1 to D3 structures. D4 structures in central Newfoundland include the Exploits–Gander boundary. Subsequent deformation is generally of local significance only. The arc–back-arc complexes making up the various terranes in central Newfoundland are predominantly juxtaposed along D1 shear zones, which include the Red Indian Line. Our data indicate that terrane boundaries initiated during D1 may have protracted deformation histories spanning several deformation events. This has important implications for the interpretation of terrane boundaries in Newfoundland, as D1 terrane boundaries may be interpreted as D2 or D4 shear zones depending on the intensity of overprinting or reactivation. The deformation history proposed in this paper corresponds closely to that of established Appalachian orogenic cycles. D1 is correlated with the Ordovician Taconic orogeny and involved accretion of arc–back-arc complexes to the Laurentian margin. D2 and D4 are correlated with the Ordovician–Silurian Salinic and Silurian–Devonian Acadian orogenies, which involved the subsequent accretion of the Ganderia and Avalonia microcontinents to the Laurentian margin, respectively.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Appalachian fold and thrust belt"

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Yakovlev, Petr V. "Transitions in Structural Styles and Trends within the Northern Appalachian Hudson Valley Fold-Thrust Belt Near Catskill, New York." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1191.

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Thesis advisor: Yvette D. Kuiper
The Hudson Valley fold-thrust belt (HVB) is a narrow belt of deformed Upper Ordovician to Middle Devonian clastic and carbonate strata exposed in the western Hudson Valley of New York State. Geologic mapping at a scale of 1:10,000 was carried out near the town of Catskill. The southern portion of the map area includes a large doubly-plunging structure which features a fault-dominated southern portion plunging towards 017° and a northern fold-dominated, 206° trending, southerly plunging segment. A relay structure between two major faults or fault systems is interpreted as existing between the two domains. Farther north, the HVB narrows and folds plunge shallowly towards 212°, and then widens with folds plunging shallowly towards 017°. The changes can be explained by a localized increase in slip on the Austin Glen Detachment in the center of the map area, and subsequent loss of slip towards the north
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Geology and Geophysics
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Mansour, Mohannad. "Modèles thermo-géométriques et leurs applications dans la construction de coupes équilibrées-Exemples de Taïwan et des Appalaches." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3021/document.

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Des modèles géométriques ont été proposés pour reconstruire la géométrie de plis associés aux rampes (par exemple pli sur flexure de faille), en identifiant en particulier la profondeur de niveau de décollement et le déplacement total sur la rampe. Ces méthodes de reconstruction géométrique sont appliquées pour des plis partiellement érodés. Au cours de l'érosion, le cut-off de la rampe peut être érodé et, par conséquent, le déplacement sur la rampe est difficile à quantifier. Dans cette thèse, nous développons onze modèles thermo-géométriques. Les modèles combinent les données géométriques et les données d’enfouissement pour proposer une évolution cinématique d’un pli avec cut-off érodé. Nous supposons que la mise en place d'une unité tectonique produit une anomalie thermique dans le mur de la faille, et que cette anomalie thermique pourrait indiquer une épaisseur de bloc chevauchant. Les modèles fournissent une estimation de la profondeur de décollement et le déplacement total sur une rampe érodée, qui ne dépend pas de taux d’érosion. Dans le cas de chevauchements actifs, les modèles proposent un taux de déplacement et un âge de l'initiation de la faille en fonction de taux d'érosion. Ces données sont utilisées pour proposer un développement cinématique de coupes érodées. Nous appliquons les modèles sur les plis érodés et actif à Taiwan dans les zones de Choshui et Miaoli. On propose des coupes régionales équilibrées en utilisant la technique de modélisation directe. Dans la section Choshui, nous proposons un niveau de détachement de ~5 km à ~14 km, marquée par deux sauts successifs de rampes de ~5 km and ~4 km. En supposant un taux d'érosion à 4 mm/an, l'âge de l’initiation de chevauchement active est entre 3,3 Ma dans la partie intérieure de prisme (Chevauchement de Tili) à 0,9 Ma dans la partie extérieur (Chevauchement de Chelungpu). Le raccourcissement totale sur la coupe de Choshui est ~100 km et le taux de déplacement calculé est ~1 cm/an. Pour tester nos modèles thermo-géométriques dans une chaîne plissée inactive, on applique nos modèles sur les plis érodés associés aux failles de Pine Mountain et Jones Valley dans la chaîne plissée des Appalaches. L'application des modèles thermo-géométriques nous permet d’estimer une quantité de déplacement sur les deux failles et expliquer de manière satisfaisante l'anomalie thermique dans le mur des failles de Pine Mountain et Jones Valley. Afin d'améliorer la description de l’anomalie thermique qui se développe dans le soubassement des failles, on a étudié l'évolution des minéraux magnétiques des roches argileuses le long de quatre sections dans la chaîne plissée à Taiwan. On a remarqué que la greigite (Fe3S4) domine l'assemblage magnétique dans les roches enfouies à moins à moins de de 70°C. La magnétite (Fe3O4) se développe pour des températures d’enfouissement de ~50°C et domine l’assemblage magnétique jusqu'à ~350° C. A partir ~300°C, la pyrrhotite monoclinique (Fe7S8) se développe aux dépens de la magnétite, et à ~350°C, la magnétite n'est plus détecté. Ces résultats peuvent être utilisés en complément d'autres géothermomètres pour identifier les anomalies thermiques dans une gamme de de 50-70°C et de 300-350°C où les caractéristiques des minéraux magnétiques sont identifiées
Geometric models have been proposed to account satisfactorily for ramp-related folds (e.g. fault-bend fold), identifying in particular detachment depth and total shortening. These methods of geometric reconstruction are applied on partially eroded folds. During erosion, the fault cut-off may be removed and as a result, the displacement is difficult to quantify. In this thesis, we develop 11 thermo-geometric models combining geometric description of folds and burial data to propose kinematic evolution of folds with eroded cut-offs. We assume that the emplacement of a tectonic unit will result in a thermal anomaly in the footwall, and that this thermal anomaly might indicate a thickness of the overriding unit. The models provide an estimation of the detachment depth and the total shortening on an eroded ramp, independent of the erosion rate. In the case of active thrusts, the models provide an estimation of the slip rate and the age of the initiation of the thrust as a function of the erosion rate. These data are used to unravel the kinematic development of eroded cross-sections. We apply the models on eroded folds from Taiwan underlined by active thrusts in the Choshui and Miaoli sections. We propose regional balanced cross-sections using forward modeling technique. In the Choshui section, we propose a detachment profile with a depth between ~ 5 km and ~ 14 km, marked by two steps of ~ 5 km. Assuming erosion rate at 4 mm/a, the age of initiation of the active thrusts is ranging from 3.3 Ma inward (Tili thrust) to 0.9 Ma outward (Chelungpu thrust). The total shortening from the whole section is ~100 km and the calculated slip rate is about 1 cm/a. To test our models in a non-active fold-and-thrust belt, we study eroded folds associated to the Pine Mountain thrust and Jones Valley thrust from the Appalachian belt. The application of the thermo-geometric models provides a value of the total shortening and explains satisfactorily the thermal anomaly in the footwall of the Jones Valley thrust. In order to improve the description of the thermal anomaly, we have studied the evolution of magnetic minerals of argillaceous rocks in four sections from the Taiwan thrust belt. We found that the iron sulfide greigite (Fe3S4) is dominating the magnetic assemblage in the less buried rocks (<70°C). The magnetite (Fe3O4) develops at burial temperature of ~50°C and is dominating the magnetic assemblage up to ~350°C. By ~300°C, the monoclinic pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) develops at the expense of magnetite, and at ~350°C, the magnetite is no longer detected. These results can be used complementary to other geothermometers to identify thermal anomalies in the range 50-70°C and 300-350°C where characteristic magnetic minerals are identified
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Cook, Brian Stephen. "PALINSPASTIC RECONSTRUCTION AROUND A THRUST BELT RECESS: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE APPALACHIAN THRUST BELT IN NORTHWESTERN GEORGIA." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/5.

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In a well-defined subrecess in the Appalachian thrust belt in northwestern Georgia, two distinct regional strike directions intersect at approximately 50°. Fault intersections and interference folds enable tracing of both structural strikes. Around the subrecess, tectonically thickened weak stratigraphic layers—shales of the Cambrian Conasauga Formation—accommodated ductile deformation associated with the folding and faulting of the overlying Cambrian–Ordovician regional competent layer. The structures in the competent layer are analogous to those over ductile duplexes (mushwads) documented along strike to the southwest in Alabama. The intersection and fold interference exemplify a long-standing problem in volume balancing of palinspastic reconstructions of sinuous thrust belts. Cross sections generally are constructed perpendicular to structural strike, parallel to the assumed slip direction. An array of cross sections around a structural bend may be restored and balanced individually; however, restorations perpendicular to strike across intersecting thrust faults yield an imbalance in the along-strike lengths of frontal ramps. The restoration leads to a similar imbalance in the surface area of a stratigraphic horizon, reflecting volume imbalance in three dimensions. The tectonic thickening of the weak-layer shales is evident in palinspastically restored cross sections, which demonstrate as much as 100% increase in volume over the restored-state cross sections. The cause of the surplus shale volume is likely prethrusting deposition of thick shale in a basement graben that was later inverted. The volume balance of the ductile duplex is critical for palinspastic reconstruction of the recess, and for the kinematic history and mechanics of the ductile duplex.
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Surles, Donald Matthew. "INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STRUCTURES IN THE APPALACHIAN AND OUACHITA FORELAND BENEATH THE GULF COASTAL PLAIN." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/554.

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In Alabama, the Paleozoic Appalachian thrust belt plunges southwest beneath the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Gulf Coastal Plain. In Arkansas, the Paleozoic Ouachita thrust belt plunges southeast beneath the Coastal Plain. The strikes of the exposed thrust belts suggest an intersection beneath the Coastal Plain. Well data and seismic reflection profiles confirm the strike and intersection of the thrust belts, and provide information to determine the structure and general stratigraphy of each thrust belt. In east-central Mississippi, the Appalachian thrust belt curves from the regional northeast trace to westward at the intersection with the southeastern terminus of the Ouachita thrust belt, to northwest where Ouachita thrust sheets are in the Appalachian footwall, and farther west, to a west-southwest orientation. At the intersection, the frontal Appalachian fault truncates the Appalachian thrust sheets. The Appalachian thrust sheets are detached in Lower Cambrian strata and contain a distinctive Cambrian-Ordovician passive-margin carbonate succession. The Ouachita thrust sheets are detached above the carbonate succession and contain a thick Carboniferous clastic succession. The Appalachian thrust sheets east of the intersection rest on an autochthonous footwall with a thin Lower Cambrian sedimentary cover above Precambrian crystalline basement. To the west, the Appalachian thrust sheets rest on an allochthonous footwall of thick Ouachita thrust sheets. The top of Precambrian crystalline basement rocks dips southwestward beneath the Ouachita thrust belt; large-magnitude down-to-southwest basement faults enhance the deepening. Appalachian thrust sheets on the northeast are detached above relatively shallow basement, but to the west, are detached above thick Ouachita thrust sheets, which overlie deeper basement. The structure of the basement reflects the Iapetan rifted margin, where the northwest-striking Alabama-Oklahoma transform bounds the southwest side of the Alabama promontory. The trends of basement structures and subsidence toward the Ouachita thrust belt parallel the Alabama-Oklahoma transform. Shallower basement and synrift basement grabens underlie the northeast-striking Appalachian thrust belt. The curves in strike and along-strike change in footwall structure of the Appalachian thrust belt reflect controls by basement structure and by the structure of the Ouachita thrust belt.
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Constantino, Diego. "4D evolution deepwater fold-and-thrust belt, western Niger Delta." Thesis, University of London, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.589548.

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This thesis presents a detailed 40 evolutionary model of the deepwater fold-and-thrust belt of the western Niger Delta using a 3D seismic reflection dataset. The geometries and kinematics of the fault-related folds interpreted in the study area have been compared to two series of 20 sandbox analogue models of a doubly-vergent wedge to understand the evolution of these structures. The regional interpretation of the 3D seismic dataset revealed the occurrence of four thrust domains separated by dextral tear faults. Each domain is characterised by differing deformational styles. Distinct structural styles have been interpreted in e~ch thrust domain. Section restoration of regional cross sections revealed different amounts of shortening, from 0.7 km to 2.7 km, within each domain, an overall break-forward propagation sequence, and a complex thrust interaction with reactivations and synchronous activity commonly observed. The detailed 3D interpretation and structural analysis of individual fault-related folds demonstrated ~hat these structures evolved initially as detachment folds which were subsequently faulted by break thrusts in their limbs, resulting in faulted detachment folds. At the Present Day, the structures show geometric similarities to shear fault bend folds but clearly have evolved in a non self similar way. Detailed analyses have revealed that folds are partitioned vertically with brittle duplex systems at the detachment level, , overlain by a region of pure shear homogeneous strain which itself is overlain by a pre-kinematic sequence representing the flexural lid of the folds. Fold growth is recorded by growth strata and shows an initial rapid rate of crestal uplift followed by a decrease in uplift with continued shortening. This is interpreted to be a result of fold growth by limb rotation. The above-described structural aspects are included in the new evolutionary models of fault-related folds proposed in this thesis. The 20 scaled analogue modelling of doubly-vergent wedge using high- resolution digital photography and Die analyses have clearly shown that the laboratory models also evolve in a similar fashion and develop in some way similar geometries to those in the deepwater fold belts.
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Fuentes, Facundo. "Fold-thrust belt and foreland basin system evolution of northwestern Montana." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305371.

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This investigation focuses on the Jurassic-Eocene sedimentary record of northwestern Montana and the geometry and kinematics of the thrust belt, in order to develop a unifying geodynamic-stratigraphic model to explain the evolution of the Cordilleran retroarc of this region. Provenance and subsidence analyses suggest the onset of a foreland basin system by Middle Jurassic time. U-Pb ages of detrital zircons and detrital modes of sandstones indicate provenance from accreted terranes and deformed miogeoclinal rocks. Subsidence commenced at ∼170 Ma and followed a sigmoidal pattern characteristic of foreland basin systems. Jurassic deposits of the Ellis Group and Morrison Formation accumulated in a back-bulge depozone. A regional unconformity/paleosol zone separates the Morrison from Cretaceous deposits. This unconformity was possible result of forebulge migration, decreased dynamic subsidence, and eustatic sea level fall. The late Barremian(?)-early Albian Kootenai Formation is the first unit in the foreland that consistently thickens westward. The subsidence curve at this time begins to show a convex-upward pattern characteristic of foredeeps. The location of thrust belt structures during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous is uncertain, but provenance information indicates exhumation of the Intermontane and Omineca belts, and deformation of miogeocline strata, possibly on the western part of the Purcell anticlinorium. By Albian time, the thrust belt had propagated to the east and incorporated Proterozoic rocks of the Belt Supergroup as indicated by provenance data in the Blackleaf Formation, and by cross-cutting relationships in thrust sheets involving Belt rocks. From Late Cretaceous to early Eocene time the retroarc developed a series of thrust systems including the Moyie, Snowshoe, Libby, Pinkham, Lewis-Eldorado-Steinbach-Hoadley, the Sawtooth Range and the foothills structures. The final stage in the evolution of the compressive retroarc system is recorded by the Paleocene-early Eocene Fort Union and Wasatch Formations, which are preserved in the distal foreland. A new ∼145 Km balanced cross-section indicates ∼130 km of shortening. Cross-cutting relationships, thermochronology and geochronology suggest that most shortening along the frontal part of the thrust belt occurred between the mid-Campanian to Ypresian (∼75-52 Ma), indicating a shortening rate of ∼5.6 mm/y. Extensional orogenic collapse began during the middle Eocene.
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Biete, Castells Cristina. "Structure and Kinematics of the SW Taiwan Fold and Thrust belt." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668451.

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Studies of mountain belts worldwide show that along-strike changes are common in their foreland fold-and-thrust belts. These are typically caused by processes related to fault reactivation and/or fault focusing along changes in sedimentary sequences. The study of active orogens, such as Taiwan, can provide insights into how these processes influence transient features such as seismicity, contemporaneous stress and strain fields and topography. In Taiwan, the fold-and-thrust belt comprises a roughly N-S striking, west verging imbricate thrust system that has been developing since the Late Miocene. This fold-and-thrust belt is deforming the sediments from the outer shelf to the base of the slope of the Eurasian continental margin, incorporating structural (e.g., necking zone, extensional fault system, failed rift) and morphological (e.g., the shelf, shelf/slope break, the slope) features of the margin. In this thesis, we adopt a multidisciplinary approach in order to test the hypothesis of whether or not the inherited structural and morphological architecture of the Eurasian continental margin may be influencing the development of the south central Taiwan fold-and-thrust belt. We first trace regional-scale features from the outer shelf to the slope base of the Eurasian continental margin in the Taiwan Strait into the south central Taiwan fold-and-thrust belt. We then present a regional-scale new surface geological mapping that we combine with P-wave velocity maps and sections, seismicity, and topography data to test the hypothesis in a regional-scale to investigate causal links between these features of the fold-and-thrust belt and those from the margin. We further test the hypothesis in regional-scale to see whether or not structural and morphological features inherited from the margin are affecting the contemporaneous stress and strain fields in south central Taiwan. The principal stress directions (Sgyma 1, Sygma 2, and Sygma 3) are estimated from the inversion of clustered earthquake focal mechanisms and the direction of maximum compressive horizontal stress (SH) is calculated throughout the study area. From these data the most likely fault plane orientations and their kinematics are inferred. The directions of displacement, compressional strain rate, and maximum shear strain rate derived from GPS data are also calculated and plotted. These are discussed together with the stress inversion results. Finally, the structure of the area in southwest Taiwan fold-and-thrust belt corresponding to the necking zone is investigated in more detail. We define its structure, presenting new surface geological mapping from which we construct balanced and restored cross-sections and along-strike sections. From these we compile maps of the basal thrust, thrust branch lines and, where possible, stratigraphic cut-offs. These data show that the most important along-strike change takes place at the eastward prolongation of the upper part of the margin necking zone, where there is an interpreted link between fault reactivation, involvement of basement in the thrusting, concentration of seismicity, and the formation of high topography. The contemporaneous stress and strain fields also show a marked change across the upper part of the margin necking zone. The direction of SH changes from north to south across the study area (≈ 8.2 cm/yr toward 306°), with the direction of SH remaining roughly sub-parallel to the relative plate motion vector in the north, whereas in the south it rotates nearly 45° counter-clockwise. The direction of horizontal maximum compression strain rate (Sgyma H) and associated maximum shear planes, together with the displacement field display an overall similar pattern between them, although undergoing a less marked rotation. In the southwest Taiwan fold-and-thrust belt, in the area corresponding to the margin necking zone, the detailed 3D structural analysis shows a less marked but still important along-strike change in the structure than that described for the upper part of the necking zone. This change takes place across a transverse zone that is composed of a suite of structures at the surface that we call the Hsinhua transverse zone. We suggest that this transverse zone coincides with variations in the geometry of the basal thrust which, in turn, has a causal relationship to (possibly fault bounded) basement highs and lows that are inherited from the continental margin. We interpret all these along-strike changes in the fold-and-thrust belt to be related to the reactivation of east-northeast striking faults inherited from the rifted Eurasian margin. In the upper part of the margin necking zone, the strike-slip reactivation of east-northeast striking extensional faults is causing sigmoidal offset of structures and topographic ridges, and the rotation of the SH and SgymaH directions, together with that of the horizontal displacement field. In the necking zone, the reactivation of east-northeast striking faults is also influencing the development of the fold-and-thrust belt, although with a less marked effect.
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Obaid, Ahmed Kadhim. "Tectonic and fluvial geomorphology of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12894/.

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The Zagros-fold-and thrust belt has been selected to explore landscape responses to tectonic and climatic drivers using river profile steepness (ksn), relief from topography, and basin scale Hypsometric Index (HI) extracted from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 30 m dataset. There are differences in the ksn and the HI value from one area to another across the Zagros range. The northeastward presence of high HI values with respect to the seismicity cut-off in the combined Dezful/Bakhtyari region is attributed to wetter conditions, in turn driven by high strain and high topographic gradients in the Bakhtyari region. Drier climate and low power rivers in the Fars region promote plateau growth, and high HI values occur south of the thrust seismicity cut-off. In spite of the regional differences in ksn and HI, there is a similarity in the integrated relief along swath profiles, consistent with the similar rate of strain and total strain across different parts of the Zagros. Digital Elevation Model (DEM)-based geomorphic indices; Hypsometric Index (HI), Surface Roughness (SR) and their combination Surface Index (SI) have been applied to quantify landscape maturity in the Kirkuk Embayment of the Zagros. Landscape maturity suggests out of sequence deformation towards the hinterland in opposite sense to classical ‘piggyback’ thrusting model. The SI shows new previously undiscovered anticlines of hydrocarbon potential. New balanced cross-section indicates shortening in the order of ~5% in the Zagros foreland. Basin-scale values of HI exhibit sharp boundary of the low/high HI transition in the south of the Himalaya consistent with the zone of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), and indicate the controls of the MHT on Himalayan topography. Smaller magnitude increases in HI value across the physiographic transition (PT2) do not support the out-of-sequence model of active deformation of Himalayan tectonics. Point-counting technique was conducted for modern river sand from the Zagros suture and the Neogene sandstones of the Zagros foreland. Results show recycled orogen provenance and litharenite composition and spatial increase in quartz content towards the northwest, which might refer to provenance change and/or drainage reorganization. The more lithic composition of river sand and the Neogene sandstone refers to an uplift of the Zagros suture area, which is partly caused by the out-of sequence deformation of the Mountain Front Fault.
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Podmore, Kevin. "Fluid flow in the Sub Andean fold and thrust belt, Bolivia." Thesis, Keele University, 2013. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3867/.

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Understanding fluid flow in fold and thrust belts has the potential to offer enormous insight into hydrocarbon accumulations in regions dominated by such structurally complex settings. Thrusting episodes can be key in creating a complete petroleum system, aiding maturation through burial, developing trapping scenarios, creating pathways for flow though juxtaposition and acting as conduits for flow connecting source to reservoir. The ability to model thrust and fold belts is limited due to the complex nature of threedimensional modelling of thrusts. However recent advancements is structural modelling software have allowed the representation of a stratigraphical surface in two depth locations at a single surface location enabling better realisations of overlain strata in thrust zones. This work simulates the migration of hydrocarbons through fold and thrust zones using new Earth Models of the southern Sub Andean in Bolivia, created from seismic interpretation and well data analysis, and develops a new modelling workflow using multiple geological modelling applications. The migration pathways have been simulated in three dimensions using invasion percolation hydrocarbon migration modelling techniques developed by the Basin Dynamics Research Group at Keele University. These techniques allow the investigation of the relationship of stratal flow properties across thrust blocks. The methodology employed allowed the geological uncertainty of the prospect to be evaluated for hydrocarbon trapping potential, through repeatable simulations where the location point of hydrocarbon source could be controlled. The results of the modelling work provides an insight into the evolution, maturation and potential accumulation of fluids in the Bolivian case study, and has produced a predictive approach to analysing fluid flow and accumulation applicable to other hydrocarbon systems as well as application in other fields considering fluid migration pathways and accumulation.
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Hessami, Khaled. "Tectonic History and Present-Day Deformation in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5285-5/.

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Books on the topic "Appalachian fold and thrust belt"

1

Engelder, Terry, Bill Dunne, Peter Geiser, Steve Marshak, R. P. Nickelsen, and David Wiltschko, eds. Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt: New York City, to Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27–July 8, 1989. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft166.

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Osborne, W. Edward. The Knox Group in the Appalachian fold-thrust belt and Black Warrior basin of Alabama: Stratigraphy and petroleum exploration. Tuscaloosa, Ala: Geological Survey of Alabama, Stratigraphy and Paleontology Division, 1992.

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Raymond, Dorothy E. New subsurface information on Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Alabama fold and thrust belt and the Black Warrior basin. Tuscaloosa, Ala: Geological Survey of Alabama, Stratigraphy and Paleontology Division, 1991.

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Marshak, Stephen. Structural geology of Silurian and Devonian strata in the mid-Hudson Valley, New York: Fold-thrust belt tectonics in miniature. Albany, N.Y: University of the State of New York, State Education Dept., 1990.

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Saalmann, Kerstin. Geometrie und Kinematik des tertiären Deckenbaus im West-Spitzbergen Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel, Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard =: Geometry and kinematics of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust belt, Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2000.

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Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt (Field Trip Guidebook). American Geophysical Union, 1989.

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undifferentiated, Schultz. Structural Transect of the Central Appalachian Fold and Thrust Belt (Field Trip Guide Series/T227). Amer Geophysical Union, 1987.

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Jones, Peter B. Quantitative Geometry of Thrust and Fold Belt Structures. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/mth6466.

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Tectonic and Structural Framework of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-02807-0.

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McDougall, James William. Geology and geophysics of the foreland fold-thrust belt of northwestern Pakistan. 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Appalachian fold and thrust belt"

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Thomas, William A. "The Appalachian fold-thrust belt in Alabama." In Contrasts in Style of American Thrust Belts: Alabama, Arkansas-Oklahoma, Wyoming-Idaho, Montana, July 20–31, 1989, 5–35. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft380p0005.

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Bêche, M., D. Kirkwood, A. Jardin, E. Desaulniers, D. Saucier, and F. Roure. "2D Depth Seismic Imaging in the Gaspé Belt, a Structurally Complex Fold and Thrust Belt in the Northern Appalachians, Québec, Canada." In Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins, 75–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69426-7_4.

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Nickelsen, Richard, and Terry Engelder. "Day 4: Fold-thrust geometries of the Juniata Culmination, central Appalachians of Pennsylvania." In Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt: New York City, to Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27–July 8, 1989, 35–43. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft166p0035.

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Marshak, Stephen. "Day 1: Fold-thrust geometries and cleavage development in the Hudson Valley of eastern New York." In Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt: New York City, to Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27–July 8, 1989, 7–16. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft166p0007.

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Geiser, Peter. "Day 7: Deformation fabrics of the southern Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province of Virginia." In Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt: New York City, to Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27–July 8, 1989, 62–64. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft166p0062.

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Wiltschko, David V. "Day 9: The tectonics of the Pine Mountain Block, southern Appalachians of Virginia and Tennessee." In Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt: New York City, to Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27–July 8, 1989, 74–76. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft166p0074.

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Anonymous. "Foreward." In Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt: New York City, to Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27–July 8, 1989, 1–2. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft166p0001.

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Marshak, Stephen. "Introduction to Applachian geology: A geologicl sketch of southeastern New York State." In Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt: New York City, to Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27–July 8, 1989, 3–6. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft166p0003.

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Engelder, Terry. "Day 2: The use of joint patterns for understanding the Alleghanian Orogeny in the Upper Devonian Appalachian Basin, Finger Lakes District, New York." In Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt: New York City, to Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27–July 8, 1989, 17–25. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft166p0017.

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Nickelsen, Richard. "Day 3: Sequence of structural stages of the Alleghanian Orogeny in the Devonian through Upper Carboniferous section of the Anthracite Region, Appalachian foreland, Pennsylvania." In Structures of the Appalachian Foreland Fold-Thrust Belt: New York City, to Knoxville, Tennessee, June 27–July 8, 1989, 26–34. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft166p0026.

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Conference papers on the topic "Appalachian fold and thrust belt"

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Lammie, Daniel Benjamin, Peter B. Sak, and Nadine McQuarrie. "QUANTIFYING SHORTENING ACROSS THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN FOLD-AND-THRUST BELT OF WEST VIRGINIA." In 51st Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016ne-272808.

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Evans, Mark A. "THE STRUCTURAL GEOMETRY AND RETRODEFORMATION OF THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN FOLD-AND-THRUST BELT IN THE PENNSYLVANIA SALIENT." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306856.

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Fisher, James A., Daniel Benjamin Lammie, Joshua Wagner, Peter B. Sak, and Nadine McQuarrie. "QUANTIFICATION OF SHORTENING FOR BALANCED CROSS SECTIONS ACROSS THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN FOLD-THRUST BELT OF PENNSYLVANIA AND WEST VIRGINIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-300700.

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McKay, Matthew P., William T. Jackson, and W. Edward Osborne. "RAMPS AND SLIDES: THE CONTROL OF UPPER-CRUSTAL ARCHITECTURE ON LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FOLD AND THRUST BELT." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-280337.

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LaPorta, Philip, Margaret Brewer-LaPorta, and Margaret Brewer-LaPorta. "STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF PREHISTORIC QUARRIES WITHIN THE GREAT VALLEY PROVINCE OF THE APPALACHIAN FOLD-THRUST BELT, NEW YORK RECESS." In Northeastern Section-56th Annual Meeting-2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021ne-361945.

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McKay, Matthew P., and William T. Jackson. "THE ROLE OF JOINT-SET ORIENTATIONS, UPPER-CRUSTAL ARCHITECTURE, AND PALEOSEISMICITY IN MEGA-LANDSLIDE EVENTS IN THE NORTHEASTERN ALABAMA, SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FOLD AND THRUST BELT." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339604.

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Evans, Mark A. "THE EFFECT OF SYNTECTONIC LOADING ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE OF A FOLD-AND-THRUST BELT: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-356520.

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van der Pluijm, Ben, Austin Boles, and Erin Lynch. "METEORIC SOURCE OF GEOFLUIDS IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS FOLD-THRUST BELT AND FORELAND CHALLENGES OROGENIC FLUID EXPULSION HYPOTHESIS; EVIDENCE FROM REGIONAL CLAY DIAGENESIS." In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-345453.

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Feeley, M. H., M. J. Parry, T. P. Becker, H. R. Feldman, and D. L. Boothe. "Improving Fold and Thrust Belt Imaging, Wyoming Thrust Belt, Wyoming—A Case Study." In IPTC 2009: International Petroleum Technology Conference. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.151.iptc13742.

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Feeley, Missy, Mervyn Parry, Thomas Becker, Howard Feldman, and David Boothe. "Improving Fold and Thrust Belt Imaging, Wyoming Thrust Belt, Wyoming - A Case Study." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-13742-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Appalachian fold and thrust belt"

1

Mcclay, K. R., and M. W. Insley. Structure and Stratigraphy of the Gataga Fold and Thrust Belt, northeastern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/120370.

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Piepjohn, K., W. von Gosen, F. Tessensohn, and K. Saalmann. Ellesmerian fold-and-thrust belt (northeast Ellesmere Island, Nunavut) and its Eurekan overprint. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/226148.

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Piepjohn, K., W. von Gosen, F. Tessensohn, and K. Saalmann. Ellesmerian fold-and-thrust belt (northeast Ellesmere Island, Nunavut) and its Eurekan overprint. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/289650.

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Tirrul, R. Geology, Northwest Part of Asiak Thrust-Fold Belt, Wopmay Orogen, District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/183828.

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Tirrul, R. Geology and Structural Restoration of the East-Central Part of Asiak Thrust-Fold Belt, Wopmay Orogen, District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/183827.

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St-Onge, M. R., S. B. Lucas, D. J. Scott, and N. J. Begin. Eastern Cape Smith Belt : An Early Proterozoic Thrust-Fold Belt and Basal Shear Zone Exposed in Oblique Section, Wakeham Bay and Cratere Du Nouveau Quebec map Areas, northern Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/120344.

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Delaney, P. R., A. M. Loveland, J. G. Clough, and M. A. Wartes. Strain analysis of elliptical grains from a fold and thrust belt, Kavik River area, northeastern Alaska (poster): AAPG Abstracts with Programs, San Antonio, Texas. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/21831.

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Aspler, L. B., T. L. Bursey, and A. R. Miller. Sedimentology, Structure, and Economic Geology of the Poorfish-Windy Thrust-Fold Belt, Ennadai Lake area, District of Keewatin, and the Shelf To Foredeep Transition in the Foreland of Trans-Hudson Orogen. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/126844.

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Geologic map and fold- and thrust-belt interpretation of the southeastern part of the Charley River Quadrangle, east-central Alaska. US Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i1942.

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