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Journal articles on the topic 'Apparent Viscosity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 May 2022

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1

SHIMADA, K., and S. KAMIYAMA. "HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUID IN A PARALLEL DUCT FLOW." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2001): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201005507.

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An experimental investigation is conducted to clarify the hydrodynamic characteristics of ERF with elastic particles of smectite in a two-dimensional parallel duct of various widths. Experimental data on pressure difference to a volumetric flow rate in a supplying D.C. electric field are measured. These data are arranged to obtain the apparent viscosit by using the integral method of rheology. From the data of apparent viscosity, the wall friction coefficient is obtained. The increment of the apparent viscosity caused by the applying electric field is a function of shear rate as well as the electric field strength and the width of the duct. However, the wall friction coefficient is not a function of elecric field strength and the width of the parallel duct, but only of shear rate. The yield stress is a function of the width of the parallel duct as well as of electric field strength. The ratio of Non-Newtonian viscosity in the apparent viscosity is varied by the intensity of the shear rate.

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2

HIRAI, Masazumi, Katsuhiro TAKEBAYASHI, Yuji YOSHIKAWA, and Ryoji YAMAGUCHI. "Apparent Viscosity of Semi-solid Metals." Tetsu-to-Hagane 78, no. 6 (1992): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.78.6_902.

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3

ZAMORA, M. C. "RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SENSORY VISCOSITY AND APPARENT VISCOSITY OF CORN STARCH PASTES." Journal of Texture Studies 26, no. 2 (May 1995): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.1995.tb00795.x.

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4

Al-Khdheeawi, Emad A., and Doaa Saleh Mahdi. "Apparent Viscosity Prediction of Water-Based Muds Using Empirical Correlation and an Artificial Neural Network." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 3067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163067.

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Apparent viscosity is of one of the main rheological properties of drilling fluid. Monitoring apparent viscosity during drilling operations is very important to prevent various drilling problems and improve well cleaning efficiency. Apparent viscosity can be measured in the laboratory using rheometer or viscometer devices. However, this laboratory measurement is a time-consuming operation. Thus, in this paper, we have developed a new empirical correlation and a new artificial neural network model to predict the apparent viscosity of drilling fluid as a function of two simple and fast measurements of drilling mud (i.e., March funnel viscosity and mud density). 142 experimental measurements for different drilling mud samples have been used to develop the new correlation. The calculated apparent viscosity from the developed correlation and neural network model has been compared with the measured apparent viscosity from the laboratory. The results show that the developed correlation and neural network model predict the apparent viscosity with very good accuracy. The new correlation and neural network models predict the apparent viscosity with a correlation coefficient (R) of 98.8% and 98.1% and an average absolute error (AAE) of 8.6% and 10.9%, respectively, compared to the R of 89.2% and AAE of 20.3% if the literature correlations are used. Thus, we conclude that the newly developed correlation and artificial neural network (ANN) models are preferable to predict the apparent viscosity of drilling fluid.

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5

Wan, Wen Bo, Li Juan Han, Guo Qin Liu, and Xin Qi Liu. "Effect of Storage Conditions on Apparent Viscosity of Oleogel Developed by β-Sitosterol and Lecithin with Sunflower Oil." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.903.

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The influence of storage conditions on apparent viscosity of mixtures of β-sitosterol and lecithin in sunflower oil was studied using rheology. The results showed the apparent viscosity of oleogel decreased with the increase of the speed of shear and storage temperature, while incresed with prolong of time in experiment conditions. The β-sitosterol and lecithin ratio also affected the apparent viscosity; solutions with ratio (70 β-sitosterol-30 lecithin) performed the highest apparent viscosity. What’s more, all the samples were pseudoplastic fluid. The apparent viscosity of the oleogel depends on storage temperature, storage time and organogelator ratios.

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6

Chen, Shih-Hsin, Jun-Jay Lee, and Chi-Yia Maa. "Apparent Viscosity of a Monodispersed Liquid Aerosol." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2, no. 1 (2002): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2002.06.0008.

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7

LANG, ELIZABETH ROBINSON, and CHOKYUN RHA. "Apparent shear viscosity of native egg white." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 17, no. 5 (June 28, 2007): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb00219.x.

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8

Gallo, T. A., and L. C. Klein. "Apparent viscosity of sol-gel processed silica." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 82, no. 1-3 (June 1986): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(86)90131-6.

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9

Lee, Jae Keun, and Gyo Taeg Seo. "Apparent elongational viscosity of dilute polymer solutions." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 13, no. 6 (November 1996): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02706020.

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10

Xu, Na, and Jinjia Wei. "Time-Dependent Shear-Induced Nonlinear Viscosity Effects in Dilute CTAC/NaSal Solutions: Mechanism Analyses." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 179394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/179394.

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The time-dependent shear-induced nonlinear viscosity effects of dilute surfactant solutions (CTAC/NaSal) at constant shear rate were tested by using the rheometer Couette cell. The apparent viscosity evolution curve can be divided into five stages: weak shear-thickening (Stage I), weak shear-thinning and plateau (Stage II), sharp shear-thickening (Stage III), oscillating adjustment (Stage IV), and rough plateau (Stage V). In Stage I, the stretching effects of shear flow lead to the weak increase in apparent viscosity at the inception of shearing. The apparent viscosity curve firstly decreases in Stage II and then levels off. The apparent viscosity plateau is caused by the forming and slipping of micellar lumps at the inner cylinder wall surface. Once the volume of lump exceeds a certain degree, the nucleation process of forming SIS is triggered, which is the beginning of Stage III and then the apparent viscosity increases sharply. The variations of apparent viscosity in adjusting period are rather complicated in Stage IV, and the variations mainly depend on the situation of SISs network. In Stage V, coupled with obvious oscillations, the apparent viscosity maintains a basically constant plateau value, indicating that the SISs network is fully developed and saturated at the corresponding shear rate.

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11

Xiang, Peng Wei, Rui Ping Zhang, Mei Niu, Xue Ping Guo, and Qi Rong Bai. "Research on the Rheological Properties of Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) Resin." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.949.

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Using capillary rheometer to study PPS temperature, shear rate, activation energy of viscous flow. Experiments show that with the increase of shear rate, apparent viscosity decreased. As the apparent viscosity is affected by temperature, so when the temperature increased, the apparent viscosity also decreased. It also indicates that the higher the shear rate comes, the lower the impact of temperature on the apparent viscosity is. As the temperature increased, non-Newtonian index (n) increased and tended to 1, PPS melt is pseudoplastic fluid. The activation energy of viscous flow of PPS decreased with the increasing of the shear rate. In addition, with the increasing of temperature, structural viscosity index felt regularly.

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12

Xia, Xue Li, Hong Fu Qiang, and Wang Guang. "Numerical Argumentation of any Factors for Effecting Flow Property of a Power-Law Gel Propellant in a Converging Injector." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2601.

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To evaluate the effect of a converging injector geometry, volumetric flow rate and gallant content on the pressure drop, the velocity and viscosity fields, the governing equations of the steady, incompressible, isothermal, laminar flow of a Power-Law, shear-thinning gel propellant in a converging injector were formulated, discretized and solved. A SIMPLEC numerical algorithm was applied for the solution of the flow field. The results indicate that the mean apparent viscosity decreases with increasing the volumetric flow rate and increasing the gallant content results in an increase in the viscosity. The results indicate also that the convergence angle can produce additional decrease in the mean apparent viscosity of the fluid. The mean apparent viscosity decreases significantly with increasing the convergence angle of the injector, and its value is limited by the Newtonian viscosity η∞. The effect of the convergence angle on the mean apparent viscosity is more significant than the effect of the volumetric flow rate and the gallant content on the mean apparent viscosity. Additional decreasing the viscosity results in increasing the pressure drop with increasing convergence angle. It is important to injector design that the viscosity decreasing and the pressure drop increasing are took into account together.

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13

Lu, Kang, Shu Sen Wu, Shu Lin Lü, and Chong Lin. "Apparent Viscosity and Rheological Behavior of Aluminum-Alloy Slurry Containing Nano-Sized SiC Particles." Solid State Phenomena 285 (January 2019): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.285.391.

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The apparent viscosity and rheological behavior of nanoSiCP/Al-5Cu composites were studied by using a high temperature coaxial rotating cylinder viscometer. The results show that mass fraction of nanoSiCP is an important factor for apparent viscosity of the nanoSiCP/Al-5Cu composites, and there is a great enhancement of apparent viscosity of the slurry with the increase of nanoSiCp content. It can attribute to the viscous force between nanoSiCp and matrix alloy melt above the liquidus. The increased amplitude of apparent viscosity in semi-solid state is far less than those in liquid state with the increase of mass fraction of nanoSiCp. The apparent viscosities of the composites reinforced with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% nanoSiCp at 700°C were 24.78%, 95.25%, 160.29% and 228.62% higher than that of Al-5Cu alloy, respectively. Besides, the rheological model of nanoSiCP/Al-5Cu composites was established based on the fitting curve, which can precisely describe the relationship between the apparent viscosity of nanocomposites slurry and nanoSiCp mass fraction.

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14

Rao, T. V. V. L. N., S. Sufian, and Norani Muti Mohamed. "Analysis of Electric Double Layer on Thin Film Lubrication with Partial Slip." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.538.

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This paper presents a model of electro-viscosity considering effects of electric double layer on thin film lubrication with partial slip. The apparent viscosity and modified Reynolds equation are derived with consideration of electric double layer with partial slip. The apparent viscosity includes the combined effects of the electro-viscosity, the viscosity of bulk fluid and slip length. The electro-viscosity depends on the zeta potential. The effects of electric double layer with partial boundary slip on load capacity are analyzed for one-dimensional slider bearing. The electric double layer leads to an increase in apparent viscosity of lubricant and hence load capacity in thin film lubrication. Electric double layer with partial slip on parallel bearing surfaces increases the bearing load capacity.

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15

Mehrotra, K. N., and M. Anis. "Apparent molar volume and viscosity of zirconyl soaps." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 122, no. 1-3 (April 1997): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(96)03822-8.

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16

Galindo-Rosales, F. J., F. J. Rubio-Hernández, and A. Sevilla. "An apparent viscosity function for shear thickening fluids." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 166, no. 5-6 (March 2011): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2011.01.001.

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17

Tsardaka, K. D., and J. E. Rees. "Apparent viscosity of particulate solids determined using creepanalysis." Powder Technology 76, no. 2 (August 1993): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(05)80030-0.

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18

Zhao, Song Hui, Bo Lou, Wei Qian, and Xin Feng Long. "Research on Apparent Viscosity Behavior of Municipal Sludge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 2984–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.2984.

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Researches about the viscous of municipal sludge can be constructive especially in its drying and transportation. The change of apparent viscosity in terms of moisture content and temperature reveals that the former is primary. The apparent viscosity increases rapidly at moisture content lower than 88% with an exponent function and It is negative correlation with moisture content above 90% but only a litter change which has nothing to do with the temperature. However, it becomes to oscillate below 87% of moisture content which is attributed to complicated activities of microbe and temperature.

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19

Cui, Zhenlu, Jianbing Su, and Xiaoming Zeng. "Apparent Viscosity of Active Nematics in Poiseuille Flow." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 640 (September 28, 2015): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/640/1/012011.

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20

Patel, C. I., and J. N. Staniforth. "Determination of the apparent failure viscosity of tablets." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 39, no. 8 (August 1987): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1987.tb03445.x.

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21

Gibilaro, L. G., K. Gallucci, R. Di Felice, and P. Pagliai. "On the apparent viscosity of a fluidized bed." Chemical Engineering Science 62, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2006.08.030.

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22

You, Renliang, Pan Zhang, Yuetao Qiu, and Qing Zheng. "Effect of concrete viscosity on apparent quality of fair faced concrete." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2194, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2194/1/012018.

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Abstract In this paper, concrete with different viscosity was prepared by adjusting the water binder ratio of concrete. The floating time of table tennis was used to characterize the viscosity of concrete, and the effect of concrete viscosity on the apparent quality of fair faced concrete was studied. The test results show that with the increase of concrete viscosity, the apparent porosity of concrete decreases first and then increases. When the water binder ratio is 0.37 and the floating time of table tennis is 40s, the appearance quality of concrete components is the best.

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23

Qian, Xiao Lin, Lin Wang, Xiao Hua Yang, and Yong Xue Lin. "Factors Influencing Viscosity of Twin-Tail Hydrophobically Associating Polymer Weak Gel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 628 (September 2014): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.628.98.

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Weak gel was sythysized by twin-tail hydrophobically associating polymer P(AM/ DiC6AM/NaAA) crosslinked with water-soluble phenolic resin. Apparent viscosity of week gel increases with the increasing of polymer concentration and the increasing of phenolic resin. The crosslinking reaction is influenced by salt. Apparent viscosity of week gel firstly increased and then decreased with increasing salt concentration. Weak gel has shear thinning property. But apparent viscosity of weak get is recoverable after shear.

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24

Rognmo, Arthur Uno, Sunniva Brudvik Fredriksen, Zachary Paul Alcorn, Mohan Sharma, Tore Føyen, Øyvind Eide, Arne Graue, and Martin Fernø. "Pore-to-Core EOR Upscaling for CO2 Foam for CCUS." SPE Journal 24, no. 06 (July 15, 2019): 2793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/190869-pa.

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Summary This paper presents an ongoing CO2–foam upscaling research project that aims to advance CO2–foam technology for accelerating and increasing oil recovery, while reducing operational costs and lessening the carbon footprint left during CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Laboratory CO2–foam behavior was upscaled to pilot scale in an onshore carbonate reservoir in Texas, USA. Important CO2–foam properties, such as local foam generation, bubble texture, apparent viscosity, and shear–thinning behavior with a nonionic surfactant, were evaluated using pore–to–core upscaling to develop accurate numerical tools for a field–pilot prediction of increased sweep efficiency and CO2 utilization. At pore–scale, high–pressure silicon–wafer micromodels showed in–situ foam generation and stable liquid films over time during no–flow conditions. Intrapore foam bubbles corroborated high apparent foam viscosities measured at core scale. CO2–foam apparent viscosity was measured at different rates (foam–rate scans) and different gas fractions (foam–quality scans) at core scale. The highest mobility reduction (foam apparent viscosity) was observed between 0.60 and 0.70 gas fractions. The maximum foam apparent viscosity was 44.3 (±0.5) mPa·s, 600 times higher than that of pure CO2, compared with the baseline viscosity (reference case, without surfactant), which was 1.7 (±0.6) mPa·s, measured at identical conditions. The CO2–foam showed shear–thinning behavior with approximately 50% reduction in apparent viscosity when the superficial velocity was increased from 1 to 8 ft/D. Strong foam was generated in EOR corefloods at a gas fraction of 0.70, resulting in an apparent viscosity of 39.1 mPa·s. Foam parameters derived from core–scale foam floods were used for numerical upscaling and field–pilot performance assessment.

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25

MISZCZAK, Andrzej, and Grzegorz SIKORA. "ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION OF JOURNAL BEARINGS WITH OIL OF NON-NEWTONIAN PROPERTIES." Tribologia 272, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6325.

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In this paper, the presented issue concerns hydrodynamic lubrication of the journal bearings with the oil of non-Newtonian properties. For the analysis of the hydrodynamic lubrication, a constitutive model of the third order was assumed. The assumed model consist of a Newtonian part –pI+ηA1 and non-Newtonian part β3·tr(A1 2)A1. The main part of this paper concerns transformation, nondimensionalization, and an estimation of the order of magnitude of the equation, which describes the apparent viscosity. Apparent viscosity describes changes in the dynamic viscosity with shear rate. In this way, the prepared model of apparent viscosity is used in momentum equations. These equations are integrated in order to designate components of the velocity vector. By substitution of the proper boundary conditions, a modified Reynolds type equation is obtained. A further stage of the research will be proceeding of the numerical calculations of the hydrodynamic pressure distribution followed by the designation of the carrying capacity, friction force, and friction coefficient while taking changes of the viscosity from shear rate into account (apparent viscosity).

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26

Wang, Yao Wu, Run Jun Sun, Zhao Huan Zhang, Li Ping Chen, and Mu Yao. "Study on the Rheological Properties of PTFE/PVA Blended Solution." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2934.

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PTFE suspension latex and PVA solution are blended at different ratio, and the rotary rheometer is used to test the rheological properties of these solutions. The result shows that both PTFE suspension latex and PTFE/PVA blended solution are all shear thinning fluid; with increasing shear rate, apparent viscosity decreases; with increase of PVA content in blended solution, apparent viscosity and Non-Newtonian index increase, and spinnability of blended solution can be improved; with increase of temperature, the apparent viscosity decreases.

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27

Tan, Li Wen, Dong Mei Xu, Quan Ji, Bing Bing Wang, and Yan Zhi Xia. "Rheological Properties of Blend Spinning Solution of Sodium Alginate and TiO₂ Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.301.

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Rheological properties of blend spinning solution of sodium alginate and TiO2 nanoparticles (SA/nano-TiO2) were investigated. The rheological parameters, structural viscosity index (Δη) and flow activation energy (Eη) of spinning solutions were calculated. The results reported that the blend spinning solutions were non-newtonian fluids. The apparent viscosity, consistency index (k) and Eη increased with increasing nano-TiO2 content in SA spinning solution, but the degradation degree of apparent viscosity decreased, flow behavior index (n) only slightly decreased and the Δη had no significantly change. The apparent viscosity (ηa) of spinning solutions could be regulated by changing temperature under 50oC. Blend spinning solution had good stability and practical applicability.

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28

Li, Shucai, Pentti K. Järvelä, and Pirkko A. Järvelä. "A comparison between apparent viscosity and dynamic complex viscosity for polypropylene/maleated polypropylene blends." Polymer Engineering & Science 37, no. 1 (January 1997): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.11641.

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29

Sydorenko, Vitalii, Oleksandr Obodovych, Tetyana Grabova, and Olena Podobii. "Influence of physicochemical parameters of the alkaline pretreatment on the viscosity of wheat straw slurries." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 52 (2021): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt2152253s.

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The paper presents the results of the influence of physicochemical parameters of the alkaline pretreatment on the viscosity of wheat straw slurries on its rheological properties. The authors consider the coefficient of apparent viscosity as a complex indicator of wheat straw slurries pretreatment process which depends on the structure and physicochemical properties of system components, thermal parameters of the process (temperature, dispersion, and concentration of dispersed phase, shear flow rate). A wheat straw slurries with a solids content of 10?15% were chosen as the object of research. As a result of research, rheological viscosity and fluidity were constructed for these slurries in the range of shear rates from 1 to 437.4 s-1. The value of viscosity as a function of shear rate for a solids concentration of 10, 12, and 15% w. is given. It has been determined that in a certain range of shear rates the slurries show the behavior of viscoelastic fluids with yield stress, and with increasing of the solids concentration the rate of decrease of viscosity increases with increasing shear rate. A study of the effect of alkali concentration on apparent viscosity was performed. It is determined that an increase in the concentration of alkali leads to an increase in the apparent viscosity of the slurry, and with increasing alkali concentration, the rate of decrease in viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate. The value of the apparent viscosity of the suspension as a function of temperature is given.

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30

Falls, A. H., J. J. Musters, and J. Ratulowski. "The Apparent Viscosity of Foams in Homogeneous Bead Packs." SPE Reservoir Engineering 4, no. 02 (May 1, 1989): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/16048-pa.

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31

Hirai, Masazumi, Katsuhiro Takebayashi, Yuji Yoshikawa, and Ryoji Yamaguchi. "Apparent Viscosity of Al-10mass%Cu Semi-solid Alloys." ISIJ International 33, no. 3 (1993): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.33.405.

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32

Wang, Jun, Qixin Guo, Mitsuhiro Nishio, Hiroshi Ogawa, Da Shu, Ke Li, Shuxian He, and Baode Sun. "The apparent viscosity of fine particle reinforced composite melt." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 136, no. 1-3 (May 2003): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00919-6.

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33

Doré, F., C. L. Martin, and C. H. Allibert. "Apparent viscosity of W–Cu powder compacts during sintering." Materials Science and Engineering: A 383, no. 2 (October 2004): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.05.050.

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34

Toǧrul, Hasan, and Nurhan Arslan. "Mathematical model for prediction of apparent viscosity of molasses." Journal of Food Engineering 62, no. 3 (May 2004): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0260-8774(03)00241-3.

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35

Yalcin, Ozlem, Daniel Ortiz, Alexander T. Williams, Paul C. Johnson, and Pedro Cabrales. "Perfusion pressure and blood flow determine microvascular apparent viscosity." Experimental Physiology 100, no. 8 (June 28, 2015): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ep085101.

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36

Zhao, B., O. A. Basir, and G. S. Mittal. "Correlation Analysis Between Beverage Apparent Viscosity and Ultrasound Velocity." International Journal of Food Properties 6, no. 3 (January 10, 2003): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/jfp-120020115.

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37

Eremeev, A. G., S. V. Egorov, A. A. Sorokin, Yu V. Bykov, and K. I. Rybakov. "Apparent viscosity reduction during microwave sintering of amorphous silica." Ceramics International 44, no. 2 (February 2018): 1797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.10.113.

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38

Krivovichev, Gerasim V. "On the apparent viscosity of parametrical lattice Boltzmann equations." Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics 11 (2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/astp.2017.6623.

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39

Kawase, Y., and T. Kumagai. "Apparent viscosity for non-Newtonian fermentation media in bioreactors." Bioprocess Engineering 7, no. 1-2 (September 1991): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00383574.

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40

Martinsson, Johan, Björn Glaser, and Du Sichen. "Study on Apparent Viscosity and Structure of Foaming Slag." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 47, no. 5 (July 26, 2016): 2710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0760-4.

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41

Colafigli, Alessandro, Luca Mazzei, Paola Lettieri, and Larry Gibilaro. "Apparent viscosity measurements in a homogeneous gas-fluidized bed." Chemical Engineering Science 64, no. 1 (January 2009): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2008.08.036.

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42

Miladinov, V. D., and M. A. Hanna. "Apparent viscosity of co-extruded starch and xanthan gum." Industrial Crops and Products 5, no. 3 (September 1996): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-6690(96)89447-7.

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43

Yang, Xu, Wen Chen, and HongGuang Sun. "Fractional time-dependent apparent viscosity model for semisolid foodstuffs." Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 22, no. 4 (October 3, 2017): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11043-017-9366-8.

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44

You Xue-Yi, Zheng Xiang-Jun, and Zheng Jing-Ru. "Molecular theory of apparent viscosity of liquid in microchannels." Acta Physica Sinica 56, no. 4 (2007): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.56.2323.

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45

Wang, Xiaochen, Shucai Li, Annan Zhou, Rentai Liu, Yankai Liu, and Chunyu Zhang. "An analytical model of apparent viscosity in bleeding process." Construction and Building Materials 303 (October 2021): 124471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124471.

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Li, Qiang, Yanling Wang, Fuling Wang, Qingchao Li, Forson Kobina, Hao Bai, and Lin Yuan. "Effect of a Modified Silicone as a Thickener on Rheology of Liquid CO2 and Its Fracturing Capacity." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030540.

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The low viscosity of pure liquid CO2 hindered the development of CO2 fracturing technology. A modified silicone polymer was prepared as a CO2 thickener to investigate the effect of temperature, pressure, shear rate and thickener content (wt.%) on the apparent viscosity and rheology of thickened liquid CO2. In addition, CO2 fracturing capacity was evaluated with the numerical simulation of extended finite element. The results displayed that an apparent viscosity of up to 1.3 mPa·s at 303 K and 18 MPa was attained over liquid CO2 using the thickener of 3 wt.% and Toluene of 9 wt.% as additives. Compared to the commercial linear polydimethylsiloxane, a better apparent viscosity was obtained from the mixture of this prepared thickener, Toluene and CO2. The apparent viscosity decreases with increasing temperature and shear rate. By contrast, an improving apparent viscosity was revealed with an increase in the pressure from 8 to 14 MPa and thickener content from 1 to 3 wt.%. The rheological index decreased with increasing thickener content with pressure but the rise in temperature led to an increasing rheological index. The mesh structure theory of the thickener, CO2 and Toluene molecules was in this paper gives a good explanation for the discrepancy between CO2 viscosity with the thickener content, temperature, pressure, or shear rate. Compared to pure CO2, the numerical simulation of CO2 fracturing demonstrated an excellent fracturing capacity by using the thickened CO2 fracturing fluid in shale reservoirs. This investigation could provide the basic reference for the development of CO2 fracturing technology.

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Shimada, Kunio, Shinichi Kamiyama, Toyohisa Fujita, Makio Iwabuchi, Hitoshi Nishida, and Kenichi Okui. "Rheology of ERF on Various Flow Fields." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 14n16 (June 30, 1999): 1886–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299001922.

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This paper is concerned with the experimental investigation of electrorheological effect (ER effect) on apparent viscosity and yield stress obtained from hydrodynamic characteristics of electrorheological fluid (ERF) in various flow fields. Our conducting flow fields are made by using rectangular duct, concentric cylindrical pipe, rotating disk and rotating concentric cylinder. The measured parameters of the former two cases are pressure difference at a given volumetric flow rate, and the latters are torque at a given angular velocity. Our using ERF is suspension type. We arrange these data to obtain increment of apparent viscosity and yield stress with and without a supplying D.C. electric field by using integral method of rheology. It is clarified that qualitative values of increment of apparent viscosity and yield stress are different at each flow field. In addition, the quantitative ER effects of shear rate and electric field strength on the increment of apparent viscosity and yield stress are clarified.

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Ma, Nan Song, Su Juan Pang, Nai Xu, Li Sha Pan, Guang Mao Li, and Qiang Lin. "Rheological Property of Sodium Alginate-Agar-Montmorillonite Ternary Solution." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.357.

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The rheological properties of sodium alginate (SA)/agar (AR)/montmorillonite (MMT) solutions were investigated using a rotational viscometer. The dependence of solution apparent viscosity on rotation speed, MMT proportion and solution temperature were researched systematically. Furthermore, the relation of apparent viscosity and micro-structure of the ternary solution was also discussed.

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Liu, Wen, Shu Ming Xing, and Mi Lan Zhang. "Study on Apparent Viscosity of Semi-Solid Alloys during Rheocasting." Solid State Phenomena 141-143 (July 2008): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.141-143.665.

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An analytical model of apparent viscosity was built up based on analysis of energy dissipation during rheocasting. By study the evaluation law of microstructure analyzed with a quantitative metallographic analysis system for semi-solid alloys, the variation law of apparent viscosity with time has been obtained. The model was verified in the experiment of A356 alloys with a coaxial double-bucket rheometer, and the results of simulated experiment and theoretical calculation are in a good agreement.

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Ali, Douaa Hussein, and Muhannad A. R. Mohammed. "Studying the Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Under the Addition of Different Chemical Additives." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 23, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.23010068.

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This research study the rheological properties ( plastic viscosity, yield point and apparent viscosity) of non-Newtonian fluids under the addition of different chemical additives with different concentrations, such as (xanthan gum (xc-polymer) , carboxy methyl cellulose ( high and low viscosity ) ,polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, quebracho, chrome lignosulfonate, and sodium chloride (NaCl). Fann viscometer model 800 with 8-speeds was used to measure the rheological properties of these samples, that have already been prepared. All samples were subjected to Bingham plastic model. It was concluded that the plastic viscosity, yield point and apparent viscosity should be increased with increasing the concentrations of (xanthan gum (xc-polymer) , carboxy methyl cellulose ( high and low viscosity ) ,polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, starch and sodium chloride (NaCl), while the opposite is true for quebracho, chrome lignosulfonate.

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