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1

Holt, Robert D., and Michael B. Bonsall. "Apparent Competition." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 48, no. 1 (2017): 447–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022628.

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2

Holt, Robert D., and Burt P. Kotler. "Short-Term Apparent Competition." American Naturalist 130, no. 3 (1987): 412–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284718.

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3

Bonsall, Michael B., and Robert D. Holt. "Apparent Competition and Vector-Host Interactions." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 56, no. 3-4 (2010): 393–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.56.3-4.393.

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Infectious disease influences the dynamics of host populations and the structure of species communities via impacts on host demography. Species that share infectious diseases are well-known to interact indirectly through the process of apparent competition, but there has been little attention given to the role of vectors in these indirect interactions. Here we explore how vector-borne disease and host-vector interactions can drive apparent competitive interactions. We show that different facets of the ecology associated with vector-host-host interactions affect the structure of the three-speci
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4

Bonsall, M. B., and M. P. Hassell. "Apparent competition structures ecological assemblages." Nature 388, no. 6640 (1997): 371–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/41084.

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5

Schreiber, Sebastian J., and Vlastimil Křivan. "Holt (1977) and apparent competition." Theoretical Population Biology 133 (June 2020): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2019.09.006.

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6

Stenberg, J. A., and P. A. Hambäck. "Host species critical for offspring fitness and sex ratio for an oligophagous parasitoid: implications for host coexistence." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 6 (2010): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000143.

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AbstractIn theory, inferior apparent competitors sharing a natural enemy with superior apparent competitors should be excluded in the absence of stabilising factors. Nevertheless, plentiful examples of coexisting apparent competitors exist. In this paper, we show that parasitoid resource competition within hosts affects both parasitoid sex ratio and female body size, with implication for population growth and apparent competition between the two closely related hosts experiencing a strong asymmetry in their interaction. While the superior competitor delivers parasitoids with higher fitness to
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7

Abrams, Peter A., Robert D. Holt, and James D. Roth. "APPARENT COMPETITION OR APPARENT MUTUALISM? SHARED PREDATION WHEN POPULATIONS CYCLE." Ecology 79, no. 1 (1998): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0201:acoams]2.0.co;2.

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8

Muller, C. B., and H. C. J. Godfray. "Apparent Competition between Two Aphid Species." Journal of Animal Ecology 66, no. 1 (1997): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5964.

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9

Wodarz, Dominik, and Akira Sasaki. "Apparent competition and recovery from infection." Journal of Theoretical Biology 227, no. 3 (2004): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.11.027.

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10

DeCesare, N. J., M. Hebblewhite, H. S. Robinson, and M. Musiani. "Endangered, apparently: the role of apparent competition in endangered species conservation." Animal Conservation 13, no. 4 (2009): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00328.x.

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11

Wielgus, Robert B. "Resource competition and apparent competition in declining mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 7 (2017): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0109.

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Resource competition and apparent competition have both been suggested as the cause of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)) decline concurrent with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman, 1780)) increase. I tested for both hypotheses by conducting a “press” and “release” experiment in a mule deer, white-tailed deer, and cougar (Puma concolor (L., 1771)) community. If resource competition is causal, then predation should decrease, but other sources of mortality should increase following increased mortality of cougars and release of competing white-tailed deer. If app
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12

Juliano, Steven A. "SPECIES INTRODUCTION AND REPLACEMENT AMONG MOSQUITOES: INTERSPECIFIC RESOURCE COMPETITION OR APPARENT COMPETITION?" Ecology 79, no. 1 (1998): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0255:siaram]2.0.co;2.

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13

Das, Adrian. "The effect of size and competition on tree growth rate in old-growth coniferous forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 11 (2012): 1983–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-142.

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Tree growth and competition play central roles in forest dynamics. Yet models of competition often neglect important variation in species-specific responses. Furthermore, functions used to model changes in growth rate with size do not always allow for potential complexity. Using a large data set from old-growth forests in California, models were parameterized relating growth rate to tree size and competition for four common species. Several functions relating growth rate to size were tested. Competition models included parameters for tree size, competitor size, and competitor distance. Competi
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14

Cobey, Sarah, and Marc Lipsitch. "Pathogen Diversity and Hidden Regimes of Apparent Competition." American Naturalist 181, no. 1 (2013): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/668598.

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15

Orrock, John L., Robert D. Holt, and Marissa L. Baskett. "Refuge-mediated apparent competition in plant–consumer interactions." Ecology Letters 13, no. 1 (2010): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01412.x.

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16

WITTMER, HEIKO U., ROBERT SERROUYA, L. MARK ELBROCH, and ANDREW J. MARSHALL. "Conservation Strategies for Species Affected by Apparent Competition." Conservation Biology 27, no. 2 (2013): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12005.

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17

Hoi, Herbert, and Hans Winkler. "Predation on nests: a case of apparent competition." Oecologia 98, no. 3-4 (1994): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00324234.

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18

Settle, W. H., and L. T. Wilson. "Invasion by the Variegated Leafhopper and Biotic Interactions: Parasitism, Competition, and Apparent Competition." Ecology 71, no. 4 (1990): 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938283.

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19

Schoen, Erik R., David A. Beauchamp, Anna R. Buettner, and Nathanael C. Overman. "Temperature and depth mediate resource competition and apparent competition between Mysis diluviana and kokanee." Ecological Applications 25, no. 7 (2015): 1962–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-1822.1.

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20

Menezes, J., and B. Moura. "Pattern formation and coarsening dynamics in apparent competition models." Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 157 (April 2022): 111903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2022.111903.

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21

Rand, Tatyana A. "HERBIVORE-MEDIATED APPARENT COMPETITION BETWEEN TWO SALT MARSH FORBS." Ecology 84, no. 6 (2003): 1517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1517:hacbts]2.0.co;2.

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22

van Nouhuys, Saskya, and Ilkka Hanski. "Apparent competition between parasitoids mediated by a shared hyperparasitoid." Ecology Letters 3, no. 2 (2000): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00123.x.

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23

Chaneton, Enrique J., and Michael B. Bonsall. "Enemy-mediated apparent competition: empirical patterns and the evidence." Oikos 88, no. 2 (2000): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880217.x.

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24

Ode, Paul J., Dhaval K. Vyas, and Jeffrey A. Harvey. "Extrinsic Inter- and Intraspecific Competition in Parasitoid Wasps." Annual Review of Entomology 67, no. 1 (2022): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-071421-073524.

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The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat.
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25

Saha, Nabaneeta, Malini Kundu, Goutam K. Saha, and Gautam Aditya. "Alternative prey influence the predation of mosquito larvae by three water bug species (Heteroptera: Nepidae)." Limnological Review 20, no. 4 (2020): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2020-0017.

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Abstract The indirect interactions among multiple prey sharing a common predator characterize apparent competition. In conservation biological control involving mosquitoes and controphic prey against generalist insect predators, apparent competition may be a crucial factor determining the extent of success. The possible influence of apparent competition on mosquito prey consumption by three water bugs (Heteroptera: Nepidae): Ranatra elongata, Ranatra filiformis, and Laccotrephes griseus was assessed under laboratory conditions. Tadpoles (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), chironomid larvae, snails (
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26

Orrock, John L., Marissa L. Baskett, and Robert D. Holt. "Spatial interplay of plant competition and consumer foraging mediate plant coexistence and drive the invasion ratchet." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1698 (2010): 3307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0738.

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Indirect effects may play an important role in structuring plant communities. Using a spatially explicit model of consumer foraging and plant competition, we demonstrate how the relationship between the spatial area over which plants compete and the spatial scale of consumer behaviour can determine the outcome of competition when one plant species provides a refuge for mobile consumers (i.e. refuge-mediated apparent competition). Once an initial population of the invader is established, complete invasion may be inevitable because of an ever-advancing invasion front ratchets forward driven by a
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27

Long, WC, EF Gamelin, EG Johnson, and AH Hines. "Density-dependent indirect effects: apparent mutualism and apparent competition coexist in a two-prey system." Marine Ecology Progress Series 456 (June 7, 2012): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09702.

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28

Abrams, Peter A. "High Competition with Low Similarity and Low Competition with High Similarity: Exploitative and Apparent Competition in Consumer‐Resource Systems." American Naturalist 152, no. 1 (1998): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/286153.

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29

Norbury, Grant. "Conserving dryland lizards by reducing predator-mediated apparent competition and direct competition with introduced rabbits." Journal of Applied Ecology 38, no. 6 (2001): 1350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-8901.2001.00685.x.

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30

Warnock, Will G., and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Assessing the effects of fish density, habitat complexity, and current velocity on interference competition between bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in an artificial stream." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 9 (2013): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0044.

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In this experiment, competition was observed among native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley, 1859)) and non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)) in artificial streams. In intraspecific competitions, brook trout engaged in territorial interference foraging strategies, and their foraging success was correlated with occupancy of the lead position in the stream. No correlation was apparent for bull trout, most of which engaged in nonterritorial scramble foraging tactics. In interspecific competitions, four stream environments were constructed in which fish density,
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31

Orrock, John L., Humberto P. Dutra, Robert J. Marquis, and Nicholas Barber. "Apparent competition and native consumers exacerbate the strong competitive effect of an exotic plant species." Ecology 96, no. 4 (2015): 1052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0732.1.

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32

Harenberg, Sebastian, Harold A. Riemer, Erwin Karreman, and Kim Dorsch. "As Iron Sharpens Iron? Athletes’ Perspectives of Positional Competition." Sport Psychologist 30, no. 1 (2016): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0131.

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The study explored the competition between teammates for playing time (i.e., positional competition) within university team sports from the athletes’ perspective. Sixteen Canadian interuniversity team sport athletes (11 women, 5 men) participated in semistructured interviews. Results revealed that positional competition (a) occurs between players in the same position, (b) is necessary to determine playing time, (c) is an ongoing, omni-present process, and (d) happens under the awareness of the coach. Furthermore, various inputs (by the individual athlete, team, coach), processes (performance-r
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33

Sheehy, Emma, Chris Sutherland, Catherine O'Reilly, and Xavier Lambin. "The enemy of my enemy is my friend: native pine marten recovery reverses the decline of the red squirrel by suppressing grey squirrel populations." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1874 (2018): 20172603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2603.

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Shared enemies may instigate or modify competitive interactions between species. The dis-equilibrium caused by non-native species introductions has revealed that the outcome of such indirect interactions can often be dramatic. However, studies of enemy-mediated competition mostly consider the impact of a single enemy, despite species being embedded in complex networks of interactions. Here, we demonstrate that native red and invasive grey squirrels in Britain, two terrestrial species linked by resource and disease-mediated apparent competition, are also now linked by a second enemy-mediated re
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34

Orrock, John L., Martha S. Witter, and O. J. Reichman. "APPARENT COMPETITION WITH AN EXOTIC PLANT REDUCES NATIVE PLANT ESTABLISHMENT." Ecology 89, no. 4 (2008): 1168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-0223.1.

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35

Banerji, Aabir, and Peter J. Morin. "Trait-mediated apparent competition in an intraguild predator-prey system." Oikos 123, no. 5 (2013): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00937.x.

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36

BONSALL, MICHAEL B., and MICHAEL P. HASSELL. "Population dynamics of apparent competition in a host-parasitoid assemblage." Journal of Animal Ecology 67, no. 6 (1998): 918–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.6760918.x.

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37

Stige, Leif Christian, Kristina Ø. Kvile, Bjarte Bogstad, and Øystein Langangen. "Predator-prey interactions cause apparent competition between marine zooplankton groups." Ecology 99, no. 3 (2018): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2126.

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38

Hullé, Maurice, Milena Till, and Manuel Plantegenest. "Global Warming Could Magnify Insect-Driven Apparent Competition Between Native and Introduced Host Plants in Sub-Antarctic Islands." Environmental Entomology 51, no. 1 (2021): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab122.

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Abstract Pristine sub-Antarctic islands terrestrial ecosystems, including many endemic species, are highly threatened by human-induced cosmopolitan plant invasion. We propose that native plant suppression could be further facilitated by the subsequent invasion by generalist pest species that could exacerbate their competitive exclusion through the process of apparent competition. By comparing the biological parameters of an invasive aphid species, Myzus ascalonicus, on one native (Acaena magellanica) and one invasive (Senecio vulgaris) plant species, we showed that survival and fecundity were
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39

Gupta, Anupam Das, and Syed Moudud-Ul-Huq. "Do competition and revenue diversification have significant effect on risk-taking? Empirical evidence from BRICS banks." International Journal of Financial Engineering 07, no. 01 (2020): 2050007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786320500073.

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This study of two-step system generalized methods of moments (2GMM) of dynamic panel data addresses some critical insights of competition and revenue diversification of BRICS banks. The key findings are: (i) There is a significant positive association of market competition in risk-taking. (ii) Revenue diversification of banks supports the portfolio investment theory in risk management, which means that diversified sources of income have apparent influence in risk. (iii) Size has found a heterogeneous effect on risk-taking in the competitive market. (iv) Although, country-wise results of each c
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40

Kuenne, R. E. "Uncertainty, Spatial Proximity, and the Stability of Oligopoly Pricing." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 8 (1989): 1001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a211001.

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One of the most pervasive characteristics of mature oligopolistic industries is their reluctance to engage in price competition, and their channeling of competitive efforts into rivalry using advertising and other marketing costs as well as product differentiation. This leads to questions concerning the nature of the economic and social matrix within which such firms operate, and these questions in turn motivate the theorist to construct frameworks that yield such results. Spatial proximity has generally been accepted as an intensifier of price competition, but in many local oligopolistic mark
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41

Schmitt, Russell J. "Indirect Interactions Between Prey: Apparent Competition, Predator Aggregation, and Habitat Segregation." Ecology 68, no. 6 (1987): 1887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939880.

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42

Labadie, Guillemette, Philip D. McLoughlin, Mark Hebblewhite, and Daniel Fortin. "Insect-mediated apparent competition between mammals in a boreal food web." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 30 (2021): e2022892118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022892118.

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While the important role of animal-mediated interactions in the top-down restructuring of plant communities is well documented, less is known of their ensuing repercussions at higher trophic levels. We demonstrate how typically decoupled ecological interactions may become intertwined such that the impact of an insect pest on forest structure and composition alters predator–prey interactions among large mammals. Specifically, we show how irruptions in a common, cyclic insect pest of the boreal forest, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), modulated an indirect trophic interaction by in
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43

Reynolds, JOHN E., Sentiel A. Rommel, and Meghan E. Pitchford. "THE LIKELIHOOD OF SPERM COMPETITION IN MANATEES-EXPLAINING AN APPARENT PARADOX." Marine Mammal Science 20, no. 3 (2004): 464–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01172.x.

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44

Morris, Rebecca J., Owen T. Lewis, and H. Charles J. Godfray. "Experimental evidence for apparent competition in a tropical forest food web." Nature 428, no. 6980 (2004): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02394.

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45

Carvalheiro, Luisa G., Yvonne M. Buckley, Rita Ventim, Simon V. Fowler, and Jane Memmott. "Apparent competition can compromise the safety of highly specific biocontrol agents." Ecology Letters 11, no. 7 (2008): 690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01184.x.

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46

Holt, Robert D., and John H. Lawton. "Apparent Competition and Enemy-Free Space in Insect Host-Parasitoid Communities." American Naturalist 142, no. 4 (1993): 623–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285561.

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47

Chen, R., P. L. Leung, and M. J. Stokes. "Apparent anomalous fading of thermoluminescence associated with competition with radiationless transitions." Radiation Measurements 32, no. 5-6 (2000): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(00)00082-2.

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48

Ferris, Howard, Luis E. Pocasangre, Edgardo Serrano, et al. "Diversity and complexity complement apparent competition: Nematode assemblages in banana plantations." Acta Oecologica 40 (April 2012): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2012.02.003.

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49

Karban, R., D. Hougen-Eitzmann, and G. English-Loeb. "Predator-mediated apparent competition between two herbivores that feed on grapevines." Oecologia 97, no. 4 (1994): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00325889.

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50

Meiners, Scott J. "Apparent competition: an impact of exotic shrub invasion on tree regeneration." Biological Invasions 9, no. 7 (2007): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-006-9086-5.

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