Academic literature on the topic 'Apple Inc'
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Journal articles on the topic "Apple Inc"
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Heracleous, Loizos. "Quantum Strategy at Apple Inc." Organizational Dynamics 42, no. 2 (April 2013): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.03.002.
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Li, Yunan. "Apple Inc. Analysis and Forecast Evaluation." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (August 27, 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v4i4.2389.
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Apple has been an American success story for quite a long time. After igniting the personal computer (PC) revolution in the 1970s and reinventing PC in the 1980s, it again brought various innovative and game-changing products, including smartphones, computers, and wearables in recent years. Its dominant product, iPhone, sparked years of massive growth and has become the biggest drive of the company’s success. Besides, with a market capitalization of more than $2T, Apple is currently the world’s most valuable company. This makes many investors interested in AAPL stock. Hence, this paper will explore whether the APPL stock is worth investing based on the analysis of its business model, SWOT analysis, and relative valuation in hope to provide some recommendations and predictions for investors.
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Korniawan, Rostamaji. "MENJAGA KEPERCAYAAN INVESTOR MELALUI KASUS TAX EVASION APPLE INC. DI IRLANDIA: LITERATURE REVIEW." Jurnal Kajian Wilayah 7, no. 2 (December 29, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkw.v7i2.748.
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This paper studies about the Apple Inc. case in Ireland. The European Commission found out indications of tax evasion by Apple Inc. As one of important investors in Ireland, the case becomes a consideration for the Ireland government to maintain a condusive investment climate. This paper aims to understand how did Apple Inc. withstand the severe trust problem they are facing in Ireland. In order to do that, literature review method is used systematically in this paper. Overall, the study finds that one of the important aspects is the Irish government policy support. The support basically is the international relation political strategy between the Irish government and Apple Inc. From this case, Indonesia should take lesson learned in order to improve investors’ confidence in Indonesia, especially after the implementation of ASEAN Economic Community is implemented.Keywords: tax evasion, Apple Inc., Ireland, investor trustAbstrakTulisan ini mengkaji kasus Apple Inc. yang terjadi di Irlandia. Komisi Uni Eropa menemukan adanya indikasi penghindaran pajak (tax evasion) yang dilakukan Apple Inc. Sebagai salah satu investor di Irlandia, kasus ini tentu menjadi pertimbangan bagi pemerintah Irlandia dalam memelihara iklim investasi yang berkesinambungan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat aspek yang mempengaruhi Apple Inc. yang sampai saat ini tetap bertahan di Irlandia ketika permasalahan yang berat telah menggoyahkan kepercayaan perusahaan tersebut. Untuk menemukan aspek tersebut, kasus ini dipelajari dengan menggunakan metode literatur review secara sistematis. Secara keseluruhan, kajian ini menemukan bahwa dukungan kebijakan pemerintah Irlandia menjadi salah satu aspek penting bagi keputusan Apple Inc. Dukungan tersebut pada dasarnya merupakan strategi politik hubungan internasional pemerintah Irlandia dan Apple Inc. Melalui kasus ini pula, Indonesia dapat mengambil pelajaran yang diperlukaan untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan investor di Indonesia, terutama setelah diberlakukannya komunitas Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN.Kata kunci: tax evasion, Apple Inc., Irlandia, kepercayaan investor
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Chen, Bowen, Wei Lu, and Simeng Wang. "The Valuation and Analysis of Apple Inc." BCP Business & Management 13 (November 16, 2021): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v13i.47.
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In order to define a reasonable value of Apple’s stocks, a number of valuation models can be considered, including FCFF model, DDM, VC method, FCFE model and multiples valuation model. In the research, we use WACC and DCF calculation to evaluate the Apple company’s further value, and judging whether it is undervalued or overvalued based on historical data and market direction. As different models and data provide various results, they have different limitations and uses. For DCF, although some of the data used in its calculations are based on people's subjective analysis of the future, its valuation serves as a baseline for the target price, making its results relatively conservative and reasonable. Based on the results generated by valuation models, we think Apple still has a great potential to develop, and we advise customers to buy or hold the stock.
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Anggrianto, Christian, Nassiriah Shaari, and Norsiah Binti Abdul Hamid. "PENGELOLAAN STRATEGI BRANDING APPLE INC. UNTUK MENCIPTAKAN LOYALITAS KONSUMEN." Desain Komunikasi Visual, Manajemen Desain dan Periklanan (Demandia) 2, no. 02 (September 29, 2017): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/demandia.v2i02.936.
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Apple sebagai merk yang terkenal dengan inovasinya, telah mampu bertahan di posisi puncak Most Valuable Brand selama bertahun-tahun. Apple Inc. telah mampu membangun dan mengelola brand sehingga dicintai oleh konsumennya dan menjadi top of mind diantara produk sejenisnya. Strategi pengelolaan merk seperti apakah yang dilakukan oleh Apple Inc.? Melalui metode penelitian dengan jenis data kualitatif melalui wawancara terstruktur kepada para responden dari kalangan praktisi sekaligus akademisi branding dan didukung dengan studi literatur ini, ditemukan bahwa Apple telah berhasil menciptakan strategi branding yang baik dengan mengidentifikasikan siapa target marketnya, dan menciptkan visi misi yang berkomitmen untuk menciptakan solusi untuk permasalah yang dihadapi oleh target marketnya, tidak berhenti sampai disitu namun Apple inc. mampu menerjemahkan visi tersebut menjadi brand strategy yang mampu menciptakan pengalaman unik dan membangun kedekatan emosional antara konsumen dengan brand, dan akhirnya tercipta loyalitas terhadap brand Apple. Hasil dari riset ini berguna untuk membantu perusahaan-perusahaan lain memahami bagaimana cara mengelola merk yang mereka miliki hingga bisa memperoleh loyalitas dari konsumennya.
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Adyl Aliekperov. "“APPLE” – UP OR DOWN." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, no. 6(18) (September 30, 2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30092019/6676.
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In this article the future of Apple, Inc. was investigated. The emphasis was made on the analysis of the statistical data demonstrating the dynamics of the company's revenue, as well as the market share of its main product - iPhone. The main stages of the development of the company and its strategy was examined also. Having analyzed this information, author gave a prognosis about the future of Apple company.
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Gupta, Atul, and Joe Prinzinger. "Apple, Inc.: Where Is It Going From Here?" Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 9, no. 3 (April 26, 2013): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v9i3.7797.
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Ramaswamy, Shubhangee, Devidas Golhar, Srinivas Kumar Swamy, and Poonam Pawar. "Impact of Human Resource Management on Talent Management at Apple." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 12493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.12493ecst.
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The purpose of this research was to find out how HRM influences the performance of talent management in an organization. For this purpose, Apple Inc. was selected and data was collected through primary data collection method by sharing a survey questionnaire with 25 random employees of Apple. From their responses, it was found that the HRM department of Apple ensures the effectiveness of the organization’s different talent management techniques. It was found that the HRM department is responsible for developing, implementing, and maintaining talent management methods in an organization such as Apple Inc. Talent management method at Apple is effective due to its HRM department only.
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Bai, Mingrui. "Macro Analysis on Apple Stock In order to determine investment value of Apple." SHS Web of Conferences 151 (2022): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202215101032.
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The purpose of this article is to address the question of whether Apple is worth investing in by analyzing investment data on Apple’s stock and Apple’s own data. In this article, the author assumes 10,000 shares of Apple Inc stock from January 1, 2020, until August 2, 2022, and uses Yahoo Finance’s historical data to calculate past earnings levels, combined with the author’s macro analysis of Apple’s economic conditions and market conditions to conclude that Apple is well worth investing in over the next 3-5 years.
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Latif, Madiha, Jawwad Hassan Jaskani, Tehreem Ilyas, Zohaib Khan Babar, and Hina Gulzar. "Issues faced by Apple Inc in smart phones industry." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 1, no. 1 (August 6, 2014): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v4i2.6079.
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Purpose:This case suggests the development of financial reporting of Apple Inc. in comparison with the industry over the period of 2004 to 2013. This study is helpful for different field of researchers e.g., management, technology, etc. Apple Inc. was found in 1976 by Steve Jobs. In 2007, Apple introduced smartphones and iOS and was the pioneer in this industry. But after the rising competition in this industry Androids snatched the market share from the Apple.Methodology:This study illustrates the reasons and the current performance of the company in the industry. The performance has been measured through actual financial data and through various financial techniques.Findings:This study has found that the company is losing share in the market because of the features in its products whereas the features offered by other competitors are relative consumer friendly and according to their demand.Suggestions:To retain the market share Apple should offer more products that are more affordable for the consumers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Apple Inc"
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Santos, João Carlos Portela Marques dos. "Equity Research - Apple Inc." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6455.
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Mestrado em FinançasO presente Trabalho Final de Mestrado tem como objectivo a avaliação da empresa norteamericana Apple Inc. de forma a obter um preço-alvo para as suas acções com referência a 29 de Setembro de 2012, data de fim do ano fiscal da empresa. O processo de avaliação da empresa envolveu, numa primeira fase, uma análise detalhada ao negócio da Apple (e suas perspectivas de crescimento) e ao seu posicionamento estratégico. Em segundo lugar, foram aplicadas técnicas de avaliação de empresas de forma a determinar o preço-alvo da Apple. Nesta actividade foi aplicado o método de Adjusted Present Value (APV) - baseado em fluxos de caixa actualizados - e o método dos múltiplos. Os resultados dos dois métodos de avaliação aplicados, quando analisados em conjunto, indicam um preço-alvo a rondar os $646,5/ acção para a Apple à data de 29 de Setembro de 2012. Considerando que o preço de mercado real das acções da empresa, em 29 de Setembro de 2012, foi de $667,105/acção, a recomendação de investimento teria sido de Vender. Por fim, foi feita uma actualização da recomendação de investimento com referência a 13 de Setembro de 2013. Uma vez que o preço de mercado real das acções da Apple, a essa data, era de $464,90/acção, a recomendação de investimento teria sido revista para Comprar, uma vez que representa um ganho potencial de 39% face ao preço-alvo determinado no presente estudo.
The goal of the following Master’s Final Work is to assess the value of the shares of the company Apple Inc. as of 29th September 2012, date in which the company’s fiscal year ends. The valuation process involved, in the first place, a detailed analysis of Apple’s current business (and future outlook), as well as its strategic position. Following this first stage, two financial valuation methods have been applied in order to assess Apple’s price target, namely: Adjusted Present Value (APV) – based in discounted cash-flows – and the method of multiples. The results obtained through the use of the two valuation methods, when analyzed together, indicate a price target for Apple Inc. around $646,5/ share as of 29th September 2012. Considering that the market value of the share, as of that date, was of $667,105/share, the investment recommendation would have been Sell. In addition, an update of the investment recommendation was made as of 13th September 2013. Since the market value of each of Apple’s shares as of that date was of $464,90/share the investment recommendation would have been assessed as Buy, as it represents a potential gain of 39% when in comparison with the target price determined.
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Becanovic, Irena, and Louisa Masoura. "APPLE : Abnormala avkastningar på Apple Inc av diverse händelser?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-10393.
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This paper treats the question about how the internationally established company, Apple, is affected by intern or extern events when it comes to the trade market. The purpose of the study is to investigate if chosen events create abnormal return on Apples stock market. The chosen research area is Steve Jobs three sick-listings, It-bubble and the purchase of the search engine company Siri. The reason of writing about this is the big interest for the stock market and its function. This study methodological starting position is quantitative done by an event study, with qualitative feature done by an interview with an expertise within this area. When analyzing the empirics, we have used the efficient market theory that says that information should not affect the stock market in the degree that abnormal return creates. Beyond that theory, we have used former research "Stock prices and top management changes" written by Jerold B. Warner and Ross L. that got abnormal return when they did an event study about CEO changes, "CEO change and firm performance in large corporations: succession effects and manager effects", Randolph P. Beatty och Edward J. Zajac. that means that the stock prices affect is different depending on if the shareholders is more prepared to the information, "The stock market psychology" there Gyllenram refers to his theory about people projecting their thoughts and feelings to each other that creates big movements on the stock market and "Beyond Greed and Fear", Shefrin H. that while his study discovered a new theory that he called "the opposite strategy", meaning that a high positive volatility is comply with a negative volatility by the same value. Shefrin also note that new information makes overreaction and vice versa. The conclusion that we can make by this research is that new shocking information has led to overreaction, exactly like Shefrin points out. That means that older information makes less volatility, and we can see this by studying Steve Jobs three sick-listings. The efficient market theory was adaptable on these three events, because abnormal return did not occur. However, we got abnormal return on the other two events, Siri and the It -bubble. We could associate these answers to Shefrin´s theory about overreaction when new information gets public.
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Ardiles, Reyes Rocío del Pilar, Claros Fernando Manuel Jesús Casanova, and Porras José Felipe Castillo. "Plan estratégico 2016-2018 Apple Inc." Master's thesis, Universidad del Pacífico, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11354/2715.
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La elaboración del plan estratégico 2016-2018 tiene como objetivo determinar estrategias que permitan aprovechar las oportunidades del mercado y que mantengan el liderazgo que la compañía Apple Inc. tiene en la industria. Esto se logrará a través del incremento en ventas de los productos ya existentes, con funcionalidades mejoradas; así como con el lanzamiento de un nuevo producto que revolucione el mercado.
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Aguirre, Alvarado Josué Arturo, and Aduvire Gissela Janet Carlos. "Apple INC. plan estratégico 2011-2015." Master's thesis, Universidad del Pacífico, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11354/2078.
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El presente trabajo describe, analiza y propone una solución para el caso de la empresa Apple Inc. mediante un planeamiento estratégico, donde se identifica su ventaja competitiva de diferenciación, la cual buscamos ampliarla para mejorar su posición competitiva y aprovechar las oportunidades del mercado con estrategias rentables. Analizando la misión, visión y valores planteamos modificaciones que permiten proponer objetivos corporativos desafiantes que se conseguirán mediante la ejecución de diversas estrategias que se evalúan para mejorar su crecimiento. En el corto plazo en base a una estrategia de marca global apoyada en una expansión de la cobertura de las tiendas retail propias Apple Store; en el mediano plazo planteamos la selección de un proveedor de outsourcing de producción en Brasil que permitirá mejorar la respuesta al mercado de Latinoamérica y EEUU donde se prevé un importante crecimiento en el futuro, además permitirá que la fábrica en China atienda los mercados de Europa y genere mayor crecimiento en Asia, de esta manera se conseguiría reforzar la competitividad de la empresa; además se plantea seguir con la estrategia de innovación en sus productos actuales y nuevos (iTV y iPlay) que reforzaran su crecimiento y lo harán sostenible en el tiempo. Las estrategias empleadas se despliegan en planes funcionales de recursos humanos, responsabilidad social empresarial, operaciones, marketing y finanzas, los cuales se incluyeron en la evaluación financiera considerando un análisis de sensibilidad ante posibles variaciones de tasas de descuento y resultados esperados.
Nuestro enfoque de redacción ha sido mostrar con cuadros y textos breves la mayor cantidad de información, además utilizar herramientas innovadoras de análisis, con la intención de hacer más certera y didáctica la presentación de nuestras propuestas. Esperamos haber logrado este objetivo.
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Aguilar, Vigo Luis Ernesto, Terry Hugo Edilberto Cam, and Ortiz de Zevallos José Antonio Lizárraga. "Plan estratégico para Apple Inc. en 2015." Master's thesis, Universidad del Pacífico, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11354/2582.
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En el presente trabajo de investigación consiste en una propuesta estratégica para Apple Inc. en el contexto del año 2015 siendo Apple Inc. la empresa más valiosa del mundo según Brandz ranking 2015. Si bien es cierto Apple Inc. es la empresa más valiosa del mercado, ya se avizoraba posibles problemas a causa de la reñida competencia en el segmento de los Smartphone, donde ya no había mayor diferenciación y siendo el Iphone el producto que generaba casi el 70 % de los ingresos de la compañía, en un futuro cercano esto le podía traer problemas a la empresa.
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Aquise, Apaza Bilner Ludovico, Montes Eduardo Edmundo Díaz, and Pizarro David Víctor Guzmán. "Plan estratégico para Apple INC. 2016-2018." Master's thesis, Universidad del Pacífico, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11354/2696.
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El Plan Estratégico para Apple Inc. (en adelante Apple) proyectado a tres años (2016-2018), propone un crecimiento e incremento de rentabilidad conservando su actual ventaja competitiva generada por diferenciación. Se plantea fortalecer investigación y desarrollo, promover un dinamismo a través del fortalecimiento de recursos y capacidades que contribuyen directamente
a la generación del valor en la empresa.
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Hervíř, Petr. "Sémiotická analýza vybraných reklam společnosti Apple Inc." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194658.
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The diploma thesis deals with semiotics, its derivative analysis and it is focusing on analysis of selected commercial spots of Apple Inc. In first place it defines semiotic, semiotic analysis and concepts contained in it. Next step is about analysis commercial spots in the depth from several points of view based on the theoretical foundation.
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Ayhuasi, Mallma Jacqueline Victoria, Cardeña César Augusto Chávez, and Delgado Carlos Salvador Peralta. "Plan estratégico del caso Apple Inc. 2016-2018." Master's thesis, Universidad del Pacífico, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11354/2620.
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La compañía Apple es una empresa con productos innovadores que ha experimentado un crecimiento impresionante en las últimas tres décadas convirtiéndose en un ejemplo a nivel mundial. Apple establece relaciones estratégicas con todas las empresas, tanto con sus proveedores, así como con sus clientes, que han permitido posesionarse como líder en el sector
de tecnología. El trabajo elaborado es un plan estratégico que en primer lugar analiza, luego evalúa y propone alternativas para dar solución al problema estratégico de la empresa Apple tomando como año base el 2015 para realizar el planeamiento para el periodo 2016-2018. Por ello, se concentra en la formulación de la estrategia que implica desarrollar la visión y misión, identificar las oportunidades y amenazas externas a la organización, establecer las fortalezas y debilidades internas, establecer objetivos, establecer alternativas, y finalmente elegir la estrategia a seguir.
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Sedláčková, Hana. "Zhodnocení vlivu inovací na úspěšnost společnosti Apple Inc." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125052.
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The main objective of this thesis is to study the impact of Apple Inc. innovation activities on its successful performance. Specification of this goal implies the existence of a direct relationship between the development of company's net sales and the development of its market value. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part where the theoretical part is focused on the issues of invention and innovation, the innovation process and, last but not least, the link between innovation, strategic management and marketing. The theoretical part also defines the understanding of the term "successful performance of the company" in accordance with the main objective of this thesis. The practical part is focused on the application of gathered knowledge. It aims to assess the impact of innovation activities on the development of Apple Inc. net sales and to analyze the competitive position of its major product categories in the context of individual markets. Furthermore, the practical part is focused on Apple Inc. market capitalization, as a defined indicator of the company's success, its historical position and comparison with major competitors in the technology industry. Applying the method of linear regression analysis, the final section of the thesis evaluates the existence of the relationship described above and provides a possible product innovation charter of Apple Inc.
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Farkašová, Anna. "Revenue Recognition in Software Industry: Apple Inc. Case Study." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359072.
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Rapid digitization of enterprise processes and software applications simplifying daily-life routines enhance the need for software arrangements. Based on this growing trend, the underlying thesis discusses revenue recognition for software arrangements under US GAAP, the lingua franca of financial reporting framework in software industry. The thesis examines the first industry-specific guidance - SOP 97-2, its successor ASC 605 and aims at capturing the main implications resulting from the new converged US GAAP/ IFRS revenue recognition standard ASC 606/ IFRS 15 on a case study. The five-step revenue recognition model introduced by ASC 606 is applied to the US-based technology and software seller Apple Inc. and its wide range of product portfolio including software.
Books on the topic "Apple Inc"
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Linzmayer, Owen W. Apple confidential: The real story of Apple Computer, Inc. San Francisco, Calif: No Starch Press, 1999.
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Bracken, Jeanne Munn. It all began with an apple: A history of New England Apple Products Co., Inc. Littleton, Mass: The Company, 1988.
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Apple T-shirts: A yearbook of history at Apple computer. Scotts Valley, Calif: Pomo Pub., 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Apple Inc"
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O’Regan, Gerard. "Apple Inc." In Pillars of Computing, 25–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21464-1_5.
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do Carmo, Marcelo José, Mário Sacomano Neto, and Julio Cesar Donadone. "Apple Inc." In Corporate Financialization, 22–53. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003309536-2.
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Al-Laham, Andreas, and Steffen Huth. "Strategic Repositioning of Apple Inc." In Fallstudien zum Internationalen Management, 641–64. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6793-0_38.
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Li, Xining. "Financial Analysis of Apple Inc. Based on 2021 Apple Annual Report." In Proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Conference on Financial Management and Economic Transition (FMET 2022), 63–72. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-054-1_9.
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Watkins, Christopher B., and James P. Mattheis. "Apple." In Postharvest Physiological Disorders in Fruits and Vegetables, 165–206. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22001-8.
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Mushtaq, Rafiya, Ab Waheed Wani, and Gulzar Ahmad Nayik. "Apple." In Antioxidants in Fruits: Properties and Health Benefits, 507–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7285-2_26.
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Gratwick, Marion. "Apple sawfly." In Crop Pests in the UK, 93–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1490-5_18.
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Gratwick, Marion. "Apple aphids." In Crop Pests in the UK, 16–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1490-5_3.
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Shen, Tian, Dean Zhao, Weikuan Jia, and Yu Chen. "Recognition and Localization Method of Overlapping Apples for Apple Harvesting Robot." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IX, 330–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48354-2_34.
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Scholtz, Sibylle, Myriam Becker, Lee MacMorris, and Achim Langenbucher. "Apple. Ocular Pathology and David J. Apple." In Curiosities in Medicine, 3–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14002-0_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Apple Inc"
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Tian, Weiyu, Mengyao Wang, and Qichun Wang. "The Core Competentness of Apple Inc." In 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220307.116.
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"Organizational Behavior Theories Work in Apple Inc." In 2022 2nd International Conference on Management Science and Industrial Economy Development. Clausius Scientific Press Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/msied2022.011.
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Chen, Xuanyi, Yiran Liu, and Hanzhen Gong. "Apple Inc. Strategic Marketing Analysis and Evaluation." In 2021 3rd International Conference on Economic Management and Cultural Industry (ICEMCI 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211209.499.
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Ning, Yong-chun, Hui Fu, and Wen-fu Zheng. "Business model dynamics: A case study of Apple Inc." In 2011 IEEE 18th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieem.2011.6035109.
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Shi, Huaijin, Gao Yuan, Zhuoran Lu, and Qian Liang. "LSTM Based Model For Apple Inc Stock Price Forecasting." In 2021 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Management Technology (ICCSMT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsmt54525.2021.00017.
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"Examining the Relationship Between Innovation and Company Value of Apple Inc." In International Conference on Trends in Economics, Humanities and Management. International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/icehm.ed0814043.
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Zhao, Xinyue. "The Prediction of Apple Inc. Stock Price with Machine Learning Models." In 2021 3rd International Conference on Applied Machine Learning (ICAML). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaml54311.2021.00054.
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Liu, Zixuan. "Analysis of Apple Inc.’s Innovation Dilemma From the Perspective of Leadership." In 6th Annual International Conference on Social Science and Contemporary Humanity Development (SSCHD 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210121.112.
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Han, W., and Y. Park. "Mapping the relations between technology, product, and service: Case of Apple inc." In EM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2010.5674435.
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Yang, Ziyi. "The Impact of Brand Innovativeness on Customer Loyalty—Take Apple Inc. as an Example." In 2020 4th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200826.088.
Full textReports on the topic "Apple Inc"
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Dowling, Adam. Adaptation Resources for Agriculture A Case Study: Organic Apple Orchard in Wisconsin. USDA Midwest Climate Hub, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6892664.ch.
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Working farm lands and specialty crop farms are an important and dominate
part of Wisconsin’s Driftless region providing a multitude of agricultural products and jobs. One of the many challenges facing the specialty crop producers in
this region and throughout the US is climate change. Brix Cider of Barneveld,
WI participated in the Adaptation Workbook* 5-step process to see if there are
ways for their operation to become more resilient in a changing climate.
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Norelli, John L., Moshe Flaishman, Herb Aldwinckle, and David Gidoni. Regulated expression of site-specific DNA recombination for precision genetic engineering of apple. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587214.bard.
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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: 1) evaluate inducible promoters for the expression of recombinase in apple (USDA-ARS); 2) develop alternative selectable markers for use in apple to facilitate the positive selection of gene excision by recombinase (Cornell University); 3) compare the activity of three different recombinase systems (Cre/lox, FLP/FRT, and R/RS)in apple using a rapid transient assay (ARO); and 4) evaluate the use of recombinase systems in apple using the best promoters, selectable markers and recombinase systems identified in 1, 2 and 3 above (Collaboratively). Objective 2 was revised from the development alternative selectable markers, to the development of a marker-free selection system for apple. This change in approach was taken due to the inefficiency of the alternative markers initially evaluated in apple, phosphomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase, and the regulatory advantages of a marker-free system. Objective 3 was revised to focus primarily on the FLP/FRT recombinase system, due to the initial success obtained with this recombinase system. Based upon cooperation between researchers (see Achievements below), research to evaluate the use of the FLP recombinase system under light-inducible expression in apple was then conducted at the ARO (Objective 4). Background: Genomic research and genetic engineering have tremendous potential to enhance crop performance, improve food quality and increase farm profits. However, implementing the knowledge of genomics through genetically engineered fruit crops has many hurdles to be overcome before it can become a reality in the orchard. Among the most important hurdles are consumer concerns regarding the safety of transgenics and the impact this may have on marketing. The goal of this project was to develop plant transformation technologies to mitigate these concerns. Major achievements: Our results indicate activity of the FLP\FRTsite-specific recombination system for the first time in apple, and additionally, we show light- inducible activation of the recombinase in trees. Initial selection of apple transformation events is conducted under dark conditions, and tissue cultures are then moved to light conditions to promote marker excision and plant development. As trees are perennial and - cross-fertilization is not practical, the light-induced FLP-mediated recombination approach shown here provides an alternative to previously reported chemically induced recombinase approaches. In addition, a method was developed to transform apple without the use of herbicide or antibiotic resistance marker genes (marker free). Both light and chemically inducible promoters were developed to allow controlled gene expression in fruit crops. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the feasibility of "marker excision" and "marker free" transformation technologies in apple. The use of these safer technologies for the genetic enhancement of apple varieties and rootstocks for various traits will serve to mitigate many of the consumer and environmental concerns facing the commercialization of these improved varieties.
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Ramnath, Rishabh, Neale Kinnear, Sritika Chowdhury, and T. Hyatt. Interacting with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay when driving: The effect on driver performance. TRL, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/sjxj5756.
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This study aimed to assess the impact of interacting with two infotainment systems, Android Auto and Apple CarPlay, on four driver performance measures: reaction time, driving behaviour, eyes-off road and self-reported performance. It also compared the results with other forms of driver impairment studied previously. Twenty regular Android users took part in the Android Auto trial and 20 regular Apple users took part in the Apple CarPlay trial. Each participant completed three 20 minute drives in TRL’s DigiCar simulator: control (no interaction with infotainment system), voice enabled and touch enabled. The route was divided into sections and participants performed music, navigation, texting and calling tasks at specific times during the drive. Compared with the control drive, participants in both trials showed a reduction in average speed, increase in deviation of headway and larger deviation of lane position for most tasks; this effect was greater when using touch features than voice features. Eye gaze measures indicated that participants did not meet the NHTSA criteria for most of the tasks when using touch controls for both systems, but they met the criteria when using voice control. Self-reported data suggested that participants found interacting through touch to be more difficult and distracting than voice. Most critically, reaction time to a stimulus on the road ahead was significantly higher when selecting music through Spotify when using Android Auto and Apple CarPlay. Participants also failed to react more to the stimulus on the road ahead when engaging with either Android Auto or Apple CarPlay compared with a control drive. Comparison with previous driver impairment studies showed that the increase in reaction time when interacting with either system using touch was higher than previously measured forms of impairment, including texting and hand-held calls.
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Pesis, Edna, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Susan E. Ebeler, and Amnon Lers. Application of Pre-storage Short Anaerobiosis to Alleviate Superficial Scald and Bitter Pit in Granny Smith Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593394.bard.
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There is increased demand for high quality fruit produced and marketed with reduced chemical inputs to minimize toxic effects on human health and the environment. Granny Smith (GS) apple quality is reduced by two major physiological disorders, superficial scald and bitter pit (BP). These disorders cause great loss to apple growers worldwide. Superficial scald is commonly controlled by chemical treatments, mainly the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and/or the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1–MCP). Both chemicals are ineffective in controlling bitter pit incidence. We proposed to investigate the beneficial use of non-chemical, abiotic stress with low O2 (LO2) applied for 10d at 20°C on GS apple fruit. During the project we expanded the treatment to more apple cultivars, Golden Delicious (GD) and Starking Delicious (SD) and another pome fruit, the pear. Apple and pear have similar physiological disorders that develop during cold storage and we examined if the LO2 treatment would also be effective on pear. Application of 0.5% LO2 atmosphere for 10d at 20°C or 500ppb 1-MCP at 20°C prior to cold storage at 0°C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in GS apple. Moreover, LO2 pretreatment was also effective in reducing bitter pit (BP) development in California GS and Israeli GD and SD apples The BP symptoms in GS from California were much more prominent, so the effect of LO2 was more dramatic than the effect on the Israeli cvs. GD and SD, nevertheless the LO2 treatment showed the same trend in all cultivars in reducing BP. The LO2 and 1-MCP -treated fruit exhibited lower levels of ethylene, - farnesene and its oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), as determined by SPME/GC-MS analysis. In addition, LO2 pretreatment applied to California Bartlett or Israeli Spadona pears was effective in reducing superficial scald, senescent scald and internal breakdown after 4 m of cold storage at 0°C. For GS apple, low-temperature storage resulted in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn led to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and H2O2 measurements of apple peel, we observed ROS accumulation in control fruit, while negligible amounts were found in LO2 and 1-MCP treated fruit. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase was induced by 1-MCP treatment. We assume that LO2 and 1-MCP pretreated fruit remained healthier due to reduced production of ethylene and reactive oxygen substances, such as MHO, during cold storage. The LO2-treated apple exhibited greener peel and firmer fruit after 6 m of cold storage, and the fruit had high crispiness leading to high taste preference. In both pear cultivars, the LO2 treatment led to a reduction in internal breakdown and browning around the seed cavity. We tested the LO2 pre-storage treatment on a semi-commercial scale that would be applicable to a small organic grower by sealing the fruit within the plastic field bins. The treatment was most effective with a continuous flow of nitrogen through the bins; however, a single 6 hour flush of nitrogen was also fairly effective. In addition, we determined that it was very important to have the oxygen levels below 0.5% for approximately 10 days to achieve good scald control, not counting the time required to reduce the oxygen concentration. Our LO2 technology has been proven in this project to be effective in reducing several physiological disorders developed in pome fruit during cold storage. We hope that our non-chemical treatment which is friendly to the environment will be used in the near future for the organic apple and pear industry. The next step should be an analysis of the cost-benefits and commercial feasibility.
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Sionov, Edward, Nancy Keller, and Shiri Barad-Kotler. Mechanisms governing the global regulation of mycotoxin production and pathogenicity by Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604292.bard.
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The original objectives of the study, as defined in the approved proposal, are: To characterize the relationship of CreA and LaeA in regulation of P T production To understand how PacC modulates P. expansumpathogenicity on apples To examine if other secondary metabolites are involved in virulence or P. expansumfitness To identify the signaling pathways leading to PAT synthesis Penicilliumexpansum, the causal agent of blue mould rot, is a critical health concern because of the production of the mycotoxinpatulin (PAT) in colonized apple fruit tissue. Although PAT is produced by many Penicilliumspecies, the factors activating its biosynthesis were not clear. This research focused on host and fungal mechanisms of activation of LaeA (the global regulator of secondary metabolism), PacC (the global pH modulator) and CreA (the global carbon catabolite regulator) on PAT synthesis with intention to establish P. expansumas the model system for understanding mycotoxin synthesis in fruits. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that mechanistically modulate P. expansumgenes and pathways to control activation of PAT production and virulence in host. Several fungal factors have been correlated with disease development in apples, including the production of PAT, acidification of apple tissue by the fungus, sugar content and the global regulator of secondary metabolism and development, LaeA. An increase in sucrose molarity in the culture medium from 15 to 175 mM negatively regulated laeAexpression and PAT accumulation, but, conversely, increased creAexpression, leading to the hypothesis that CreA could be involved in P. expansumPAT biosynthesis and virulence, possibly through the negative regulation of LaeA. We found evidence for CreAtranscriptional regulation of laeA, but this was not correlated with PAT production either in vitro or in vivo, thus suggesting that CreA regulation of PAT is independent of LaeA. Our finding that sucrose, a key ingredient of apple fruit, regulates PAT synthesis, probably through suppression of laeAexpression, suggests a potential interaction between CreA and LaeA, which may offer control therapies for future study. We have also identified that in addition to PAT gene cluster, CreA regulates other secondary metabolite clusters, including citrinin, andrastin, roquefortine and communesins, during pathogenesis or during normal fungal growth. Following creation of P. expansumpacCknockout strain, we investigated the involvement of the global pH regulator PacC in fungal pathogenicity. We demonstrated that disruption of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC significantly decreased the virulence of P. expansumon deciduous fruits. This phenotype is associated with an impairment in fungal growth, decreased accumulation of gluconic acid and reduced synthesis of pectolytic enzymes. We showed that glucose oxidase- encoding gene, which is essential for gluconic acid production and acidification during fruit colonization, was significantly down regulated in the ΔPepacCmutant, suggesting that gox is PacC- responsive gene. We have provided evidence that deletion of goxgene in P. expansumled to a reduction in virulence toward apple fruits, further indicating that GOX is a virulence factor of P. expansum, and its expression is regulated by PacC. It is also clear from the present data that PacC in P. expansumis a key factor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as PAT. On the basis of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and physiological experimentation, the P. expansumΔlaeA, ΔcreAand ΔpacCmutants were unable to successfully colonize apples for a multitude of potential mechanisms including, on the pathogen side, a decreased ability to produce proteolytic enzymes and to acidify the environment and impaired carbon/nitrogen metabolism and, on the host side, an increase in the oxidative defence pathways. Our study defines these global regulatory factors and their downstream signalling pathways as promising targets for the development of strategies to fight against this post-harvest pathogen.
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Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.
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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing commercial yields. In both cases hydraulic conductance was determined with two methods - the non-destructive evaporative flux (EF)-leaf water potential (L WP) method, and a destructive method in which water was forced through the plant at known pressure using the "high pressure flow meter" (HPFM). Detailed work allowed measurement of conductance of the rootstock-scion union. This was achieved both with the HPFM and with the EF-LWP methods, the former in the US and the latter in Israel. Direct measurements of leaf conductance were made, and carbon isotope ratios ( d ¹³ C) were determined for leaves sampled at the end of the season. The latter can indicate sustained differences in leaf conductance behavior. HPFM and EF-LWP methods did not give the same results. In the small plants results were similar in magnitude, but not significantly correlated. In large trees, EF- L WP measurements were a fraction of those obtained with the HPFM. The latter indicates that some of the xylem is not normally functional but transports water when pressurized. Additional experimental work targeted this result. Xylem was stained before and after perfusion with water at high pressure. This showed that at least for one rootstock a significant amount of xylem was blocked before perfusion. The "air method" for determining xylem vessel properties was improved and employed. Length, radius and density of xylem vessels of different rootstocks were found to be similar, and significant differences found were not clearly related to rootstock vigor. Measurements in the commercial orchard in Israel showed that the graft union in a dwarfing rootstock was a large obstacle for water transport (i.e. had a high resistance). This apparently led to low leaf conductance to water vapor, as indicated by lower d ¹³ C, which implies low internal CO ₂ concentrations. In the US orchard, d ¹³ C in 2001 was correlated with rootstock vigor, and significant differences were found in leaf conductance. However, the d ¹³ C differences were not observed in 2002, were opposite to those found in the Israeli orchard, and measurements of the graft union with the HPFM did not find large resistances. We speculate that the graft union is not necessarily a large impediment to water transport unless the scion starts to separate from the rootstock. It was concluded that significant differences in hydraulic conductance exist between different dwarfing rootstocks. These differences may be caused by differences in xylem properties and in the degree of cavitation, as well as resistance in the graft union. However, no general relationship to rootstock vigor was found. Therefore, hydraulic conductance alone cannot explain dwarfing, but may be one of two or more factors that lead to dwarfing. Future work should integrate more factors with hydraulic relations, e.g. nutrient and solute transport and production of hormones.
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Shoseyov, Oded, Steven A. Weinbaum, Raphael Goren, and Abhaya M. Dandekar. Biological Thinning of Fruit Set by RNAase in Deciduous Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568110.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit thinning is a common and necessary practice for commercial fruit production in many deciduous tree fruit species. Fruit thinning in apple may be accomplished with a variety of chemical thinning agents, but the use of these chemicals is a subject of environmental concern. It has been shown recently that RNase enzyme, secreted from the stigma and the style, inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. In this study we have been able to show that Aspergillus niger B-1 RNase can effectively inhibit peach and apple pollen germination, and tube elongation in-vitro, as well as thin fruit in peach and apple, and reduce the number of seeds in citrus. The objectives of the research were to detrmine the conditions for effective thinning of (USA and Israel), develop fermentation process for cost effective production of RNase from A. niger. (Israel), and clone apple S-RNase cDNA (USA). All the objectives of the research were addressed. We have determined the optimal fermentation conditions for cost effective production of the A. niger at a 20,000 liters scale. TheA. niger B1 RNase was isolated to homogeneity and its kinetic and biochemical properties including its N-terminal sequence were fully characterized. The field test results both in Israel and California have shown variability in effectiveness and more work is needed to define the RNase concentration necessary to completely inhibit pollen development. Plant transformation vectors expressing anti-sense apple S-RNase genes were constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce self compatible transgenic apple trees. Bovine S-Protein cDNA was cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli (Israel). Plant transformation vector expressing the S-Protein gene was constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce transgenic plants expressing S-protein in the style. Exogenous application of S-peptide to these plants will result in active RNase and consequently prevention of fertilization.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.
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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Wisniewski, Michael E., Samir Droby, John L. Norelli, Noa Sela, and Elena Levin. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of postharvest decay resistance in Malus sieversii and the characterization of pathogenicity effectors in Penicillium expansum. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600013.bard.
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Blue mold of apple caused by Penicilliumexpansumis a major postharvest disease. Selection for postharvest disease resistance in breeding programs has been ignored in favor of fruit quality traits such as size, color, taste, etc. The identification of postharvest disease resistance as a heritable trait would represent a significant accomplishment and has not been attempted in apple. Furthermore, insight into the biology of the pathogenicity of P. expansumin apple could provide new approaches to postharvest decay management. Hypothesis: Postharvest resistance of apple to P. expansumcan be mapped to specific genetic loci and significant quantitative-trait-loci (QTLs) can be identified that account for a major portion of the population variance. Susceptibility of apple fruit to P. expansumis dependent on the ability of the pathogen to produce LysM effectors that actively suppress primary and/or secondary resistance mechanisms in the fruit. Objectives: 1) Identify QTL(s) and molecular markers for blue mold resistance in GMAL4593 mapping population (‘Royal Gala’ X MalussieversiiPI613981), 2) Characterize the transcriptome of the host and pathogen (P. expansum) during the infection process 3) Determine the function of LysM genes in pathogenicity of P. expansum. Methods: A phenotypic evaluation of blue mold resistance in the GMAL4593 mapping population, conducted in several different years, will be used for QTL analysis (using MapQTL 6.0) to identify loci associated with blue mold resistance. Molecular markers will be developed for the resistance loci. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq will be used to conduct a time course study of gene expression in resistant and susceptible apple GMAL4593 genotypes in response to P. expansum, as well as fungal responses to both genotypes. Candidate resistance genes identified in the transcriptomic study and or bioinformatic analysis will be positioned in the ‘Golden Delicious’ genome to identify markers that co-locate with the identified QTL(s). A functional analysis of LysM genes on pathogenicity will be conducted by eliminating or reducing the expression of individual effectors by heterologous recombination and silencing technologies. LysMeffector genes will also be expressed in a yeast expression system to study protein function. Expected Results: Identification of postharvest disease resistance QTLs and tightly-linked genetic markers. Increased knowledge of the role of effectors in blue mold pathogenic