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Putri, F. P., and I. Yuliasih. "Effectiveness and efficiency improvement strategy of apple agroindustry supply chain management." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1063, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1063/1/012028.
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Abstract The apple agroindustry involves several members integrated from upstream to downstream. The existence of this relationship requires the identification, measurement, and evaluation of the supply chain to determine an improvement strategy. The purpose of this research is to identify the supply chain structure, analyze the supply chain performance, added value, and risk, and formulate a strategy for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain. The identification of supply chain structures was analyzed using descriptive analysis, supply chain performance using SCOR and AHP, added value using a modified Hayami model, risk analysis using HOR, and strategy formulation using ANP. The research results reveal that the supply chain structure of the apple agroindustry consists of six structures. The supply chain performance of farmers is included in the marginal category, while collectors and industries are included in the average category. The added value of farmers was the lowest, while the collectors and industries were relatively high. There are still many risks in the supply chain, with more than ten risk priorities for each supply chain member. An alternative strategy for improving effectiveness and efficiency is technology development and innovation. This is done by providing apple cultivation and post-harvest technology for highlands, packaging technology for fresh apples, automatic machines for production, digital promotion to expand product sales up to a national scale, and further development can add a product tracking system to maintain product safety.
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Jiang, Shan, Chen Yang, Yu Guo, and Xiaoqiang Jiao. "Integrated Horticultural Practices for Improving Apple Supply Chain Sustainability: A Case Study in the North China Plain." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101975.
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Apple production provides smallholders with low economic benefits, while high environmental emissions limit the sustainability of the apple supply chain. Furthermore, coordination to achieve greater economic benefits and environmental protection, thereby improving the sustainability of the apple supply chain, remains underdeveloped. Here, we have analyzed the current status of the economic benefits and environmental emissions of the apple production process and explored the level of collaboration within the apple supply chain, based on an analysis of farmer horticultural practices for high production, high economic benefit, and low environmental emissions, in combination with substance flow analysis. Our study showed that compared with traditional practice, high-yielding, high-efficiency practice allowed fruit yield, partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer, and economic benefit to increase by 33%, 61% and 49%, respectively, while soil nitrogen residue levels decreased by 13%. The improvement and adoption of technology in the apple-planting process significantly improved the sustainability of the apple supply chain: the economic benefit increased by 63%, while the nitrogen footprint decreased by approximately 68%. Additionally, the application of integrated nutrient management technology in the apple planting process significantly improved the sustainability of apple production, thereby synergistically improving the economic and environmental impact of the apple supply chain.
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Bollen, F., J. P. Praat, and G. Garden. "INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR APPLE QUALITY IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 604 (July 2003): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.604.95.
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Buccheri, Marina, Maurizio Grassi, Fabio Lovati, Milena Petriccione, Pietro Rega, Roberto L. Scalzo, and Tiziana MP Cattaneo. "Near infrared spectroscopy in the supply chain monitoring of Annurca apple." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518821829.
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Annurca is the most cultivated apple variety in the Campania region (Italy). It is an Italian protected geographical indication product and its management must follow a strict product specification which requires a typical postharvest treatment: the fruit must be subjected to a reddening process in air (‘melaio’) that improves the red colour and the flavour of the fruit but is very expensive and time consuming. For this reason there is sometimes a tendency to skip the ‘melaio’ process, but in this case the fruit cannot be labelled as ‘Melannurca Campana PGI’. The purpose of this work was to discriminate ‘melaio’ treated fruit from untreated fruit using near infrared spectroscopy. A further objective of the work was the non-destructive evaluation of the apple storage conditions which can affect the product quality. Fruit of Annurca ‘Rossa del Sud’ subjected or not subjected to the reddening treatment in ‘melaio’ were stored at 0.5℃ in air (Air) or in controlled atmosphere (1%O2, 0.7% CO2) for eight-month duration. Following storage, fruit were analysed for standard maturity indices (flesh firmness, soluble solids, acidity) and the near infrared spectrum of each fruit was collected. The spectral data, subjected to various pre-treatments, were used to calculate a calibration model by applying partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The best model allowed discrimination of fruit immediately after storage under different conditions, but with 0 days of shelf life, to be classified with a 93.3% correct classification rate for the prediction set. However, after seven days of shelf life at 20℃, post-storage, correct classification rate dropped to 70%, but it was always possible to discriminate the two treatments (96.6% correct classification rate). The results of this preliminary work suggest a possible use of the portable near infrared instrument in the monitoring of the Annurca (protected geographical indication) supply chain.
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Shah, Mrinalini, and Michael Vinrald Samuel. "Organised agri-food (apple) supply chain in Indian scenario: reality or myth?" International Journal of Business Performance and Supply Chain Modelling 4, no. 3/4 (2012): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbpscm.2012.050393.
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Lockamy, Archie. "An examination of external risk factors in Apple Inc.’s supply chain." Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal 18, no. 3 (May 16, 2017): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16258312.2017.1328252.
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Mir, Parvez Ahmad, and Aijaz Ahmad Mir. "Critical Issues in the Supply Chain Management of Kashmiri Apple: An Exploratory Study." Researchers World : Journal of Arts & Science and Commerce(RWJASC) IX, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/rwjasc/v9i2/04.
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Rayesa, N. F., D. Retnoningsih, and A. Aprilia. "RISK MITIGATION OF SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN FOR FOOD PRODUCT BASED ON APPLE COMMODITY." Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 96, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-12.08.
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Barathova, Katarina, Jan Pokrivcak, and Miroslava Rajcaniova. "Unfair Trading Practices: Evidence in the Fruit Supply Chain." German Journal of Agricultural Economics 71, no. 2 (April 21, 2022): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30430/gjae.2022.0172.
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This paper evaluates the occurrence and determinants of unfair trading practices (UTPs) in the fruit supply chain in Slovakia. Based on a representative survey of fruit growers, mainly apple growers, the study concludes that 79% of the producers experienced at least 1 UTP in a relationship with their main buyer. The most frequent UTPs are late payments (39.6%), payments unrelated to a specific transaction (39.6%), and unilateral changes by buyers in contracts and orders. The results of the probit model show that producer organisations decrease the probability of UTPs relative to conditions in which the main buyer is a private trader (by 32%) or supermarket (by 35%). This result provides some justification for the support of producer organisations under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union.
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Pietrzak, Michał, Aleksandra Chlebicka, Paweł Kraciński, and Agata Malak-Rawlikowska. "Information Asymmetry as a Barrier in Upgrading the Position of Local Producers in the Global Value Chain—Evidence from the Apple Sector in Poland." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 7857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197857.
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The typical approach in the business strand of literature on inter-organisational forms of cooperation is based on the Porter’s value chain model or on the body of literature related to the supply chain. However, there is extended research on value chains based on a different theoretical tradition, rooted in world-systems theory and commodity chain concepts, which recently tend to merge under the umbrella of the Global Value Chain (GVC). We use this eclectic approach as a theoretical framework to investigate the issue of informational asymmetries considered as a barrier in upgrading the position of local producers in the GVC by enhancing quality. As an empirical illustration, we use the Polish apple sector. Poland is one of the largest apple producers in the world with a strong export orientation and linkages with the global value chain. The study provides an insight into the barriers of upgrading the position in GVC and ways to overcome them. Responsibility for the final quality offered for the end-user is strongly dispersed across many actors in the chain, while interrelations between them are plagued by the information asymmetry problem. Therefore, the upstream transmission of end-user quality expectations within the chain fails due to the lack of orchestrating incentives and causes the misbehaviour in conducting different activities in the chain. Thus, attempts to upgrade the position of Polish apple growers in the GVC should be focused on overcoming information asymmetries. Mechanisms such as branding, standardisation and certification seem to be promising ways forward.
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Zamzami, Lizia, and Anoma Ariyawardana. "Consumer insights that drive value creation opportunities in the Indonesian domestic apple supply chain." Journal of Applied Horticulture 20, no. 02 (August 15, 2018): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i02.26.
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Retnoningsih, Dwi. "THE PERFORMANCE OF APPLE CHIPS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AT SMALL INDUSTRY IN BATU CITY." Agricultural Social Economic Journal 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2018.018.2.4.
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Soto-Silva, Wladimir E., Marcela C. González-Araya, Marcos A. Oliva-Fernández, and Lluís M. Plà-Aragonés. "Optimizing fresh food logistics for processing: Application for a large Chilean apple supply chain." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 136 (April 2017): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.02.020.
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Medhi, Pankaj Kumar, and Sandeep Mondal. "The changing dynamics in the worldwide mobile phone market: creating excellence through innovation management and collaborative relationships." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 5, no. 1 (March 3, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-02-2014-0037.
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Subject area Supply chain management (SCM). Study level/applicability Graduate students. Case overview In recent times, the world market of mobile phone is in a flux due to many phenomena of importance like strong emergence of smartphones, Nokia losing market share in all segments of market and fast technological and supply chain innovation by players like Apple and Google. Elements of SCM and the way technology is acquired have assumed a place of importance to compete in the global market. A new standard of innovation and SCM is emerging together as the rules of market dominance are re-written all-over again. Expected learning outcomes After completion of the case study, the students will understand: role of technological innovation in high-tech industry and global supply chains in changing the consumer behavior world over; the classic battle for market dominance with a new way of innovation management in technology and processes to create most efficient global supply chains; importance of SCM practices of collaboration like tighter partner integration, use of power asymmetry and contract by dominant players to create efficient supply chains; and how visionaries like late Steve Job are shaping the new era of technology. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email: support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Clarke, Thomas, and Martijn Boersma. "The Governance of Global Value Chains: Unresolved Human Rights, Environmental and Ethical Dilemmas in the Apple Supply Chain." Journal of Business Ethics 143, no. 1 (July 30, 2015): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2781-3.
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Dunno, Kyle, Isabel Stoeckley, and Matthew Hofmeister. "Susceptibility of Impact Damage to Whole Apples Packaged Inside Molded Fiber and Expanded Polystyrene Trays." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10091980.
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Postharvest damage, leading to loss and waste, continues to be a significant problem in the fresh produce industry. Trays, designed to reduce fruit-to-fruit contact, are utilized by the apple industry to minimize bruising of whole apples. During distribution, packaged apples are subjected to various supply chain hazards, which may lead to bruising damage. Currently, molded fiber (MF) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) trays transport whole apples from the packhouse to the retail outlet. Mechanical shock, by free-fall drop method, was used to evaluate the performance differences between the two trays and quantify the bruising characteristics of the apples. Results showed that the EPS trays provided better shock protection to the apple as compared to the MF tray, reducing the impact acceleration by more than 70%. Additionally, the bruise susceptibility was 40% less for the apples packaged inside the EPS trays, regardless of drop height. However, apples packaged in the middle layer trays were most susceptible to bruising damage, regardless of tray type.
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Luo, Xiaomeng, and Jia Ren. "Optimal Supply Diversification Strategy under Supply Disruption." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 13, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8686371.
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When a disruption caused by human or environmental accident occurs in production systems, it may cause a shortage of the supply, and thus the buyers’ procurement behaviors will be influenced. This paper studies a supply chain comprised of a buyer and two types of suppliers: one is cheap but unreliable and the other is reliable but expensive. If there is a major disruption, the unreliable supplier may not be able to fully satisfy the buyer’s order, despite the fact that it exerts additional effort to rebuild capacity; at the same time, the reliable supplier cannot fulfill extra orders from the buyer due to capacity constraints. In this way, the buyer should strategically allocate its order between the two types of suppliers by offering different contracts at the very beginning, and then the unreliable supplier chooses its optimal restoration effort according to the contract if a disruption occurs. The model is built based on the real-life cases such as Walmart and Apple such that it is the buyer who determines the wholesale price of the unreliable supplier’s products. The results show the optimal contracts provided by the buyer under different circumstances, which aims to help managers design their contracts under disruption risks to maximize the company’s profit.
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Normann, Anne, Magnus Röding, and Karin Wendin. "Sustainable Fruit Consumption: The Influence of Color, Shape and Damage on Consumer Sensory Perception and Liking of Different Apples." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 4626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174626.
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Sustainable food production and consumption are currently key issues. About one third of food produced for human consumption is wasted. In developed countries, consumers are responsible for the largest amount of food waste throughout the supply chain. The unwillingness to purchase and consume suboptimal food products is an important cause of food waste, however, the reasons behind this are still insufficiently studied. Our research addresses the question of how combinations of color, shape and damage of apples influence consumer liking and perceived sensory attributes. In a laboratory study based on factorial design of visual appearance (color, shape and damage varied from optimal to suboptimal) a total of 130 consumers evaluated sensory perception of flavor and texture attributes in apple samples. Liking was also evaluated. The results showed a significant difference in liking between an optimal apple and all apple categories with at least two out of three suboptimal properties. Further, it was a clear trend that the optimal apple was perceived as sweeter, crispier, less bitter, and less earthy than all the other apples by the participating consumers, however, the results were not statistically significant. A suboptimal appearance, therefore, had a negative effect on both perception and liking.
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Ali, Y., H. Y. Mah, E. T. Phuah, S. N. Chen, S. K. Yeo, C. S. Kuan, Son Radu, C. Y. New, C. H. Kuan, and P. Azizi. "Evaluation of biofilm-forming abilities of Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19115) and efficacy of different washing methods for removal of biofilm on apple." Food Research 5, no. 4 (August 8, 2021): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(4).037.
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Fresh produce can be contaminated at any stage along the food supply chain. In this study, apple was chosen to determine the time course of biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19115), as well as to compare the efficacy of different household washing methods such as scrubbing with hands under running tap water, soaking with and without commercial vegetable wash with different treatment times in removing the biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes on apple surface. The biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet assay and the result showed that L. monocytogenes took 18 hrs to form matured biofilm on apple surface. Besides, scrubbing apples with hands under running tap water for 30 s and 60 s were the most effective method which significantly removed (P<0.05) biofilm formed on the apple surface with approximately 5.93 log reduction. Soaking apples with vegetable wash for 5 mins and 10 mins were also found to be significantly effective (P<0.05) in reducing L. monocytogenes biofilm. Since L. monocytogenes can form matured biofilm on fresh produce, therefore efficient washing step is important before consuming fresh produce to lower the risk of foodborne illness.
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Weeks, Kelly. "Agile, online supply chains." Strategic Direction 32, no. 11 (November 8, 2016): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sd-07-2016-0099.
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Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach Viewpoint. Findings Fisher reports an increase in mobile and work-at-home jobs occurred in 2013. This trend is expected to continue as companies strive to be more competitive on a global scale. Service-oriented firms are not the only ones to benefit from supply chain flexibility strategies. Apple and Dell are both wildly successful and are considered highly flexible firms. One general complaint from all virtual workers is connectivity issues. This is inherent with the position. Locations in third world countries are more susceptible to online issues. If a constant source of electricity or internet availability is an issue, it goes without saying that workers’ productivity will be affected. So far, this potential downfall has not proven a major problem for companies. Will other companies follow the leader and begin using more remote access positions within their firms? If they value the knowledge from benchmarking, then yes. Rather they should, as long as they possess the needed resources. Practical implications The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
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Choi, Jong Woo, Chengyan Yue, James Luby, Shuoli Zhao, Karina Gallardo, Vicki McCracken, and Jim McFerson. "Estimation of market equilibrium values for apple attributes." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-12-2016-0192.
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Purpose Development of new cultivars requires extensive genetic knowledge, trained personnel, and significant financial resources, so it is crucial for breeders to focus on the attributes most preferred by the key supply chain stakeholders such as consumers and producers. The purpose of this paper is to identify which attributes generate the highest total revenue or social surplus, information that breeders can take into account as they allocate resources to focus on attributes in their breeding programs. Design/methodology/approach This study used mail-in and online surveys to collect consumer and producer choice experiment data, and then employed mixed logit models to analyze and simulate individual producer and consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for the apple attributes. Findings Based on the simulation results, this study derived the supply and demand curves and the market equilibrium prices and quantities for each apple attribute. Based on the WTP analysis for both consumer and producer, this paper found the highest equilibrium price and welfare for apples come from crispness, followed by flavor. Originality/value The authors propose a framework to estimate the equilibrium prices and quantities of a product based on the results of choice experiments. The framework can be easily adapted to understand any countries’ producer and consumer preferences for certain products.
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Topcu, Yavuz. "Tüketicilerin Bölge Orijinli Elma Tüketim Profilleri ve Piyasa Payları: TRA1 Bölgesi Örneği." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): 2261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i11.2261-2267.2645.
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The aim of the study was to design product profiles based on the factors and their levels impacting on the consumption preferences of the apples with Amasya, Isparta, Bayramic apples with the region of origin and foreign origin, and to determine the market shares of each profiles. The main material of the study was the primary data obtained from a face-to-face survey conducted with 600 households consuming apple and residing in the TRA1 region (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt). Conjoint Analysis was used to design the apple profiles maximizing the consumers’ total utilities, and to determine the market share of each profile. Also, Cluster Analysis was applied to segment each apple profile and their market shares according to their income levels. The results of the study highlighted that low-income consumers attributed a great importance to the apple price (41%) and size (32%), but high-income ones to the region of origin (62%) and colour (13%) factors. On the other hand, while the apple profile with 2 number maximized total utility for both low-income group and all consumers, the profile 17 provided the highest satisfaction for high-income segment. The market shares of Amasya apple referred to the region of origin at the profile 2 and 17 for the low and high-income segments were analysed as 40% and 22%, 3% and 35%, respectively. Amasya apple according to other the region of origin maximised not only the consumers’ consumption satisfaction but also the market share at the supply chain.
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Yue, Chengyan, R. Karina Gallardo, James Luby, Alicia Rihn, James R. McFerson, Vicki McCracken, David Bedford, et al. "An Investigation of U.S. Apple Producers’ Trait Prioritization—Evidence from Audience Surveys." HortScience 48, no. 11 (November 2013): 1378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.11.1378.
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Systematic studies of the relative importance of apple traits for U.S. apple producers to inform U.S. apple breeding programs have been lacking. To fill this gap, a series of audience surveys with instant feedback at five apple producer meetings across the United States was conducted. The traits included in this study were fruit crispness, juiciness, firmness, flavor, soluble solids concentration, sugar–acid balance, shelf life at retail, freedom from storage disorders, host plant disease resistance, and other fruit and tree traits provided by the producer. Producers rated fruit flavor and crispness as the most important traits for a successful apple cultivar. The relative importance assigned to traits was associated with growing location and producers’ years of experience in the decision-making process of managing apple orchards. This study contributes directly to a larger effort that provides breeding programs with systematic knowledge of trait preferences of supply chain members, including producers, and should result in a more targeted approach to developing and commercializing new apple cultivars.
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Brinken, Julius, Sebastian Trojahn, and Fabian Behrendt. "Sufficiency, Consistency, and Efficiency as a Base for Systemizing Sustainability Measures in Food Supply Chains." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116742.
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Due to severe biodiversity and climate crises, there is now a need for sustainable supply chains. Food supply chains contribute to biodiversity loss, especially through land use and agriculture. In addition, energy-intensive storage for refrigeration and intercontinental transportation lead to high emission along chains due to seasonality. Selecting and prioritizing decarbonization actions is a key task for decision makers along food supply chains this decade. Often, modernizing supply chains by integrating information and digital technologies is seen as beneficial for environmental goals. The aim of this work is to develop a new systematization of sustainability measures based on archetypal sustainability strategies (sufficiency, consistency, and efficiency) that support the prioritization and thus the selection of decarbonization measures. Existing measures will be researched through a structured literature review. At the same time, it is recorded how they are categorized or systematized. Forty-eight different systematizations are analyzed. The majority relate to specific sectors and are not generally transferable. Sustainability is often addressed using the triple bottom line. In particular, efficiency and consistency measures are often included in the categories found but are rarely used for systematization. A new systematization of sustainability measures is proposed and applied to a set of digitalization and logistics 4.0 measures using the example of a fresh apple supply chain. The advantages of the proposed systematization are discussed, and further research directions are given. The presented method has not been examined in the literature so far; this concerns both the width and depth of the consideration of supply chains.
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Hansen, R. J. "An Apple a Day, Helps Keep Cancer Away!" Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 187s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.51900.
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Amount raised: N$19,948,000/U$1,672,509 Background and context: The Cancer Association of Namibia presented the project “An apple a day can keep cancer away” to one of the local commercial banks close to 2 decades ago. The concept of “Eat Healthy. Live Healthy. Prevent Cancer” became a massive hit and in subsequent years the “Bank Windhoek Cancer Apple Project” has become a flagship fundraiser for the association. For 1 month of the year (usually June or July - winter in Namibia) we convert all Bank Windhoek branches nationwide into “apple stores” with bank employees, CAN volunteers and school learners marketing and selling apples to raise funds for CAN, raise awareness on cancer and support screening interventions to promote earlier detection to save lives. Aim: Create awareness and educate on cancer, support the Cancer Association of Namibia financially to fund the National Cancer Outreach Program and the 2 interim homes operated by the association. Strategy/Tactics: National endeavor - for 1 month a year, the entire commercial bank is “converted” into apple stores, selling apples! Program process: An executive planning committee between Bank Windhoek as facilitator and the Cancer Association of Namibia plan and coordinates the annual event, sourcing one million red apples (the bank´s official color) from the Western Cape apple farms. Numerous project partners support the program from transport, cold storage, package and delivery, to media and sales partners. An “Apple Roadshow” kicks off the marketing and PR of the annual event, and then for one month a year the bank staff, CAN volunteers and especially high school learners (as part of the school challenge) promote bulk orders, while loose apple sales are conducted in bank branches country-wide. Costs and returns: All project partners offer their “time” and “manpower” as a donation in support of CAN through their CSI portfolio. Apples are sourced at a bulk reduced rate (± N$2, 50 each) and resold to the public at a N$5 donation per apple. What was learned: Logistics and supply chain management is a profession that must be highly respected! But, education, awareness and community collaboration makes one of the strongest support chains imaginable. Communicating “why” are we doing this, then taking the funds and “showing” what we the money goes (through the medical outreaches and sustaining the interim homes) speak to the heart of the nation. Transparency, accountability and inclusive community interaction is key when it comes to community driven fundraising.
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Tsan, Wen-Nan, Chi Chang, Bo-Chi Lin, Wen-Yao Han, and Nan-Shiun Chu. "The Industrial Specialization and Economic Contribution of the Smartphone Supply Chain: The Case of Apple and HTC." International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5875/ausmt.v2i3.155.
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Argenta, L. C., D. A. Neuwald, C. Ogoshi, and P. A. Luzzi. "Apple fruit deterioration by fungal decays as a function of temperature in post-storage supply chain simulation." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1325 (October 2021): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2021.1325.47.
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AZIMI, SURGUL, and AZIZUL RAHMAN RAGASHTAI. "PROBLEMS IN SUPPLY CHAIN OF POMEGRANATE (Punica Granatum) IN ARGHANDAB DISTRICT, KANDAHAR PROVINCE, AFGHANISTAN." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2022.v10i01.001.
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Pomegranate plant has been grown since ancient times for its delicious fruits and as an ornamental garden for its red, orange or occasionally, creamy yellow flowers. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) belongs to the Punicaceae family. It is also known as the Chinese Apple or Carthage or Apple with many seeds. About 12 per cent of the total land in Afghanistan is arable and less than 6 per cent currently is cultivated. Agriculture is the backbone of the Afghan economy; according to the statistical book FY (2017-18) the contribution agriculture to the country Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 20.9 per cent while the labor force engaged in this sector is around 60.8 per cent. The annual growth rate of pomegranate production in Afghanistan was predicted at 2.9 per cent (Fitrat, 2014). Pomegranate contribute of the total population of Afghanistan was about (2) per cent to the total horticultural production in Afghanistan. The local varieties grown in the main production areas of Kandahar province are known for their high quality and productivity. Different varieties of pomegranates are produced in Afghanistan and supplied to the local markets. Through the maturity time of the crop varies according to the climatic conditions, usually the fruit comes into the market during summer and continues into the fall season. The Agriculture sector is entirely run by private enterprise, including farmers, cooperatives, inputs suppliers, herders, agribusiness processors, and exporters. Kandahar province is recognized worldwide for its high quality pomegranate production especially the Kandahar varieties, which are highly preferred by national and international consumers. Of the total land under pomegranate cultivation in the country, Kandahar share is about 36.7 per cent with 39.5 per cent of the total national production. But due to poor orchard management practices, careless production, widespread pest and diseases, lack of quality inputs and lack of technical and financial support to the farmers both quality and quantity of pomegranate is badly affected and gradually decreasing.
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Hamilton, Alexis, Scott J. Harper, and Faith Critzer. "Optimization of a Method for the Concentration of Genetic Material in Bacterial and Fungal Communities on Fresh Apple Peel Surfaces." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101480.
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Apples are the most consumed fruit in the United States and have recently been shown to exhibit some vulnerability to contamination across the supply chain. It is unclear what role a fruit microbiome analysis may serve in future food safety programs interested in understanding changes in the product and the processing environment. Ultimately, sample integrity is key if any of these approaches are to be employed; low microbial loads on apple surfaces, the inability to sample the entire surface, and inefficiency of removal may act as barriers to achieving high-quality DNA. As such, the objective of this study was to identify a reproducible method to concentrate and quantify bacterial and fungal DNA from fresh apple surfaces. Five methods were evaluated: two variations of wash solutions for bath sonication, wash filtration, epidermis excision, and surface swabbing. Epidermis excision returned the highest mean DNA quantities, followed by the sonicated washes and wash filtration. Surface swabbing was consistently below the limit of detection. Based on the quantity of host DNA contamination in surface excision, the sonicated wash solution containing a surfactant presents the greatest opportunity for consistent, high-yielding DNA recovery from the entire apple surface.
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Wardana, Afrizal, Silvana Maulidah, and Anisa Aprilia. "Supplier Performance Evaluation on Regular Raw Material Suppliers by Applying AHP and TOPSIS Approaches (Evidence from the Apple Agroindustry)." HABITAT 33, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2022.033.1.7.
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The supplier is one of the supply chain entities that serves as a provider of raw materials, and poor supplier performance will harm the company's smooth production system. This study aims to identify supplier criteria, analyze priority weights, and evaluate supplier performance in the apple Agro-industry. Respondents in this study were business owners chosen through the judgmental sampling method. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to test the priority weights of supplier performance criteria, while the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method was used to test the priority weights of supplier performance priorities. The results showed that the service criteria received the highest priority weighting criteria, followed by price, quality, and delivery. Good service will positively impact integration, making it easier to achieve an effective and efficient supply chain. Meanwhile, in terms of the company's fixed supplier performance priorities, supplier 1 received the highest rating, followed by suppliers 2 and 3. Thus, supplier performance is quite good, but several things could be improved, specifically fruit size and responsiveness to supplier 3 and prices to suppliers 1 and 2.
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Huang, Bo, Thomas L. Saaty, and Yuyu Li. "Collaborative R&D and Pricing Policy of Supply Chain under the Selection Behavior of Heterogeneous Customer." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (May 6, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2573142.
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Considering that a manufacturer and its core part supplier make collaborative R&D on serial products of 3 grades, high-, mid-, and low-grade, and their core parts according to costumers’ preference for the performance, or intrinsic value, of products, we propose a collaborative R&D model based on costumers’ selection behavior to study the collaborative R&D policy and pricing policy of the supply chain. Then we establish a bargaining game model to study how they allocate the profit they earned. We obtain the optimal policies through theoretic and experimental analysis, and we use Apple iPhone case to illustrate the models and conclusions of this paper. It is found that if the aim of the supply chain is only to maximize its total profit, it should only develop the high-grade product and make its price half of its intrinsic value; if the aim of the supply chain is to maximizing profit while increasing the sales and market shares of the serial products, it should at least develop the high-grade and low-grade product; the ratio of price between the higher grade and the lower grade should be greater than the corresponding ratio of the intrinsic value, while the difference of price between higher grade and the lower grade should be less than the corresponding difference of the intrinsic value.
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Chen, Haitao, Zhaohui Dong, Gendao Li, and Hetian Zhao. "Joint Advertisement and Trade-In Marketing Strategy in Closed-Loop Supply Chain." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062188.
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With environmental problems becoming severe, many firms, including HP, Huawei, and Apple are simultaneously implementing trade-in programs and advertising to stimulate market demand. Offering trade-in service by the manufacturer is a method of price discrimination by providing replacement consumers with a rebate when they purchase new products. With the recycled, used products, the manufacturer can benefit through a strict series—via a remanufacturing process. Although numerous literatures have investigated the pricing strategy and advertising decisions in the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), to the best of our knowledge, there is little research that analyzes and compares the economic and social performance of these two marketing strategies. To fill this gap, we establish two supply chain models with two periods, namely, an advertisement model and a joint model, while the equilibrium purchasing behavior of the replacement consumers can be characterized under three conditions: (1) all of the replacement consumers purchasing new products (ATA); (2) partial replacement consumers purchasing (PTA); (3) no replacement consumers purchasing (NTA). These three conditions are decided by the numerous relationships of the parameters. Solving the optimal decisions of the manufacturer in both models, the critical value in the joint model is higher in the advertisement model, which indicates that developing the trade-in program can enhance the robustness of the business model. Furthermore, through numerical example, we find that the market demand in the joint model is higher than in the advertisement model, and the cost of marketing strategy in the joint model is lower in the advertisement model, which means that the efficiency of the marketing strategy is higher than the single marketing strategy. As a result, comparing the economic and social performance between the two models, we conclude that the advertisement elasticity of the market demand is the key factor of the manufacturer’s profits and total social welfare.
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Tri Wardana, Saputra, Rhian Indradewa, and Tantri Yanuar Rahmat Syah. "Production and Supply Chain Operation Planning “Minuman Nanas” Innovation of Subang Honey Pineapple Beverage." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 10 (October 21, 2021): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211047.
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Background – PT. Limatra runs the business of manufacturing and selling pineapple beverage products with various variants. PT Limatra provides packaged pineapple fruit juice products derived from 100% pineapple juice without the addition of preservatives. With 100% pineapple juice, of course it has a high vitamin C content as well. With the use of UHT (Ultra High Temperature) technology in the maklon industry and the use of aseptic paperpack packaging, it can produce good quality fruit juice products, maintain the freshness of the juice and have a relatively long product durability. PT Limatra provides solutions, namely: (1) Providing pineapple juice products with different flavors (mixed apple, mango and orange); (2) Providing pineapple juice products using aseptic paperpack packaging technology; (3) Using UHT technology to maintain the freshness and durability of the product; (4) Products that provide 100% pure fruit juice without additional formulas. To produce superior products requires an optimal operational plan. The method used is descriptive method. Results- From the results of the analysis and design of the operational plan, the Stages of Business/Business Establishment, Operational Goals and Targets, Operational Design, Operational Delivery, and Operational Cost Projections are generated. Keywords: Minuman Nanas, Subang Honey Pineapple Beverage, Production and Supply Chain Operation.
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Kurniawan, Miftakhurrizal, Faizatul Amalia, and Danang Setiyawan. "Developing A Supply Chain Of Apple Processed Product Traceability Information System Based On Smart Packaging And Digital Business Ecosystems." Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 6, no. 3 (December 24, 2021): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25126/jitecs.202163362.
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Apples are one of the fruits that much post-harvest processing can do. Apples can be processed into drinks or snacks. The need for information about nutritional content is needed by consumers. Therefore, a traceability information system is needed that can enable consumers to know the nutritional content involved. This research uses the Waterfall model information system development method and the Unified modeling language (UML). This method allows for the sequential development of information systems. The results of this research will be in the form of an information system that has been tested using the Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) and Response for a Class (RFC) method. The resulting Response for a Class (RFC) value is 5.17, meaning that this information system will be easy to adapt later
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Passafiume, Roberta, Ilenia Tinebra, Giuseppe Sortino, Eristanna Palazzolo, and Vittorio Farina. "New Clones and Old Varieties: Quality of Sicilian Hillside Apple Cultivation." Open Agriculture Journal 15, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331502115010066.
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Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the qualitative characteristics of the new clones according to the Mediterranean hillside growing environment and, at the same time, to highlight the qualitative peculiarities of the old varieties in order to avoid genetic loss. Introduction: Several apple varieties are constantly selected for improved quality traits and introduced for cultivation and marketing in addition to a few traditional and affirmed varieties. On the other side, local genotype and ancient varieties are still valorised due to the request of a niche market. Methods: We have studied the physico-chemical quality and the sensory traits of the fruit obtained in this particular environment. Results: Our study reveals a qualitative response to the environment in a genotype-dependent manner. As expected, the physico-chemical characteristics favour the new clones. Conclusion: Both old varieties and new clones of apple fruit, grown in the Mediterranean area, turned out to be of high quality. Nevertheless, results revealed the better characteristics of new clones for commercialization in large-scale supply chain.
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Yang, Dexiang, Lei Zhang, Ying Wu, Sidai Guo, Hua Zhang, and Lijian Xiao. "A Sustainability Analysis on Retailer’s Sales Effort in A Closed-Loop Supply Chain." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010008.
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With the development of the Internet, many brand name manufacturers including Apple, Lenovo, and Canon offer remanufactured products through their official website. Confronting the competition from remanufactured products that are available from the manufactured-owned channel, more and more retailers have recognized that customer service level is one of the most important performance metrics and have aggressively attempted to obtain larger market shares by providing high levels of post-sale services. Although numerous researchers have studied various competitive strategies in remanufacturing, to the best of our knowledge, there is little research highlighting whether and how economic performance and sustainability issues related to remanufacturing operations are affected by the retailer’s service levels. In this paper, we fill this gap by developing two models for the closed-loop supply chain where all remanufactured products are available from the manufactured-owned channel, while the equilibrium behavior of the retailer can be characterized under two possible scenarios: (1) Confronting the cannibalization from direct channels where the retailer only responds on prices (i.e., Model P); or (2) on providing competitive prices and high service levels for new products (i.e., Model S). Our analysis suggests that, from managers’ perspective, if the manufacturers care more about economic benefits, encouraging the retailer to provide higher levels of post-sale services is a beneficial strategy. If they are more concerned with environmental performance, Model P is preferred. However, from the angle of environmental groups and agencies, if the level of eco-centrism is too pronounced, though Model S has a greater profitability for both parties, a more significant welfare loss due to environmental hazard is perceived by the society. As a result, besides avoiding indulging in overproducing on new products, environmental groups and agencies should take emissions trading or taxation into consideration to stimulate remanufacturing operations.
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Son, Insung, and Sihyun Kim. "Supply Chain Management Strategy and Capital Structure of Global Information and Communications Technology Companies." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031844.
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Supply chain management (SCM) plays an important role in international work distribution mechanisms. This phenomenon has shifted to an SCM-to-SCM competition rather than corporate-to-corporate competition in the global market. Apple and Samsung Electronics are the two major global information and communications technology (ICT) companies, each choosing different SCM strategies to stabilize production while minimizing inventory and maintaining ongoing partnerships with suppliers. To analyze the relationship between strategic differences in SCM structure of the ICT companies and capital, while employing the generalized method of moments, this study analyzed partnerships with suppliers from a financial perspective for long-term growth and stable production. Results identified that the target debt ratio of Apple’s parts suppliers was 38%, which was slightly higher than that of US companies (33%). In the relationship between capital structure and SCM structures, the company’s debt ratio decreases if the strength of the strategic alliance and the strength of the horizontal integration of global parts suppliers are higher. Specifically, Apple’s parts suppliers with non-equity alliances, such as technological and R&D alliances, have reduced debt ratios more than companies with equity alliances. In the case of Samsung Electronics’ parts suppliers, primary vendors had a lower debt ratio than secondary vendors. These results indicates that if the strength of the vertical integration with the international strategic alliances is greater, they are more likely to adopt a lower debt ratio policy. Identifying the relationship between SCM strategic difference and capital structure, this study provides valuable insights for corporate sustainability.
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Yue, Chengyan, Shuoli Zhao, Karina Gallardo, Vicki McCracken, James Luby, and Jim McFerson. "U.S. Growers’ Willingness to Pay for Improvement in Rosaceous Fruit Traits." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 46, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2016.31.
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As growers adopt and diffuse improved food crop cultivars, their investment decisions for producing new cultivars control product accessibility and directly affect the entire supply chain. In this study, we estimated growers’ willingness to invest (willingness to pay (WTP)) in cultivars with improved quality traits for five rosaceous fruit crops: apple, peach, strawberry, sweet cherry, and tart cherry. WTP values differed by crop, but fruit flavor was consistently rated one of the most important traits, with higher WTP. This information will help breeding programs focus resources to develop superior cultivars for long-term economic sustainability of the rosaceous fruit industry.
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Son, Insung, Jinsu Kim, Gwijeong Park, and Sihyun Kim. "The Impact of Innovative Technology Exploration on Firm Value Sustainability: The Case of Part Supplier Management." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 3632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103632.
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With rapid changes driven by technical advances, innovative technology capacity is a strategic asset unique to a company allocating various tangible and intangible resources, and it promotes technological innovation. This study analyzed the technology applied to iPhone series by Apple from 2007 to 2017 and measured the information effect of innovative technology exploration on the firm value for managing global supply chain (USA, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, and Europe). Adopting the pooled OLS (Ordinary least square) and panel analysis, this study revealed that exploration technology exploring new technologies shows a positive market response in the information effect of sustaining innovation. Results identified that exploitation and exploration can give different results depending on a construct (exploration and exploitation technologies) or congruence (combination and balance). In addition, the results indicate the importance of the balance between exploitation and exploration technologies and rational part supplies management in Apple’s new product development strategy. Analyzing the impact of innovative technology exploration on the firm value for global supply chain management, this study suggests significant implications for strategic decision making for the company to build continuous innovation path through technology search and to secure sustainability of organizations facing rapid changes in technical advances.
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Amalia, Faizatul, Miftakhurrizal Kurniawan, Miftakhurrizal Kurniawan, Danang Triagus Setiawan, and Danang Triagus Setiawan. "The Design of Traceability Information System of Smart Packaging-Based Product Supply Chain to Improve A Competitiveness of Apple Processed Agro-Industry." Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.25126/jitecs.202053183.
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Agricultural food products are various. Apple is one of the agricultural product which is popular in Malang. There are many processed products from apple. However, there is a problem of food security concerning on the agricultural processed products. The food security consists of the information of nutrition contained in it, expired period, and the supply of healthy food. Therefore, it is required a traceability system that gives a guarantee about product authenticity and entrusted information about the food products. Lack of good information and infrastructure will hamper the formation of an effective traceability system that has not been considered even considered to require high costs, especially for some Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) producers. In general, producers and consumers need an information system that can provide food information effectively and efficiently. In general, producers and consumers need an information system that can provide food information effectively and efficiently. The design concept uses object oriented methods using United Modeling Language (UML), which consists of: Use Case Diagrams, Sequence diagrams and Class Diagrams. The design results were tested using Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) and the value of Response for a Class (RFC). Based on this test, it is produced that the RTM can be traced to all artifacts that have been made and the average RFC value is 5.17 meaning the RFC value is between 1 to 69, so that the RFC between 1 to 69 then the coupling is adaptable
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Maloba, Stephen, Jane Ambuko, Margaret Hutchinson, and Willis Owino. "Off-Season Flower Induction in Mango Fruits Using Ethephon and Potassium Nitrate." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 9 (August 15, 2017): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n9p158.
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Seasonality in mango production is a major factor contributing to high postharvest losses reported in the value chain. Oversupply during the high season is one of the factors that contribute to the high postharvest losses (≥ 50%) in the supply chain in Kenya. Effective strategies to address seasonality can contribute significantly to postharvest loss reduction. Efficacy of two flower induction chemicals, potassium nitrate (KNO3) and ethephon on reproductive growth parameters and yield components were evaluated on two mango varieties: ‘Apple’ and ‘Ngowe’. KNO3 was applied at two concentrations (2 and 4%), and ethephon (600 and 1000 ppm) then compared to control (water). They were applied to trees which failed to flower/set fruit in 2014 season. There effect was established from reproductive growth parameters: days to flowering, number of panicles per tree, fruit set per 20 panicles, fruit fall and hormonal effect. KNO3 (4%) and ethephon increased percentage flowering in both ‘Ngowe’ and ‘Apple’ and AEZs (Agro-Ecological Zones), significantly (p < 0.05) shortened time to flowering and increased fruit set. The findings show that KNO3 and ethephon can be used to induce flowering/fruiting in mango fruits. These technologies can therefore be applied to induce off-season mango production to address seasonality and reduce postharvest losses during the peak season.
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Salliou, Nicolas, Roldan Muradian, and Cécile Barnaud. "Governance of Ecosystem Services in Agroecology: When Coordination is Needed but Difficult to Achieve." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041158.
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Transitioning towards agroecology involves the integration of biodiversity based ecosystem services into farming systems: for example, relying on biological pest control rather than pesticides. One promising approach for pest control relies on the conservation of semi-natural habitats at the landscape scale to encourage natural enemies of insect pests. However, this approach may require coordination between farmers to manage the interdependencies between the providers and beneficiaries of this ecosystem service. The main objective of this study was to identify hindrances to landscape-scale coordination strategies to control pests. To this end, we used a theoretical framework specifically designed to explore social interdependencies linked to ecosystem services. We applied this framework to a participatory research case study on pest control in apple orchards in southwest France to identify and describe key obstacles. We found four main impediments: (1) The perception of most stakeholders that the landscape does not deliver significant pest control services, (2) the challenge of coping with agroecological uncertainties, (3) an integrated vertical supply chain focused on pesticide use, (4) the existence of independent, non-collective alternatives. We discuss the potential of overcoming these obstacles or turning them into opportunities that promote a transition to agroecology and the integration of ecosystem services in farms and their supply chains.
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Xie, Jing, Chunxu Wan, Alfredo Tolón Becerra, and Ming Li. "Streamlining Traceability Data Generation in Apple Production Using Integral Management with Machine-to-Machine Connections." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040921.
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Legal requirements and consumer demands have motivated the development and application of traceability technology. Farming practices are the starting point of the agri-food supply chain and the destination of the agri-food traceability system (AFTS). The amount of resource information and the complexity of the production process of agri-food become the main obstacles to the wide application of AFTS. This study introduces an integrated machine-to-machine system that allows collecting field operation information automatically. This system includes an IoT-based integrated hardware system, a smart farm cloud (SFC) platform, and a mobile application, which accomplished the collection, upload, and storage of operation information. This system had been used in “BSD” organic apple orchard in Qixia, Shandong Province, China for about one year. The effectiveness of the system was evaluated by managing 270 apple trees in one plot of the orchard. Finally, a label with a QR code was successfully generated to provide consumers to query traceability information from a single tree to a fruit tray. This work was a background of a blockchain traceability system. Moreover, the future extendibility of the system was also discussed and prospected.
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Wani, Sidrah Fayaz, Arselan Ashraf, and Ali Sophian. "Image-based disease detection and classification in Indian apple plant species by using deep learning." Applied Research and Smart Technology (ARSTech) 3, no. 1 (August 26, 2022): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/arstech.v3i1.1021.
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Plant diseases are a major threat to food security, but their rapid identification remains difficult in many parts of the world due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure. Traditional farming methods are insufficient to address the impending global food crises. As a result, agricultural productivity growth is critical, and new techniques and methods are required for efficient and sustainable farming practices that balance the supply chain according to customer demand. Even though India is one of the most agriculturally dependent countries, it nevertheless suffers from various agricultural shortages. Plant diseases that go unnoticed and untreated are one such deprivation. Developing an intelligent automated technique for plant disease detection is explored in this research. Deep learning is used to create a smart system for image-based disease detection in Indian apple plant species. Specifically, this study uses a convolution neural network architecture, ResNet-34, to identify diseases in apple plants. Based on 70-30% and 80-20% dataset partition, the proposed model obtained an accuracy of 97.5% and 98.4%, respectively. The results obtained from this study illustrate the productive exploration and utility of the proposed model for future research by implementing various deep learning models and incorporating additional modules that provide cure and preventative measures for the detected diseases.
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Corrado, Carol, Jonathan Haskel, Cecilia Jona-Lasinio, and Massimiliano Iommi. "Intangible Capital and Modern Economies." Journal of Economic Perspectives 36, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.3.3.
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The production of goods and services is central to understanding economies. The textbook description of a firm, typically in agriculture or manufacturing, focuses on its physical “tangible” capital (machines), labor (workers), and the state of “know-how. ” Yet real-world firms, such as Apple, Microsoft, and Google, have almost no physical capital. Instead, their main capital assets are “intangible”: software, data, design, reputation, supply-chain expertise, and R&D. We discuss investment in these knowledge-based types of capital: How to measure it; how it affects macroeconomic data on investment, rates of return, and GDP; and how it relates to growth theory and practical growth accounting. We present estimates of productivity in the US and European economies in recent decades including intangibles and discuss why, despite relatively rapid growth in intangible capital and what seems to be a modern technological revolution, productivity growth has slowed since the global financial crisis.
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Onozaka, Yuko, Wenjing Hu, and Dawn D. Thilmany. "Can eco-labels reduce carbon emissions? Market-wide analysis of carbon labeling and locally grown fresh apples." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 2 (May 20, 2015): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051500006x.
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AbstractDespite the heightened efforts to implement eco-labeling schemes as the market-based vehicle for improving environmental quality, the overall effectiveness of eco-labels are still uncertain due to complex and sometimes unexpected market responses. In this paper, we assess the overall changes in carbon emissions resulting from two types of labeling on fresh apples, carbon labels and location designation labels (e.g., locally grown), both of which can have mixed implications for carbon emissions due to fluctuating supply chain factors. We employ an equilibrium displacement model that integrates existing estimates of differences across production systems, and our own estimates of consumer responses to labels in order to simulate the changes in prices, trade flows and estimate carbon impacts across several scenarios in the US fresh apple market. We find that both labels ultimately affect market outcomes and overall carbon emissions. With location designation labels, consumers’ preference for local products leads to a net decrease in carbon emissions during the local growing season, while the interaction of various market dynamics results in a subsequent net increase in carbon emissions during the local off-season. The interaction of a carbon label with the location label lowers the overall attractiveness of products and reduces the quantity demanded, and thus, reduces the carbon emissions in both seasons. Overall, providing the location designation label increases annual carbon emissions, whereas providing both the location designation and carbon labeling decreases annual emissions. In short, the dynamics and interdependency of labeling strategies are important to consider in the context of eco-labeling.
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Karimova, Guli-Sanam, and Stephen A. LeMay. "The Moral Supply Chain, Phronêsis, and Management Education." Teaching Ethics 19, no. 2 (2019): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tej202091481.
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In recent years there has been an increased interest in the research dedicated to the ethics and morality of supply chains. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) dominates literature on supply chain ethics in management education. The objective of this paper is to develop some propositions to complement and look more broadly and differently at these management concepts. Supplementing these concepts with the fundamental questions on the meaning of ‘what a moral supply chain is’ and ‘what moral supply chain ought to be,’ we develop some descriptive and normative propositions for management education on the ethics of supply chains. Against a descriptive viewpoint, we propose that judgments on the morality of supply chains should be viewed from multiple perspectives, often conflicting. Against a normative viewpoint, we propose some reflections on how to apply Aristotelian practical wisdom in management education on supply chain ethics.
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Yang, Chen-lung, and Suyuan Lien. "Governance Mechanisms for Green Supply Chain Partnership." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082681.
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The literature has recognized the value of green supply chain management in achieving the goals of environmental management. Yet developing and fostering sustainability partnerships among supply chain organizations remains challenging. Bounded rationality and opportunistic behaviors are likely to hinder joint sustainability collaboration and performance. The literature has called for a better understanding of the governance of green supply chain collaboration. This study applies transactional cost economics as a conceptual framework to investigate the relationships among transaction features, governance mechanisms, and environmental performance. Using the data collected from 969 plants in 17 countries, the statistical analysis compares and validates the effectiveness of three alternative governance mechanisms: contractual governance, problem-solving cooperation governance, and information-sharing governance. The statistical results reveal significant performance differences in how firms apply alternative governance mechanisms to mitigate opportunism, manage adaptation problems, and improve green supply chain collaboration and performance. Overall, this study makes research contributions by confirming the mediation effects of governance mechanisms on green supply chain practices. For green supply chains to be a viable practice, firms should apply governance mechanisms in proper alignment with the nature of the collaborative and environmental conditions.
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Akhtar, Pervaiz, Sushil Kaur, and Khanyapuss Punjaisri. "Chain coordinators’ strategic leadership and coordination effectiveness." European Business Review 29, no. 5 (August 14, 2017): 515–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-08-2015-0082.
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Purpose Although suitable leadership is crucial for chain coordinators (chief executive officers (CEOs), managing directors and heads of departments) to achieve the effectiveness of supply chain coordination (operational and social performances contributing to financial performance), the potential caveats in New Zealand-Euro agri-food supply chains are the lack of theoretical as well as empirical investigations that scrutinize the linkages between leadership styles, their interactions and the effectiveness of supply chain coordination. The purpose of this study is therefore to address the above knowledge gap. Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modelling and interaction effects are applied to the data collected from chain coordinators working in the selected New Zealand-Euro agri-food supply chains (dairy, meat, fruits and vegetables). Findings The results indicate that participative leadership is more strongly correlated with the effectiveness of supply chain coordination than directive leadership. The directive leadership is also significant, which leads towards the adoption of strategic leadership. Interaction effects further conclude that companies perform better when their chain coordinators apply strategic leadership practices. Moreover, operational (service quality and product quality) and social (trust in and satisfaction with supply chain partners) performances are the key determinants of financial performance (increased sales, profit and market share). Practical implications The results enhance the understanding of chain coordinators and help them to achieve coordination effectiveness among agri-food supply chain partners. Therefore, the study provides practical implications linked with contemporary international agri-food supply chains. Originality/value This study provides in-depth analysis to develop a comprehensive theoretical framework, which helps to confirm the complicated linkages between the underlying constructs, with the specific characteristics of New Zealand-Euro agri-food supply chains. Consequently, the results also clarify the earlier ambiguous findings from other industries and countries.
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Manders, Jorieke H. M., Marjolein C. J. Caniëls, and Paul W. Th Ghijsen. "Supply chain flexibility." International Journal of Logistics Management 28, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 964–1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-07-2016-0176.
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Purpose The conceptualization of flexibility in organizations historically emerged from three views which relate to economic, to organizational and to manufacturing perspectives. Despite the growing number of publications about supply chain flexibility in the area of supply chain management, there is a lack of consensus on how to define and to conceptualize supply chain flexibility from a management point of view. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of the literature on the supply chain flexibility perspective and contributes to our understanding of the current state of research and its future development. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology used is the systematic literature review. In total 92 articles were selected from databases of well-known journal publishers in the field of economics, business studies and management sciences as well as grey literature to cover the topic of supply chain flexibility. Findings A limited number of studies in the field of supply chain flexibility apply theories and define the term supply chain flexibility. Instead they focus on a particular part or dimension of the supply chain. Based on the analysis, a distinction is made between flexibility in the supply chain and supply chain flexibility. Based on the function and characteristics of the supply chain, the authors selected 30 flexibility dimensions that cover supply chain flexibility by concentrating on the different business areas involved. Research limitations/implications The results support researchers and practitioners by identifying relevant trends and gaps in the field of supply chain flexibility. Originality/value The authors review the dimensions and aspects of supply chain flexibility that are currently taken into account in the literature. In this way, the authors provide an overarching perspective on the flexibility literature relating to supply chains.