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Journal articles on the topic 'Appendicularians'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 February 2023

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1

Acuña, J. L., A. W. Bedo, R. P. Harris, and R. Anadón. "The Seasonal Succession of Appendicularians (Tunicata: Appendicularia) off Plymouth." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 3 (1995): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400039187.

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Earlier descriptions showed that the community of appendicularians off the British coast was mainly composed of Oikopleura dioica (Appendicularia; Müller, 1846) and Fritillaria borealis (Appendicularia; Lohmann, 1896), rarely by Oikopleura fusiformis (Appendicularia; Fol, 1872) and Fritillaria pellucida (Appendicularia; Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) and exceptionally by Oikopleura longicauda (Appendicularia; Vogt, 1854). Based on weekly samples collected during 1989 at a single station off the coast of Plymouth, we describe the first complete seasonal cycle of appendicularians in this area. The results suggest that rather than being occasional visitors, O. fusiformis, F. pellucida and O. longicauda are consistently present and abundant from mid to late summer. Moreover, the seasonal shifts in structure of the community of appendicularians in the area, as depicted by multivariate analysis, are consistent with those of the more southerly central Cantabrian coast (Spain). This suggests that they are viable populations rather than occasional expatriates from other areas.

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2

Corrales-Ugalde, Marco, Iván Castellanos-Osorio, and Álvaro Moráles-Ramírez. "Clave dicotómica para la identificación de Apendicularias en el PacíficoTropical Oriental y Mares Interamericanos, con un listado de especies para Costa Rica." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 1-1 (2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.33266.

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Although appendicularians are relevant primary consumers and are part of every zooplankton community, there is a lack of information on the species present in different ocean regions. Thus, regional identification guides are useful to develop datasets with high taxonomic resolution. Appendicularian species were identified in 33 epipelagic samples of zooplankton collected in several locations of Costarican waters. Eighteen appendicularian species were identified, of which 15 were found in the Pacific and only three in the Caribbean. Seven species are new records for Costa Rican Pacific waters (Appendicularia sicula, Fritillaria charybdae, F. cf. pacifica, F. tenella, F. pellucida f. omani, Oikoipleura fusiformis f. cornutogastra and Pelagopleura verticalis). Data for each species distribution in Costa Rica is presented together with a key for the identification of appendicularian species recorded in the Inter-American seas and the Eastern Tropical Pacific.

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3

Fenaux, Robert, Alain Bedo, and Gabriel Gorsky. "Premières données sur la dynamique d'une population d'Oikopleura dioica Fol, 1872 (Appendiculaire) en élevage." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 8 (1986): 1745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-263.

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Several parameters that characterize a population arising from a single male–female pair of Oikopleura dioica Fol, 1872 (Appendicularia) were studied in our culture system. Egg volume varied by a factor of 1.4. Daily size of individuals in a population followed a Gaussian distribution, and the spread of this distribution increased with time. In a population that arose at 18 °C from 252 eggs, mortality reduced the number of individuals to 162 after 5 days. During the following 4 days, the appendicularians reached sexual maturity and died after gametes were released. The first individuals to mature were males, 115 h after fertilization. Average trunk sizes of mature animals are 942 ± 95 μm for males and 1165 ± 104 μm for females. All appendicularians released their gametes and died 215 h after fertilization. The number of eggs per female showed considerable variation, ranging between 41 and 362, with an average of 170 ± 78. Different causes for mortality during the entire life cycle are analysed.

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4

Savel’eva, A. V., E. N. Temereva, and S. Sh Dautov. "The organization of body cavity in appendicularians (Chordata: Appendicularia) is not typical of deuterostomia." Doklady Biological Sciences 448, no. 1 (2013): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496613010134.

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5

González, H. E., R. Giesecke, C. A. Vargas, et al. "Carbon cycling through the pelagic foodweb in the northern Humboldt Current off Chile (23°S)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 4 (2004): 572–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.03.021.

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Abstract The structure of the zooplankton foodweb and their dominant carbon fluxes were studied in the upwelling system off northern Chile (Mejillones Bay; 23°S) between October 2000 and December 2002. High primary production (PP) rates (1–8 gC m−2 d−1) were mostly due to the net-phytoplankton size fraction (>23 μm). High PP has been traditionally associated with the wind-driven upwelling fertilizing effect of equatorial subsurface waters, which favour development of a short food chain dominated by a few small clupeiform fish species. The objective of the present work was to study the trophic carbon flow through the first step of this “classical chain” (from phytoplankton to primary consumers such as copepods and euphausiids) and the carbon flow towards the gelatinous web composed of both filter-feeding and carnivorous zooplankton. To accomplish this objective, feeding experiments with copepods, appendicularians, ctenophores, and chaetognaths were conducted using naturally occurring plankton prey assemblages. Throughout the study, the total carbon ingestion rates showed that the dominant appendicularian species and small copepods consumed an average of 7 and 5 μgC ind−1 d−1, respectively. In addition, copepods ingested particles mainly in the size range of nano- and microplankton, whereas appendicularians ingested in the range of pico- and nanoplankton. Small copepods and appendicularians removed a small fraction of total daily PP (range 6–11%). However, when the pico- + nanoplankton fractions were the major contributors to total PP (oligotrophic conditions), grazing by small copepods increased markedly to 86% of total PP. Under these more oligotrophic conditions, the euphausiids grazing increased as well, but only reached values lower than 5% of total PP. During this study, chaetognaths and ctenophores ingested an average of 1 and 14 copepods ind−1 d−1, respectively. In terms of biomass consumed, the potential impact of carnivorous gelatinous zooplankton on the small-size copepod community (preferred prey) was important (2–12% of biomass removed daily). However, their impact produced more significant results on copepod abundance (up to 33%), which suggests that carnivorous gelatinous zooplankton may even modulate (control) the abundance of some species as well as the size structure of the copepod community.

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6

Carvalho, Pedro Freitas de, and Sérgio Luiz Costa Bonecker. "Seasonal and spatial variability of appendicularian density and taxonomic composition in the Caravelas Estuary (Northeastern Brazil) and adjacent coastal area." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53, no. 1 (2010): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000100020.

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This study aimed to identify and assess the seasonal and spatial variations of the appendicularians in the Caravelas River estuary and the adjacent coastal area. Samples were taken during 12 campaigns over five years (2001 and 2003-2006). Ten species were identified; the most abundant were Oikopleura dioica, Oikopleura rufescens, and Oikopleura longicauda. These species represented more than 95% of the total numbers of appendicularians. The remaining species were less frequent and occurred in low densities. The mean density of appendicularians found at the coastal stations (804 ind.m-3.) was higher than in the estuary (66 ind.m-3). However, the differences observed between the estuary and coastal stations were not significant (p=0.54). The samples taken during the dry season showed a higher mean density (587 ind.m-3) than in the rainy season (376 ind.m-3), and the differences between the seasons were statistically significant (p=0.004).

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7

Sato, R., Y. Tanaka, and T. Ishimaru. "Species-specific house productivity of appendicularians." Marine Ecology Progress Series 259 (2003): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps259163.

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8

Di Mauro, Rosana, Fabiana Capitanio, and María Delia Viñas. "Capture efficiency for small dominant mesozooplankters (Copepoda, Appendicularia) off Buenos Aires Province (34ºS-41ºS), Argentine Sea, using two plankton mesh sizes." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57, no. 3 (2009): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592009000300004.

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Two plankton mesh sizes of 67 µm and 220 µm were compared to evaluate their efficiency in the capture of the smallest copepods and appendicularians present in the Buenos Aires coastal area (Argentine Sea). A total of 12 copepod species and one appendicularian species were recorded in this study. The copepods were separated into 4 groups: harpacticoids, cyclopoids, small calanoids and large calanoids and their developmental stages. Among the cyclopoids, Oithona nana was the most abundant species, being 96.29 % underestimated by the 220 µm mesh, whereas Microsetella norvegica dominated the harpacticoids and was captured exclusively by the smaller mesh. Similar results were found for copepodites I-III of small calanoids, whose net sampled underestimation reached 99.70%. On the other hand, no significant difference between meshes was found for adults and copepodites IV-V of small calanoids or any of the developmental stages of large calanoids. A great loss of biomass was observed for O. nana when applying the larger mesh. In regards to the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica, all size ranges below 1,000 µm length were better estimated by the 67 µm mesh in terms of abundance and biomass. Our results clearly show that the 67 µm mesh was more efficient in the capture of early stages of small copepods thus providing a more accurate estimation of the fish larvae prey field.

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9

Deibel, Don, and Ben Lowen. "A review of the life cycles and life-history adaptations of pelagic tunicates to environmental conditions." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 3 (2011): 358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr159.

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Abstract Deibel, D., and Lowen, B. 2012. A review of the life cycles and life-history adaptations of pelagic tunicates to environmental conditions. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 358–369. Phylogeny, life cycles, and life-history adaptations of pelagic tunicates to temperature and food concentration are reviewed. Using literature data on lifetime egg production and generation time of appendicularians, salps, and doliolids, rmax, the maximum rate of lifetime reproductive fitness, is calculated as a common metric of adaptation to environmental conditions. The rmax values are high for all three groups, ranging from ∼0.1 to 1.9 d−1, so population doubling times range from ∼8 h to 1 week. These high values of rmax are attributable primarily to short generation times, ranging from 2 to 50 d. Clearly, pelagic tunicates are adapted to event-scale (i.e. days to weeks) rather than seasonal-scale changes in environmental conditions. Although they are not closely related phylogenetically, all three groups have a unique life-history adaptation promoting high lifetime fitness. Appendicularians have late oocyte selection, salps are viviparous, and doliolids possess a polymorphic asexual phase. There has been little research on hermaphroditic appendicularians, on large oceanic salps, and on doliolids generally. Research is needed on factors regulating generation time, on the heritability of life-history traits, and on age- and size-specific rates of mortality.

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10

GALT, CHARLES P., MATTHEW S. GROBER, and PAUL F. SYKES. "TAXONOMIC CORRELATES OF BIOLUMINESCENCE AMONG APPENDICULARIANS (UROCHORDATA: LARVACEA)." Biological Bulletin 168, no. 1 (1985): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541178.

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11

Acuña, José Luis, Don Deibel, Patricia A. Saunders, et al. "Phytoplankton ingestion by appendicularians in the North Water." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49, no. 22-23 (2002): 5101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00180-7.

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12

Panasiuk, Anna, and Marcin Kalarus. "Appendicularia (Tunicata) in an Antarctic Glacial Fjord–Chaotic Fjordic Structure Community or Good Indicators of Oceanic Water Masses?" Diversity 13, no. 12 (2021): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13120675.

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Appendicularians are important but remain poorly studied groups of zooplankton in polar regions. The present research is based on samples collected in Admiralty Bay (King George Island) during a year-long period. Six larvacean species were noted, among which Fritillaria borealis and Oikopleura gaussica were found to be the most numerous, while the other species were relatively rare. Fritillaria borealis was a dominant part of the late summer (warm water) community, while O. gaussica had the highest presence in the winter (cold water) community. The abundance of appendicularians recorded in the bay was less numerous than that described by other authors. The most important factors influencing annual changes in the larvaceans in the bay was season, but only in the case of the two species. These facts were probably linked to the very dynamic changes in the abiotic conditions in the fjord, and the influx of specific masses of water.

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13

Fenaux, R., and M. J. Youngbluth. "Two New Mesopelagic Appendicularians: Inopinata Inflata Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., Mesopelagica Caudaornata Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 71, no. 3 (1991): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400053182.

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Two new Appendicularians: Inopinata inflata gen. nov., sp. nov. and Mesopelagicn caudaornata gen. nov., sp. nov., from the family Oikopleuridae (Lohmann 1915), subfamily Oikopleurinae (Lohmann 1896a), are described from specimens collected at mesopelagic depths (660–840 m) in Bahamian waters by the ‘Johnson-Sea-Link’ manned submersibles.

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14

López-Urrutia, Á., JL Acuña, X. Irigoien, and R. Harris. "Food limitation and growth in temperate epipelagic appendicularians (Tunicata)." Marine Ecology Progress Series 252 (2003): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps252143.

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15

Flood, PR. "Yellow-stained oikopleurid appendicularians are caused by bacterial parasitism." Marine Ecology Progress Series 71 (1991): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps071291.

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16

Sommer, F. "Do calanoid copepods suppress appendicularians in the coastal ocean?" Journal of Plankton Research 25, no. 7 (2003): 869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/25.7.869.

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17

CAPITANIO, F. L., M. C. DAPONTE, and G. B. ESNAL. "The classification of Antarctic appendicularians: the Oikopleura gaussica group." Antarctic Science 15, no. 4 (2003): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102003001585.

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The validity of the Antarctic species of the “Oikopleura gaussica group” (O. gaussica, O. valdiviae, O. drygalskii, and O. weddelli) is discussed. The characteristics of new material from South Georgia and the Bellingshausen Sea are compared with the original descriptions. We examined 495 specimens at different stages of maturity and concluded that the characters used to differentiate these species of Oikopleura have not enough weight to justify their separation. The morphological variations found were ascribed either to intraspecific variability and/or to the different degree of maturity of the specimens examined of a single species, Oikopleura gaussica. The main taxonomic characters for the identification of this species are: the particular way in which the flat triangular gonads surround the intestinal ball like a sheath, the equal size of the two lobes of the stomach, the oesophagus entering the postero-dorsal edge of the rounded left lobe of the stomach, the presence of oval and some times lobate oral glands, and the variable number of subchordal cells (4 to 14) arranged in a single row on the right (ventral) side of the chorda.

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18

Hamner, William M., and Bruce H. Robison. "In situ observations of giant appendicularians in Monterey Bay." Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 39, no. 7-8 (1992): 1299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(92)90070-a.

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19

Nishino, Atsuo, and Nori Satoh. "The simple tail of chordates: Phylogenetic significance of appendicularians." genesis 29, no. 1 (2000): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1526-968x(200101)29:1<36::aid-gene1003>3.0.co;2-j.

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20

Kamaruddin, N. A., and N. H. A. Ishak. "Distribution and diversity of gelatinous zooplankton in the southern South China Sea." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 944, no. 1 (2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/944/1/012019.

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Abstract Although gelatinous zooplankton are widely distributed in many ocean ecosystems, they have been understudied due to their fragility nature, difficulties to sample or handle and a lack of expertise. This study gives an insight into the distribution and diversity of gelatinous species in the Southern South China Sea. Species composition, distribution and abundance of gelatinous zooplankton were investigated along the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 37 species were recorded from 10 locations along 4 transects at 5.10° N and 6.80° N extending from 103.2° E to 105.3° E in August 2016. Seven medusae, six siphonophores, four appendicularians, six chaetognaths, six salps, four doliolids and four pteropods were identified from the study area. Appendicularia with 201 ind/m3 was found to be the most dominant taxa recorded, followed by chaetognaths with 197 ind/m3. Scyphomedusae were the least represented group in the study, with an abundance of 8 ind/m3. Stations near the inshore region show higher abundance and diversity of gelatinous zooplankton compared to offshore regions. The evenness index between stations revealed that the gelatinous zooplankton were evenly distributed. According to Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the diversity and distribution of gelatinous zooplankton are driven by depth and temperature.

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21

KARUNARATHNE, KRISHAN D., and M. D. S. T. DE CROOS. "Pelagic tunicates (Appendicularia and Thaliacea) of Sri Lanka: two first records with an annotated checklist." Zootaxa 5067, no. 3 (2021): 352–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5067.3.2.

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In broadening the understanding of the diversity, distribution and seasonality of gelatinous zooplankton of Sri Lanka, a survey (‘Waya-jel-Survey’) was carried out in coastal waters of the country from 2016 to 2020, and the collected specimens of pelagic tunicates were taxonomically identified. Further, a comprehensive literature survey was conducted and the previous records on the occurrences of pelagic tunicates within the exclusive economic zone of Sri Lanka were cross-checked and listed in developing the first-ever annotated checklist. Among the samples collected in this study, Pyrostremma spinosum and Thalia sibogae were reported for the first time from Sri Lankan waters while two more thaliaceans, i.e., Doliolum denticulatum and Pegea confoederata, and six appendicularians, i.e., Fritillaria borealis sargassi, F. formica digitata, Oikopleura cophocerca, O. fusiformis, O. longicauda, and O. rufescens were re-recorded. In total, forty species (including two subspecies) in 19 genera, belonging to five families from four orders of the classes Appendicularia (n = 17 species) and Thaliacea (n = 23 species) were reported to be inhabited in Sri Lankan waters. Most of the records were from the Laccadive Sea region while the majority of the species have been reported during the northwest monsoon (December to February) period.

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22

Kalarus, Marcin, and Anna Panasiuk. "Spatial Distribution Patterns of Appendicularians in the Drake Passage: Potential Indicators of Water Masses?" Diversity 13, no. 7 (2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070286.

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Appendicularians are one of the most common animals found within zooplankton assemblages. They play a very important role as filter feeders but are, unfortunately, inconsistently reported in the Antarctic literature. The present paper attempts to describe the zonal diversity of appendicularians and the main environmental factors influencing their communities in the Drake Passage. Samples were collected during Antarctic summer in 2009–2010. A total of eight species of larvaceans were identified. Fritillaria borealis was the species found in the highest numbers in almost the entire studied area, and was observed at all sampling stations. The distributions of other taxa were limited to specific hydrological zones and hydrological conditions. F. fraudax and Oikopleura gaussica were typical of the areas between the Polar Front and the Subantarctic Front zones, and their distributions were significantly correlated with temperature and salinity, likely making them good indicator species. The F. fusiformis distribution was strictly related to South American waters. In summary, temperature was the strongest environmental factor influencing the larvacean community structure in the Drake Passage, and we also found that testing environmental factors on larvaceans as a whole group did not give entirely reliable results.

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23

Whitmore, Benjamin M., Catherine F. Nickels, and Mark D. Ohman. "A comparison between Zooglider and shipboard net and acoustic mesozooplankton sensing systems." Journal of Plankton Research 41, no. 4 (2019): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbz033.

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Abstract Some planktonic patches have markedly higher concentrations of organisms compared to ambient conditions and are <5 m in thickness (i.e. thin layers). Conventional net sampling techniques are unable to resolve this vertical microstructure, while optical imaging systems can measure it for limited durations. Zooglider, an autonomous zooplankton-sensing glider, uses a low-power optical imaging system (Zoocam) to resolve mesozooplankton at a vertical scale of 5 cm while making concurrent physical and acoustic measurements (Zonar). In March 2017, Zooglider was compared with traditional nets (MOCNESS) and ship-based acoustics (Simrad EK80). Zoocam recorded significantly higher vertically integrated abundances of smaller copepods and appendicularians, and larger gelatinous predators and mineralized protists, but similar abundances of chaetognaths, euphausiids, and nauplii. Differences in concentrations and size-frequency distributions are attributable to net extrusion and preservation artifacts, suggesting advantages of in situ imaging of organisms by Zooglider. Zoocam detected much higher local concentrations of copepods and appendicularians (53 000 and 29 000 animals m−3, respectively) than were resolvable by nets. The EK80 and Zonar at 200 kHz agreed in relative magnitude and distribution of acoustic backscatter. The profiling capability of Zooglider allows for deeper high-frequency acoustic sampling than conventional ship-based acoustics.

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24

Ivory, Jami A., Deborah K. Steinberg, and Robert J. Latour. "Diel, seasonal, and interannual patterns in mesozooplankton abundance in the Sargasso Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 1 (2018): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy117.

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Abstract Temporal changes in mesozooplankton abundance affect planktonic food web interactions and biogeochemistry. We enumerated mesozooplankton from monthly day and night tows in the epipelagic zone at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the Sargasso Sea (1999–2010). Abundances of each taxon were determined using a ZooScan imaging system and microscopy. Generalized linear models were used to determine environmental parameters that best explained abundance patterns. Taxa with pronounced diel vertical migration included euphausiids, amphipods, Limacina spp. pteropods, and other shelled pteropods. Taxa with a pronounced spring abundance peak included euphausiids, appendicularians, and Limacina spp., while harpacticoid copepods peaked in late summer, and calanoid copepods in late winter/early spring and summer. Many taxa increased in 2003, coincident with a diatom bloom and the largest primary production peak in the time series. Long-term, increasing trends occurred in calanoid and oncaeid copepods, and ostracods, with barnacle nauplii significantly increasing. Sub-decadal-scale climate oscillations and long-term warming may be driving decreases in shelled pteropods and appendicularians. Chaetognath abundance increased in response to increased density of a major prey taxon, calanoid copepods. Calanoid copepods and ostracods increased with increasing water column stratification index and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index, indicating warmer sea surface temperatures favour these taxa.

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25

Prokopchuk, Irina, and Evgeniy Sentyabov. "Diets of herring, mackerel, and blue whiting in the Norwegian Sea in relation to Calanus finmarchicus distribution and temperature conditions." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 1 (2006): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.08.005.

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Abstract Diets of Norwegian spring-spawning herring, mackerel, and blue whiting in the Norwegian Sea are investigated in relation to the distribution of plankton and hydrographic conditions. Fish stomachs and zooplankton samples were collected during summer (June and July) cruises in 2001 and 2002. Calanus finmarchicus was the principal prey of mackerel, accounting for 53–98% of total stomach content by weight. The diet composition of herring varied depending on feeding area and availability of food under various environmental conditions. C. finmarchicus was important prey for herring only in July 2001 (about 77% by weight) in the central part of the sea and in June 2002 (about 82% by weight) near the Lofotens. In July 2002 appendicularians (Oikopleura spp.), amphipods (mainly Parathemisto abissorum), and euphausiids were important in the diet of herring, and at some stations cannibalism was observed. The main prey of blue whiting were amphipods (10–34% by weight), appendicularians (11–34%), and euphausiids (8–47%), as they usually feed deep in the water column, though C. finmarchicus was important, particularly in June 2002, when blue whiting were caught in the upper layers of the sea. Higher water temperatures indirectly affect pelagic fish through accelerated development of their prey and favourable conditions for migration farther north.

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26

Luis Acuña, José. "Summer vertical distribution of appendicularians in the central Cantabrian Sea (Bay of Biscay)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74, no. 3 (1994): 585–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400047688.

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The summer vertical distribution of appendicularian species was analysed at 22 stations in the central Cantabrian Sea by means of vertical tows covering the surface, thermocline and deep layers. According to their preference for shallower waters, the appendicularian species could be arranged on the series Oikopleura longicauda (Vogt), Oikopleura fusiformis (Fol), Fritillaria pellucida (Quoy & Gaimard) and Oikopleura rufescens (Fol), with Oikopleura dioica (Miiller) in an uncertain position, probably closer to the end of this series. Principal components and correlation analyses suggest that a temperature gradient causes this pattern, which agrees with previous findings made at very different temporal and spatial scales. By means of particle-size spectra, it is shown that those oikopleurids that prefer cold, deep waters, O. fusiformis and O. rufescens, co-vary with a coefficient of particle-size quality. The lower the temperature, the lower the proportion of small, ingestible particles to large inlet-filter-clogging particles. This is proposed as an important reason for the presence of inlet filters in oikopleurids.

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27

Deibel, D., and CVL Powell. "Comparison of the ultrastructure of the food-concentrating filter of two appendicularians." Marine Ecology Progress Series 39 (1987): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps039081.

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28

Liang, Tsui Hua, and Luz Amelia Vega-Pérez. "Studies on chaetognaths off Ubatuba region, Brazil. II. Feeding habits." Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 43, no. 1 (1995): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0373-55241995000100003.

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The diet of chaetognath species were studied by examining the gut contents of 9466 specimens collected off Ubatuba region, São Paulo State. The greatest proportion of chaetognaths (7119 individuals) showed their gut contents empty. Copepods, mollusc eggs, appendicularians, cladocerans and annelids were the most common food items in the gut contents of juveniles and mature stages. Cannibalism occurred in low frequency. In Summer the copepods Temora stylifera and Paracalanus spp were more abundant, whereas Oncaea spp and mollusc eggs were heavily preyed in Winter. There was a clear trend of increasing prey size with the developmental stage.

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Vargas, CA, K. Tönnesson, A. Sell, et al. "Importance of copepods versus appendicularians in vertical carbon fluxes in a Swedish fjord." Marine Ecology Progress Series 241 (2002): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps241125.

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Tomita, M. "Seasonal occurrence and vertical distribution of appendicularians in Toyama Bay, southern Japan Sea." Journal of Plankton Research 25, no. 6 (2003): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/25.6.579.

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31

Savelieva, A. V. "The First Ultrastructural Description of Appendicularians (Chordata: Tunicata) Infected by Microsporidia-Like Protists." Russian Journal of Marine Biology 45, no. 2 (2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063074019020111.

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Conley, Keats R., Brad J. Gemmell, Jean-Marie Bouquet, Eric M. Thompson, and Kelly R. Sutherland. "A self-cleaning biological filter: How appendicularians mechanically control particle adhesion and removal." Limnology and Oceanography 63, no. 2 (2017): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.10680.

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Pettitt-Wade, Harri, Tristan Pearce, David Kuptana, et al. "Inuit observations of a Tunicata bloom unusual for the Amundsen Gulf, western Canadian Arctic." Arctic Science 6, no. 3 (2020): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2020-0018.

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Inuit are at the forefront of ecosystem change in the Arctic, yet their observations and interpretations are rarely reported in the literature. Climate change impacts are rapidly unfolding in the Arctic and there is a need for monitoring and reporting unique observations. In this short communication, we draw upon observations and experiential knowledge from western Canadian Inuit (Inuvialuit) harvesters combined with a scientific assessment to describe and interpret an unusual account of gelatinous organisms at high densities during summer 2019 in eastern Amundsen Gulf, near Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories. The gelatinous organisms were identified as primarily appendicularian larvaceans (Oikopleura spp., pelagic tunicates) and their gelatinous “houses”. The organisms were observed within 3–5 km of the marine coast, from ∼1–2 m below the surface and to depths of ∼30 m with an underwater camera. Pelagic tunicates have rarely been documented in the eastern Amundsen Gulf and, to our knowledge, this was the first time these organisms had been noted by the people of Ulukhaktok. The pelagic tunicates clogged subsistence fishing nets and Inuvialuit harvesters were concerned about negative impacts to marine mammals and fishes, which they depend on for food security. These interpretations highlight major knowledge gaps for appendicularians in the Arctic. Video Inuit Ukiuktaktumi nunamingni tautukpaktut nunaktik aalangnujuhianik, taimaa tautukpaktait ilihimaliktait titiraqtauyuitut titiqani. Nunam aallangujuhia tautuktauyuq kayumikhipluni Ukiuktaktun nunanni, taimatun munariyauyukhak titiraqhimayukhat aallangujuhiit. Uvani tittiqaniInuit tautukpaktait ilihimaliktait titiraqhimayut Inuvialuit anguniaqtiinnit attauttimut iliblugit qablunaat tittiratainnutilituritiarumaplugitumayuutigut tamainnut auyanani 2019mi, tahamani Admundson Gulfmi Ulukhaktuum haniani North west Territoriesmi. Tahapkuat uumayut hauniittut imangmi attauttimiitpaktut. Uumayut tahapkuat tautuktauvaktut pingahunikluunniin tallimanitulluunniin kilometresmik ungahiktilanganik tariukmitalvattauk atauhikmikluunniin, malguknikluunniin metresnik ititigiyumi. Ilaani ititqiyami 30 metresmi takunnaqpaktun ajiliurunmun. Tahapkuninga tautuyuittugaluat taja kihimi tautukpaliktait. Ulukhaktuunmiutat taja tautukpaliktait. Tahapkuat uumayut nuvaktut inmate kuvyanut himiutkpiaqpaktut, kuvyallu iqaluguikhutik. Inuit iqalukhiuktullu anguniaqtullu ihumaalugiliktait anguyamingnik niqiqaramik. Tahapkuat ilituriliktavut ilihimatttaingitnaptigit nunaptingni ukiuktaktumi ilitturrinahuaqqaqhaluavut.

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Zubkov, MV, and A. López-Urrutia. "Effect of appendicularians and copepods on bacterioplankton composition and growth in the English Channel." Aquatic Microbial Ecology 32 (2003): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/ame032039.

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35

Gorsky, G., M. J. Chrétiennot-Dinet, J. Blanchot, and I. Palazzoli. "Picoplankton and nanoplankton aggregation by appendicularians: Fecal pellet contents ofMegalocercus huxleyiin the equatorial Pacific." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 104, no. C2 (1999): 3381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98jc01850.

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36

Capitanio, F. L., M. Pajaro, and G. B. Esnal. "Appendicularians: an important food supply for the Argentine anchovy Engraulis anchoita in coastal waters." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21, no. 5 (2005): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00657.x.

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Berline, L., L. Stemmann, M. Vichi, F. Lombard, and G. Gorsky. "Impact of appendicularians on detritus and export fluxes: a model approach at DyFAMed site." Journal of Plankton Research 33, no. 6 (2010): 855–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq163.

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38

Lombard, F., L. Legendre, M. Picheral, A. Sciandra, and G. Gorsky. "Prediction of ecological niches and carbon export by appendicularians using a new multispecies ecophysiological model." Marine Ecology Progress Series 398 (January 5, 2010): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps08273.

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39

Scheinberg, RD, MR Landry, and A. Calbet. "Grazing of two common appendicularians on the natural prey assemblage of a tropical coastal ecosystem." Marine Ecology Progress Series 294 (2005): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps294201.

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40

Llopiz, Joel K., David E. Richardson, Akihiro Shiroza, Sharon L. Smith, and Robert K. Cowen. "Distinctions in the diets and distributions of larval tunas and the important role of appendicularians." Limnology and Oceanography 55, no. 3 (2010): 983–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.3.0983.

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41

Ruben, John A., and Julia K. Parrish. "Antiquity of the chordate pattern of exercise metabolism." Paleobiology 16, no. 3 (1990): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010058.

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Vertebrates and cephalochordates generate significant quantities of lactic acid during intense exercise. This is associated with heavy reliance on anaerobic metabolism for intramuscular ATP formation. We report here exercise-related generation of lactate in the appendicularian Oiko-pleura longicauda (Tunicata: Appendicularia) and in the brittle star Ophioderma panamensis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). The chordate-wide distribution of this pattern of activity metabolism suggests its presence in Early Paleozoic prochordates. The presence of the chordate pattern of activity physiology in Ophioderma suggests that very early (Ediacarian?) deuterostomes may also have generated lactate during intense exercise. Further investigation of activity physiology in other echinoderms is warranted.

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Fernández, D., Á. López-Urrutia, A. Fernández, JL Acuña, and R. Harris. "Retention efficiency of 0.2 to 6 µm particles by the appendicularians Oikopleura dioica and Fritillaria borealis." Marine Ecology Progress Series 266 (2004): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps266089.

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43

Kodama, Taketoshi, Naoki Iguchi, Mika Tomita, Haruyuki Morimoto, Tomoko Ota, and Seiji Ohshimo. "Appendicularians in the southwestern Sea of Japan during the summer: abundance and role as secondary producers." Journal of Plankton Research 40, no. 3 (2018): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fby015.

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44

张, 爱云. "化石尾海鞘Appendicularians躯干部的分类鉴别特征". Chinese Science Bulletin 31, № 15 (1986): 1168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/csb1986-31-15-1168.

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45

Li, Kai Z., Jian Q. Yin, Liang M. Huang, Shu M. Lian, Jian L. Zhang, and Cheng G. Liu. "Monsoon-forced distribution and assemblages of appendicularians in the northwestern coastal waters of South China Sea." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 89, no. 2 (2010): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.06.001.

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46

T�nnesson, K., P. Tiselius, S. Zervoudaki, et al. "Trophodynamic function of copepods, appendicularians and protozooplankton in the late summer zooplankton community in the Skagerrak." Marine Biology 144, no. 5 (2004): 917–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1263-9.

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47

Batistić, Mirna, Rade Garić, Nenad Jasprica, Stijepo Ljubimir, and Josip Mikuš. "Bloom of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 and tunicates Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, 1804 and Salpa maxima Forskål, 1775 in the open southern Adriatic in 2009." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 5 (2018): 1049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315418001029.

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AbstractThis study was conducted in February, April and June 2009 at three stations in the southern Adriatic. Occurrence of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans and tunicates Salpa fusiformis and Salpa maxima in high abundances for the oligotrophic open sea, indicates the importance of physical forcing (vertical mixing) and inflow of nutrient-enriched Atlantic water, due to the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) mechanism, into the Adriatic Sea thus creating an environment favourable for their rapid increase. This is the first time a bloom of N. scintillans has been recorded in the open southern Adriatic (OSA). High abundance of Noctiluca and salp populations in the OSA was characterized by low abundance of phytoplankton and other zooplankton, with obvious trophic implications (reduction of food availability to crustacean primary consumers). Moreover, during the S. maxima bloom in June 2009, calanoid copepods and appendicularians were almost completely absent (<1 ind. m−3).

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Zervoudaki, S., C. Frangoulis, C. Svensen, et al. "Vertical Carbon Flux of Biogenic Matter in a Coastal Area of the Aegean Sea: The Importance of Appendicularians." Estuaries and Coasts 37, no. 4 (2013): 911–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9723-z.

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49

Litvinyuk, Daria, and Vladimir S. Mukhanov. "Applicability of the vital dyes neutral red and fluorescein diacetate to differentiate between alive and dead non-copepod zooplankton." Ecologica Montenegrina 23 (October 16, 2019): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.23.9.

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It is a common practice for planktonologists to use neutral red (NR) staining to identify viable copepods in marine zooplankton. A new fluorescent dye, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), has also been successfully applied to Copepoda. Meanwhile, almost nothing is known about if NR- and FDA-based viability assays are applicable to many other zooplankton taxa. In this study, efficiencies of NR and FDA staining were evaluated and compared for different taxa and developmental stages of the Black Sea non-copepod zooplankton. Both the dyes were shown to stain well larvae of polychaetes, gastropods and bivalves, rotifers, fish eggs, barnacle nauplii, decapod zoeae, and the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca sсintillans. Dominant species of Cladocera (Pleopis polyphemoides, Evadne spinifera, Pseudevadne tergestina) were stained efficiently with FDA only. Some taxa had sufficient statistics of positive staining only with one of the dyes, NR (e.g. appendicularians and chaetognaths) or FDA (e.g. barnacle cyprids). Correspondingly, more data are demanded to fill the gaps in the target taxa. The dyes proved to be taxa-specific and hence, their reliable application should be based on their target groups.

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Peter, S., B. Manojkumar, D. Pillai, et al. "Distribution and Diversity of Gelatinous Zooplankton in the South Eastern Arabian Sea, Kanyakumari to off Kollam." Vestnik Zoologii 52, no. 5 (2018): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2018-0040.

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Abstract An attempt was made out to study the distribution and diversity of gelatinous zooplankton in the South Eastern Arabian Sea in the region Kanyakumari to off Kollam. A total of 19 species belonging to 8 groups such as chaetognaths, siphonophores, Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa of the phylum Cnidaria, ctenophores, appendicularians, doliolids and salps were recorded. Chaetognaths were not only predominant group, but also the most numerous. Sagitta enfl ata was the most widely distributed chaetognath species from most of the stations studied. Th e siphonophores were the second most abundant group. Shannon-Weaver species diversity index (H′), Margalef’s species diversity index (D) and Pielou’s species evenness (J′) of gelatinous zooplankton were found to be higher from the off shore, Kollam (Station 10) and minimum from the inshore, the Kanyakumari (Cape) West (Station 1). Diversity of gelatinous zooplankton was found to be positively correlated with atmospheric temperature, sea surface temperature and pH. A continuous seasonal study should be conducted to understand the clear impact of physical and chemical factors on the distribution and diversity of gelatinous zooplankton along this region.

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