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Journal articles on the topic 'Appearance and reality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Allard, James W. "Appearance Versus Reality." Bradley Studies 4, no. 2 (1998): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bradley1998429.

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2

Hill, Christopher S. "Appearance and reality." Philosophical Issues 30, no. 1 (2020): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phis.12179.

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3

Petley, Julian. "Appearance and Reality." Index on Censorship 35, no. 1 (2006): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220600577192.

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4

Shekhet, N. "Socialism: Appearance and Reality." Problems of Economic Transition 37, no. 5 (1994): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pet1061-1991370549.

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5

Ziebura, Gilbert. "Between appearance and reality." Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe 4, no. 2 (1996): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09651569608454536.

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6

Anand, Rakesh L., Damian Collins, and Anna Chapman. "Basosquamous carcinoma: appearance and reality." Oxford Medical Case Reports 2017, no. 1 (2017): omw095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/omcr/omw095.

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7

Emprin, Ginette. "Appearance and Reality in Gulliver's Travels." Études irlandaises 15, no. 1 (1990): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/irlan.1990.913.

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8

Moravcsik, J. M. "Appearance and Reality in Heraclitus’ Philosophy." Monist 74, no. 4 (1991): 551–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/monist199174425.

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9

Stannett, Mike. "Computing the appearance of physical reality." Applied Mathematics and Computation 219, no. 1 (2012): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2011.07.071.

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10

Kane, Edward J. "Appearance and reality in deposit insurance." Journal of Banking & Finance 10, no. 2 (1986): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(86)90003-8.

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11

Skusek, Zoja. "Meta Krese, photographs of appearance and reality." Feminist Review 77, no. 1 (2004): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400169.

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12

Deák, Gedeon O. "Do children really confuse appearance and reality?" Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10, no. 12 (2006): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.09.012.

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13

Rorty, Richard. "Getting Rid of the Appearance-Reality Distinction." New Literary History 47, no. 1 (2016): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2016.0006.

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14

Brougham, Richard L. "Reality and Appearance in Bergson and Whitehead." Process Studies 24 (1995): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/process1995241.

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15

Del Mar, J. "Beethoven's five-part scherzos: appearance and reality." Early Music 40, no. 2 (2012): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cas048.

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16

Levine, Michael. "Appearance and reality: Misinterpreting Śa[ndot]kara." Asian Philosophy 5, no. 2 (1995): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09552369508575417.

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17

Fairris, David. "Appearance and Reality in Postwar Shopfloor Relations." Review of Radical Political Economics 22, no. 4 (1990): 17–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661349002200403.

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18

J. Murdoch, Michael, Nargess Hassani, and Sara Leary. "Color and Object Appearance in Augmented Reality." Frameless 1, no. 1 (2019): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14448/frameless.01.010.

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This presentation will summarize recent work on the visual perception of color appearance and object properties in optical see-through (OST) augmented reality (AR) systems. OST systems, such as Microsoft HoloLens, use a see- through display system to superimpose virtual content onto a user’s view of the real world. With careful tracking of both display and world coordinates, synthetic objects can be added to the real world, and real objects can be manipulated via synthetic overlays. Ongoing research studies how the combination of real and virtual stimuli are perceived and how users’ visual adaptation is affected; two specific examples will be explained.

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19

Jones, J. A., and P. J. Hore. "The maximum entropy method. Appearance and reality." Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 92, no. 2 (1991): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2364(91)90277-z.

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20

Baily, Mary Ann. "Improving Fairness in Coverage Decisions: Appearance or Reality?" American Journal of Bioethics 4, no. 3 (2004): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160490497821.

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21

Singh, Avinash Kumar, Hsiang-Ting Chen, Yu-Feng Cheng, et al. "Visual Appearance Modulates Prediction Error in Virtual Reality." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 24617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2832089.

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22

Flavell, John H., Frances L. Green, Eleanor R. Flavell, Malcolm W. Watson, and Joseph C. Campione. "Development of Knowledge about the Appearance-Reality Distinction." Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 51, no. 1 (1986): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1165866.

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23

Krachun, Carla, Josep Call, and Michael Tomasello. "Can chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) discriminate appearance from reality?" Cognition 112, no. 3 (2009): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.012.

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24

Gregory, Richard L. "Appearance and Reality (1): A Number of Ideas." Perception 19, no. 4 (1990): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p190419.

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25

Hirel, Marie, Constance Thiriau, Inès Roho, and Hélène Meunier. "Are monkeys able to discriminate appearance from reality?" Cognition 196 (March 2020): 104123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104123.

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26

Park, Min Ki, Kyu Je Lim, Myoung Kook Seo, Soon Jong Jung, and Kwan H. Lee. "Spatial augmented reality for product appearance design evaluation." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 2, no. 1 (2014): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2014.11.004.

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Abstract Augmented reality based on projection, called “Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR)”, is a new technology that can produce immersive contents by overlapping virtuality and real-world environment. It has been paid attention as the next generation digital contents in media art and human–computer interaction (HCI). In this paper, we present a new methodology to evaluate the product appearance design more intuitively by means of SAR technique. The proposed method first projects the high-quality rendered image considering the optical property of materials onto the mock-up of a product. We also conduct a projector-camera calibration to compensate a color distortion according to a projector, a projection surface and environment lighting. The design evaluation methodology we propose offers more flexible and intuitive evaluation environment to a designer and user (evaluator) than previous methods that are performed via a digital display. At the end of this research, we have conducted a case study for designing and evaluating appearance design of an automobile.

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27

Zhang, Lili, Michael J. Murdoch, and Romain Bachy. "Color appearance shift in augmented reality metameric matching." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 38, no. 5 (2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.420395.

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28

Aydoğdu, Hüseyin. "Comparison of Husserl and Bergson ontologies in realty-appearance: Being-appearance dichotomyHusserl ve Bergson ontolojilerinin gerçek-görünüş ikiliğinde karşılaştırılması: Varlık-görünüş ikiliği." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 4 (2017): 3708. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i4.4761.

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In this work, we aimed to examine the realty-appearance duality solutions and the results they have discussed in the Husserl and Bergson ontologies on the axis of being appearance dichotomy. One of the fundamental problems of the ontology is the reality-appearance duality, which has been discussed in the context of the being-appearance dichotomy from the Ancient Greek philosophy. The reality-appearance duality is one of the basic problems of ontology in the 20th century as it was in the previous periods. Husserl and Bergson wanted to analyze and solve the problem of reality-appearance duality in their ontologies, as a reaction, on the axis of Plato, Aristoteles, Descartes, Kant and Hegel discussions. Husserl has developed a phenomenological method to solve the problem of reality-appearance duality. Husserl discusses the reality-appearance duality primarily through essence. According to him, the things we understand are not the looks, but the essences, as Kant said. The truth is only the essences. What we perceive as our appearance is the images given of the essences. He discusses the reality-appearance duality through being / experience. In Husserl's ontology, being and experience are in fact identical. When it is called being, it understands experience, and when it is called experience, it understands being. He, divides into two parts the entity, a phenomenological entity and a real entity. Phenomenological entity is real entity and corresponds to truth. Real entity is relative asset and corresponds to appearance. Bergson has developed an irrational method of intuitionism, which is to solve the reality-appearance duality. At the beginning of his ontology has a reality-appearance duality as it is in Husserl. It is the crude and lifeless matter that emerges at the places where evolution pauses and is about the physics in the creative evolution process that Bergson refers to as appearance. The truth is that life is the world of life, in which creative evolution continues and can only be perceived and perceived through time. There is an ontological and epistemological difference between the material world and the life world. Thus, Husserl and Bergson aim to reach knowledge about the essence of reality, namely the nature of existence, by discussing the reality-appearance duality in their ontologies. While Husserl is reached knowledge of the essence of existence with pure consciousness, Bergson reached with intuition and time.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu çalışmamızda Husserl ile Bergson ontolojilerinde varlık-görünüş dikotomisi ekseninde tartışılan gerçek-görünüş ikiliği çözümlemelerini ve vardıkları sonuçları incelemeyi amaçladık. Ontolojinin temel problemlerinden biri olan gerçek-görünüş ikiliği Antik Çağ Yunan felsefesinden itibaren varlık-görünüş dikotomisi bağlamında tartışılmıştır. Gerçek-görünüş ikiliği önceki dönemlerde olduğu gibi 20. yüzyılda da ontolojinin temel problemlerinden biridir. Husserl ve Bergson, ontolojilerinde gerçek-görünüş ikiliği problemini Platon, Aristoteles, Descartes, Kant ve Hegel tartışmaları ekseninde onlara bir tepki olarak ele alıp çözümlemek istemişlerdir. Husserl gerçek-görünüş ikiliği problemini çözmek için fenomenolojik yöntemi geliştirmiştir. Husserl gerçek-görünüş ikiliğini öncelikle özler üzerinden tartışır. Ona göre kavradığımız şeyler Kant’ın da dediği gibi görünüşler değil, özlerdir. Gerçek olan yalnızca özlerdir. Bizim görünüş olarak algıladığımız ise özlerin verilmişliğindeki görüntülerdir. O, gerçek-görünüş ikiliğini ikinci olarak varlık/yaşantı üzerinden tartışır. Husserl’in ontolojisinde varlık ile yaşantı adeta özdeşleşmiştir. Varlık denildiğide yaşantı, yaşantı denildiğide varlık anlaşılır. Varlığı, fenomenolojik varlık ve reel varlık olmak üzere ikiye ayırır. Fenomenolojik varlık gerçek varlık olup hakikate karşılık gelmektedir. Reel varlık ise göreceli varlık olup görünüşe karşılık gelmektedir. Bergson ise gerçek-görünüş ikiliğini çözmek için irrasyonel bir yöntem olan sezgiciliği geliştirmiştir. Onun ontolojisinin başlangıcında da Husserl’de olduğu gibi gerçek-görünüş ikiliği vardır. Bergson’un görünüş olarak kastettiği yaratıcı evrim sürecinde evrimin duraksadığı yerlerde ortaya çıkan ve fiziğin konusu olan kaba ve cansız maddedir. Gerçek ise yaratıcı evrimin devam ettiği ve ancak süre ile fark edilip sezgi ile kavranılabilen varlıktır, yani yaşam dünyasıdır. Madde dünyası ile yaşam dünyası arasında ontolojik ve epistemolojik bir fark vardır. Böylelikle Husserl ile Bergson ontolojilerinde gerçek-görünüş ikiliği tartışmalarıyla gerçekliğin özüne yani varlığın özüne ilişkin bilgiye ulaşmayı amaçlamaktadırlar. Husserl varlığın özüne ilişkin bilgiye saf bilinç ile ulaşırken Bergson ise sezgi ve süre ile ulaşmaktadır.

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29

Vaillo, Gonzalo. "Superficiality and Representation: Adding Aesthetics to “Knowledge without Truth”." Open Philosophy 4, no. 1 (2021): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2020-0150.

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Abstract This article has two parts. The first one compares the ontological and epistemological implications of two main philosophical stances on how reality relates to appearance. I call the first group the “plane of superficiality,” where reality and appearance are the same; there is no gap between what a thing is and how it manifests itself. I call the second group “volume of representation,” in which reality is beyond appearances; there is an insurmountable gap between the thing and its phenomena. The second part of the article focuses on Graham Harman’s Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) as the second group’s contemporary position. Within the OOO epistemological model of “knowledge without truth,” Harman’s schema of the observer’s participation in the object’s knowledge production is questioned. Alternatively, based on the notion proposed here of “flat representativity” in which each appearance is equally valuable to represent different aspects of the object, I argue for the full spectrum of the sensual as the basis for “knowledge without truth.” In particular, the aesthetic method, excluded from Harman’s concerns about knowledge, is suggested as another contribution to the episteme.

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30

Hansen, Mikkel B., and Ellen M. Markman. "Appearance questions can be misleading: A discourse-based account of the appearance–reality problem." Cognitive Psychology 50, no. 3 (2005): 233–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.09.001.

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31

Aladin. "Appearance, Reality and Truth in Magic: A personal memoir." Performance Research 13, no. 4 (2008): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528160902875655.

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32

AVERY, CLARE, and CHARLES ANTAKI. "Conversational devices in stories turning on appearance versus reality." Text - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse 17, no. 1 (1997): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1997.17.1.1.

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33

Rice, Catherine, Daphne Koinis, Kate Sullivan, Helen Tager-Flusberg, and Ellen Winner. "When 3-year-olds pass the appearance–reality test." Developmental Psychology 33, no. 1 (1997): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.33.1.54.

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34

Weiss, Michael. "Exponential tails of drug disposition curves: Reality or appearance?" Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 41, no. 1 (2013): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10928-013-9345-x.

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35

Bronkhorst, Johannes. "Innovation in Seventeenth Century Grammatical Philosophy: Appearance or Reality?" Journal of Indian Philosophy 36, no. 5-6 (2008): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10781-008-9040-1.

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36

Hassani, Nargess, and Michael J. Murdoch. "Investigating color appearance in optical see‐through augmented reality." Color Research & Application 44, no. 4 (2019): 492–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.22380.

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37

Meisami, Sayeh. "The Point of Reality and the Circle of Appearance." Journal of Sufi Studies 9, no. 1 (2021): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105956-bja10006.

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Abstract This article explains three major Sufi themes of Maḥmūd Shabistarī’s Gulshan-i rāz as connected by the point-circle metaphor that captures the illusory state of a circle formed by the fast motion of a point. Inspired by Ibn ʿArabī, Shabistarī employs this metaphor in his poetic presentation of the unity of being, the existential state of the human soul, and the bifurcation of religious knowledge and practice into exoteric and esoteric with its implications for the relation between prophethood and sainthood. The article explains these themes mostly in light of Shams al-Dīn Lāhījī’s renowned commentary, Mafātīḥ al-iʿjāz. The analysis of some key verses on the above themes in Shabistarī’s Gulshan-i rāz and the corresponding comments from Lāhījī demonstrates the significance of Akbarian Sufi philosophy in the intellectual and literary life of Persians since late medieval times.

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Lin, Ching-Wei, Peter Hanselaer, and Kevin A. G. Smet. "Relationship between perceived room brightness and light source appearance mode in different media: reality, virtual reality and 2D images." Color and Imaging Conference 2020, no. 28 (2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2020.28.6.

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The appearance mode of an object, whether it appears selfluminous or reflective, depends on its luminance and its surrounding. This research aims to verify whether the appearance mode of a spherical lamp ("on" / "off") and perceived room brightness is influenced by the presentation medium: real 3D scenes (R-3D), rendered virtual 3D scenes (VR-3D) presented on a head-mounted-display (HMD) and 2D scenes presented on a regular display (D-2D). Twenty observers evaluated the lamp's appearance mode when presented in different luminance values and rated the apparent room brightness of the scene under four viewing conditions: R3D and D-2D with warm-white scene lighting, and D-2D and VR-3D with cool-white scene lighting. Threshold luminance, defined as the luminance corresponding to a 50-50 chance of perceiving a lamp as switched on, showed large observer variability, which might originate from the diversity of the observers' understanding of the lamp material and their strategy to judge the appearance mode. Respectively, threshold luminance and room brightness were significantly lower and significantly higher for the virtual reality scene than for the other conditions. However, no evidence was found that the appearance mode of a spherical lamp can relevantly predict room brightness.

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39

Mizrahi, Moti. "An Argument for External World Skepticism from the Appearance/Reality Distinction." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 6, no. 4 (2016): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-00503001.

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In this paper, I argue that arguments from skeptical hypotheses for external world skepticism derive their support from a skeptical argument from the distinction between appearance and reality. This skeptical argument from the appearance/reality distinction gives the external world skeptic her conclusion (i.e., thatSdoesn’t know thatp) without appealing to skeptical hypotheses and without assuming that knowledge is closed under known entailments. If this is correct, then this skeptical argument from the appearance/reality distinction poses a new skeptical challenge that cannot be resolved by denying skeptical hypotheses or knowledge closure.

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Hillman, John. "How Does Photography Appear to Appear?" Magic, Vol. 5, no. 1 (2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m8.072.art.

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Photography shares little with the logic of simulation and simulacrum, instead it facilitates a dimension within which people and objects we photograph emerge from an impossible frame. Its intrigue resides in the palpable sense of impossibility that photographs render visible to us. This sleight of hand obfuscates the question of how appearance appears. In Finders Keepers, Dutch photographer Laura Chen works with imagery sourced from undeveloped films purchased from eBay and car-boot sales. When Chen develops the films, the real of someone else’s reality is transformed into art. Left undeveloped, these images occupy nowhere in particular, but Chen makes appearances fill in a void and poses a question which is not one of “why” but of “where” are images? Furthermore, in seeking out meanings, the magic of photography is understood through the misdirection of illusion and appearance. What is more useful is to ask how photography appears to appear? Keywords: photography and illusion, magic of photography, reality and simulation, appearance of photography, Laura Chen

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Merriman, William E., Lorna H. Jarvis, and John M. Marazita. "How shall a deceptive thing be called?" Journal of Child Language 22, no. 1 (1995): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009661.

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ABSTRACTThirty-six three-, four- and five-year-olds were asked to select labels for deceptive stimuli (e.g. for an eraser that looked like a pencil). Three types of labelling were investigated –simple (e.g. ‘is an eraser’); appearance-predicated (e.g. ‘looks like an eraser’); and reality-predicated (e.g. ‘is really and truly an eraser’). An age-related appearance-reality shift was observed in simple labelling (e.g. older children were more likely than younger ones to accept eraser and reject pencil as simple names for the pencil-eraser). This trend was robust over method and semantic domain, though weaker with object than with colour labels. As in previous research, older children were more likely than younger ones to map different appearance- than reality-predicated labels onto an item (e.g. to accept that the pencil-eraser looks like a pencil, but is really and truly an eraser); however, all age groups were reluctant to extend more than one name to a stimulus via a common predicate (e.g. to accept two reality-predicated labels for the same object). This one-label-per-predicate pattern was observed more frequently within reality than within appearance predicates; more frequently with colour than with object names, and with questions blocked by predicate than by name. It is argued that younger children maintained this pattern because of inflexible encoding, but that older ones did so because of better understanding of the appearance-reality distinction, greater reality dominance, and a Mutual Exclusivity bias.

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Komura, Yoshiaki. "Expected Appearance of Near-Future-Type Robot." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 1 (2001): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0004.

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It is said that recently robots have become very humanized. 1 think this reflects the fact that conventional robots did not have intelligence，1 t hink. Now ad ays the humanoid announced by Honda Motor Co. Ltd. and AIBO commercialized by Sony Corp. are able to walk quite well and express feelings of joy and anger like a human，co mpared to conventional robots，wh ich may be better defined as machines not robots. The reality is that their motions and expressions are still so clumsy that it would be overshotment to say that they move just like humans (admitting that they express emotions to a certain degree). Nevertheless，a m concemed about the reality that people are astonished at and excited about these robots.

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Flavell, John H., Eleanor R. Flavell, and Frances L. Green. "A Transitional Period in the Development of the Appearance-Reality Distinction." International Journal of Behavioral Development 12, no. 4 (1989): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200407.

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In this study we tested two related hypotheses about 5-year-olds' competencies concerning the appearance-reality distinction: (a) although they clearly have developed some understanding of the distinction by this age, they are not as sensitive to it as adults are, and consequently require more prompting to access and use it; (b) they are more apt than adults to construe an object currently viewed under illusory conditions non-hierarchically and successively as A (how it presently appears) now and R (how it really is) at other times, rather than hierarchically and simultaneously as A in appearance now and R in reality now. Five-year-olds and adults watched the experimenter change the apparent shape, colour, and size of different objects; for example, she caused a straight stick to look bent by displaying it behind a prism. Consistent with the first hypothesis, the children were more apt than the adults to say, prior to any mention of appearance vs. reality, that the displayed stick "is" bent and "is" a different shape from before. Consistent with the second hypothesis, they were also likelier to think that "right now, for real" the stick "is" bent, even after having previously given correct answers to appearance questions and to similar reality questions that did not contain the "right now" phrase. These results suggest that there is a transitional period in the development of the appearance-reality distinction that begins around 5 years of age.

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Gralow, Dorothy M., Anne C. Cunningham, Curtis W. McIntyre, and Stan A. Kuczaj. "The appearance-reality distinction and perspective taking with facial masks." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29, no. 4 (1991): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03333929.

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45

Kosso, Peter, and Jeffrey Bub. "Appearance and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Physics." American Journal of Physics 66, no. 9 (1998): 838–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.18974.

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46

Flavell, John H. "The development of children's knowledge about the appearance–reality distinction." American Psychologist 41, no. 4 (1986): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.41.4.418.

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47

Kelly, Gwen, Tim Ewers, and Lanna Proctor. "Activities for Students: Developing Spatial Sense: Comparing Appearance with Reality." Mathematics Teacher 95, no. 9 (2002): 702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.95.9.0702.

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Drawing changed radically when someone discovered that three-dimensional objects could be made to look real on a two-dimensional canvas. The ability to work with perspective is critical in many fields, including engineering, architecture, and construction. Beyond that, most of us use perspective skills almost daily, for example, when interpreting pictures of three-dimensional objects.

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Hedemann-Robinson, Martin. "Indirect Discrimination Law in the EC; Appearance Rather than Reality?" International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 2, no. 1-2 (1996): 85–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822919600200206.

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It would not be an overstatement to suggest that the principle of equality constitutes a cornerstone of European Community Law. The prohibition of discrimination on the basis of nationality, enshrined in Article 6 of the EC Treaty, is a theme that runs through Community Law. It has been central to the realization of SingleMarket dream, in eliminating inter-state barriers to develop greater free movement of the four key factors of production, namely goods, persons, services and capital within the Union. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has even developed a general unwritten principle of equality, binding on all Community legislative action. However, beneath this appearance of uniformity of approach there lies, paradoxically, a marked difference in relation to the prohibition of hidden forms of unequal treatment (or indirect discrimination) in EC Law. Here, the ECJ has been unable to sustain the unifying quality of the equality principle. It has singularly failed to establish a comprehensive legal test relating to the concept of indirect discrimination. Instead, the case law has diverged considerably, the ECJ apparently willing to develop principles on a sectoral as opposed to a generic basis. This paper aims to analyse and expose the inconsistency of treatment by the ECJ in its appraisal of indirect discrimination in relation to the following key economic sectors: free movement of goods, services and workers and gender equality in employment. Behind the presentation of uniformity of approach, the ECJ has established subtle but significant legal distinctions which have had profound economic consequences for litigants and markets alike. Such a state of affairs raises serious questions about the universality and impartiality of the application of the principle of equality in the European Community Law context, not least because hidden as opposed to more express forms of discrimination tend now to take on a more prevalent and signification role in the Single Market.

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Neubert, Jeremiah, John Pretlove, and Tom Drummond. "Rapidly constructed appearance models for tracking in augmented reality applications." Machine Vision and Applications 23, no. 5 (2011): 843–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00138-011-0382-4.

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Irma, Ade, Mohd Hatta, and Syukur Kholil. "Communication Management of Islamic Sharia Agency in Applying Women's Islamic Fashion in Banda Aceh." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (2020): 576–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i1.808.

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The aim of the study is to find out the communication management of Islamic Sharia Agency in Applying Women's Islamic Fashion in Banda Aceh. The result shows that the most girls’ appearance in Banda Aceh still does not apply the rules as socialized by the Islamic Sharia Agency. The mismatch between the applications in appearance with the rules for Islamic appearance is certainly not only seen as a single violation, but more understood as a whole reality, as a social reality of communication. The reality of life is very dynamic and constantly changing. Changes in the way students look must be balanced with the rules in force. Offsetting can be circumvented through communication management.

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