Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Appareil respiratoire – Modèles mathématiques'
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Sarni, Lynda. "Interconnexion des modèles cardiovasculaires et respiratoires en vue d'une utilisation en E. A. O." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30284.
Full textEgloffe, Anne-Claire. "Etudes de quelques problèmes inverses pour le système de Stokes : Application aux poumons." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066641.
Full textIn this work, we are interested in the resolution of some inverse problems arising from a multi-scale modeling of the airflow in the lungs. As a first step, we focus on a simplified model of the airflow in the lungs: we consider the incompressible Stokes equations with Robin boundary conditions on a part of the boundary. We want to identify the Robin coefficient defined on this non accessible part of the boundary from measurements of the velocity and the pressure available on another part of the boundary. We first prove quantification results for the unique continuation property for the Stokes system, then we establish two logarithmic stability inequalities, one valid in dimension 2 and the other one valid in any dimension. Both are based on Carleman estimates, global in the first case and local in the second one. Our stability estimates are first established for the stationary problem and the semigroup theory allows to deduce from the stationary case stability estimates for the non-stationary problem. Moreover, under the a priori assumption that the Robin coefficient is piecewise constant, we provide a Lipschitz stability estimate for the stationary problem. We conclude by coming back to the initial model which involves non-standard boundary conditions with the flux. In particular, we obtain encouraging first numerical results concerning the identification of some parameters of the model
Devys, Anne. "Modélisation, analyse mathématique et simulation numérique de problèmes issus de la biologie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10087/document.
Full textWe investigate four models coming from biological contexts. The first one concerns a model describing the growth of a population of tumors. This model leads to a McKendrick–Von Foerster equation : a conservation law with a non–local boundary condition. We prove the existence and unicity of a solution, then we study, using the general relative entropy, its asymptotic behavior. We provide numerical simulations using WENO scheme. The second part concerns the modelisation of the respiration. First we study the air flux in the bronchial tree using a mulstiscale model. The system present non–usual dissipative boundary conditions. The numerical scheme we use is based on a decomposition idea that reduce the system to the resolution of Stokes problems with standard Dirichlet–Neumann conditions. Then, we propose a model concerning the gas exchanges bringing to light the heterogeneity of the absorption of oxygen along the bronchial tree. The third part concerns the MAPK cascade in Xenopus oocytes. The modelisation leads to an equation of KPP type. A mathematical study shows the existence of travelling waves. Then we provide a detailed numerical study of the system. Finally, the last part, concerns the system of Patlak–Keller–Segel 1D after blow–up. The mathematical study provide a description of the system after blow–up, based on the notion of default meausure. Then we propose a numerical scheme, adopting the optimal transport viewpoint and allowing to simulate the system after blow–up
Zerrari, Abdelghani. "Étude expérimentale du dépôt de particules sphériques et fibreuses dans un modèle des voies respiratoires." Compiègne, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986COMPS140.
Full textThis work fits into a research program on the deposit of fibrous particles in a pulmonary pattern with several branching. The first step consisted in elaborating a manufacturing method of a bronchial pattern according to WEIBEL's one. For the aeraulic study, we undertook to carefully study the characteristics of the outflow in inspiratory and expiratory phases for the instantaneous flows usually used in pulmonary ventilation. A DISA anemometric line allowed us to draw not only the speed profiles but also cards of turbulence rates. In the following step, we elaborated a method of measurement of compact particles deposit. The measures of deposit permitted to check and improve the laws of deposit by sedimentation and impact proposed in the literature. From a local deposit point of view, we have shown that these mechanisms of particles stops usually used in aerosol physics are not sufficient. This problem was settled starting from the quantitative description of the outflow and communing these mechanisms with a contribution due to the local turbulence of the outflow. In case of fibres, the measures of weight and fractional outputs show that the deposit is favoured for the weak flows, contrarily to speric particles. Moreover, the deposit probability is a complex function of the geometrical characteristics of the fibre
Bousqué, Isabelle. "Étude de la respiration racinaire : conséquences de l'asphyxie racinaire sur la culture du blé." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT017A.
Full textMarin, Grégory. "Modélisation de données cliniques de grande dimension : application aux pathologies respiratoires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20011/document.
Full textThis thesis outlines new statistic methods devoted to clinical and medical applications, dealing more precisely with respiratory diseases. Our goal was to model and analyze high-dimensional clinical data, often heterogeneous, and collinear. A clinical state of the art of asthma diagnosis and bronchial hyperreactivity was first stated, before proposing a first statistical application, which took the shape of multiple regression models. This type of models is particularly tricky when treating high-dimensional collinear data, which is why the other chapters are an enhancement of this first model. Firstly, a non-supervised hierarchical classification was carried out and applied to air trapping quantification. A Partial Least Square regression model was also executed, allowing prediction of one or more variables from a set of X variables, which allowed us to highlight the impact of age on small airway impairment. Finally, a fractal analysis was performed, in order to quantify the geometrical and spatial complexity of a CT scan image into a single value. This kind a prospective methodology, where the statistics are directly involved in the clinical work, represents a brand new tool which can help medical diagnosis
Chauveau, Romain. "Modélisation multiparamètre du phénomène d'adsorption : détermination du temps de percée des cartouches de masques à gaz." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0233/document.
Full textActivated carbon is the sorbent used in respirator cartridges to purify breathing air by adsorbing organic vapors. Owing to an important microporous structure, the activated charcoal features a high specific area efficient to capture toxic compounds by adsorption. Predicting service life time of respirator cartridges to protect users working in a polluted atmosphere is a mission of the Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. The Wheeler-Jonas approach, provided with a suitable equilibrium model, is a worldwide used equation to get service life times of respirator cartridges exposed to a constant flow of dry air polluted by a single volatile organic compound (VOC). While this model has been improved in recent years, it does not adequately describe the behavior of the cartridges in the presence of moisture or copolluant. The present study aims to build a numerical model to describe dynamic adsorption of single volatile organic compounds and mixtures with or without relative humidity in the air. Single water vapor adsorption has been modeled on a coaled fixed-bed, it provides a useful description of water adsorption on activated carbon and the impact of water on the service life time of a respirator cartridge. Numerous experiments have been realized to get equilibrium data of single VOCs and mass transfer constants to describe diffusion of adsorbates through micropores. Indeed, these data have been implemented in the model to describe adsorption of mixtures. Additional experiments have been realized to study coadsorption of organic vapors and dynamic adsorption of a single VOC in presence of humidity. The results are compared with simulations to appreciate the pertinence of the model. The present work provides solutions tailored to the complexity of the subject
Vielle, Bruno. "Etude d'un modèle dynamique de la fonction respiratoire chez l'homme : applications à la stabilité de la respiration et aux inégalités ventilatoires." Angers, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1991ANGE0002.
Full textMontandon, Gaspard. "Conséquences à long terme de la caféine administrée en période néonatale sur le développement du contrôle respiratoire du rat : étude des plasticités du contrôle respiratoire, de la fonction cardiovasculaire et de la régulation du sommeil." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25709/25709.pdf.
Full textCannavo, Patrice. "Variations saisonnières des activités respiratoire aérobie et dénitrifiante dans la zone non saturée du sol : expérimentation sur une parcelle agricole du Comtat Venaissin et modélisation." Avignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AVIG0030.
Full textNitrate (NO3-) groundwater contamination, in addition to greenhouse gases emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are crucial environmental and agronomic problems. The goal of this work was to characterize during a 7-months period C and N dynamics coupled to microbial activities in the vadose zone, emphasizing notably the interest in taking into account the existing biological processes in the deep vadose zone. Thus, a soil profile situated in an arable field in the Comtat Venaissin (Velleron, 84) was studied. The vadose zone (almost 2. 5 m thick) was equipped for water, heat, solute and gas fluxes measurements, during an inter-cropping period, from corn harvesting and tillage with incorporation of maize residues (end of October 2001), to the next sowing (beginning of May 2002). Microbial analysis were performed in order to follow (1) the aerobic respiratory and denitrifying potential activities, and (2) heterotrophic and denitrifying micro-organisms. Results showed the strong environmental factors influence (rainfall, soil temperature, NO3- content, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) quality) on microbial activities. In the deep vadose zone, the NO3- content was a limiting factor for the denitrifying activity, and the DOC quality was in part responsible of the aerobic respiratory activity seasonal variations. The biogeochemical processes, which occurred during the field experiment, were satisfactorily simulated by the PASTIS model. The addition of a new module for gas transport using the dusty gas theory allowed us to estimate correctly CO2 and N2O concentrations in the soil. The comparison model-experiment suggests to study the following elements: (1) to take into account the soil structure and to work at the aggregate scale, (2) to study the soil freezing effect on zymogenous biomass behaviour, and (3) to take into account the enzymatic activity, notably the N2O reductase enzymatic activity. These elements are really important in order to perform C and N amounts reaching the groundwater
Genest, Sophie-Emmanuelle. "Conséquence de la séparation maternelle néonatale sur le développement du système de contrôle respiratoire : étude des chémoréflexes et de la neurotransmission GABAergique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24411/24411.pdf.
Full textCerutti, Catherine, and Christian Barrès. "Étude informatisée de l'activité cardiovasculaire chez le rat conscient et non restreint : mise au point méthodologique et applications en pharmacologie." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO1T005.
Full textBarrès, Christian, and Catherine Cerutti. "Étude informatisée de l'activité cardiovasculaire chez le rat conscient et non restreint : mise au point méthodologique et applications en pharmacologie." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO1T004.
Full textMirza, Shafiulla Baig. "Implication des récepteurs glutamatergiques NMDA dans la réponse respiratoire et métabolique ainsi que la thermorégulation chez les ratons soumis à l'hypoxie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24180/24180.pdf.
Full textHamelin, Marie-Ève. "Caractérisation de la pathogenèse associée à l'infection par le métapneumovirus humain (HMPV) et évaluation de modalités prophylactiques et thérapeutiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24378/24378.pdf.
Full textThe human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly-described viral pathogen first reported in the Netherlands in 2001. HMPV is associated with acute respiratory tract infections in all age groups with more severe diseases such as bronchiolitis/bronchitis and pneumonia occurring in young children, elderly individuals and immunocompromised hosts. Before we started this project, no experimental models had been developed, the pathogenesis was not exhaustively described and no vaccines, chemotherapeutic agents, or antibody preparations had been approved for the prevention or treatment of hMPV infections in humans or even studied in vivo. The aim of this project was to develop an experimental animal model for hMPV infection to : 1-characterize the pathogenesis associated with this viral infection and 2-evaluate novel therapeutic or prophylactic modalities. The Balb/c mice and cotton rat are both permissive to hMPV infection. They support efficient viral replication in the lower respiratory tract and the infection is associated with significant lung inflammation. However, Balb/c mice are more susceptible to the infection, as we observe clinical symptoms such as weight loss and breathing difficulties characterized by significant airways obstruction and hyperresponsiveness only in this animal model. Ribavirin has shown antiviral properties against hMPV and significantly reduced viral replication and pulmonary inflammation. Immunizations with inactivated hMPV mixed with adjuvant induced a severe pulmonary disease following intra-nasal infection, as it has already been observed with other paramyxoviruses. Subunit vaccines seem safer preparations to pursue the development of hMPV vaccines. The Balb/c mice and cotton rat experimental models are great tools to better understand hMPV pathogenesis and also to evaluate different therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.
Laouini, Ghailen. "Analyse et modélisation du rythme cardio-respiratoire au repos et à l'effort." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4043.
Full textIn this thesis, we focus on the modelling of heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise. The objective of this thesis is to study HRV during exercise, while taking respiration into account. The IPFM model helps to explain the mechanism used by the automatic nervous system to control the heartbeat. With peaks generated by this model, we study the relationship between the heart period, which is the difference between two successive RR peaks, and the modulation signal. We suggest the TVIPFM model with three different approaches (A, B, C), as an alternative of the IPFM model to estimate the modulation of the autonomic nervous system, adapted to the exercise. The TVIPFM model then allows for correction of the heart rate variability. This variability will be filtered around the frequency band of respiration in the time-frequency domain, using different methods of time-frequency-representations. This is explained by the fact that the signal being observed is not stationary. We present different time-frequency representations for the linear and quadratic filtering and justify their use. The EMD is also addressed because of its decomposition property in “monocomponent” signals. A simulation allowing us to select the best IPFM correction and the best time-frequency representation for filtering, a real application range is proposed. In it, we show that using this process, correlation between age of transplantation and heart rate variability indeed exists
Kerfourn, Adrien. "Modélisation du système cardio-respiratoire : remodelage cardiaque et interactions patient-ventilateur." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES051.
Full textRespiratory failure is defined as the inability of the respiratory system to ensure the organism’s needs in oxygen. This condition may be the consequence of various diseases and implies a treatment by ventilatory support. In noninvasive ventilation, “pressure support” mode is a ventilatory mode that is commonly used. This mode necessitates a good synchronization between the patient’s inspiratory efforts and the ventilator pressure cycles, one of the objectives being to reduce the patient’s work of breathing. Furthermore, noninvasive ventilation is known to have effects on the cardiovascular system, even if the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. First, we will focus on the modeling of the cardiovascular dynamics to assess the mechanisms leading to cardiac remodeling. This model allows to reproduce and explain the origin of the two phases of pulmonary arterial hypertension. A second part was devoted to patient-ventilator interactions in order to understand the emergence of the asynchrony events that can be observed in clinics. We built a dynamical model able to reproduce the global behavior of some ventilators available on the market. This work therefore represents a first theoretical approach allowing to improve the understanding of various interactions related to the cardiorespiratory system
Kervern, Myriam. "Plasticité des réseaux de neurones respiratoire et hippocampique après une exposition à l'alcool pendant le développement chez le rat." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIED009.
Full textAlcohol ingestion during pregnancy may give rise to Foetal Alcohol Syndrome. To better understand the effects of alcohol during brain growth spurt period on physiology and cognitive function, we studied in rats the effects of pre- and postnatal ethanol exposure on 1) the long-term plasticity of the respiratory neuronal network and 2) hippocampus synaptic plasticity involved in learning and memory processes. After perinatal ethanol exposure, long-term respiratory network facilitation (FLT) was reversed to a long-term respiratory depression in 7d old rats, independent on genetic background of the animals. This reversion was mimicked in vitro by a 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist, the key actors for FLT, while mRNA levels were modified in respiratory areas. In adolescent offspring, ethanol exposure during brain development lead to a facilitation to induce LTD in CA1 hippocampus field studied in vitro which was due to an increase in the response during low frequency conditioning stimulation. This response and the facilitated DLT were NMDA receptor and NR2B subunit dependant but not NR2A subunit dependant. Protein levels for NR1, NR2A and NR2B were all increased in CA1. The late phase of DLT involved both R-GABAA and B without modification in the number of binding sites for R-GABAA. This work shows that in utero alcohol exposure reverses respiratory network plasticity and facilitates synaptic LTD in the hippocampus. These results suggest that in utero alcohol exposure may lead to long-term maladaptation of respiratory function and that effects of alcoholization last until adolescence and alters LTD, the other cellular mechanism of learning and memory beside hippocampus synaptic LTP
El, Makssoud Hassan. "Modélisation et identification des muscles squelettiques sous stimulation électrique fonctionnelle." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20205.
Full textGille, Jean-Pierre. "Technologies des échanges respiratoires (O2 et Co2) : application à la réalisation d'appareils médicaux." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPE092.
Full textFournier, Stéphanie. "Développement de la modulation noradrénergique du système de contrôle de la respiration chez Rana Catesbeiana." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24454/24454.pdf.
Full textDiaz-Zuccarini, Vanessa Alexandra. "Étude des conditions d'efficacité du ventricule gauche par optimisation téléonomique d'un modèle de son fonctionnement." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-287-288.pdf.
Full textGayraud, Jérôme. "Approche pharmacologique dans la myopathie de Duchenne : nécessité d'un pré-requis sur la fonction respiratoire." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON1T042.
Full textSu, Ding-Feng. "Activité cardiovasculaire et baroréflexe chez le rat génétiquement hypertendu de souche lyonnaise : étude informatisée chez l'animal conscient et non restreint." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO1T077.
Full textDugué, Pierre. "Vers un modèle de la chaîne auditive humaine dans le traitement de l’enveloppe temporelle." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S024.
Full textThis work is aimed at studying the auditory perception of sound temporal envelope, i. E. The amplitude fluctuations whose frequency is lower than about fifty Hertz, this envelope being closely related to speech intelligibility. A physiological model of the temporal envelope processing is proposed. It is composed of two parts : the first one, from the outer ear to the inferior colliculus, generates unitary responses and the second one, from the medial geniculate body to the primary auditory cortex, neural populations responses. In addition to indices frequently used in the literature, two new indices are proposed and validated. Responses to amplitude modulation measured in the main processing centres of the temporal envelope, particularly in the human primary auditory cortex, are effectively reproduced in terms of modulation transfer functions
Liu, Lin. "Contribution à l'étude des textiles linéaires : mise au point de méthodes optiques et construction d'un appareil pour la détermination des paramètres structuraux du fil." Mulhouse, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MULH0488.
Full textLeplay, Antoine. "Le concept de la modélisation évolutive : application à l'étude des corrélations croisées entre séries journalières de pollution atmosphérique et de morbidité respiratoire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE19002.
Full textDoriot, Nathalie. "Modélisation dynamique du membre inférieur pour l'estimation des forces articulaires et musculaires mises en jeu pendant la phase d'appui de la marche." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10259.
Full textSaucède, Thomas. "Origine et évolution vers l'extrême des échinides irréguliers : un nouveau modèle d'homologie, l'Extraxial-Axial theory, clef d'interprétation de la structure des appareils apicaux." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS025.
Full textBeurton-Aimar, Marie. "Architecture d'un système d'aide au diagnostic médical : application en rhumatologie inflammatoire." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28712.
Full textFaure, Xavier. "Approche formelle pour la simulation interactive de modèles mixtes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10177/document.
Full textInteractive simulation of the human body is a crucial issue in medical computer sciences. There are many approaches to reach this goal. Reducing the computation time is the leitmotiv of a large number of efforts in recent years. For researches which use physical models derived from continuum mechanics for the simulation of deformable objects, it is primarily the internal forces and their derivatives which are the subject of study for improving computation time. We chose to develop the Tensor Mass Method, a physical model often used for its good computation time vs accuracy trade-off. Our first contribution is the use of computer algebra to generate the internal forces and their derivatives. Our second contribution is the parallelization of this physical model by computing the generated equations on the GPU. Our third contribution is an extension of this physical model to other elements : triangle, quandrangle , hexahedron, prism and pyramid. Considering deformations to use the most effective constitutive law in terms of computation time whenever possible is a good strategy that we started developing. In the same idea, we take the geometry of the simulated model into account to introduce more complex elements, albeit in reduced numbers. To use these strategies, we have developed mixed models in constitutive laws and elements. Our research was performed in the framework of the ETOILE project, to develop a biomechanical model of the respiratory system
Bergeron-Lafaurie, Anne. "Cytokines et maladies pulmonaires granulomateuses et fibrosantes." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05CD14.
Full textStephano, Jonathan. "Conséquences de l’asymétrie et de la compliance des bronches sur les propriétés hydrodynamiques du poumon, applications à la kinésithérapie respiratoire." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4035.
Full textThe lung is an organ whose the role is to transport oxygen from the ambient air to the blood and to extract carbon dioxide from the blood. It is a tree-like structure of bronchi, the bronchial tree, connected to an exchange surface, the acini.The bronchial bifurcations are asymmetric: the bronchi divides into two daughter bronchi of different sizes. The topology of the tree is asymmetric : the number of bifurcations that connect the trachea to the acini is not constant. The bronchi wall is deformable (compliance) and their geometries are affected by the transmural pressure, i.e., the pressure difference between the surrounding tissue and the air flowing inside the bronchi. These characteristics affect the hydrodynamic properties of the tree.As an interface with the external air, it is constantly in contact with external particles. The bronchial mucus plays a protective role by capturing these particles. Normally, the mucus is naturally drained out of the lung. The mucus should not stagnate in the bronchi because stagnation increases the probability of developing an infection. When stagnation occurs, chest physiotherapy is often prescribed. The physiotherapists usually perform technics using the air shear stress to stimulate the mucus extraction. However, the expiratory conditions that allow to mobilize the mucus are not clearly defined.This thesis is based on three steps that allow to analyze the influence of the bifurcations asymmetry and of the compliance on the distribution of the shear stress induced by the airflow in the bronchi. Our three studies use a 0D model for each bronchus. The air hydrodynamic into each bronchus is simplified, either with a Poiseuille flow or with a “modified Poiseuille” flow that includes some inertial effects.The first step consists in understanding the air shear stress repartition in a symmetric tree with compliant bronchi. We show that this repartition exhibits a maximum whose location and amplitude depend on the flowrate in the trachea and on the pressure in the pulmonary tissue. This study shows also that one partial obstruction might “hide” others localized deeper in the lung. The comparison of our results with a typical yield shear stress of the mucus allows to develop, in the limits of our model, idealized chest physiotherapy technics for mucus draining.The second step aims at understanding the link between the bifurcation’s asymmetry and the hydrodynamics in a fractal and rigid tree. We propose in this part the hypothesis that the pulmonary asymmetry selection is linked to the optimization of a cost linked to the tree’s hydrodynamic resistance, under a constraint on the tree’s volume. Our analysis allows to propose a scenario that explains the difference in asymmetry observed between mammals.Finally, the third step aims at studying the shear stress repartition in a tree with asymmetric bifurcations and compliant bronchi. We show that the distribution of the air shear stress induced by a Poiseuille flow in trees with symmetric bifurcations and with asymmetric bifurcations have similar behaviors. However, the asymmetric case presents a spread of the shear stresses in the distal part of the tree, and bronchi with similar properties can have very different shear stresses.This research, based on the alliance of mathematics, physics, biology and medicine, allowed to improve our understanding of both the bifurcation asymmetry, the bronchi compliance and their effect on the airflow hydrodynamic. Particularly, this allowed to further understand the influence of the air shear stress on the mucus flow during chest physiotherapy
El, Bouti Tamara. "Optimisation robuste et application à la reconstruction du réseau artériel humain." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS018V/document.
Full textCardiovascular diseases are currently the leading cause of mortality in developed countries, due to the constant increase in risk factors in the population. Several prospective and retrospective studies have shown that arterial stiffness is an important predictor factor of these diseases. Unfortunately, these parameters are difficult to measure experimentally. We propose a numerical approach to determine the arterial stiffness of an arterial network using a patient specificone-dimensional model of the temporal variation of the section and blood flow of the arteries. The proposed approach estimates the optimal parameters of the reduced model, including the arterial stiffness, using non-invasive measurements such MRI, echotracking and tonometry aplanation. Different optimization results applied on experimental cases will be presented. In order to determine the robustness of the model towards its parameters, an uncertainty analysis hasbeen also carried out to measure the contribution of the model input parameters, alone or by interaction with other inputs, to the variation of model output, here the arterial pulse pressure. This study has shown that the numerical pulse pressure is a reliable indicator that can help to diagnose arterial hypertension.We can then provide the practitioner a robust patient-specific tool allowing an early and reliable diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases based on a non-invasive exam
Loret, Thomas. "Capacité de modèles in vitro de complexité différente à prédire les réponses toxiques pulmonaires observées in vivo après exposition aiguë à des nanoparticules de TiO2 et de CeO2." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2358/document.
Full textNanoparticles (NPs) represent a potential danger for workers and public, especially after inhalation. When a NP is shown toxic for the lungs in vivo in animals, this can incite regulators to implement measures to reduce human exposure risks. The in vivo studies are thus of utmost importance in reducing the potential health risks for humans. However, in a context of a diminution in the number of animals used in experimentations and considering the high number of NPs used and their physicochemical diversity, there is an urgent need for alternative methods, like the in vitro, which could be used to predict the potential health effects of NPs in human. Many progresses have been made recently to develop more physiological cell models and exposure methods simulating the inhalation of NPs in vitro. Nevertheless, uncertainties remain regarding the capacity of these new in vitro methods to predict the biological responses observed in vivo into the lungs after exposure to NPs. In this context, the aim of our study was to assess the ability of several in vitro methods, differing in complexity, to predict the adverse responses observed in vivo in rat lungs after acute exposure (24h) to several metallic and poorly soluble TiO2 and CeO2 NPs. For this, in vitro experimentations were first performed to assess if exposing alveolar cells in monoculture or in co-culture at the ALI interface to aerosols of NPs, generated different results compared to classic exposure in submerged conditions to suspensions. In a second step, rats were exposed by intratracheal aspiration of NP suspensions to compare the biological responses in vitro to those obtained in vivo. To compare the pulmonary responses in vivo and in vitro, similar dose metrics were selected, including the mass per surface unit or per macrophage. After 24h of exposure, significant biological responses (mostly inflammation) were observed at lower doses at the ALI compared to in submerged conditions. Moreover, we highlighted the necessity to take into account the deposited dose on the cells and the timing of the dose delivery in order to compare the two exposure methods used in vitro. When we compared the responses in vitro to those observed in vivo, we noticed that the ALI methods generated more predictive results than the submerged one, in term of biological activation levels after 24h of exposure. Finally, a ranking of the four NPs used in our study was provided and the NPs were ranked similarly both in vivo and in vitro and whatever the exposure method used in vitro. We also showed the importance of the surface area when ranking the poorly soluble NPs. In conclusion, the gap existing between the in vivo and the in vitro has been evaluated in our study. Our results highlighted the relevance of using more realistic in vitro exposure methods to model the potential adverse effects of NPs for human. This brings perspectives about using and developing in vitro methods mimicking more closely the in vivo exposure conditions
Dao, Tien Tuan. "Modélisation du système musculosquelettique des membres inférieurs : modèle biomécanique vs. méta modèle." Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1846.
Full textUnderstanding of the mechanical behavior of the human body is a challenge to take appropriate medical decisions (e. G. The patient's diagnosis or treatment). To solve this problem, first, a dynamic model of the musculoskeletal system of the lower limbs has been developed. A sensitivity analysis of the anthropometrical and geometrical parameters of the bones and muscles was performed with literature data. The computational results showed strong variations of kinematics and kinetics parameters function of the selected input data. All these findings suggest the development of patient specific musculoskeletal models using medical imaging technique for individualized geometrical parameters of the subjects. As clinical application, two personalized models were developed (a healthy subject with normal gait and a subject with gait disorders (Polio pathology)). This study showed the importance of personalized modeling to evaluate and design the Polio lower limb orthoses. Second, a new class of model was proposed as meta-model (Computer-Aided Decision System) combining knowledge-based engineering methods to diagnose and guide the clinical treatment of the disorders of the musculoskeletal system of the lower limbs. The ontology, the data mining, the belief theory and the artificial intelligence were applied to develop our meta-model. Three clinical applications (rotational anomalies, clubfeet deformities, and cerebral palsy) were studied in the first version of our system. Finally, the methodological confrontation of these two modeling approaches was carried out to highlight the strengths and also the weaknesses of each modeling approach
Hoang, Tuan Nha. "Incertitude des données biomécaniques : modélisation et propagation dans les modèles de diagnostic des pathologies du système musculosquelettique." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2171/document.
Full textThe aim of the project is to investigate the modeling of the reliability/incertitude/imprecision of biomedical and biomechanics data (medical images, kinematics/kinetics/EMG data, etc.) and its propagation in the predictive diagnosls models of the disorders of musculoskeletal systems. These diagnosis models will be based on multimodal and multidimensional patient data (3D medical imaging, mechanical data,dinical data,etc.). The literature-based data have been collected to estabish an uncertainty space, which represents fused data from multiple sources, of morphological, mechanical, and movement analysis properties of the musculoskeletal system from multiple sources (i.e. research papers from Science Direct and Pubmed). After that,a new clustering method (US-ECM) is proposed for integrating fused data from multiple sources ln form of a multidimensional uncertainty space (US). Reliability of biomechanical data was evaluated by a fusion approach expert opinion. Reliability criteria of a data source (ie scientific paper published) focus on the technique used the acquisition protocol and measurement and the number of data. A system of questionnaires was developed to co!lect expert opinion. Then, the theory of beliet functions has been applied to merge these opinion to establish a confidence level each data source
Prezotti, Filho Paulo Roberto. "Periodic models and variations applied to health problems." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC015.
Full textThis manuscript deals with some extensions to time series taking integer values of the autoregressive periodic parametric model established for series taking real values. The models we consider are based on the use of the operator of Steutel and Van Harn (1979) and generalize the stationary integer autoregressive process (INAR) introduced by Al-Osh & Alzaid (1987) to periodically correlated counting series. These generalizations include the introduction of a periodic operator, the taking into account of a more complex autocorrelation structure whose order is higher than one, the appearance of innovations of periodic variances but also at zero inflation by relation to a discrete law given in the family of exponential distributions, as well as the use of explanatory covariates. These extensions greatly enrich the applicability domain of INAR type models. On the theoretical level, we establish mathematical properties of our models such as the existence, the uniqueness, the periodic stationarity of solutions to the equations defining the models. We propose different methods for estimating model parameters, including a method of moments based on Yule-Walker equations, a conditional least squares method, and a quasi-maximum likelihood method based on the maximization of a Gaussian likelihood. We establish the consistency and asymptotic normality of these estimation procedures. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate their behavior for different finite sample sizes. The models are then adjusted to real data and used for prediction purposes.The first extension of the INAR model that we propose consists of introducing two periodic operators of Steutel and Van Harn, one modeling the partial autocorrelations of order one on each period and the other capturing the periodic seasonality of the data. Through a vector representation of the process, we establish the conditions of existence and uniqueness of a solution periodically correlated to the equations defining the model. In the case where the innovations follow Poisson's laws, we study the marginal law of the process. As an example of real-world application, we are adjusting this model to daily count data on the number of people who received antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory diseases in the Vitória region in Brazil. Because respiratory conditions are strongly correlated with air pollution and weather, the correlation pattern of the daily numbers of people receiving antibiotics shows, among other characteristics, weekly periodicity and seasonality. We then extend this model to data with periodic partial autocorrelations of order higher than one. We study the statistical properties of the model, such as mean, variance, marginal and joined distributions. We are adjusting this model to the daily number of people receiving emergency service from the public hospital of the municipality of Vitória for treatment of asthma. Finally, our last extension deals with the introduction of innovations according to a Poisson law with zero inflation whose parameters vary periodically, and on the addition of covariates explaining the logarithm of the intensity of the Poisson's law. We establish some statistical properties of the model, and we use the conditional maximum likelihood method to estimate its parameters. Finally, we apply this modeling to daily data of the number of people who have visited a hospital's emergency department for respiratory problems, and we use the concentration of a pollutant in the same geographical area as a covariate
Este manuscrito trata de algumas extensões para séries temporais de valores inteiros domodelo paramétrico periódico autorregressivo estabelecido séries temporais de valores reais. Osmodelos considerados baseiam-se no uso do operadorde Steutel e Van Harn (1979) e generalizamo processo autorregressivo depara números inteiros estacionários (INAR) introduzidos por Al-Osh & Alzaid(1987) para séries de contagem periodicamente correlacionadas. Essas generalizações incluem aintrodução de um operador periódico, a consideração de uma estrutura de autocorrelação mais complexa,cuja ordem é maior do que um, o aparecimentode inovações de variâncias periódicas, e também ainflação zero em relação a uma lei discreta dadana família de distribuições exponenciais, bem comoo uso de covariáveis explicativas. Essas extensões enriquecem muito o domínio de aplicabilidade dosmodelos do tipo INAR. No nível teórico, estabelecemospropriedades matemáticas de nossos modeloscomo a existência, a unicidade, e a estacionariedadeperiódica de soluções para as equações que definemos modelos. Propomos três métodos para estimarparâmetros de modelos, incluindo um métodode momentos baseado nas equações de Yule-Walker,um método de mínimos quadrados condicionais e ummétodo de quasi-máxima verossimilhança (QML) baseadona maximização de uma probabilidade Gaussiana. Estabelecemos a consistência e a normalidadeassintótica desses procedimentos de estimativa. Assimulações de Monte Carlo ilustram seus comportamentospara diferentes tamanhos de amostras finitas.Os modelos são então ajustados para dados reais eusados para fins de previsão. A primeira extensão domodelo INAR que propomos consiste na introdução de dois operadores periódicos de Steutel e VanHarn, o primeiro atua modelando as autocorrelações parciais de ordem um em cada período e o outro capturando a sazonalidade periódica dos dados.Através de uma representação vetorial do processo,estabelecemos as condições existência e unicidadede uma solução periodicamente correlacionada às equações que definem o modelo. No casoem que as inovações seguem as leis de Poisson,estudamos a lei marginal do processo. Como umexemplo de aplicação no mundo real, estamos ajustandoeste modelo aos dados diários de contagemdo número de pessoas que receberam antibióticos para o tratamento de doenças respiratórias na região de Vitória, Brasil. Como as condições respiratórias estão fortemente correlacionadas com a poluição doar e o clima, o padrão de correlação dos números diários de pessoas que recebem antibióticos mostra,entre outras características, a periodicidade semanale a sazonalidade. Em seguida, estendemosesse modelo para dados com autocorrelações parciaisperiódicas de ordem maior que um. Estudamosas propriedades estatísticas do modelo, como média,variância, distribuições marginais e conjuntas. Ajustamosesse modelo ao número diário de pessoascom problema respiratório que receberam atendimentode emergência no pronto-atendimento da redepública do município de Vitória. Finalmente, nossa última extensão trata da introdução de inovações de acordo com uma lei de Poisson com inflação zero cujos parâmetros variam periodicamente, e daadição de covariáveis explicando o logaritmo da intensidadeda lei de Poisson. Estabelecemos algumaspropriedades estatísticas do modelo e usamoso método QML para estimar seus parâmetros. Porfim, aplicamos essa modelagem aos dados diários sobre o número de pessoas que visitaram o departamentode emergência de um hospital por problemasrespiratórios e usamos como covariável a sérieconcentrações diárias e um poluente medido namesma área geográfica
Lemaire, Cyril. "Identification des paramètres de bioprocédés environnementaux à partir des mesures accessibles issues de la respiration." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2205/document.
Full textEnvironmental bioprocesses are gaining importance in the industrial landscape. Nevertheless, the complexity of mechanisms involved in biological reactions stays an issue for their implementation. Moreover, available measurements of biological activity are often off-tine and/or indirect. ln this context, phenomenological modeling tools are a solution to link observations of the system to underlying biological reactions, considering the right hypotheses. These methods require a rigorous sensitivity analysis in order to properly process the results. Thus, the models permit to obtain precise knowledge about biological systems thanks to indirect measurement. This approach was developed throughout two cases of study corresponding to two industrial fields of application. Bioremediation is the most ecological method for hydrocarbons contaminated soils remediation. Nevertheless, biodegradation can be long or absent depending on environmental conditions. In order to measure its efficiency, respiration measurement in the gas phase seems to be the easiest observation to implement. Oxygen measurement can be insufficient on its own, that is why a model able to describe the evolution of the apparent respiratory quotient has been developed considering the different steps of biodegradation. This observation alone could give insights on the efficiency of biodegradation. The second part of this work deals with activated sludge wastewater treatment using the theoretical approach developed for soil bioremediation. The eftïciency ofthe process depends on the excess production of sludge, which is linked to the heterotrophic yield of the reaction. This parameter is a key component for modeling and optimization of wastewater treatment plant. Most of the time, its common definition is not sufficient to explain its observed variations. In this context, several phenomenological models derived from the activated sludge models were studied to explain these variations, taking into account the substrate storage process. An experimental study was conducted in order to confront the reactional hypothesis of the models to actual measurements of single substrate degradations in respirometer. The balance between substrate storage and direct growth was proposed as a main component of the yield value. This study resulted in a necessary clarification of the heterotrophic yield definition
Saccareau, Mathilde. "Modélisation épidémiologique et génétique des parasites gastro-intestinaux au sein d’un troupeau d’ovins." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0116/document.
Full textGastro-intestinal parasitism is one of the most pervasive challenge for health and welfare in grazing small ruminants, leading to consequent production loss. Its control through the use of anthelminthic treatments is no longer sustainable due to the development of parasitic resistance to anthelmintics, but also due to environmental and consumer concerns. A substantial research effort proposed different supplementary control strategies to the massive use of anthelmintics: host nutrition, pasture management, breeding for resistance. Modelling approach allows for multiple scenarios to be considered without having to resort to experimentation in order to find the best integrated control strategies of parasitism. The epidemio-genetic model previously developed by the Roslin Institute modelling a growing lamb flock infected by the parasite T. circumcincta help to study the impact of rational use of anthelmintics, host nutrition and resistance on the flock level of infection and production. The researches of the current PhD thesis aimed to modify this model in order to add adult ewes modelling, especially around parturition where the nutritional requirements are very high. This modelling was improved by taking into account flock replacement in order to have a persistent flock with matings, reforms and reproductions. In this way, our model allows to study several control strategies of parasitism on long term perspective. In order to ensure adequacy of the model outputs to data, the infection level was compared to published data of ewes infected around parturition. However, some parameters were idiosyncratic to the modelling and then they were not be directly estimated from experiments. So a sensitivity analysis was also performed to highlight the parameters which mostly contribute to the infection level variations. Among the most prevalent parasites in sheep, T. circumcincta and H. contortus are the two main parasites. H. contortus is the most virulent parasite est le plus virulent parasite in hot and wet climates, so it is helpful to develop a similar model for this parasite. Beforehand, a meta-analysis of the published studies on infections with the H. contortus parasite was performed to estimate the main life history traits of its parasitic phase. Then, these estimations were used to change the epidemio-genetic model with H. contortus infections. However, some parameters remained unknown because they were not directly estimable. So, the three main unknown parameters (previously highlighted by the sensitivity analysis of the model with T. circumcincta infections) were estimated by minimizing the worm burden differences between published data of H. contortus trickle infection ([25]) and the corresponding model outputs. In this PhD thesis, models were developed in order to evaluate, in a long term perspective, several control strategies of two gastro-intestinal nematodes (T. circumcincta et H. contortus) infections in sheep flock. Notably, the model on H. contortus infections could be used to predict the impact of breeding for resistance to parasitism at the flock level (number of necessary treatments, infection level of the sheep)
Fouchet-Incaux, Justine. "Modélisation, analyse numérique et simulations autour de la respiration." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112043.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the modelling of the human mecanical ventilation and the numerical analysis of linked systems. Direct simulations of air flow in the whole airways are impossible (complex geometry, unavailable meshes). Then a reduced area of interest can be considered, working with reduced geometries and artificial boundaries. One can also use reduced models, simple but realistic. If one try to make 3D numerical simulations where the fluid flow is described by the Navier-Stokes equations, various issues are raised:- If we consider that ventilation is the result of pressure drops, the associated boundary conditions are Neumann conditions. It leads to theoretical questions in terms of existence and uniqueness of solution and numerical issues in terms of scheme choice and appropriate numerical methods.- When working in a truncated domain, it may be necessary to take into account non-described phenomena with appropriate models. Here we consider 0D models. These 3D/0D couplings imply numerical instabilities that we mathematically and numerically study in this thesis.Furthermore, when we focus on forced breathing, linear usual models are invalidated by experiments. In order to observe the differences between the experimental and numerical results, it is necessary to take into account several types of non-linearities, such as deformation of the domain or the Bernoulli phenomenon. A reduced model approach is adopted in this work. Finally, we sought to validate the obtained models by comparing numerical and experimental results in the context of interdisciplinary work.Achieving model and simulate these flows allow to better understand phenomena and parameters that come into play in diseases (asthma, emphysema ...). A medium-term objective is to study the influence of helium-oxygen mixture in the aerosol deposition. In the longer term, the application of these models to pathological situations could afford to build decision support tools in the medical field (understanding of pathology, therapy optimization ...)
Boilevin-Kayl, Ludovic. "Modeling and numerical simulation of implantable cardiovascular devices." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS039.
Full textThis thesis, taking place in the context of the Mivana project, is devoted to the modeling and to the numerical simulation of implantable cardiovascular devices. This project is led by the start-up companies Kephalios and Epygon, conceptors of minimally invasive surgical solutions for the treatment of mitral regurgitation. The design and the simulation of such devices call for efficient and accurate numerical methods able to correctly compute cardiac hemodynamics. This is the main purpose of this thesis. In the first part, we describe the cardiovascular system and the cardiac valves before presenting some standard material for the mathematical modeling of cardiac hemodynamics. Based on the degree of complexity adopted for the modeling of the valve leaflets, two approaches are identified: the resistive immersed surfaces model and the complete fluidstructure interaction model. In the second part, we investigate the first approach which consists in combining a reduced modeling of the valves dynamics with a kinematic uncoupling of cardiac hemodynamics and electromechanics. We enhance it with external physiological data for the correct simulation of isovolumetric phases, cornerstones of the heartbeat, resulting in a relatively accurate model which avoids the complexity of fully coupled problems. Then, a series of numerical tests on 3D physiological geometries, involving mitral regurgitation and several configurations of immersed valves, illustrates the performance of the proposed model. In the third and final part, complete fluid-structure interaction models are considered. This type of modeling is necessary when investigating more complex problems where the previous approach is no longer satisfactory, such as mitral valve prolapse or the closing of a mechanical valve. From the numerical point of view, the development of accurate and efficient methods is mandatory to be able to compute such physiological cases. We then consider a complete numerical study in which several unfitted meshes methods are compared. Next, we present a new explicit coupling scheme in the context of the fictitious domain method for which the unconditional stability in the energy norm is proved. Several 2D numerical examples are provided to illustrate the properties and the performance of this scheme. Last, this method is finally used for 2D and 3D numerical simulation of implantable cardiovascular devices in a complete fluid-structure interaction framework
Guerreschi, Emmanuelle. "Contribution à l'Appréhension du Système Cardiovasculaire Modélisation et Traitement de Signaux issus de la Macrocirculation et de la Microcirculation sanguines." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961533.
Full textLal, Rajnesh. "Data assimilation and uncertainty quantification in cardiovascular biomechanics." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS088/document.
Full textCardiovascular blood flow simulations can fill several critical gaps in current clinical capabilities. They offer non-invasive ways to quantify hemodynamics in the heart and major blood vessels for patients with cardiovascular diseases, that cannot be directly obtained from medical imaging. Patient-specific simulations (incorporating data unique to the individual) enable individualised risk prediction, provide key insights into disease progression and/or abnormal physiologic detection. They also provide means to systematically design and test new medical devices, and are used as predictive tools to surgical and personalize treatment planning and, thus aid in clinical decision-making. Patient-specific predictive simulations require effective assimilation of medical data for reliable simulated predictions. This is usually achieved by the solution of an inverse hemodynamic problem, where uncertain model parameters are estimated using the techniques for merging data and numerical models known as data assimilation methods.In this thesis, the inverse problem is solved through a data assimilation method using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for parameter estimation. By using an ensemble Kalman filter, the solution also comes with a quantification of the uncertainties for the estimated parameters. An ensemble Kalman filter-based parameter estimation algorithm is proposed for patient-specific hemodynamic computations in a schematic arterial network from uncertain clinical measurements. Several in silico scenarii (using synthetic data) are considered to investigate the efficiency of the parameter estimation algorithm using EnKF. The usefulness of the parameter estimation algorithm is also assessed using experimental data from an in vitro test rig and actual real clinical data from a volunteer (patient-specific case). The proposed algorithm is evaluated on arterial networks which include single arteries, cases of bifurcation, a simple human arterial network and a complex arterial network including the circle of Willis.The ultimate aim is to perform patient-specific hemodynamic analysis in the network of the circle of Willis. Common hemodynamic properties (parameters), like arterial wall properties (Young’s modulus, wall thickness, and viscoelastic coefficient) and terminal boundary parameters (reflection coefficient and Windkessel model parameters) are estimated as the solution to an inverse problem using time series pressure values and blood flow rate as measurements. It is also demonstrated that a proper reduced order zero-dimensional compartment model can lead to a simple and reliable estimation of blood flow features in the circle of Willis. The simulations with the estimated parameters capture target pressure or flow rate waveforms at given specific locations
Ojeda, Avellaneda David. "Multi-resolution physiological modeling for the analysis of cardiovascular pathologies." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01056825.
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