Journal articles: 'Apple blue mould'

1

Grabowski, Marek Franciszek. "Incidence of postharvest fungal diseases of apples in integrated fruit production." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.1.12.

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In 2014–2017 an investigation was carried out into the occurrence of fungal storage diseases of five apple varieties (Red Jonaprince, Gala, Golden Delicious, Gloster and Ligol) in the Sandomierz orchard region. The fruit was stored at a CA cold storage room with ULO controlled atmosphere for six months. Occurrence of eight storage diseases was found. The most frequently occurring disease was bull’s eye rot and the losses caused thereby were even 24% of the affected fruit. The cultivars most susceptible to this disease were the Golden Delicious and Ligol apples; the least susceptible were the Gloster ones. The apples were significantly less affected by the fungi that cause brown rot, grey mould rot, blue mould rot and apple scab. Very seldom were the symptoms of calyx end rot, mouldy core and core rot, and anthracnose. Varying severity of infection of the varieties was noted in each season of observation.

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Boyd-Wilson, K. S. H., N. Glithero, Q. Ma, P. A. Alspach, and M. Walter. "Yeast isolates to inhibit blue mould and bitter rot of apples." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4424.

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Yeast isolates (44) collected from New Zealand orchards were screened for their ability to inhibit lesion development of blue mould of apples caused by Penicillium spp and bitter rot of apples caused by Colletotrichum acutatum using a detached apple assay While 28 isolates reduced blue mould lesions significantly compared to the pathogen control only four of the 44 isolates reduced bitter rot lesion development significantly These four yeast isolates also reduced the lesion development of blue mould Increasing concentrations of selected yeasts decreased lesion size in a loglinear fashion Yeasts applied before the pathogen reduced the lesion size significantly better than when applied after the pathogen The best reduction in lesion development was achieved by live yeast cells washed and applied in sterile water without any nutrient supplements Yeast cell extracts did not result in reduced lesion development

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Bevardi, Martina, Jadranka Frece, Dragana Mesarek, Jasna Bošnir, Jasna Mrvčić, Frane Delaš, and Ksenija Markov. "Antifungal and Antipatulin Activity of Gluconobacter Oxydans Isolated from Apple Surface." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-64-2013-2308.

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Fungicides are the most common agents used in postharvest treatment of fruit and are the most effective against blue mould, primarily caused by Penicillium expansum. Alternatively, blue mould can be treated with antagonistic microorganisms naturally occurring on fruit, such as the bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. The aim of this study was to establish the antifungal potential of the G. oxydans 1J strain isolated from apple surface against Penicillium expansum in culture and apple juice and to compare it with the efficiency of a reference strain G. oxydans ATCC 621H. The highest antifungal activity of G. oxydans 1J was observed between days 3 and 9 with no colony growth, while on day 12, P. expansum colony diameter was reduced to 42.3 % of the control diameter. Although G. oxydans 1J did not fully inhibit mould growth, it showed a high level of efficiency and completely prevented patulin accumulation in apple juice.

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Ebrahimi, Leila, Heshmatolah Aminian, Hassan Reza Etebarian, and Navazolah Sahebani. "Control of apple blue mould disease withTorulaspora delbrueckiiin combination with Silicon." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 45, no. 17 (October 2012): 2057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2012.720772.

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Spoor, T., K. Rumpunen, J. Sehic, A. Ekholm, I. Tahir, and H. Nybom. "Chemical contents and blue mould susceptibility in Swedish-grown cider apple cultivars." European Journal of Horticultural Science 84, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ejhs.2019/84.3.3.

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6

Yu, Ting, Lianping Wang, Yun Yin, Fengqin Feng, and Xiaodong Zheng. "Suppression of postharvest blue mould of apple fruit byCryptococcus laurentii andN6-benzyladenine." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88, no. 7 (2008): 1266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3217.

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7

Fotouh, Yehia Omar. "Controlling grey and blue mould diseases of apple fruits using acetic acid vapours." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 42, no. 8 (August 2009): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400701390869.

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8

Ebrahimi, Leila, Hassan Reza Etebarian, Heshmatolah Aminian, and Navazolah Sahebani. "Enhancement of biocontrol activity ofTorulaspora delbrueckiiwith methyl jasmonate against apple blue mould disease." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 45, no. 19 (December 2012): 2355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2012.727324.

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9

Nybom, Hilde, Masoud Ahmadi-Afzadi, Kimmo Rumpunen, and Ibrahim Tahir. "Review of the Impact of Apple Fruit Ripening, Texture and Chemical Contents on Genetically Determined Susceptibility to Storage Rots." Plants 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9070831.

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Fungal storage rots like blue mould, grey mould, bull’s eye rot, bitter rot and brown rot destroy large amounts of the harvested apple crop around the world. Application of fungicides is nowadays severely restricted in many countries and production systems, and these problems are therefore likely to increase. Considerable variation among apple cultivars in resistance/susceptibility has been reported, suggesting that efficient defence mechanisms can be selected for and used in plant breeding. These are, however, likely to vary between pathogens, since some fungi are mainly wound-mediated while others attack through lenticels or by infecting blossoms. Since mature fruits are considerably more susceptible than immature fruits, mechanisms involving fruit-ripening processes are likely to play an important role. Significant associations have been detected between the susceptibility to rots in harvested fruit and various fruit maturation-related traits like ripening time, fruit firmness at harvest and rate of fruit softening during storage, as well as fruit biochemical contents like acidity, sugars and polyphenols. Some sources of resistance to blue mould have been described, but more research is needed on the development of spore inoculation methods that produce reproducible data and can be used for large screenings, especially for lenticel-infecting fungi.

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Ahmadi-Afzadi, M., K. Rumpunen, J. P. Renou, M. Orsel, S. Pelletier, M. Bruneau, A. Ekholm, I. Tahir, and H. Nybom. "Genetics of resistance to blue mould in apple: inoculation-based screening, transcriptomics and biochemistry." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1127 (November 2016): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1127.10.

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11

Xu, X. M., and A. M. Berrie. "Epidemiology of mycotoxigenic fungi associated with Fusarium ear blight and apple blue mould: A review." Food Additives and Contaminants 22, no. 4 (April 2005): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030500058353.

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12

Grantina-Ievina, Lelde. "Fungi Causing Storage Rot of Apple Fruit in Integrated Pest Management System and their Sensitivity to Fungicides." Rural Sustainability Research 34, no. 329 (December 1, 2015): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plua-2015-0007.

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Abstract Apple fruit rot can be caused by several fungi. In Northern Europe, the most common storage rot, Bull’s eye rot, is caused by Neofabraea spp., bitter rot by Colletotrichum spp., brown rot by Monilinia fructigena, grey mould is caused by Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium rot by several Fusarium species. Blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum is an important disease in several European countries. Incidence of different causal agents may vary depending on cultivar, climate during growing season and agricultural practices. The main objective of the study was to obtain baseline information about apple rot-causing fungi, their incidence during fruit storage and to evaluate the fungicide sensitivity of most of isolated fungal species. The study was performed during the storage period of apples after the growth season of 2013. Rotten apples were sorted in the storage and part of them was brought to the laboratory in order to obtain fungal isolates. Fungi were identified according to the morphological characteristics and sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. During storage in February and March the total percentage of rotten apples in various cultivars varied from 3.6 to 58.9%. All post-harvest diseases described in Northern Europe were detected. In part of the storehouses apple rot caused by Cadophora luteo-olivacea was observed. Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp. were detected on few apples as secondary infection agents. Using the most often isolated fungal species, sensitivity tests were performed against five commonly used fungicides. In general, the sensitivity of tested fungi to the fungicides was high with exception of several Neofabraea and Alternaria isolates.

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13

Hashem, Mohamed, Saad A. Alamri, Abd El-Latif Hesham, Fatimah M. H. Al-Qahtani, and Mona Kilany. "Biocontrol of apple blue mould by new yeast strains:Cryptococcus albidusKKUY0017 andWickerhamomyces anomalusKKUY0051 and their mode of action." Biocontrol Science and Technology 24, no. 10 (July 4, 2014): 1137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.926857.

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14

Usall, J., N. Teixidó, E. Fons, and I. Viñas. "Biological control of blue mould on apple by a strain of Candida sake under several controlled atmosphere conditions." International Journal of Food Microbiology 58, no. 1-2 (June 2000): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00285-3.

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15

Adedayo, MR, and OV Ayilara. "Analytical study on Fungal Cellulase Produced by Penicillium Expansum grown on Malus Domestica (Apple Fruits)." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 4, no. 1 (August 22, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.235.

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The rise in world industrialization and the cost of importing enzyme by local industries have led to arise in the search for novel and native enzyme producing microorganisms. Cellulase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking down of carbon chains in cellulose and hemicellulose, this research therefore aimed at studying fungal cellulase produced by Penicillium expansum grown on malus domestica (apple fruits). Fresh apple fruit was allowed to deteriorate under laboratory condition until there was visible mould growth. The mould with desired features of the organism of interest was subcultured by direct plating on PDA plates to which 10 % streptomycin has been added to prevent bacterial contaminants. The plates were incubated at 28±2 0C for 7 days until a visible mass of blue mycelia appear. The isolate was further subcultured onto freshly prepared media until pure culture was obtained. Characterization and identification of isolate were done using macroscopy and microscopy techniques. The isolate was re-inoculated into healthy apple fruits and the fruits were incubated at temperature of 28±2 oC for 8 days. Cellulolytic activity was examined every day throughout the incubation period. Crude enzyme was extracted each day using standard methods. Carboxyl methyl cellulose was used as standard for the crude cellulase activity assay after extraction from the infected apple fruits using Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA). Culture parameters like pH and temperature were also optimized to determine their effect on cellulolytic activity of the fungus. Cellulase activity was defined as the amount of glucose produced in μmol/mg/min under the assay condition. The highest cellulase activity of 86.84±0.52 μmol/mg/min was observed on day 6 of incubation at 28±2 oC and at pH 7. In conclusion, it is evident from this research that P. expansum isolated could be used as potential novel organism for industrial production of cellulase under optimized fermentation conditions.

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16

Zhang, Changfeng, Jiamin Wang, Jiaguo Zhang, Chengjie Hou, and Guoli Wang. "Effects of β-aminobutyric acid on control of postharvest blue mould of apple fruit and its possible mechanisms of action." Postharvest Biology and Technology 61, no. 2-3 (August 2011): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2011.02.008.

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17

De Clercq, N., G. Vlaemynck, E. Van Pamel, D. Colman, M. Heyndrickx, F. Van Hove, B. De Meulenaer, F. Devlieghere, and E. Van Coillie. "Patulin production by Penicillium expansum isolates from apples during different steps of long-term storage." World Mycotoxin Journal 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2015.1936.

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Penicillium expansum is the principal cause of blue mould rot and associated production of patulin, a weak mycotoxin, in apples worldwide. P. expansum growth and patulin production is observed during improper or long-term storage of apples. We have investigated the extent to which each successive step during long-term storage contributes to patulin production in various P. expansum isolates. Fungal isolates collected on apples from several Belgian orchards/industries were identified to species level. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and β-tubulin gene sequencing identified P. expansum and Penicillium solitum as the most prevalent Penicillium species associated with Belgian apples. All 27 P. expansum isolates and eight reference strains were characterised for their patulin production capacity on apple puree agar medium for five days under classical constant temperature and atmosphere conditions. Under these conditions, a large range of patulin production levels was observed. Based on this phenotypic diversity, five P. expansum isolates and one reference strain were selected for in vitro investigation of patulin production under representative conditions in each step of long-term apple storage. Patulin accumulation seemed highly strain dependent and no significant differences between the storage steps were observed. The results also indicated that a high spore inoculum may lead to a strong patulin accumulation even at cold temperatures (1 °C) combined with controlled atmosphere (CA) (3% O2, 1% CO2), suggesting that future control strategies may benefit from considering the duration of storage under CA conditions as well as duration of deck storage.

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18

Yu, Ting, and Xiao Dong Zheng. "An integrated strategy to control postharvest blue and grey mould rots of apple fruit by combining biocontrol yeast with gibberellic acid." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 42, no. 8 (August 2007): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01321.x.

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19

Nunes, C., T. Manso, I. Viñas, J. Usall, and N. Teixidó. "BIOCONTROL OF POSTHARVEST BLUE MOULD ON PEAR AND APPLE FRUITS WITH THE COMBINATION OF CANDIDA SAKE (CPA-1) AND PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE (CPA-5)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 682 (June 2005): 2101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.682.286.

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20

Tahir, Ibrahim I., Eva Johansson, and Marie E. Olsson. "Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage." HortScience 44, no. 6 (October 2009): 1648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.6.1648.

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The effects of two nonchemical methods [controlled atmosphere (CA) storage and postharvest heating, alone or combined] on the quality (firmness, taste, color, and skin wax) and storability (losses resulting from bruising and fungal decay) of apples were investigated in a 3-year study. Fruits of two cultivars (cv. Aroma and cv. Ingrid Marie) were mechanically wounded on two opposing sides, inoculated with conidial suspensions of one of three pathogens [Pezicula malicorticis (bull's eye rot), Penicillium expansum (blue mould), and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (bitter rot)], exposed to 40 °C for four different exposure periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 h), and stored either in air (21.0 kPa O2 + 0.03 kPa CO2) or in CA storage (2.0 kPa O2 + 2.0 kPa CO2) for 4 months. Effect of postharvest heating on bruise susceptibility of air- or CA-stored apples was also investigated. Cultivar Aroma apples generally showed higher bruise susceptibility than cv. Ingrid Marie. The sun-exposed side of apples was less sensitive to bruising than the shaded side and red phenotypes of these two cultivars also showed increased resistance to bruising as compared with standard phenotypes. Heat treatment and CA storage, either alone or in combination, decreased bruise occurrence in both cultivars. Pz. malicorticis was the more aggressive storage pathogen for both apple cultivars followed by P. expansum and C. gloeosporioides. The highest decay severity occurred in inoculated and nonheat-treated apples stored in air. Heat treatment, especially in combination with CA storage, showed an eradicative effect on the pathogens without any negative effects on apple quality. Heat treatment maintained flesh firmness during storage, reduced ethylene production, and caused clearly visible changes in epicuticular wax structure, resulting in a higher resistance to bruising or to natural and artificial infections with the pathogens. The effective exposure period could be reduced to 24 h, because a combination of heat treatment (at 40 °C for 24 h) and CA storage showed the best protective effect against bruising and fungal decay. This combined treatment decreased bull's eye rot by 86% and 60% and bitter rot by 73% and 65% in cv. Aroma and cv. Ingrid Marie, respectively, in comparison with untreated apples.

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Sholberg, P. L., A. Marchi, and J. Bechard. "Biocontrol of postharvest diseases of apple using Bacillus spp. isolated from stored apples." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-034.

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Ninety-five bacterial isolates were recovered from 38 of 77 apples that had been stored at 1 °C for 6–7 months. The highest number of bacteria were recovered in nutrient, dextrose, and V8 juice broths, respectively. The bacteria were screened as biocontrol agents on cultivar Red Delicious apples primarily for control of blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum. Three bacteria effective against P. expansum were also tested against Botrytis cinerea for control of gray mold. Ten, four, and five isolates significantly reduced blue mold decay when apples were stored at 5, 10, and 20 °C. Two isolates tested against gray mold decay significantly reduced decay at 5 and 10 °C and one isolate was effective at 20 °C. Thirty-six isolates that had been selected for identification by the Biolog Microstation™ System were Gram positive and contained endospores, and 30 of these were positively identified as Bacillus spp. Further testing of 15 isolates that were effective biocontrol agents identified 7 as Bacillus subtilis on the basis of 15 microbiological tests used for determining species within the genus Bacillus.Key words: endophytic, bacteria, biocontrol, postharvest.

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22

Janisiewicz, Wojciech J., Robert A. Saftner, William S. Conway, and Philip L. Forsline. "Preliminary Evaluation of Apple Germplasm from Kazakhstan for Resistance to Postharvest Blue Mold in Fruit Caused by Penicillium expansum." HortScience 43, no. 2 (April 2008): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.2.420.

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Blue mold of apples, incited by Penicillium expansum, causes extensive losses on stored apples worldwide. Despite the severity of this problem, apple breeders do not evaluate their crosses for resistance to this disease, because there has been little resistance to blue mold in the gene pool of the germplasm used. A new apple germplasm collection from the center of origin in Kazakhstan, maintained in Geneva, NY, and representing a much broader gene pool, was evaluated for resistance to blue mold. Apples were harvested from the Elite collection trees that were clonally propagated from budwood collected in Kazakhstan and from seedling trees originating from seeds of the same trees as the Elite budwood or from other wild seedling trees in Kazakhstan. Fruit from 83 such accessions were harvested at the preclimacteric to climacteric stage, wound-inoculated with P. expansum at 103, 104, and 105 mL−1 conidial suspension, incubated for 5 d at 24 °C, and evaluated for decay incidence and severity. Two accessions were classified as immune (no decay at 103 and 104 mL−1), four as resistant (no decay at 103 mL−1), 53 as moderately resistant (lesions less than 10 mm at 103 mL−1), and 24 as susceptible. There were positive correlations (r = 0.92, 0.86, and 0.91) between decay severity and all three inoculum levels. Our results indicate a greater genetic diversity among the Kazak apple collection than among cultivated apples as evidenced by their broad range of fruit maturity, quality, and disease resistance patterns. The immune and resistant accessions may serve as a source of resistance in breeding programs and can be useful in explaining the mechanism of resistance to blue mold in apples.

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23

Zhong, Lei, Jason Carere, Zhaoxin Lu, Fengxia Lu, and Ting Zhou. "Patulin in Apples and Apple-Based Food Products: The Burdens and the Mitigation Strategies." Toxins 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110475.

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Apples and apple-based products are among the most popular foods around the world for their delightful flavors and health benefits. However, the commonly found mold, Penicillium expansum invades wounded apples, causing the blue mold decay and ensuing the production of patulin, a mycotoxin that negatively affects human health. Patulin contamination in apple products has been a worldwide problem without a satisfactory solution yet. A comprehensive understanding of the factors and challenges associated with patulin accumulation in apples is essential for finding such a solution. This review will discuss the effects of the pathogenicity of Penicillium species, quality traits of apple cultivars, and environmental conditions on the severity of apple blue mold and patulin contamination. Moreover, beyond the complicated interactions of the three aforementioned factors, patulin control is also challenged by the lack of reliable detection methods in food matrices, as well as unclear degradation mechanisms and limited knowledge about the toxicities of the metabolites resulting from the degradations. As apple-based products are mainly produced with stored apples, pre- and post-harvest strategies are equally important for patulin mitigation. Before storage, disease-resistance breeding, orchard-management, and elicitor(s) application help control the patulin level by improving the storage qualities of apples and lowering fruit rot severity. From storage to processing, patulin mitigation strategies could benefit from the optimization of apple storage conditions, the elimination of rotten apples, and the safe and effective detoxification or biodegradation of patulin.

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Tahir, I. I., Hilde Nybom, M. Ahmadi-Afzadi, K. Røen, J. Sehic, and D. Røen. "Susceptibility to blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum in apple cultivars adapted to a cool climate." European Journal of Horticultural Science 80, no. 3 (June 17, 2015): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ejhs.2015/80.3.4.

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Sholberg, Peter L., and Paul Randall. "Fumigation of Stored Pome Fruit with Hexanal Reduces Blue and Gray Mold Decay." HortScience 42, no. 3 (June 2007): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.3.611.

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Stored apples and pears are subject to blue and gray mold decay incited by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea respectively. Hexanal, a C6 carbon aldehyde, used as a vapor provided effective control of both blue and gray molds in laboratory experiments on apple slices. A preliminary trial with ‘Anjou’ pears in bins showed that hexanal was not corrosive and could reduce gray mold in pears stored for 7 months. However details on the correct procedure for fumigating pome fruit were lacking, and further studies were needed to develop a reliable fumigation strategy. In trials with inoculated fruit, hexanal inactivated conidia of B. cinerea contaminating the pear surface when used at a rate of 2 mg·L−1 for 24 hours or 4 mg·L−1 for 18 hours. It was less effective on ‘Gala’ apples inoculated with conidia of P. expansum, but reduced blue mold decay to low levels at 15 ºC. On the other hand, hexanal increased gray and blue molds when used after wounds were made in inoculated fruit. The use of a preharvest treatment with cyprodinil (0.62 g·L−1) reduced both blue and gray molds in wounds with or without hexanal fumigation. Thus a strategy for controlling postharvest decay was developed by which fruit were treated 2 weeks before harvest with cyprodinil, followed by fumigation with hexanal immediately after harvest. The use of this strategy on ‘Anjou’ pears produced the highest number of mold-free fruit in 2003 and the least amount of gray and blue mold decay in 2003 and 2004 on pears stored for 4 months. Wounded apples only developed 1% rot compared with 10% in the control, indicating that hexanal fumigation of stored apples reduced contamination. Monitoring hexanal during fumigation showed that hexanal concentration declined slowly over a 24-hour period and could accurately be described by a third-order polynomial equation. Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L−1) was not phytotoxic and improved aroma in ‘Anjou’ pears and ‘Gala’ apples with no harmful effects on apple or pear firmness, pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solids.

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Tian, Shiping, Qing Fan, Yong Xu, and Haibo Liu. "Biocontrol Efficacy of Antagonist Yeasts to Gray Mold and Blue Mold on Apples and Pears in Controlled Atmospheres." Plant Disease 86, no. 8 (August 2002): 848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.8.848.

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Biocontrol capability of the yeasts Trichosporon sp. and Cryptococcus albidus against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum was evaluated in apple (cv. Golden Delicious) and pear (cv. Jingbai) fruits at 1°C in air and under controlled atmospheres (CA) with 3% O2 + 3% CO2 or 3% O2 + 8% CO2. Trichosporon sp. controlled gray mold and blue mold of apple fruits more effectively than C. albidus (P < 0.05). Apple fruits treated with Trichosporon sp. and C. albidus had a lower incidence of gray mold rot than blue mold rot in the same storage conditions. Biocontrol efficacy of the yeasts for controlling gray mold and blue mold was better in apples than in pears. Populations of the yeasts in drop-inoculated wounds in fruits increased rapidly after 20 days at 1°C both in air and in CA conditions. There was no significant difference in colony diameters of the two pathogens cultured in 0 to 15% CO2 concentrations after 7 days at 20°C, but the colony diameter of both B. cinerea and P. expansum at 20% CO2 was significantly less than in other treatments (P < 0.05). CA with 3% O2 + 8% CO2 inhibited the pathogenic fungi more than CA with 3% O2 + 3% CO2.

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27

Fox, R. T. V. "26. Blue mould rot of apples and pears." Mycologist 8, no. 4 (November 1994): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(09)80190-0.

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28

Etebarian, Hassan-Reza, Peter L. Sholberg, Kenneth C. Eastwell, and Ronald J. Sayler. "Biological control of apple blue mold withPseudomonas fluorescens." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 51, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-039.

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Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 1100-6 was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for apple blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum or Penicillium solitum. Both the wild-type isolate 1100-6 and a genetically modified derivative labeled with the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were compared. The P. fluorescens isolates with or without GFP equally reduced the growth of Penicillium spp. and produced large zones of inhibition in dual culture plate assays. Cell-free metabolites produced by the bacterial antagonists reduced the colony area of Penicillium isolates by 17.3% to 78.5%. The effect of iron chelate on the antagonistic potential of P. fluorescens was also studied. The use of iron chelate did not have a major effect on the antagonistic activity of P. fluorescens. With or without GFP, P. fluorescens significantly reduced the severity and incidence of apple decay by 2 P. expansum isolates after 11 d at 20 °C and by P. expansum and P. solitum after 25 d at 5 °C when the biocontrol agents were applied in wounds 24 or 48 h before challenging with Penicillium spp. Populations of P. fluorescens labeled with the GFP were determined 1, 9, 14, and 20 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The log CFU/mL per wound increased from 6.95 at the time of inoculation to 9.12 CFU/mL (P < 0.05) 25 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The GFP strain did not appear to penetrate deeply into wounds based on digital photographs taken with an inverted fluorescence microscope. These results indicate that P. fluorescens isolate 1100-6 could be an important new biological control for apple blue mold.Key words: Penicillium expansum, P. solitum, postharvest disease, Malus, GFP.

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29

Xiao, C. L., and R. J. Boal. "Residual Activity of Fludioxonil and Pyrimethanil Against Penicillium expansum on Apple Fruit." Plant Disease 93, no. 10 (October 2009): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-10-1003.

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Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest disease of apples (Malus × domestica). Residual activity of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil in apple fruit against P. expansum was investigated during 2005 to 2008. Fruit of the cultivar Delicious harvested from commercial orchards where fungicides were not used were either not treated or drenched with fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, or thiabendazole prior to storage and then stored in controlled atmosphere at 0°C for 5 or 7 months, after which time the fruit were removed from storage and subjected to washing and brushing, practices that are done at the time of packing. Fruit were then wounded and inoculated with conidial suspensions of P. expansum. Inoculated fruit were treated with either sterile water or fungicides. Fruit were stored at 0°C for 8 weeks and at room temperature for one additional week after cold storage. To determine distribution of fungicide residues in the fruit flesh, fruit were cut horizontally at the equator, sprayed with the conidial suspension of P. expansum, incubated at room temperature, and examined for inhibition of blue mold on the cut fruit 4 days after inoculation. Fungicide residues on/in the fruit were analyzed using a gas chromatograph. Zero to 26% blue mold incidence was observed on fludioxonil-drenched fruit that were inoculated and not treated with fungicides at packing. No decay or <4% blue mold incidence was observed on pyrimethanil-drenched fruit that were inoculated and not treated with fungicides at packing, whereas 65 to 99% blue mold incidence was observed on thiabendazole-drenched fruit that were not treated with fungicides at packing. An average of >32 mm inhibition zone and approximately 5 mm inhibition zone measured from the fruit peel toward the fruit core were observed on pyrimethanil-drenched and fludioxonil-drenched fruit, respectively. Washing and brushing at the time of packing 5 and 7 months after harvest did not remove or only partially removed residues of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil from apple fruit. The results suggest that residues of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil on/in apple fruit are persistent and that residual protection of apple fruit by the two fungicides can last for at least 7 months under apple-storage conditions.

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Peter, K. A., I. Vico, V. Gaskins, W. J. Janisiewicz, R. A. Saftner, and W. M. Jurick. "First Report of Penicillium carneum Causing Blue Mold on Stored Apples in Pennsylvania." Plant Disease 96, no. 12 (December 2012): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-12-0541-pdn.

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Blue mold decay occurs during long term storage of apples and is predominantly caused by Penicillium expansum Link. Apples harvested in 2010 were stored in a controlled atmosphere at a commercial Pennsylvania apple packing and storage facility, and were examined for occurrence of decay in May 2011. Several decayed apples from different cultivars, exhibiting blue mold symptoms with a sporulating fungus were collected. One isolate recovered from a decayed ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit was identified as P. carneum Frisvad. Genomic DNA was isolated, 800 bp of the 3′ end of the β-tubulin locus was amplified using gene specific primers and sequenced (4). The recovered nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. JX127312) indicated 99% sequence identity with P. carneum strain IBT 3472 (GenBank Accession No. JF302650) (3). The P. carneum colonies strongly sporulated and had a blue green color on potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA), malt extract agar (MEA), and yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) media at 25°C after 7 days. The colonies also had a beige color on plate reverse on CYA and YES media. The species tested positive for the production of alkaloids, as indicated by a violet reaction for the Ehrlich test, and grew on CYA at 30°C and on Czapek with 1,000 ppm propionic acid agar at 25°C; all of which are diagnostic characters of this species (2). The conidiophores were hyaline and tetraverticillate with a finely rough stipe. Conida were produced in long columns, blue green, globose, and averaged 2.9 μm in diameter. To prove pathogenicity, Koch's postulates were conducted using 20 ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruits. Fruits were washed, surface sterilized with 70% ethanol, and placed onto fruit trays. Using a nail, 3-mm wounds were created and inoculated with 50 μl of a 106/ml conidial suspension or water only as a negative control. The fruit trays were placed into boxes and were stored in the laboratory at 20°C for 7 days. The inoculated fruit developed soft watery lesions, with hard defined edges 37 ± 4 mm in diameter. The sporulating fungus was reisolated from infected tissue of all conidia inoculated apples and confirmed to be P. carneum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the β-tubulin locus as described. Water inoculated control apples were symptomless. Originally grouped with P. roqueforti, P. carneum was reclassified in 1996 as a separate species (1). P. carneum is typically associated with meat products, beverages, and bread spoilage and produces patulin, which is not produced by P. roqueforti (1,2). Our isolate of P. carneum was susceptible to the thiabendazole (TBZ) fungicide at 250 ppm, which is below the recommended labeled application rate of 600 ppm. The susceptibility to TBZ suggests that this P. carneum isolate has been recently introduced because resistance to TBZ has evolved rapidly in P. expansum (4). To the best of our knowledge, P. carneum has not previously been described on apple, and this is the first report of P. carneum causing postharvest decay on apple fruits obtained from storage in Pennsylvania. References: (1) M. Boyson et al. Microbiology 142:541, 1996. (2) J. C. Frisvad and R. A. Samson. Stud. Mycol. 49:1, 2004. (3) B. G. Hansen et al. BMC Microbiology 11:202, 2011. (4) P. L. Sholberg et al. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 36:41, 2005.

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Xiao, C. L., Y. K. Kim, and R. J. Boal. "First Report of Occurrence of Pyrimethanil Resistance in Penicillium expansum from Stored Apples in Washington State." Plant Disease 95, no. 1 (January 2011): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-10-0509.

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Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest fruit rot disease of apples (Malus domestica) worldwide. Pyrimethanil was registered in late 2004 in the United States for postharvest use on apples. Since then, pyrimethanil has been increasingly used in Washington State as a postharvest drench treatment for control of blue mold and other postharvest diseases in apples. Baseline sensitivity to pyrimethanil in P. expansum populations from apples in Washington State has been established and all isolates in the baseline population were sensitive to pyrimethanil (1). To monitor resistance to pyrimethanil in P. expansum populations, blue mold-like decayed apple fruit were sampled from May to August 2009 from the fruit that had been drenched with pyrimethanil prior to storage from fruit packinghouses. Isolation of Penicillium species from decayed fruit was attempted. Isolates of Penicillium species were identified to species according to the descriptions by Pitt (2). In total, 186 P. expansum isolates were collected and tested for resistance to pyrimethanil in a conidial germination assay on an agar medium amended with pyrimethanil at the discriminatory concentration of 0.5 μg ml–1 (1). Isolates that were able to germinate were considered resistant to pyrimethanil. Of the 186 isolates tested, one was resistant to pyrimethanil. EC50 (the effective concentration that inhibits fungal growth by 50% relative to the control) of pyrimethanil for the resistant isolate was determined according to a method described previously (1) and the test was done twice. EC50 values of pyrimethanil on mycelial growth and conidial germination for the resistant isolate were 9.9 and 3.1 μg/ml, respectively, which were 7.4-fold and 16.5-fold higher than the means of the baseline population (1). To evaluate whether pyrimethanil at label rate is still able to control this resistant isolate, ‘Fuji’ apples were wounded, inoculated with conidial suspensions (1 × 104 conidia ml–1) of either the resistant isolate or a pyrimethanil-sensitive isolate, treated with either pyrimethanil or sterile water as controls, and stored at 20°C for 10 days following a method described previously (1). There were four 20-fruit replicates for each treatment. The experiment was performed twice. All inoculated fruit in the nontreated controls were decayed. Pyrimethanil applied at label rate completely controlled blue mold incited by a pyrimethanil-sensitive isolate, but 75% of the fruit that were inoculated with the resistant isolate and treated with pyrimethanil developed blue mold. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pyrimethanil resistance in P. expansum from decayed apple fruit collected from commercial packing houses. The pyrimethanil-resistant isolate was obtained from a packing house in which pyrimethanil had been used as a postharvest drench treatment in each of four consecutive years, suggesting that pyrimethanil-resistant individuals are emerging in P. expansum populations in Washington State after repeated use of pyrimethanil. Our results also indicate that pyrimethanil resistance in P. expansum reported in this study can result in failure of blue mold control in apples with pyrimethanil. References: (1) H. X. Li and C. L. Xiao. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 47:239, 2008. (2) J. I. Pitt. A Laboratory Guide to Common Penicillium species. Food Science Australia, North Ryde NSW, Australia, 2002.

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Pianzzola, M. J., M. Moscatelli, and S. Vero. "Characterization of Penicillium Isolates Associated with Blue Mold on Apple in Uruguay." Plant Disease 88, no. 1 (January 2004): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.1.23.

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Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. is the most important postharvest disease of apple in Uruguay. Fourteen isolates of Penicillium were recovered from rotten apple and pear fruit with blue mold symptoms, and from water from flotation tanks in commercial apple juice facilities. Phenotypic identification to species level was performed, and the isolates were tested for sensitivity to commonly used postharvest fungicides. Genetic characterization of the isolates was performed with restriction fragment length polymorphism of the region including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ITS1 and ITS2 and the 5.8SrRNA gene (ITS1-5.8SrRNA gene-ITS2) ribosomal DNA region and with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Both techniques were able to differentiate these isolates at the species level. RAPD analysis proved to be an objective, rapid, and reliable tool to identify Penicillium spp. involved in blue mold of apple. In all, 11 isolates were identified as Penicillium expansum and 3 as P. solitum. This is the first report of P. solitum as an apple pathogen in Uruguay.

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Xiao, C. L., and R. J. Boal. "Preharvest Application of a Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin Mixture to Control Postharvest Gray Mold and Blue Mold in Apples." Plant Disease 93, no. 2 (February 2009): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-2-0185.

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After harvest, apples (Malus × domestica) may be kept in cold storage for up to 12 months prior to packing. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea and blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum are common postharvest fruit rot diseases affecting apples and are controlled commonly by applications of fungicides after harvest. To search for an alternative strategy, Pristine (a premixed formulation of boscalid and pyraclostrobin) as a preharvest treatment was evaluated for control of postharvest gray mold and blue mold in cultivars Fuji and Red Delicious apples during 2004 to 2006. Pristine (0.36 g per liter of water) was applied 1, 7, or 14 days before harvest. For comparison, thiram (2.04 g per liter of water) was applied 7 days before harvest and ziram (2.4 g per liter of water) was applied 14 days before harvest, to Fuji and Red Delicious, respectively. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity, wounded with a finishing nail head, inoculated with conidial suspensions of either B. cinerea or P. expansum, stored in air at 0°C, and evaluated for decay after 8 or 12 weeks. In 2004 and 2005, Pristine was equally effective when applied to Fuji 1 or 7 days before harvest, reducing gray mold incidence by 93 to 99% and blue mold incidence by 78 to 94% compared with the nontreated control. Thiram reduced gray mold incidence by 38 to 85%. Thiram reduced blue mold incidence by 22% in 2004 but not in 2005. On Red Delicious, Pristine was equally effective when applied 7 or 14 days before harvest and reduced gray mold incidence by 69 to 85% and blue mold incidence by 41 to 70%. Ziram applied 2 weeks before harvest reduced gray mold incidence by 97 and 94% in 2005 and 2006, respectively, but it did not reduce blue mold incidence. The results indicate that Pristine applied within 2 weeks before harvest may be an effective alternative to postharvest fungicides for control of postharvest gray mold and blue mold in Fuji and Red Delicious apples.

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Zhao, Lina, Yiwen Sun, Dongbiao Yang, Jun Li, Xiangyu Gu, Xiaoyun Zhang, and Hongyin Zhang. "Effects of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 on Postharvest Blue Mold Decay and the Defense Response of Apples." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6731762.

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The efficacy of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 in controlling postharvest blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum on apples and the defense response involved were evaluated. The results suggested that the decay incidence of blue mold of apples treated by S. pararoseus Y16 was significantly reduced compared with the control. In vitro testing indicated that germination of spores and germ tube length of P. expansum were markedly inhibited by S. pararoseus Y16. Meanwhile, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and catalase (CAT) activities and several pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression levels (including PR3, PR4, PR5, and PR9) were determined. In apples, the activities of PPO, POD, CAT, and PAL were significantly induced by S. pararoseus Y16 treatment compared with the control fruits. The relative expression levels of PR3 and PR4 were significantly induced at 4 and 6 d, while PR5 was significantly induced at 4 and 6 d and PR9 was significantly induced at 4 d. Therefore, the reduction in apple fruit decay by S. pararoseus Y16 treatment could be related to the increased activities of related enzymes and proteins involved in the defense against pathogens, which suggest that S. pararoseus Y16 is a potential antagonistic yeast.

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Janisiewicz, W. J. "Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold on Apples." Phytopathology 77, no. 3 (1987): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-77-481.

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Spadaro, D., A. Lorè, M. T. Amatulli, A. Garibaldi, and M. L. Gullino. "First Report of Penicillium griseofulvum Causing Blue Mold on Stored Apples in Italy (Piedmont)." Plant Disease 95, no. 1 (January 2011): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-10-0568.

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In northern Italy, blue mold can occur generally on apples after 3 months of storage under controlled atmospheres. The mold can be caused by Penicillium griseofulvum Dierckx (synonym P. urticae Bainier). During 2008, several postharvest fruit rots were observed on apples (cv. Golden Delicious) after 180 to 240 days of storage at 1°C. Approximately 8% of the fruits showed blue mold. Apples had been cultivated in Aosta (Aosta Valley Region) and Lagnasco (Piedmont Region). Infected fruits showed soft, watery, brown spots enlarging rapidly at 20°C. There was a distinct margin between soft rotted flesh and firm healthy tissues. Under high humidity, masses of blue-green spores formed on the surface of the lesion. Apple fruit excisions from the margin between the healthy and diseased tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), pH 5.6. The recovered fungus produced abundant mycelium and conidia, with the colonies attaining a diameter of 2.0 to 2.4 cm after 7 days at 20 ± 2°C on PDA. Colonies were mostly yellow-green, with a yellowish-to-orange brown underside. Conidiophores were mononematous or loosely synnematous, hyaline, with branches strongly divergent. Phialides were cylindrical with a very short neck. Conidia were ellipsoidal, sometimes subglobose, 2.5 to 3.5 × 2.2 to 2.5 μm, hyaline to greenish. Preliminary morphological identification of the fungus (2) was confirmed by PCR using genomic DNA extracted from mycelia of pure cultures. Two sequences, obtained through the amplification of ribosomal region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (1), were blast searched in GenBank and showed 99% sequence coverage and 99% similarity to ribosomal sequences of P. griseofulvum. Two sequences were deposited in GenBank with Accession Nos. HQ012498 (a strain from Aosta Valley) and HQ012499 (a strain from the Piedmont Region). Pathogenicity was tested on 20 ripe fruits each of four apple cultivars (Golden Delicious, Red Chief, Granny Smith, and Royal Gala). Fruits were surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Conidial suspensions (30 μl of 105 conidia/ml) of the fungus were placed on artificial wounds generated on the apple surface. Control fruits were treated with sterile water. Seven days after inoculation, the symptoms were reproduced on the four cultivars and P. griseofulvum was reisolated on PDA from the inoculated fruits of all four cultivars. Control fruits were symptomless. An analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array of the rotting tissues associated with inoculated fruits of all four cultivars (4) confirmed, as in the case of other strains of P. griseofulvum, the production of the mycotoxin patulin (12.1 to 44.4 mg kg–1). Previously, P. griseofulvum was reported on apple in other countries such as the United States (3), Japan, Egypt, and Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. griseofulvum on apples during storage in Italy. References: (1) R. Nilsson et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 296:97, 2009. (2) R. A. Samson and J. L. Pitt. Integration of Modern Taxonomic Methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus Classification. Harwood Academic Publishers, Singapore, 2001. (3) P. G. Sanderson and R. A. Spotts. Phytopathology 85:103, 1995. (4) D. Spadaro et al. Food Addit. Contam. B 1:134, 2008.

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Janisiewicz, W. J. "Biological Control of Blue Mold and Gray Mold on Apple and Pear withPseudomonas cepacia." Phytopathology 78, no. 12 (1988): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-78-1697.

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Vico, Ivana, Natasa Duduk, Miljan Vasic, and Milica Nikolic. "Identification of Penicillium expansum causing postharvest blue mold decay of apple fruit." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 29, no. 4 (2014): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1404257v.

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Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom. is one of the most important postharvest pathogens of apple fruit worldwide. It causes blue mold, a decay that can lead to significant economic losses during storage, which can also impact fruit destined for processing due to the production of carcinogenic mycotoxin patulin. Apple fruit cvs. Idared, Golden Delicious and Braeburn with blue mold symptoms were collected from five storage facilities in Serbia and nine fungal isolates were obtained. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested and proven by artificial inoculation of healthy apples cv. Idared. In order to identify the causal agents of decay, morphological and molecular methods were used. Colony morphology and microscopic features were observed on differential media, and isolates were tested for the production of cyclopiazonic acid. Molecular analysis included PCR amplification with species specific primers for P. expansum based on polygalacturonase gene (Pepg1), universal primers for internal transcribed spacer rDNA region and primers based on ?-tubulin gene. All isolates formed compact blue green colonies with characteristic earthy odor. Conidiophores were terverticillate with smooth septate stipes and conidia were smooth, globose to subglobose, born in colums. The average size of conidia was 3.38 ? 0.49 (SD) x 3 ? 0.36 (SD) ?m. Using species specific primers PEF/PER the texpected amplicons of ~404 bp were obtained in all nine tested isolates and PCR conducted with the Bt-LEVUp4/ Bt-LEV-Lo1 and universal ITS1/ITS4 primer pairs generated amplicons of the expected sizes of ~800 bp and ~600 bp, respectively. MegaBlast analyses of the 2X consensus of nucleotide sequences of the isolate JP1 partial ?-tubulin gene and ITS region showed 99-100% and 100% similarity with several P. expansum sequences of corresponding regions of this species deposited in GenBank. Based on morphological and molecular features, the isolates obtained from decayed apple fruit collected in several storage facilities in Serbia were identified as P. expansum.

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Teixidó, N., I. Viñas, J. Usall, and N. Magan. "Control of Blue Mold of Apples by Preharvest Application of Candida sake Grown in Media with Different Water Activity." Phytopathology® 88, no. 9 (September 1998): 960–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.9.960.

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Unmodified and low water activity (aw)-tolerant cells of Candida sake CPA-1 applied before harvest were compared for ability to control blue mold of apples (‘Golden Delicious’) caused by Penicillium expansum under commercial storage conditions. The population dynamics of strain CPA-1 on apples were studied in the orchard and during storage following application of 3 × 106 CFU/ml of each treatment 2 days prior to harvest. In the field, the population size of the unmodified treatment remained relatively unchanged, while the population size of the low-aw-modified CPA-1 cells increased. During cold storage, the populations in both treatments increased from 103 to 105 CFU/g of apple after 30 days, and then declined to about 2.5 × 104 CFU/g of apple. In laboratory studies, the low-aw-tolerant cells provided significantly better disease control as compared with the unmodified cells and reduced the number of infected wounds and lesion size by 75 and 90%, respectively, as compared with the non-treated controls. After 4 months in cold storage, both unmodified and low-aw-tolerant cells of C. sake were equally effective against P. expansum on apple (>50% reduction in size of infected wounds).

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Bahri, Bochra A., Ghaya Mechichi, Wafa Rouissi, Imtinen Ben Haj Jilani, and Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar. "Effects of cold-storage facility characteristics on the virulence and sporulation of Penicillium expansum and the efficacy of essential oils against blue mold rot of apples." Folia Horticulturae 31, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2019-0024.

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AbstractBlue mold rot, caused by Penicillium expansum, is one of the most economically important post-harvest diseases of apple worldwide. The goals of this study were threefold: to evaluate the diversity of P. expansum isolates for mycelial growth, spore production and lesion diameter on apples; to estimate the effects of cold-storage facility conditions on P. expansum population structure; and to investigate the efficacy of three essential oils against P. expansum. The results showed that storage facilities applying fungicides and storing diverse fruit species selected for P. expansum isolates with a larger lesion diameter on apples. In addition, application of fungicides and diversification in stored fruit species significantly select for P. expansum isolates with higher levels of mycelial growth and spore production, respectively. Moreover, the diversity of host species of stored fruit accounted for 38% of the variability observed between storage facilities for the measured fitness parameters in P. expansum isolates and had a stronger effect on P. expansum population structure than fungicide treatment. Essential oils from Mentha pulegium and Syzygium aromaticum significantly decreased mycelial growth and spore production of P. expansum isolates in vitro. Mentha pulegium essential oil also significantly decreased the size of lesions associated with the blue mold rot of apples. Reducing the diversity of stored host species and applying M. pulegium essential oil may be useful in counter-selecting for aggressive P. expansum isolates and reducing losses due to blue mold rot during fruit storage.

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Janisiewicz, W. J., T. J. Tworkoski, and C. P. Kurtzman. "Biocontrol Potential of Metchnikowia pulcherrima Strains Against Blue Mold of Apple." Phytopathology® 91, no. 11 (November 2001): 1098–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.11.1098.

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Eight strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolated over a 4-year period from an unmanaged orchard and selected for their biocontrol activity against blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum) of apples were characterized phenotypically, genetically, and for their biocontrol potential against blue mold on apples. All strains grew well and only differed slightly in their growth in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medium at 1°C after 216 h, but large differences occurred at 0°C, with strain T5-A2 outgrowing other strains by more than 25% transmittance after 360 h. This strain was also one of the most resistant to diphenylamine (DPA), a postharvest antioxidant treatment. All strains required biotin for growth in minimum salt (MS) medium, although strain ST2-A10 grew slightly in MS medium containing riboflavin or folic acid, as did ST3-E1 in MS medium without vitamins. None of the strains produced killer toxins against an indicator strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of Biolog data from YT plates for all eight strains using the MLCLUST program resulted in separation of the strains into one major cluster containing four strains and four scattered strains from which strain ST1-D10 was the most distant from all other strains. This was particularly apparent in 3-D and principle component analysis. Genetic differentiation of the eight strains using maximum parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from domain D1/D2 of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA resulted in detection of two clades. Strain ST1-D10 grouped with the type strain of M. pulcherrima but the remaining seven strains grouped separately, which might possibly represent a new species. All strains significantly reduced blue mold on mature Golden Delicious apples during 1 month of storage at 1°C followed by 7 days at room temperature, but strains T5-A2 and T4-A2 were distinctly more effective under these conditions. Strain T5-A2 also was the most effective in tests on harvest mature apples treated with the lowest concentration of the antagonist and stored for 3 months at 0.5°C. Populations of all eight strains increased in apple wounds by approximately 2 log units after 1 month at 1°C followed by 5 days at 24°C. Our results indicate that M. pulcherrima is an excellent candidate for biological control of postharvest diseases of pome fruit. The variation in phenotypic, genetic, and biocontrol characteristics among strains of M. pulcherrima isolated from the same orchard should make it possible to select antagonists with characteristics that are most desirable for postharvest application.

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Farahani, Leila, Hasan Reza Etebarian, Navazolah Sahebani, and Heshmatolah Aminian. "Biocontrol of blue mold of apple byCandida membranifaciensin combination with silicon." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 45, no. 3 (February 2012): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2011.559055.

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Al-Rawashdeh. "POST-HARVEST CONTROL OF APPLE BLUE MOLD UNDER COLD STORAGE CONDITIONS." American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2014.167.173.

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Yan, H. J., V. L. Gaskins, I. Vico, Y. G. Luo, and W. M. Jurick. "First Report of Penicillium expansum Isolates Resistant to Pyrimethanil from Stored Apple Fruit in Pennsylvania." Plant Disease 98, no. 7 (July 2014): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-13-1214-pdn.

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Apples in the United States are stored in low-temperature controlled atmospheres for 9 to 12 months and are highly susceptible to blue mold decay. Penicillium spp. cause significant economic losses worldwide and produce mycotoxins that contaminate processed apple products. Blue mold is managed by a combination of cultural practices and the application of fungicides. In 2004, a new postharvest fungicide, pyrimethanil (Penbotec 400 SC, Janseen PMP, Beerse, Belgium) was registered for use in the United States to control blue mold on pome fruits (1). In this study, 10 blue mold symptomatic ‘Red Delicious’ apples were collected in May 2011 from wooden bins at a commercial facility located in Pennsylvania. These fruit had been treated with Penbotec prior to controlled atmosphere storage. Ten single-spore Penicillium spp. isolates were analyzed for growth using 96-well microtiter plates containing Richards minimal medium amended with a range of technical grade pyrimethanil from 0 to 500 μg/ml. Conidial suspensions adjusted to 1 × 105 conidia/ml were added to three 96-well plates for each experiment; all experiments were repeated three times. Nine resistant isolates had prolific mycelial growth at 500 μg/ml, which is 1,000 times the discriminatory dose that inhibited baseline sensitive P. expansum isolates from Washington State (1). However, one isolate (R13) had limited conidial germination and no mycelial proliferation at 0.5 μg/ml and was categorized as sensitive. One resistant (R22) and one sensitive (R13) isolate were selected on the basis of their different sensitivities to pyrimethanil. Both isolates were identified as P. expansum via conventional PCR using β-tubulin gene-specific primers according to Sholberg et al. (2). Analysis of the 2X consensus amplicon sequences from R13 and R22 matched perfectly (100% identity and 0.0 E value) with other P. expansum accessions in GenBank including JN872743.1, which was isolated from decayed apple fruit from Washington State. To determine if pyrimethanil applied at the labeled rate of 500 μg/ml would control R13 or R22 in vivo, organic ‘Gala’ apple fruit were wounded, inoculated with 50 μl of a conidial suspension (1 × 104 conidia/ml) of either isolate, dipped in Penbotec fungicide or sterile water, and stored at 25°C for 7 days. Twenty fruit composed a replicate within a treatment and the experiment was performed twice. Non-inoculated water-only controls were symptomless, while water-dipped inoculated fruit had 100% decay with mean lesion diameters of 36.8 ± 2.68 mm for R22 and 38.5 ± 2.61 mm for R13. The R22 isolate caused 30% decay with 21.6 ± 5.44 mm lesions when inoculated onto Penbotec-treated apples, while the R13 isolate had 7.5% decay incidence with mean lesion diameters of 23.1 ± 3.41 mm. The results from this study demonstrate that P. expansum pyrimethanil-resistant strains are virulent on Penbotec-treated apple fruit and have the potential to manifest in decay during storage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of pyrimethanil resistance in P. expansum from Pennsylvania, a major apple growing region for the United States. Moreover, these results illuminate the need to develop additional chemical, cultural, and biological methods to control this fungus. References: (1) H. X. Li and C. L. Xiao. Phytopathology 98:427, 2008. (2) P. L. Sholberg et al. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 36:41, 2005.

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SUZAKI, Koichi, Tsutae ITO, and Satoko KANEMATSU. "Occurrence and prevention of blue mold disease in apples." Mycotoxins 58, no. 2 (2008): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco.58.137.

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Janisiewicz, W. J. "Nutritional Enhancement of Biocontrol of Blue Mold on Apples." Phytopathology 82, no. 11 (1992): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-82-1364.

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Celli, M., A. Coelho, G. Wosiacki, M. Boscolo, and C. Garcia Cruz. "Patulin determination in apples with rotten areas." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1038.

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Abstract:

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species, and in particular by P. expansum in apple-rotting fungus. In this work, we evaluated the patulin content in apples with rotten areas of different sizes (with green and/or blue moulds), and we studied the diffusion behaviour of patulin into unspoiled areas of the apples. An analytical procedure based on high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was used to analyse 35 apples with rotten areas. Separations were performed on a 250×4.6 mm i.d. C18 analytical column of 5 µm diameter. Acetonitrile/water (5:95) was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and the elution was monitored by UV absorption at 275 nm, performed at 40 °C. The detection limit by HPLC-UV detector for pure standard was 6.7 ng/ml and the quantification limit was 0.03 µg/ml. The affected areas represented different percentages of the total weight of the whole apple and ranged from 2.5 to 52.3%. Three apples had patulin concentrations below the limit of detection; the remaining 32 apples had varying patulin levels (from 1.01 to 120.40 mg/kg). To evaluate if the mycotoxin could migrate to the areas not yet affected by rot, we analysed the unspoiled portion of each apple, showing 1.91 µg/kg as the median concentration of patulin and the highest value of 5,020 µg/kg; these results confirmed that patulin could migrate through apple tissue that has not yet been spoiled.

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Kim, Y. K., and C. L. Xiao. "Distribution and Incidence of Sphaeropsis Rot in Apple in Washington State." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (June 2008): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0940.

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Sphaeropsis rot, caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens, is a recently recognized postharvest disease of apple in Washington State. To determine the distribution and incidence of this disease as well as other postharvest diseases, decayed fruit were sampled during packing or pre-sizing operations in commercial fruit packinghouses from 26, 72, and 81 grower lots in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. Fungi associated with decayed fruit were isolated and identified. The most common postharvest diseases of apple in the region were blue mold caused by Penicillium spp., primarily P. expansum, gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, and Sphaeropsis rot, accounting for 32, 28, and 17% of the decayed fruit, respectively. Percentages of these diseases in the total decayed fruit varied from lot to lot. Bull's eye rot caused by Neofabraea spp. was responsible for 13.4% of the total decay and was most prevalent on Golden Delicious. Other minor diseases included speck rot caused by Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis, Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria spp., Mucor rot caused by Mucor piriformis, and core rot caused by a group of fungi, primarily Alternaria spp. Sphaeropsis stem-end rot was more common than calyx-end rot on Golden Delicious, whereas Sphaeropsis calyx-end rot was more common than stem-end rot on Fuji. On Red Delicious, both stem-end rot and calyx-end rot were common. Sphaeropsis rot resulting from infections through the fruit peel was more commonly seen on Golden Delicious and Fuji than on Red Delicious. The percentage of gray mold was higher on nondrenched fruit than on fruit drenched with thiabendazole (TBZ), whereas blue mold was more prevalent on TBZ-drenched fruit. Our results indicate that Sphaeropsis rot is an important component of storage rots of apples in Washington State.

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Ahmadi-Afzadi, M., H. Nybom, C. Kirk, and D. Chagné. "Association between blue mold resistance and qPCR-based molecular markers in apple." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1282 (June 2020): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2020.1282.41.

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Fan, Qing, and ShiPing Tian. "Postharvest biological control of grey mold and blue mold on apple by Cryptococcus albidus (Saito) Skinner." Postharvest Biology and Technology 21, no. 3 (February 2001): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5214(00)00182-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Apple blue mould'

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