Academic literature on the topic 'Appendicitis Appendicitis Appendectomy Tomography'

Appendectomy is one of the commonest abdominal operation performed all over the world. Stump appendicitis is one of the uncommon complications of appendectomy. The diagnosis of stump appendicitis is delayed due to low index of suspicion by virtue of the fact that an appendectomy has already been done. The clinical presentation exactly simulates acute appendicitis. Contrast enhanced computed tomography is diagnostic. Completion appendectomy either open or laparoscopic is the mainstay of treatment. Awareness regarding the possible aetiology, diagnosis and management is essential for avoiding delay in the diagnosis.

Computed tomography (CT) diagnoses appendicitis accurately, but few studies evaluate how often CT changes the management of appendicitis. Consultations for appendicitis were evaluated by surgeons and assigned to groups: high, indeterminate, and low suspicion. After assignment, CT was reviewed if completed or ordered if desired by the surgeon and changes in plans were noted. One hundred patients were evaluated for appendicitis, 70 received appendectomy. Our negative appendectomy rate was 4 of 70 (5.7%). In the high suspicion group, 63 patients had 23 CT scans performed and 2 CT scans were negative, avoiding unnecessary operation and changing management in 2 of 63 (3.2%). The intermediate suspicion group included 27 patients and 26 CT scans performed; 11 were positive resulting in nine positive appendectomies and changing management in 9 of 27 (33%). The low suspicion group had 7 CT scans performed; two were positive leading to two positive appendectomies and changing management in 2 of 10 (20%). CT promoted 10 of 100 patients to the interval appendectomy pathway with no failures in delayed operative management. CT rarely changes management in patients highly suspicious for appendicitis, but may have a role in selecting patients for interval appendectomy. CT frequently changes management if the clinical diagnosis is indeterminate.

The objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and physical examination for diagnosing acute appendicitis with analyzing their accuracies and negative appendectomy rates in a clinical rather than research setting. A total of 2763 subjects were enrolled. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value and negative appendectomy rate for ultrasonography, computed tomography, and physical examination were calculated. Confirmed positive acute appendicitis was defined based on pathologic findings, and confirmed negative acute appendicitis was defined by pathologic findings as well as on clinical follow-up. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for ultrasonography were 99.1, 91.7, 96.5, and 97.7 per cent, respectively; for computed tomography, 96.4, 95.4, 95.6, and 96.3 per cent, respectively; and for physical examination, 99.0, 76.1, 88.1, and 97.6 per cent, respectively. The negative appendectomy rate was 5.8 per cent (5.2% in the ultrasonography group, 4.3% in the computed tomography group, and 12.2% in the physical examination group). Ultrasonography/computed tomography should be performed routinely for diagnosis of acute appendicitis. However, in view of its advantages, ultrasonography should be performed first. Also, if the result of a physical examination is negative, imaging studies after physical examination can be unnecessary.

The highest degrees of accuracy have been demonstrated for CT scans using rectal contrast in diagnosing appendicitis. However, the administration of rectal contrast is associated with patient discomfort and rarely, rectosigmoid perforation (0.04%). Additionally, the commonly accepted negative appendectomy rate is around 16 per cent. We performed a retrospective review of radiology, operative, and pathology reports of consecutive patients undergoing appendectomy or CT examination for appendicitis during 2006. CT scans were performed without rectal contrast. The accuracy of each type of inpatient CT examination and negative appendectomy rates were determined. Two hundred and thirty-eight patients underwent appendectomy. One hundred and thirty-four appendectomy patients (56%) received a preoperative CT scan. The negative appendectomy rates were 6.3 per cent overall, 8.7 per cent without CT examination and 4.5 per cent with CT (P = 0.3). Two hundred and forty-five inpatient CT scans were performed for suspected appendicitis with a sensitivity of 90 per cent, specificity of 98 per cent, accuracy of 94 per cent, positive predictive value of 98 per cent, and negative predictive value of 91 per cent. CT scanning without rectal contrast is effective for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis making rectal contrast, with its attendant morbidity, unnecessary. The previously acceptable published negative appendectomy rate is higher than that found in current surgical practice likely due to preoperative CT scanning.

Negative appendectomy rate varies significantly depending on patient age and sex. However, the impact of computed tomography (CT) scans on the diagnosis of appendicitis is unknown. The goal of this study was to examine the negative appendectomy rate using a statewide database and analyze the association of receipt of CT scan. Using the California Inpatient File, all patients undergoing appendectomy in 1999–2000 were identified (n = 75,452). Demographic and clinical data were analyzed, including procedure approach (open vs laparoscopic) and appendicitis type (negative, simple, abscess, peritonitis). Patients with CT scans performed were identified to compare the negative appendectomy rate. For the entire cohort, appendicitis type was 59 per cent simple, 10 per cent with abscess, 18.7 per cent with peritonitis, and 9.3 per cent negative. Males had a lower rate of negative appendicitis than females (6.0% vs 13.4%, P < 0.0001). The use of CT scans was associated with an overall lower negative appendectomy rate for females, especially in the <5 years and >45 years age categories. Use of CT scans in males does not appear to be efficacious, as the negative appendectomy rates were similar across all age categories. In conclusion, use of CT was associated with lower rate of negative appendectomy, depending on patient age and sex.

Several studies report sensitivity and specificity of abdominal computed tomography scans (CT) for the evaluation of acute appendicitis as high as 98 per cent. Despite increased utilization of CT, the rate of negative appendectomy has remained constant at 10 to 20 per cent. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of CT in the evaluation of acute and perforated appendicitis in an academic community-based setting. A retrospective review of 550 patient charts with International Classification of Diseases-9 (ICD-9) codes for acute and perforated appendicitis from January 2002 to October 2005 was performed. Sensitivity of CT was 87 per cent with a positive predictive value of 92 per cent. Specificity was 42 per cent with a negative predictive value of 29 per cent. Negative appendectomy rates were similar with or without CT (11% vs 13%, respectively). Our data suggests that CT used liberally in everyday practice in a community-based setting to evaluate acute appendicitis may not have as strong of a diagnostic value as those used in protocol-driven research studies. Further prospective studies are needed to formulate criteria to better delineate the role of CT in the evaluation of acute appendicitis.

Aim To define patterns in the management of pediatric appendicitis. Methods A total of 169 delegates from 42 (24 European) countries completed a validated survey administered at the EUPSA 2017 annual congress. Results In the work-up of children with suspected acute appendicitis, most surgeons rely on full blood count (92%), C-reactive protein (82%), and abdominal ultrasonography (76%), but rarely on computed tomography scans or magnetic resonance imaging. In suspected simple appendicitis, most surgeons (76%) do not perform appendectomy at night in clinically stable patients and start antibiotic preoperatively (64%), but only 15% offer antibiotic therapy alone (no appendectomy). In suspected perforated appendicitis, 96% start antibiotic preoperatively, and 92% perform an appendectomy. Presence of phlegmon/abscess is the main contraindication to immediate surgery. In case of appendix mass, most responders (75%) favor a conservative approach and perform interval appendectomy always (56%) or in selected cases (38%) between 2 and 6 months from the first episode (81%). Children with large intraperitoneal abscesses are managed by percutaneous drainage (59% responders) and by surgery (37% responders). Laparoscopy is the preferred surgical approach for both simple (89%) and perforated appendicitis (81%). Most surgeons send the appendix for histology (96%) and pus for microbiology, if present (78%). At the end of the operation, 58% irrigate the abdominal cavity only if contaminated using saline solution (93%). In selected cases, 52% leave a drain in situ. Conclusion Some aspects of appendicitis management lack consensus, particularly appendix mass and intraperitoneal abscess. Evidence-based guidelines should be developed, which may help standardize care and improve clinical outcomes.

Introduction. Being one of the scoring systems used in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, the RIPASA score can be used easily with a high diagnostic accuracy. Objective. To evaluate the possible relationship between RIPASA scores and the histopathological examination results of appendectomy materials. Materials and Methods. This study retrospectively reviews 242 patients who were operated in our clinic between January 2016 and January 2018 with a prediagnosis of acute appendicitis, and the RIPASA scores calculated in the preoperative period were compared to the histopathological examination results of the appendectomy specimens. Results. The patients consisted of 124 (51.2%) females and 118 (48.8%) males. The ages of the patients ranged from 15 to 81 years. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on their RIPASA scores as low-score (4-7), intermediate-score (7.5-11.5), and high-score (12 and over) groups. There were 20 (52.6%) catarrhal-stage appendicitis cases and 17 (44.7%) normal appendixes in the low-score group; there were 70 (83.3%) catarrhal-stage appendicitis cases, 9 (10.7%) suppurative-stage appendicitis cases, 4 (4.8%) gangrenous-stage appendicitis cases, and 1 (1.2%) perforated appendicitis case in the intermediate-score group. In the high-score group, there were 53 (44.2%) suppurative-stage appendicitis cases, 51 (42.5%) gangrenous-stage appendicitis cases, 11 (9.2%) perforated appendicitis cases, and 5 (4.2%) catarrhal-stage appendicitis cases. A strong positive correlation was found between the RIPASA scores of the patients and the pathological stage of appendicitis (r=0.889; p<0.001). Conclusion. The RIPASA scoring system can make a correct and prompt diagnosis of acute appendicitis including its possible pathological stage without any need for a computed tomography.

Background: Obstruction of appendiceal lumen resulting in acute appendicitis is diagnosed by clinical examination, supported by raised neutrophil count, computed tomography and/or ultrasonography.Appendectomy one of the most commonly done surgeries is the standard line of management for acute appendicitis. Trend is towards greater utilization of laparoscopic appendectomy despite lack of consensus on superiority of laparoscopic procedure, hence imperative to prove scientifically the effectiveness of the two methods. The aim of the present study was a comparative study of laparoscopic appendectomy versus open appendectomy.Methods: A prospective cohort study of 100 cases of acute appendicitis above 16 years of age with no co morbidities was carried out in Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre from July 2017 to September 2019.Results: Mean age was 28.82 years, 64 (64%) males and 36 (36%) females, pain in abdomen (100%) being most common complaint followed by fever (77%) with positive correlation with severity of appendicitis (Alvarado score) and with total leukocyte count. Mean duration of surgery and hospital stay in laparoscopic appendectomy was lesser than open and difference was statistically highly significant (p=0.000). No difference in pain score observed. Retrocaecal (58%) was the most common position, slightly higher rate of complications in open appendectomy, no conversion of laparoscopic to open. Subjective level of satisfaction score (0-10) in laparoscopic appendectomy was higher than in open and difference was statistically highly significant (p=0.000).Conclusions: Laparoscopic appendectomy had advantages like better cosmesis, shorter duration of procedure and hospital stay, fewer post-operative complications and early return to work with disadvantage of steep learning curve, while open appendectomy, does not require special instruments, and is performed under direct three-dimensional vision.

Appendiceal mucocele is a rare disease. Sometimes it is discovered accidentally and sometimes it resembles acute appendicitis. Correct diagnosis before surgery is important for the selection of adequate surgical treatment to avoid intraoperative and postoperative complications. Ultrasonography, and particularly computed tomography, should be used extensively for this purpose. If mucocele is treated incorrectly, pseudomyxoma peritonei may develop. We present a case of 22 year old man who was admitted to the emergency department with the signs of acute appendicitis. Emergency open appendectomy was performed. At the time of surgery, a cystic mass was found at the tip of the inflammed appendix. No free fluid was found in the peritoneal cavity. Diagnosis of Mucocele of appendix was suspected. Appendectomy was done and specimen sent for histopathological examination. No lymphadenopathy. Histopathologic diagnosis was subacute appendicitis, mucocele of appendix with simple mucous cyst. Patient is on regular follow-up.

Acute appendicitis is a common cause of abdominal surgery in children, and is the result of appendiceal luminal obstruction and subsequent inflammation. The clinical presentation is often variable, allowing imaging to play a central role in disease identification and characterization. Ultrasound is often the modality of choice for diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Ready availability and lack of ionizing radiation are attractive features of sonography, though operator dependence is a potential barrier. Computed tomography (CT) was historically the preferred modality in children, as in adults, but recent awareness of the risks of radiation has reduced its usage. The purpose of this article is to detail the imaging findings of appendicitis in children. The discussion will focus on typical signs of appendicitis seen on ultrasound, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging. Considerations for percutaneous drainage by interventional radiology will also be presented. Finally, the evolution of imaging algorithms for appendicitis will be discussed.

Abstract Epidemiological and clinical data suggest that acute appendicitis might have two different forms with different disease severities. Uncomplicated and complicated acute appendicitis appear to be distinct entities instead of consecutive events. Appendicitis does not always inevitably progress to perforation and most cases are uncomplicated by nature. This supports the importance of an accurate differential diagnosis between uncomplicated and complicated acute appendicitis enabling treatment optimization. This thesis consists of three studies. The first study evaluated the possibility to differentiate between uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis using only clinical symptoms and laboratory markers with a special focus on predicting the presence of an appendicolith without the use of modern imaging. We found neither sufficiently reliable to accurately estimate the severity of acute appendicitis or to determine the presence of an appendicolith, supporting the use of computed tomography imaging to assess the disease. The second study focused on clarifying the histopathological differences between uncomplicated acute appendicitis and acute appendicitis presenting with an appendicolith; a calcified deposit of faecal material in the appendiceal lumen. It’s presence has been shown to predict perforation and failure of conservative treatment. This study evaluated the histopathological findings of computed tomography diagnosed uncomplicated acute appendicitis and appendicolith appendicitis without perforation. Acute appendicitis presenting with an appendicolith was histopathologically different from uncomplicated acute appendicitis on all the assessed histological parameters, indicating the potentially complicated nature of appendicolith appendicitis. The third study was a randomized, multicentre clinical trial comparing interval appendectomy with follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging after successful initial non-operative treatment of complicated acute appendicitis presenting with a periappendicular abscess. The study hypothesis was that an interval appendectomy might not be necessary based on the previously reported low appendicitis recurrence rate after a periappendicular abscess. The original study hypothesis was left unresolved, as an unexpectedly high rate of appendiceal neoplasms was detected in the study population and the study was prematurely terminated. The neoplasm rate after a periappendicular abscess in this prematurely terminated study was high (20%). All the neoplasms were detected in patients over 40 years of age, strongly supporting an interval appendectomy for all patients over 40 years of age if this rate of neoplasms is validated in future studies
Tiivistelmä Aiemmat tutkimukset viittaavat siihen, että on olemassa kaksi erillistä akuutin umpilisäkkeen tulehduksen muotoa: komplisoitumaton ja komplisoitunut. Nämä muodot eivät ole toistensa jatkumo: umpilisäkkeen tulehdus ei aina johda umpilisäkkeen puhkeamiseen, vaan valtaosa umpilisäkkeen tulehdustapauksista on komplisoitumattomia. Oikean hoitotavan valinta edellyttää tarkkaa erotusdiagnostiikkaa tautimuotojen välillä Tämä väitöskirjatyö koostuu kolmesta osatyöstä. Ensimmäisen osatyö selvitti, onko komplisoitumaton ja komplisoitunut umpilisäkkeen tulehdus mahdollista erottaa ilman kuvantamista kliinisin löydöksin ja laboratoriokokein painottaen ulostekiven olemassaolon ennustamista. Umpilisäkkeen tulehduksen vaikeusasteen tai ulostekiven olemassaolon ennustaminen ei ollut mahdollista pelkästään kliinisten löydösten tai laboratoriokokeiden perusteella. Tämä korostaa tietokonetomografian merkitystä taudin vaikeusasteen arvioinnissa. Toinen osatyö selvitti histologisia eroja komplisoitumattoman umpilisäkkeen tulehduksen ja ulostekiven sisältävän äkillisen umpilisäkkeen tulehduksen välillä. Ulostekiven tiedetään ennustavan umpilisäkkeen puhkeamaa ja konservatiivisen hoidon epäonnistumista. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin histologisia löydöksiä potilailla, joilla oli tietokonetomografiatutkimuksella varmistettu komplisoitumaton äkillinen umpilisäkkeen tulehdus tai ulostekiven sisältävä äkillinen umpilisäkkeen tulehdus ilman puhkeamaa. Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että ulostekiven sisältävät tulehtuneet umpilisäkkeet poikkeavat kaikkien tutkittujen parametrien osalta komplisoitumattomasta umpilisäkkeen tulehduksesta. Tämä tukee käsitystä ulostekiven sisältävän umpilisäkkeen tulehduksen komplisoituneesta luonteesta. Kolmas osatyö oli randomoitu monikeskustutkimus, jossa verrattiin toisiinsa rauhallisessa vaiheessa tehtyä umpilisäkkeen poistoa ja seurantaa magneettiresonanssikuvauksella potilailla, joilla oli onnistuneesti hoidettu konservatiivisesti umpilisäkkeen ympäryskudoksen paise. Hypoteesina oli, että myöhempi umpilisäkkeen poisto ei ole tarpeen, koska tulehduksen uusiutumisen riski umpilisäkkeen vieruskudoksen paiseen hoidon jälkeen on aiemmin raportoitu matalaksi. Tutkimushypoteesi jäi avoimeksi, koska tutkimuksen aikana havaittiin runsaasti umpilisäkkeen kasvaimia, mikä johti tutkimuksen ennenaikaiseen keskeyttämiseen. Umpilisäkkeen kasvainten ilmaantuvuus oli 20 %, kaikki yli 40-vuotiailla potilailla. Mikäli tutkimuksen tulokset vahvistuvat tulevissa tutkimuksissa, kaikille yli 40-vuotiaille potilaille tulisi suositella umpilisäkkeen poistoa sairastetun umpilisäkkeen vieruskudoksen paiseen jälkeen

gcpriale@hotmail.com
Objective: Identify the frequency of negative appendectomy (NA) and associated factors associated in a private hospital in Lima. Methods: Retrospective study of all appendectomies performed between 2012 and 2013 at a private hospital of Lima-Peru. We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent appendectomy and had a medical report of emergency. We excluded the ones without pathology reports. Adjusted ORs were calculated with a logistic regression model to identify factors associated with AN. Results: Three hundred seventy-six appendectomies were performed for suspected appendicitis 55.9% in women). The average patient age was 33.4 ± 17.6 years. We identified 28 AN cases of 363 patients (7.7%). We found that pain in right flank (aOR: 5.4; 95%CI: 1.4-20.8), negative Mc Burney (aOR: 3.6; 95%CI: 1.3- 10.5), pain in hypogastrium (aOR: 3.1; 95%CI: 1.1-8.4) and no leucocitosis (aOR: 2.9; 95%CI: 1.2-6.7) were associated factors to AN. Gynecologic conditions (53.6%) and complicated diverticular disease (14.3%) are the most common diagnosis in AN cases. Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that the presence of pain in the right flank, negative Mc Burney, pain in hypogastrium and no leukocytosis are factors that can be taken into account to prevent negative appendectomy.
Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia de apendicectomías negativas (AN) y los factores asociados en una clínica privada de Lima. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de todas las apendicectomías realizadas entre los años 2012 y 2013 en una clínica privada de Lima-Perú. Se revisó las historias clínicas de pacientes apendicectomizados que contaron con historia clínica de emergencia e informe quirúrgico. Se excluyó a aquellos que no contaban con informe anatomopatológico del apéndice. Se calculó los OR ajustados con un modelo de regresión logística para identificar los factores asociados con AN. Resultados: Se realizaron 376 apendicectomías durante el periodo 2012-2013. Se excluyó 13 casos por no contar con registro de historia clínica. La población femenina fue de 55.9%. La media de edad del paciente fue 33.4 ± 17.6 años. En 28 de 363 pacientes (7.7%) se registró una AN. Se encontró que el dolor en flanco derecho (ORa: 5.4; IC95%: 1.4-20.8), Mc Burney negativo (ORa: 3.6; IC95%: 1.3-10.5), dolor en hipogastrio (ORa: 3.1; IC95%: 1.1-8.4), y no leucocitosis (ORa: 2.9; IC95%: 1.2-6.7) son factores asociados a una AN. Las patologías más frecuentemente implicadas en el caso de una AN fueron las de causa ginecológica (53.6%) seguida de enfermedad diverticular complicada (14.3%). Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos indican que la presencia de dolor en hipogastrio, dolor en flanco derecho, Mc Burney negativo y no leucocitosis son factores que se pueden tener en cuenta para prevenir apendicectomías negativas.

L’appendicite aiguë est la pathologie abdominale aiguë courante et la plus fréquente parmi celles qui nécessitent une intervention chirurgicale rapide. L’imagerie occupe une place croissante dans son diagnostic parce qu’elle tente d’éviter simultanément les appendicectomies inutiles et les perforations appendiculaires compliquées de péritonite tout en recherchant des pathologies alternatives. Si plusieurs techniques d’imagerie sont disponibles – dont la radiographie sans préparation de l’abdomen (dont la performance est faible) et l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (peu disponible, en particulier en urgence) – l’ultrasonographie (US) et la tomodensitométrie (TDM) occupent des positions centrales. Nos études ont investigué la performance de ces dernières, en considérant notamment la réduction de la dose d’irradiation et le recours aux contrastes artificiels. En effet, l’irradiation liée à l’usage de la TDM est à considérer puisque les patients souffrant d’appendicite aiguë sont jeunes (en moyenne 30 ans) tout comme le recours aux contrastes associé à des coûts, de l’inconfort et des risques. Enfin, la performance de ces techniques étant susceptibles d’être influencée par la corpulence des patients et leur quantité de graisse intra-abdominale, l’influence de ces paramètres sur la performance a été évaluée.

A travers quatre études, nous avons montré que l’US et la TDM sans contraste IV ou entérique ont des performances similaires quant au diagnostic d’appendicite aiguë et de pathologies alternatives, indépendamment de l’expérience du radiologue et de la corpulence du patient. Néanmoins, les examens non concluants (sans diagnostic d’appendicite aiguë ni de pathologie alternative mais où l’appendice n’est pas vu) sont plus fréquents en US qu’en TDM. L’appendice normal, dont la visualisation permet d’exclure le diagnostic d’appendicite aiguë, est plus fréquemment visible en TDM qu’en US, mais en TDM la reproductibilité quant à considérer la même structure comme étant l’appendice dépend du lecteur. L’injection IV de contraste iodé n’augmente pas la proportion d’appendices détectés mais la reproductibilité d’un lecteur particulier. Aucune caractéristique du sujet ni de son appendice, y compris son environnement abdominal, ne permet de prédire cette reproductibilité. La performance de la TDM est constante quelle que soit la dose d’irradiation ou le recours au contraste IV et/ou entérique, indépendamment de la corpulence du patient. La hiérarchie de l’information apportée par les signes évocateurs d’appendicite aiguë n’est pas influencée par la dose; l’infiltration de la graisse péri-appendiculaire et le diamètre appendiculaire en étant les signes les plus prédictifs, malgré le moindre rapport signal/bruit de l’image générée à faible dose. La fréquence de visualisation de l’appendice est aussi indépendante de cette dose. L’exactitude du diagnostic dépend principalement du lecteur mais pas du contraste – quelle qu’en soit la voie d’administration (orale ou IV) – ni de la dose d’irradiation. Le genre du patient influence cependant cette exactitude, le diagnostic étant plus fréquemment correct chez l’homme que chez la femme, en particulier dans les pathologies alternatives.

En conclusion, comme les techniques US et TDM que nous avons investiguées ont des performances équivalentes, les risques associés à l’irradiation et au contraste doivent intervenir dans leur choix. L’US, utilisée en première intention, devrait être complétée par la TDM si son résultat n’est pas concluant. Dans ce cas, la TDM devrait être réalisée, toujours à basse dose d’irradiation, d’abord sans puis, si nécessaire, avec contraste IV et/ou oral.

Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Uvod:Apendicitis je oboljenje, koje se najčešće javlja u dečjem uzrastu. Poslednjih godina se laparoskopska apendektomija sprovodi sve češće u ovom uzrastu, međutim ne postoji jasan konsenzus o optimalnom izboru anestetika za održavanje opšte anestezije u toku ove hirurške metode u dečjem uzrastu. Cilj istraživanja: Utvrditi uticaj vrste anestezije i vrste hirurške procedure na odgovor organizma na hirurški stres tokom operacije crvuljka. Metodologija: Klinički prospektivno istraživanje je sprovedeno na Klinici za dečiju hirurgiju, na Institutu za zdravstvenu zaštitu dece i omladine Vojvodine. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 120 dece, uzrasta od 7 do 17 godina, bez postojećih komorbiditeta, koji su operisani zbog zapaljenja crvuljka. U zavisnosti od vrste operativnog zahvata i vrste primenjene anestezije deca su podeljena u četiri grupe bolesnika. Kod sve četiri ispitivane grupe uzimana je venska i kapilarna krv, nekoliko minuta nakon uvoda u anesteziju, u momentu vađenja crvuljka iz trbuha i 12 časova nakon kraja hirurške intervencije. Laboratorijski su određeni markeri oksidativnog stresa (TBARS), metaboličkog odgovora na hirurški stres (laktat, glikemija), inflamatornog odgovora organizma (IL-6, leukociti), gasne analize, parametri oksigenacije i ventilacije, i hemodinamski parametri ispitanika. Rezultati:U istraživanju je dobijen rezultat da je zapaljenje crvuljka oboljenje koje se češće javlja kod dečaka. Tokom apendektomije u dečjem uzrastu, sevofluran je bolje kontrolisao arterijsku tenziju, dok na srčanu frekvencu vrsta anestezije nije imala uticaja. Sevofluran je anestetik tokom čije primene je manji inflamatorni odgovor tokom laparoskospske apendektomije. Propofol deluje suprimirajuće na oksidativni stres, ali nije nađena statistička značajnost u odnosu na vrednosti dobijene analizom uticaja sevoflurana na parametre oksidativnog stresa. Zaključak: Laparoskopska apendektomija u odnosu na laparotomiju nije praćena većim stepenom hirurškog stresa, a sevofluran je anestetik koji tokom anestezije za laparoskopsku apendektomiju u dečijem uzrastu daje bolju kontrolu kliničkog, metaboličkog i inflamatornog odgovora.
Introduction: Appendicitis is a disease which appears most commonly in children. In recent years appendectomy in children is performed by laparoscopy, but there is no consensus yet on the optimal choice of anesthetics during general anesthesia for this procedure. Aim: To determine the influence of type of anesthesia and type of surgical procedure for appendectomy, on surgical stress in children. Methodology: A prospective clinical trial in Clinic of pediatric surgery in Novi Sad, Vojvodina. The study included 120 children aged from 7 to 17 years, with no commorbidities, who underwent appendectomy. Children were divided in four groups based on the type of anesthesia and type of surgery they received. In all participants, venous and capillary blood was sampled for analyzis 10 minutes after induction of anesthesia, at the moment of appendix removal and 12 hours after the procedure. The laboratory analysis included markers of oxidative stress (TBARS), metabolic response to surgical stress (lactate, blood glucose), inflammatory response (IL-6, leucocites), bloodgas analyses, parameters of oxygentation and ventilation and haemodynamic parameters of the participants. Results: In the study appendicitis was more common in boys. During laparoscopic appendectomy sevoflurane controlled better the blood pressure, but not the heart rate. Sevoflurane maintained a better control of parameters of the inflammatory response. Propofol decreased the oxidative stress, but there was no statistical difference compared to the effects of sevoflurane on oxidative stress. Conclusion: Laparoscopic appendectomy shoved no difference in the level of surgical stress compared to laparotomy, and sevoflurane appeared as an anaesthetic which had a better control of the metabolic, clinical and inflammatory response.

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Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the process of the inflamation of the appendix and it is the most frequent cause of acute abdomen. About 50% of patients with acute appendicitis show classic clinical findings. The others have atypical manisfestations which make diagnosis more difficult, such as in pregnant women, women of childbearing age, and patients younger than ten and more than fifty years of age. At the time of surgery, approximately 35% of the cases are in the advanced phase with perforation and local abscesses. Methods of diagnosis such as ultrasonography and computed tomography can help in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis minimizing surgical delay and reducing appendix perforation and unnecesarry appendectomies. Patients with typical signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis should be assessed and undergo appendectomy. Those with atypical presentation should have image exams. First, they should have an ultrasonography. If the exam doesn't present clearly or if it isn't conclusive, computed tomography should be performed. Objetive: Determine sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography and computed tomography of patients suspected of having acute appendicitis. Verify a positive diagnosis of acute appendicitis by computed tomography when ultrasonography results are negative in patients suspected of acute appendicitis. Casuistic and method: Prospectively, we analyzed 60 patients, from January of 2006 to May of 2007, between 2 and 90 years old, of both sexes, from the Surgery Department of the Hospital de Base de São Jose do Rio Preto who have been sent to the Radiology Department (Ultrasonography and Tomography Unit) of the above mentioned hospital. The ultrasonography exams were done with a graded compression technique. The computed tomography exams were realized with colonic contrast administered rectally. The conventional axial images of 5 mm of thickness were taken from the pelvic region. Afterwards, iodine contrast was given intravenously and tomographic sections were taken by the helical technique with 5mm of thickness in the pelvic region. After this, other sections of 10mm of thickness were taken of the entire abdomen. Results: Of 60 patients that had ultrasonography, 40 (66.67%) presented positive exams for acute appendicitis. The ultrasonography sensitivity for acute appendicitis was 100%, while the specificity was 83.33%. Of 27 patients that underwent computed tomography, 19 (70.37%) presented negative exams for acute appendicitis. The sensitivity of computed tomography to acute appendicitis was 100%, and the specificity was 33.33%. Conclusion: The diagnosis of acute appendicitis by imaging methods helps to reduce the frequency of unnecessary appendicetomies, frequent complications because of delayed diagnosis, the costs of exams, and long hospital stays.
Introdução: A apendicite aguda é o processo inflamatório do apêndice cecal e a causa mais frequente de abdome agudo. Cerca de 50% dos pacientes com apendicite aguda apresentam quadro clínico clássico. Os demais apresentam manifestações atípicas, o que dificulta o diagnóstico, principalmente gestantes, mulheres em idade reprodutiva, pacientes com menos de 10 anos e com mais de 50 anos de idade. Em aproximadamente 35% dos casos, a apendicite já está em fase adiantada, com perfuração e abscesso local, no momento da cirurgia. Métodos de diagnóstico, ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada, podem auxiliar no diagnóstico da apendicite aguda, minimizando o atraso na cirurgia, com subsequente redução do risco de perfuração do apêndice cecal e de apendicectomias negativas. Pacientes com sinais e sintomas típicos de apendicite aguda devem ser prontamente avaliados e conduzidos à apendicectomia. Aqueles, com apresentação ou achados atípicos, devem realizar exames de imagem. Objetivo: Determinar em pacientes com suspeita de apendicite aguda a relação dos resultados do US e TC com os sinais e sintomas clínicos, a sensibilidade e a especificidade da ultrassonografia e da tomografia computadorizada e a positividade da tomografia computadorizada, quando o ultrassom for negativo. Casuística e Método: Foram analisados, prospectivamente, 60 indivíduos no período de janeiro de 2006 a maio de 2007, com idade entre 2 a 90 anos, de ambos os gêneros, procedentes do Departamento de Cirurgia do Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto-SP e encaminhados para o setor de ultrassonografia e de tomografia computadorizada do Departamento de Radiologia, no referido hospital. Os exames de ultrassom foram realizados com a técnica de compressão gradual. Os exames de tomografia computadorizada foram realizados com contraste colônico via retal. Foram realizadas imagens axiais convencionais de 5 mm de espessura na região pélvica. Posteriormente, foi administrado contraste iodado endovenoso e foram realizados cortes tomográficos pela técnica helicoidal com 5 mm de espessura na região pélvica. Em seguida, foram realizados cortes tardios de 10 mm de espessura em todo o abdome. Resultados: Dos 60 pacientes que realizaram US, 40 (66,67%) apresentaram exames positivos para apendicite aguda. A sensibilidade do US, para apendicite aguda, foi de 100%, a especificidade de 83,33%. Dos 27 pacientes submetidos à TC, 19 (70,37%) apresentaram exames negativos para apendicite aguda. A sensibilidade da TC, para apendicite aguda foi, de 100%, a especificidade de 33,33%. Conclusão: O diagnóstico da apendicite aguda, por métodos de imagem, contribui para a redução na frequência de apendicectomias negativas, de complicações decorrentes do atraso do seu diagnóstico, dos custos com exames e das internações prolongadas.

Uvod: Akutni apendicitis predstavlja jedno od najčešćih abdominalnih hirurških oboljenja u dečjem uzrastu. Lečenje je operativno, primenom otvorene hirurgije ili primenom minimalno invazivne hirurgije tj. laparoskopske apendektomije. Iako je laparoskopska apendektomija, zbog svojih prednosti, stekla popularnost kod mnogih hirurga, još uvek nije široko primenjena metoda na našim prostorima. Prednost izvođenja laparoskopske apendektomije u odnosu na otvorenu metodu u dečjem uzrastu je i dalje nedovoljno definisana i predmet je mnogih istraživanja. Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrdi da li je dužina hospitalizacije kod dece operisane laparoskopski zbog akutnog apendicitisa kraća u odnosu na otvorenu metodu, kao i da se utvrdi da li postoji razlika u pojavi postoperativnih komplikacija između ove dve hirurške metode. Pored toga, cilj istraživanja je i da se utvrdi uticaj obe metode lečenja na kvalitet života i brzinu uspostavljanja svakodnevnih aktivnosti. Metodologija: Na Klinici za dečju hirurgiju, Instituta za zdravstvenu zaštitu dece i omladine Vojvodine, sprovedena je prospektivna, kontrolisana randomizirana studija, u trajanju od deset meseci, u koju su bili uključeni svi pacijenti sa akutnim apendicitisom, kod kojih je planirana apendektomija, a čiji roditelji su dali pismeni pristanak za učešće u istraživanju. Svi ispitanici su podeljeni u dve osnovne grupe u odnosu na operativnu tehniku: otvorena i laparoskopska apendektomija. Potom su svi ispitanici podeljeni u tri podgrupe, u zavisnosti od stepena upaljenosti crvuljka (negativni, nekomplikovani i komplikovani apendicitis). Svaki ispitanik je imao svoj individualni protokol istraživanja gde su preoperativno zabeleženi: uzrast, pol, simptomi (vrsta i dužina), fizikalni pregled, laboratorijske analize (broj leukocita, hematokrit), ultrazvučni nalaz, procena opšteg stanja, udružena oboljenja, vreme od prijema do operacije, preoperativna antibiotska terapija. Intraoperativno je analizirano: vrsta hirurgije, nalaz na apendiksu, prisustvo peritonitisa, udružena patologija, dužina operacije i trajanje pneumoperitoneuma (kod laparoskopske apendektomije), patohistološki nalaz apendiksa, bakteriološki bris abdomena. Postoperativno su analizirani: antibiotska terapija (vrsta i dužina), započinjanje peroralnog unosa, utvrđivanje postoperativnog bola, febrilnost, uspostavljanje peristaltike creva, izgled rane, postoperativne komplikacije (infekcija rane, intraabdominalni apscesi, ileus) i dužina hospitalizacije. Posebno su analizirani kvalitet života pacijenata nakon operacije pomoću modifikovanog upitnika SF 10 za dečji uzrast, kao i uspostavljanje svakodnevnih aktivnosti pomoću Activity Assessment Scale (AAS), modifikovane za dečji uzrast, nakon svakog postoperativnog dana, prvih sedam dana, nakon mesec dana, tri i šest meseci od operacije. Svi pacijenti su operisani u uslovima opšte anestezije. Klasična, otvorena apendektomija je vršena kroz naizmenični rez u desnoj ilijačnoj jami. Po otvaranju peritoneuma, cekum je izvučen i načinjena je klasična apendektomija. Laparoskopska apendektomija je vršena kroz tri 5 mm porta. Pneumoperitoneum je kreiran otvorenom metodom po Hasson-u, kroz infraumbilikalnu inciziju, a preostala dva porta su postavljena desno i levo ilijačno. Mezenteriolum je zbrinut pomoću ultrazvučnih makaza. Postavljene su intrakorporalne ligature i apendiks je odstranjen kroz desni port. Rezultati: Tokom perioda od deset meseci operisano je ukupno 125 pacijenata uzrasta od 2 do 18 godina, zbog akutnog apendicitisa. Laparoskopskom tehnikom je operisano 60 pacijenata (48%), a otvorenom metodom 61 (48,8%). Kod 4 pacijenta je načinjena konverzija, tj. promena operativne tehnike iz laparoskopske u otvorenu metodu. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike između terapijskih grupa u odnosu na stepen upaljenosti apendiksa, vrstu i dužinu trajanja simptoma, u dijagnostičkim procedurama, kao ni u vremenu proteklom od prijema u bolnicu do operacije. Srednje operativno vreme je iznosilo 65 minuta (25-185 min) za laparoskopsku grupu i 45,49 minuta (25-90 min) za otvorene apendektomije (razlika je statistički značajna, p<0,001). Crevna peristaltika, kao i započinjanje peroralnog unosa, se statistički značajno ranije uspostavljaju u grupi laparoskopsko operisanih. U grupi laparoskopskih apendektomija, postoperativne komplikacije (infekcija rana i formiranje intraabdominalnih apscesa) su se javile kod 8,33% ispitanika (5/60), a u otvorenoj grupi kod 4.91%, (3/61), što nije bilo statistički značajno (c2 = 0,152; df = 1; p = 0,696). Dužina hospitalizacije kod dece operisane laparoskopski je iznosila 5,95 } 1,21 dana, a otvoreno 6,43 } 1,09 dana, što je statistički značajna razlika (t = -2,206; p = 0,029). Rezultati Man-Vitnijevog U testa su pokazali statistički značajno bolji ukupni skor svakodnevnih aktivnosti za grupu laparoskopskih apendektomija (Z = -7,608; p = 0,000). U svim ispitivanim indikatorima kvaliteta života, deca laparoskopske grupe su imala veći skor. Deca sa akutnim apendicitisom operisana laparoskopski značajno ranije postižu visok stepen kvaliteta života (t = 2,407; p = 0,018). Zaključak: Prednost minimalno invazivne hirurgije u terapiji akutnog apendicitisa u dečjem uzrastu ogleda se u bržem uspostavljanju ponovnog funkcionisanja gastrointestinalnog trakta, kraćoj hospitalizaciji, a samim tim i bržem sveukupnom oporavku, vraćanju svakodnevnim aktivnostima i dobrom kvalitetu života. Postoperativne komplikacije se podjednako javljaju, kako kod otvorene, tako i kod laparoskopske operativne tehnike.
Introduction: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal surgical diseases in children. Operative treatment means open surgery or minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic appendectomy). Although laparoscopic appendectomy, gained popularity among many surgeons, it is still not widely accepted in our region. The advantage of laparoscopic appendectomy compared to the open method in children is still not sufficiently defined and is the subject of further research. The aim of the research was to determine whether the length of hospital stay after laparoscopic surgery in children with acute appendicitis is shorter compared to the open method, as well as to determine whether there is a difference in the occurrence of postoperative complications after these two operative techniques. In addition, the aim of the research was to determine the effect of both methods of treatment on quality of life and everyday functioning. Methodology: This prospective, randomized controlled study was performed at the Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Children and Youth Healthcare of Vojvodina, during a period of ten months. All patients with acute appendicitis, whose parents have given written consent, were included in research. All patients were divided into two basic groups, in relation to the surgical technique: open or laparoscopic appendectomy. Then, all of them were divided into three groups, depending on the degree of appendicitis (negative, uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis). Each participant had their own individual research protocol where we recorded preoperatively: age, sex, symptoms (type and length), physical examination, laboratory tests (white blood cell count, hematocrit), ultrasound finding, general state (ASA classification), associated diseases, time from admission to surgery, preoperative antibiotic therapy. During the operation we analyzed: type of surgery, degree of the appendicitis, the presence of peritonitis, associated pathology, length of surgery and duration of pneumoperitoneum (in laparoscopic appendectomy), hystopathologic findings of the appendix, a bacteriology. Postoperatively we analyzed: antibiotic therapy (type and length), oral intake, postoperative pain, fever, establishing peristalsis, the appearance of postoperative complications (wound infections, intra-abdominal abscesses, ileus) and length of hospitalization. Especially, we analyzed the quality of life of patients after surgery using the modified questionnaire SF 10 for children; and the establishment of daily activities using Activity Assessment Scale (AAS), modified for children; after each postoperative day, the first seven days, one month, three and six months after surgery. All patients were operated under general anesthesia. Open appendectomy was performed through incision in the right iliac fossa. Peritoneum was opened, the cecum was pulled out and classic appendectomy was made. Laparoscopic appendectomy is performed through three 5 mm ports. Pneumoperitoneum was created by the Hasson techique, through the infraumbilical incision, and the remaining two ports are set at right and left iliac region. Mezenteriolum was ligated by ultrasonic scissors. After putting intracorporal ligature, appendix was removed through the right port. Results: Over a period of ten months we operated 125 patients , aged 2 to 18 years, due to acute appendicitis. Laparoscopic technique was performed in 60 patients (48%), and the open method in 61 (48,8%). In 4 patients the conversion was made (operative technique changed from laparoscopic to open method). There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups with respect to the degree of appendix inflammation, the type and duration of symptoms, the diagnostic procedures, as well as the time from hospital admission to the surgery. Medium operative time was 65 minutes (25-185 min.) for laparoscopic group and 45,49 minutes (25-90 min.) for open appendectomy (the difference is statistically significant, p<0,001). Intestinal peristalsis, as well as the initiation of oral intake was significantly sooner established in the laparoscopic group. Postoperative complications (wound infections and intra-abdominal abscess formation In laparoscopic appendectomy) occurred after laparoscopy in 8,33% of patients (5/60), and in the open group in 4,91% (3/61), which was not statistically significant (c2 = 0,152, df = 1; p = 0,696). Length of hospital stay in children operated by laparoscopy was 5,95 } 1,21 days and by open technique 6,43 } 1,09 days, which is significantly longer (t = -2,206; p = 0,029). Results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed significantly better overall record of daily activities for a group of laparoscopic appendectomy (Z = -7,608; p = 0,000). In all tested indicators of quality of life, children from laparoscopic group had a higher score. Children with acute appendicitis treated by laparoscopic surgery achieved a high level of quality of life, significantly earlier (t = 2,407; p = 0,018). Conclusion: The advantage of minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of acute appendicitis in children is reflected in the faster re-establishment of functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, shorter hospitalization and therefore, a faster overall recovery, resuming normal activities and a good quality of life. Postoperative complications occur equally in both, open as well as in laparoscopic operative techniques.

This chapter, found in the abdominal and pelvic pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of multidetector computed tomography for diagnosing acute appendicitis in adults. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. This technique was shown to reduce rates of perforation and negative findings at appendectomy when incorporated into routine diagnostic algorithms, and can redirect management for patients with alternative diagnoses. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

This chapter, found in the abdominal and pelvic pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of low-dose computed tomography (CT) among young adults with suspected appendicitis. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Low-dose CT was shown not to be inferior to standard-dose CT with respect to negative appendectomy rates among young adults presenting with suspected appendicitis. If used as the first-line imaging study in a common indication for CT, potential radiation-induced cancer risks can be reduced among this radiosensitive patient population. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

This chapter, found in the abdominal and pelvic pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) among children with suspected appendicitis. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that CT with contrast after a negative or indeterminate pelvic ultrasound leads to very high accuracy in diagnosing acute appendicitis in children. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in minimally invasive surgery. Compared with open appendectomy, does laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis offer any advantage with respect to recovery, complications, or return to normal activities? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving laparoscopic appendectomy for a patient with acute appendicitis.