Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Applications au poumon'
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Belhaj, Asmae. "Rôles de l'inflammation et de l'apoptose dans la perturbation du dialogue coeur-poumon :applications particulières à la mort cérébrale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/230719.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine)
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Stephano, Jonathan. "Conséquences de l’asymétrie et de la compliance des bronches sur les propriétés hydrodynamiques du poumon, applications à la kinésithérapie respiratoire." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4035.
Full textThe lung is an organ whose the role is to transport oxygen from the ambient air to the blood and to extract carbon dioxide from the blood. It is a tree-like structure of bronchi, the bronchial tree, connected to an exchange surface, the acini.The bronchial bifurcations are asymmetric: the bronchi divides into two daughter bronchi of different sizes. The topology of the tree is asymmetric : the number of bifurcations that connect the trachea to the acini is not constant. The bronchi wall is deformable (compliance) and their geometries are affected by the transmural pressure, i.e., the pressure difference between the surrounding tissue and the air flowing inside the bronchi. These characteristics affect the hydrodynamic properties of the tree.As an interface with the external air, it is constantly in contact with external particles. The bronchial mucus plays a protective role by capturing these particles. Normally, the mucus is naturally drained out of the lung. The mucus should not stagnate in the bronchi because stagnation increases the probability of developing an infection. When stagnation occurs, chest physiotherapy is often prescribed. The physiotherapists usually perform technics using the air shear stress to stimulate the mucus extraction. However, the expiratory conditions that allow to mobilize the mucus are not clearly defined.This thesis is based on three steps that allow to analyze the influence of the bifurcations asymmetry and of the compliance on the distribution of the shear stress induced by the airflow in the bronchi. Our three studies use a 0D model for each bronchus. The air hydrodynamic into each bronchus is simplified, either with a Poiseuille flow or with a “modified Poiseuille” flow that includes some inertial effects.The first step consists in understanding the air shear stress repartition in a symmetric tree with compliant bronchi. We show that this repartition exhibits a maximum whose location and amplitude depend on the flowrate in the trachea and on the pressure in the pulmonary tissue. This study shows also that one partial obstruction might “hide” others localized deeper in the lung. The comparison of our results with a typical yield shear stress of the mucus allows to develop, in the limits of our model, idealized chest physiotherapy technics for mucus draining.The second step aims at understanding the link between the bifurcation’s asymmetry and the hydrodynamics in a fractal and rigid tree. We propose in this part the hypothesis that the pulmonary asymmetry selection is linked to the optimization of a cost linked to the tree’s hydrodynamic resistance, under a constraint on the tree’s volume. Our analysis allows to propose a scenario that explains the difference in asymmetry observed between mammals.Finally, the third step aims at studying the shear stress repartition in a tree with asymmetric bifurcations and compliant bronchi. We show that the distribution of the air shear stress induced by a Poiseuille flow in trees with symmetric bifurcations and with asymmetric bifurcations have similar behaviors. However, the asymmetric case presents a spread of the shear stresses in the distal part of the tree, and bronchi with similar properties can have very different shear stresses.This research, based on the alliance of mathematics, physics, biology and medicine, allowed to improve our understanding of both the bifurcation asymmetry, the bronchi compliance and their effect on the airflow hydrodynamic. Particularly, this allowed to further understand the influence of the air shear stress on the mucus flow during chest physiotherapy
Lamare, Frédéric. "Correction des effets du mouvement respiratoire en 4D TEP/TDM pour des applications oncologiques." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES3209.
Full textThe objective of this thesis s to develop a 3D+t reconstruction algorithm taking advantage of ail the spatiotemporal known about the respiratory movement in order to produce a reconstructed image compensated from the respiratory motion using ail the statistics. In ail this study, List-mode raw emission data were reconstructed using the iterative OPL-EM algorithm (“One Pass List Mode-EM). For both proposed methodologies based on affine or elastic correction methodologies, the transformation parameters were calculated from dynamic CT or PET images reconstructed with and without attenuation correction and were subsequently applied directly to the list-mode emission data or integrated during the reconstruction process. Three different ways to incorporate the elastic transformations matrices during the QPL-EM reconstruction algorithm have been developed and evaluated. To evaluate the developed methodologies Monte-Carlo simulations based on the dynamic NCAT phantom, including a breathing movement, have in the first instance been performed. The final phase of the evaluation was based on an analysis of actual multi-modality clinical cases. The results of this work show that the two types of proposed corrections, affine or elastic, lead to significant improvements as a result of the breathing movement compensation in the lung field of view. However, this study demonstrates that the correction method based on an elastic transformation yields a more uniform improvement in the whole field of view, whatever part of the lungs is considered
Bernardo, Sara. "Notch activation upon DNA damage : molecular characterisation and therapeutic applications in lung adenocarcinoma." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT029.
Full textLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women worldwide. Despite the major advances in the treatments, platinum-based therapy remains the standard of care for patients affected by KRAS-driven lung cancer. Even though the platinum-compounds display an initial effect on these patients, the onset of the relapse constitutes the main challenge for the clinic. The molecular mechanisms underlying lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) relapse are not completely elucidated yet, thus it is fundamental to understand them in order to improve survival of patients. Our data show that upon carboplatin treatment, the Notch pathway is activated in vitro. Since this effect was common for several other DNA damage insults, our driving hypothesis connected the DNA Damage Response (DDR) to the activation of the Notch pathway. Our data demonstrates that protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) is a key mediator in the activation of the Notch pathway during DNA damage signalling. ATM is well-known as the chief mobilizer of the cellular response to the most toxic lesions to the DNA, the double-strand breaks which are also the type of damage caused by the conventional chemotherapy. Among the several substrates of ATM in response to the damage, there is the mouse double minute 2 protein (MDM2) that it is known to interact with the Notch pathway. Our data uncovered a new pathway connecting ATM, MDM2 and NICD during carboplatin treatment in LUAD cells.Using LUAD Patient-Derived Xenografts and a new generated carboplatin resistant cellular model, we show in vivo that the combination of Notch and MDM2 inhibitors with carboplatin showed a therapeutic benefit in tumour growth and survival compared to the standard of care, i.e. carboplatin.Our results can offer a new therapeutic window for KRAS-driven LUAD that become resistant to platinum-based therapy, hence tackling an urgent and unmet clinical need
Balosso, Jacques. "Les associations radio-chimiothérapiques concomitantes en cancérologie : une étude fondamentale et revue des applications cliniques." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11169.
Full textBannier, Élise. "Développements méthodologiques et applications sur un imageur clinique pour l'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique de l'hélium3 hyperpolarisé." Lyon 1, 2009. http://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6c53hwv.
Full textThis work deals with the design, on a clinical scanner, of new protocols for helium3 MRI and with their application to preclinical and clinical studies. Allowing for a virtually unlimited number of acquisitions, helium3 MRI is well adapted for longitudinal or pediatric studies. Acquisitions, however, are mostly performed under breath-hold, precluding the application to non cooperative patients. The first part of this thesis addresses the use of a free-breathing protocol, validated in vivo on rabbit and optimized using a model of gas exchange. A second study tackles the joint use of helium3 and proton MRI to study acute diseases, using a rabbit model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Finally, the third study demonstrates the sensitivity of helium3 MRI and evaluates the influence of chest physical therapy on cystic fibrosis children with normal respiratory function
Binard, Carole. "Estimation de fonctions de régression : sélection d'estimateurs ridge, étude de la procédure PLS1 et applications à la modélisation de la signature génique du cancer du poumon." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4015.
Full textThis thesis deals with the estimation of a regression function providing the best relationship betweenvariables for which we have some observations. In a first part, we complete a simulation study fortwo automatic selection methods of the ridge parameter. From a more theoretical point of view, wethen present and compare two selection methods of a multiparameter, that is used in an estimationprocedure of a regression function on [0,1]. In a second part, we study the quality of the PLS1estimator through its quadratic risk and, more precisely, the variance term in its bias/variancedecomposition. In a third part, a statistical study is carried out in order to explain the geneticsignature of cancer cells thanks to the genetic signatures of cellular subtypes which compose theassociated tumor stroma
Soussan, Michaël. "Developpement et applications cliniques de methodes de quantification en TEP pour le pronostic et le suivi therapeutique des cancers." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112135.
Full textIn the era of personalized medicine, genomics and targeted therapies, the availability of quantitative tools assisting the interpretation of medical images is essential. In Positron Emission Tomography (PET), beyond measurements of uptake intensity, it is possible to derive quantitative index characterizing the metabolic volume or the tumoral heterogeneity. The objective of this work was to investigate the value of new quantitative indices to enhance PET imaging, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of the whole tumor. The first part of the work deals with methodological issues associated with the measurement of tumor heterogeneity using textural index. In particular, we identified the most robust and informative textural index for clinical applications. Two sets of patients have then been used to explore the contribution of metabolic volume and texture analysis in PET. In lung cancer patients, our results suggest that the measurement of tumor heterogeneity gives some information regarding the histological features of the tumor. A second set of results shows that metabolic volume is more relevant than conventional indices for evaluating the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced stages. A correlation between quantitative changes during treatment and post-treatment histology results was used to demonstrate the relevance of these indices. In breast cancer patients, our results suggest that tumors with aggressive immunohistological patterns, particularly triple-negative phenotype, have a more heterogeneous texture than other types. In summary, our results suggest that a more comprehensive quantitative characterization of the metabolic activity distribution in tumor using PET imaging improves the pre-therapeutic and prognostic evaluation of cancer
Desir, Chesner. "Classification Automatique d'Images, Application à l'Imagerie du Poumon Profond." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879356.
Full textMENAULT, PASCAL. "Etude critique d'une methode de dosage des antibiotiques au niveau alveolaire : application a la ticarcilline." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO1M472.
Full textPellet, Mathieu. "Caractérisation non entière de systèmes biologiques : application au muscle squelettique et au poumon." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944614.
Full textBoudin, Laurent. "Modélisation cinétique et hydrodynamique pour la physique, la chimie et la santé, analyse mathématique et numérique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00650560.
Full textGille, Jean-Pierre. "Technologies des échanges respiratoires (O2 et Co2) : application à la réalisation d'appareils médicaux." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPE092.
Full textSchmit, Jean-Luc. "Modèle expérimental de pneumopathie murine à Chlamydia psittaci : application à l'évaluation des antibiotiques." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA114840.
Full textLAHAROTTE, JEAN-CLAUDE. "Aspect semeiologique irm des lesions hemorragiques pulmonaires subaigues : application aux infarctus pulmonaires." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1M038.
Full textFlament, Marie-Pierre. "Etude de la nebulisation pour une administration pulmonaire : application a l'alpha 1 antiprotease." Lille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL2P266.
Full textViallon, Magalie. "Imagerie par résonance magnétique nucléaire de l'hélium3 hyperpolarisé : application à l'étude fonctionnelle du poumon et perspectives biomédicales." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10135.
Full textEgloffe, Anne-Claire. "Etude de quelques problèmes inverses pour le système de Stokes. Application aux poumons." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756334.
Full textEgloffe, Anne-Claire. "Etudes de quelques problèmes inverses pour le système de Stokes : Application aux poumons." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066641.
Full textIn this work, we are interested in the resolution of some inverse problems arising from a multi-scale modeling of the airflow in the lungs. As a first step, we focus on a simplified model of the airflow in the lungs: we consider the incompressible Stokes equations with Robin boundary conditions on a part of the boundary. We want to identify the Robin coefficient defined on this non accessible part of the boundary from measurements of the velocity and the pressure available on another part of the boundary. We first prove quantification results for the unique continuation property for the Stokes system, then we establish two logarithmic stability inequalities, one valid in dimension 2 and the other one valid in any dimension. Both are based on Carleman estimates, global in the first case and local in the second one. Our stability estimates are first established for the stationary problem and the semigroup theory allows to deduce from the stationary case stability estimates for the non-stationary problem. Moreover, under the a priori assumption that the Robin coefficient is piecewise constant, we provide a Lipschitz stability estimate for the stationary problem. We conclude by coming back to the initial model which involves non-standard boundary conditions with the flux. In particular, we obtain encouraging first numerical results concerning the identification of some parameters of the model
Goldbach, Pierre. "Utilisation des liposomes par voie pulmonaire : aspect technologique et application à l'activation des macrophages alvéolaires par inhalation d'immunomodulateurs encapsulés dans des liposomes." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA114804.
Full textSoysouvanh, Frédéric. "Sénescence cellulaire radio-induite : application à l’irradiation pulmonaire en conditions stéréotaxiques." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS465.
Full textRadiotherapy is the main modality in cancer treatment but is associated with radiation damages on healthy tissues. Endothelial cells (ECs) play a key role in the evolution of radiation-induced normal tissue injuries. Cellular senescence is a powerful tumor suppressor mechanism but, long-term senescence is deleterious for tissue homeostasis. The presence of senescent cells within the radiation-induced lesions has been shown but their role is not well understood. We aimed to identify and understand the molecular mechanisms involved in radiation-induced senescence (RIS) and its role in radiation-induced lung injuries after stereotactic irradiation. In vivo, using luciferase knock-in mice (p16Ink4-LUC) to detect activation of a senescence player, we explored the presence of senescent cells in radiation-induced pulmonary injury. After high-dose lung irradiation of p16Ink4-LUC mice and using bioluminescence imaging we showed the overexpression of p16 in the irradiation field and its persistence up to 21 months after radiation exposure. Immunostainings revealed a panel of heterogeneous senescent cells including pneumocytes, macrophages and ECs. mRNA expression of 44 genes involved in senescence in 6 human primary irradiated ECs revealed that Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) are the most relevant in term of gene expression. The dynamic molecular profile associated to RIS in HUVECs was analyzed after 9 doses and 7 time points. Using a deep mathematical/bioinformatics analysis, we deciphered the dynamical transcriptional program involved in RIS and we identified IL1-signaling pathway as a key molecular hub which could modulate the senescence phenotype
Chenau, Jérôme. "Le secretome, un modèle adapté à l'étude des protéines sécrétées par les tumeurs : application à l'analyse du rôle joué par p53 sur la sécrétion de protéines par des celllules du cancer du poumon." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10090.
Full textCancer is a real public health problem and will represent in 2010 the first cause of mortality. So the knowledge of this disease and its mechanisms remains a great challenge. Malignant processes such as metastasis, invasion, or angiogenesis are tightly dependent on the composition of the extracellular medium, which is itself affected by the release of proteins by the tumor cells. The mutation of pro- and anti-oncogenic factors plays an important role in tumor progression. In this work, we want to ask the following major question: is it interesting to study by proteomics the secreted proteins by tumor to better understand tumorigenesis mechanisms and is it useful for clinical biomarker discovery? We focused on lung cancer which is the cancer with the greater mortality and incidency frequences in the world. This cancer has the greater p53 mutation rates. This protein is a major tumor suppressor known to modulate the release of proteins by the tumor cells; however, while p53-modulated intracellular proteins have been extensively studied, little is known concerning their extracellular counterparts. Here, we developed a proteomics process using iTRAQ labeling, OFFGEL isoelectric focusing and LC-MALDI-MS/MS analysis efficient to the study of this class of proteins. We used it to characterize the p53-dependent secretome of a lung tumor model in vitro. We identified 909 proteins released by these cells, among which 91 are p53-modulated. This differential secretome analysis promises more detailed of how the loss of wt-p53 contributes to tumorigenic processes through the modulation of secreted proteins. We also demonstrated that the modulation of exported proteins can be detected in vivo in total protein extracts and plasma of tumor-bearing mice. This is the first report establishing that the in vitro cell line secretome is reliable and reflects the extracellular release of proteins from tumor cells in vivo and could be used to identify putative tumor markers
Montaudon, Michel. "Traitement quantitatif des images en tomodensitométrie thoracique : application à l'image fonctionnelle des bronches et du cœur." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21268.
Full textComputed tomography of the thorax is a fundamental imaging technique for morphological evaluation of bronchi and heart chambers. The development of functional imaging depends, on one hand, on the ability to synchronise CT acquisitions to a physiological signal, on the other hand, on the development and validation of image processing and analysis. We have demonstrated the benefit of ECG-triggered acquisitions for quantitative analysis of pulmonary images. We have also validated a method of image processing and analysis allowing assessment of bronchial wall and bronchial lumen areas. These measurements were efficient in the evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases nd cystic fibrosis. Then, we have applied a technique of image processing and analysis to CT images of the heart and validated its use in ventricular volume assessment
Begueret, Hugues. "Mise au point et application d'un test de détection de cellules exprimant des marqueurs neuroendocrines dans le sang de 36 patients atteints de carcinomes neuroendocrines pulmonaires." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23059.
Full textZurek, Magdalena. "IRM des poumons à temps d'écho courts : méthodes et applications à des modèles expérimentaux chez le rongeur." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808506.
Full textVan, Muylem Alain. "Etude de la distribution de la ventilation dans la périphérie du poumon: application à la détection d'altérations de structure et de fonction." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211536.
Full textLeveque, Emilie. "Modélisation statistique de l'intensité des expositions prolongées en étiologie du cancer : application au tabac, à l'amiante, au cancer du poumon, et au mésothéliome pleural." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0315/document.
Full textThe association between smoking and lung cancer or between occupational exposure to asbestos and pleural mesothelioma have been extensively investigated. Nevertheless, as for many protracted exposures-cancer relationships, the role of exposure intensity over lifetime has been rarely addressed. Accounting for individual variation of intensity over lifetime and investigating time-dependent effect in the statistical analysis of case-control data indeed raise several methodological issues. The thesis objectives were 1) to study the time-dependent effect of exposure intensity over lifetime on the risk of cancer and 2) to identify lifetime profiles of exposure intensities and to compare their associated risks of cancer. To address these objectives, we used an existing flexible weighted cumulative index of exposure and we developed a new joint latent class mixed model, to analyze the data from two French case-control studies on lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma. The results show the important contribution of recent smoking intensity for lung cancer and distant intensity of exposure to asbestos for both cancers. They confirm the importance of the timing of exposure in the association with the risk of cancer and illustrate the relevance of the proposed statistical approaches
Pena, Ana-Maria. "Génération de seconde harmonique par le collagène et application à l'étude de fibroses par microscopie multiphoton." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002033.
Full textTrabelsi, Noureddine. "Évaluation de la lignée myélomonocytaire U-937 comme modèle d'étude de la réponse du macrophage alvéolaire aux particules minérales : application à l'étude de l'effet des particules minérales sur les récepteurs de surface et la glycosylation des protéines." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120090.
Full textCallot, Virginie. "Encapsulation et vectorisation de l'hélium3 hyperpolarisé : application à l'IRM de la perfusion tissulaire." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10187.
Full textPatte, Cécile. "Personalized pulmonary mechanics : modeling, estimation and application to pulmonary fibrosis." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX076.
Full textIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), an interstitial lung disease, strongly impacts lung mechanics, which raises clinical issues. The objective of this work is to improve the understanding and diagnosis of IPF based on poromechanical modeling of the lung, personalized with clinical imaging data. In a first part, a literature review analyzes the state of the art of pulmonary physiology in relation to the existing mechanical models, insisting on the multi-scale, multi-phase and multi-physics characteristics of the organ. We then propose a poromechanical model of the lung at the organ spatial scale and breathing time scale, derived from a general poromechanical theory formulated recently in the MΞDISIM team. The constitutive law proposed reproduces mainly the pressure-volume behaviour of the lung as well as the quasi-incompressiblity of the solid phase. The boundary conditions take into account the lung environment (thoracic cage, diaphragm, pleura) and distinguish between free and ventilated breathing. The unloaded configuration, non observed during a breathing cycle, is estimated, with a special attention given to maintain a positive porosity. Various elements of the model are then personalized with standard clinical data, i.e., two 3DCT images acquired at end-exhalation and end-inhalation. In particular, an inverse problem is formulated to estimate the pulmonary compliance of the healthy and fibrotic regions, since the poromechanical formulation allows to distinguish the effect of the porosity from that of the absolute compliance of the interstitial tissue. Applied to three patients suffering from IPF, the personalized model allows to find the foreseen properties of IPF, i.e., the stiffening of the diseased region. Stress concentrations are also observed at the diseased region interface, supporting the hypothesis of a mechanical vicious circle governing the IPF progress, where fibrosis induces large stresses, which in turn favors fibrosis. This numerical tool could later be used for objective and quantitative diagnosis of IPF and, with longitudinal data, to study the mechanics-induced remodeling
Tirouvanziam, Rabindra. "Xenogreffes respiratoires humaines dans la souris scid : un nouveau modele d'analyse fonctionnelle du poumon humain normal et pathologique. application a l'etude de la pathogenese de la mucoviscidose." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INAP0016.
Full textHoffmann, Sabine. "Approche hiérarchique bayésienne pour la prise en compte d’erreurs de mesure d’exposition chronique et à faible doses aux rayonnements ionisants dans l’estimation du risque de cancers radio-induits : Application à une cohorte de mineurs d’uranium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS532/document.
Full textIn radiation epidemiology, exposure measurement error and uncertain input parameters in the calculation of absorbed organ doses are among the most important sources of uncertainty in the modelling of the health effects of ionising radiation. As the structures of exposure and dose uncertainty arising in occupational cohort studies may be complex, these uncertainty components are only rarely accounted for in this domain. However, when exposure measurement is not or only poorly accounted for, it may lead to biased risk estimates, a loss in statistical power and a distortion of the exposure-response relationship. The aim of this work was to promote the use of the Bayesian hierarchical approach to account for exposure and dose uncertainty in the estimation of the health effects associated with exposure to ionising radiation in occupational cohorts. More precisely, we proposed several hierarchical models and conducted Bayesian inference for these models in order to obtain corrected risk estimates on the association between exposure to radon and its decay products and lung cancer mortality in the French cohort of uranium miners. The hierarchical appraoch, which is based on the combination of sub-models that are linked via conditional independence assumptions, provides a flexible and coherent framework for the modelling of complex phenomena which may be prone to multiple sources of uncertainty. In order to compare the effects of shared and unshared exposure uncertainty on risk estimation and on the exposure-response relationship we conducted a simulation study in which we supposed complex and potentially time-varying error structures that are likely to arise in an occupational cohort study. We elicited informative prior distributions for average breathing rate, which is an important input parameter in the calculation of absorbed lung dose, based on the knowledge of three experts on the conditions in French uranium mines. In this context, we implemented and compared three approaches for the combination of expert opinion. Finally, Bayesian inference for the different hierarchical models was conducted via a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm implemented in Python to obtain corrected risk estimates on the lung cancer mortality in the French cohort of uranium miners associated with exposure to radon and its progeny
Pierrat, Noëlle. "Application des fantômes numériques voxélisés associés au code Monte Carlo MCNP à la mesure in vivo réaliste des actinides dans les poumons et les plaies contaminées." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA11T076.
Full textMolinier, Laurent. "Les analyses économiques dans la prise en charge des cancers : évaluation et modélisation des coûts application au cancer bronchopulmonaire." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30054.
Full textIn France, approximately 28 000 cases of lung cancer are diagnosed each year. This work provides new information on the evaluation and the modelling of costs of this pathology. We summarized the state of the knowledge and the reflections currently led in the fields of the economic evaluation of healthcare programs and their modelling. This aim of this work was to evaluate the costs of managing patients with lung cancer in France. Markov chains built on the different management phases were developed. This type of modelling constitutes an inexpensive tool for simulation and very instructive in its educations, particularly for understanding of the consequences of this disease. This thesis also aimed at analyzing the methodological characteristics of the studies estimating the cost of this pathology. A supplementary effort is to be realized in the field of the methodological validation
Magniez, Juan Carmelo. "Écoulements de ponts liquides dans des tubes capillaires : application aux maladies d'encombrement pulmonaire." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10063/document.
Full textObstructive pulmonary disease now affects several million people worldwide. These diseases are manifested by the accumulation of a liquid called mucus in the lungs which, when too large, can lead to the formation of liquid plugs which impede air circulation Pulmonary pathways can nevertheless reopen via the rupture of these liquid plugs. These reopenings may result from the respiratory cycle, more violent outflows caused by the cough mechanism or require respiratory physiotherapy sessions for patients with chronic bronchitis or cystic fibrosis. In this thesis we were interested in the rupture of liquid plugs generated by a breathing cycle or by a unidirectional forcing of sufficient intensity. In particular, we have experimentally and theoretically characterized the critical pressures necessary to reopen obstructed pathways. We also studied the last moments of life of a liquid plug and demonstrated both experimentally and numerically different regimes of rupture. At high velocity, this rupture is obtained via the atomization of the liquid, ie the formation of droplets that could correspond to the ejections during the cough. Finally, we were interested in a problem more distant from lungs but nevertheless fundamental in microfluidics: the dynamics of liquid plugs on partially wet surfaces. We have shown that above a certain velocity threshold, the displacement of a single liquid finger at constant flow results in the formation of a train of calibrated bubbles and liquid plugs
Onoma, Dago Pacôme. "Segmentation des lésions tumorales en imagerie TEP au 18F-FDG basée sur la marche aléatoire : Application aux petites lésions et aux lésions hétérogènes." Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUES057.
Full textFor external radiotherapy treatment planning, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) using 18F-FDG functional imaging provides metabolic information complementary to anatomic imaging (CT) in the tumor target volume delineation. Indeed, it provides good detection and discrimination of tumor cells to define the tumor target volume in radiotherapy, especially for patients with lung cancer and head and neck tumors. In this context, it is essential to provide an accurate automatic segmentation method dealing with some specific problems in PET imaging, such as the partial volume effect and the physiological heterogeneity often found in the lesions. To this aim, we have implemented a method based on the Random Walk (RW) theory. Algorithmic improvements of the original method have been proposed corresponding to the semi-automatic definition of seeds based on the Fuzzy-C-Means algorithm taking into account the heterogeneity present in the lesion. In addition, we have proposed to make the parameter β adaptive by integrating the distance between adjacent voxels in the "weight" modeling of the walker and the integration of the probability density in the system of linear equations used in the RW to take partial volume effect into account. Due to the fact that the improvements have been done using local information, the segmentation algorithm is called 3D-Locally Adaptive Random Walk (3D-LARW). The performances of the method have been evaluated on PET images of a physical phantom, analytically simulated heterogeneous lesions, as well as on patient data. These performances have been compared with those of the original method (RW), an adaptive thresholding method (TAD) and a fuzzy method (FLAB). The results have shown that our method gives better overall performances whatever the studied data and the evaluation criteria. On the physical phantom, the results have shown the promising contribution of our approach for small lesions in which partial volume effect occurs. In addition, significant difference between our approach and other methods (TAD and FLAB) have demonstrated the robustness of the random walk against the physiological heterogeneities often found in the lesions on simulated data and heterogeneous lesions of patient data
Lermé, Nicolas. "Réduction de graphes et application à la segmentation de tumeurs pulmonaires." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682811.
Full textBrenckmann, Vivien. "Monitorage de l'inflammation pulmonaire par le monoxyde de carbone endogène exhalé dans un modèle de poumons humains : Application lors d'optimisation de greffons en perfusion pulmonaire Ex-Vivo avant transplantation pulmonaire. Étude BreathDiag-COe." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALS006.
Full textTo compensate the lack of pulmonary grafts, ex-vivo lung perfusion techniques (EVLP) have been developed. The evaluation criteria are based on physiological parameters such as the quality of gas exchange, pulmonary vascular resistance, edema formation, and the general appearance of the lungs. The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (CO) is influenced by inflammatory phenomena and is more particularly linked to the mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion.The measurement of exhaled CO (eCO) is possible thanks to a laser spectrometer (ProCeas®). This device is precise (concentrations lower than Ppmv) and fast allowing cycle-to-cycle monitoring, in real time.The aim of the study was to assess the eCO level of human lung grafts during the EVLP procedure and to compare it with the acceptance of the grafts, the other parameters tested and the short-term outcome of the recipients.Material and methodLung grafts have been optimized and evaluated in normothermic EVLP. The lungs were gradually warmed, perfused and ventilated. This was followed by an evaluation phase (including recruitment maneuvers) lasting two to four hours.The ProCeas® was connected in bypass to the ventilation circuit. CO production was averaged over five minutes at the end of each recruitment procedure.At the end of the EVLP procedure, the decision to transplant the lungs was taken according to the usual criteria of the surgical team without knowing the value of eCO.Results and discussion21 procedures took place at Foch Hospital in Suresnes from December 2018 to July 2019, including 13 grafts with extended criteria (EC) and 8 from donors after cardiac arrest (Category III of Maastricht) (DDCA-M3).The presence of blood in the airways distorted the eCO results, so three procedures were excluded.There was no difference in eCO based on the EC or DDCA-M3 origin of the lungs.Of the 18 grafts, two were definitively rejected at the graft. There was a tendency for higher eCO for the recused lungs (p=0.068). This trend was present from the start of the procedures.Regarding the physiological parameters tested during EVLP procedures, eCO was correlated with glucose consumption (r=0.64; p=0.04) and lactate production (r=0.53; p=0.025). There was a non-significant relationship with vascular resistance (p = 0.062). There was no link between eCO and edema formation or the PaO2/FiO2 relationship per PPEV.Concerning the post-operative data, by separating the grafts into 2 groups (low eCO Vs high eCO, limit fixed at 0,235 Ppmv), there was a tendency to better capacities of hemostasis (PaO2/FiO2) at 24h (p=0.052) for those with a low eCO level. All lungs with high eCO levels presented a PGD score of 3 within 72 hours (p=0.088). There was also a tendency for longer durations of resuscitation (6 days (+-3.25) vs 15 days (+-3.83), p = 0.06) and total duration in the continuing care unit (resuscitation + intensive care) (14.5 days (+-2.34) vs 19 days (+-3.4) (p = 0.07)) for grafts with a high COe level.ConclusionThe eCO level per EVLP could be an additional and early aid in the evaluation of the lungs.It also seems to be able to provide prognostic help to anticipate post-operative resuscitation care
Barkley, John R. "The development and application of a Jungian aesthetic, art as ontophany in the transition to a quaternitarian paradigm : a Jungian interpretation of the work of Roland Poulin." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60977.pdf.
Full textMorales, Pinzon Alfredo. "Lung segmentation and airway tree matching : application to aeration quantification in CT images of subjects with ARDS." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1019/document.
Full textAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life threatening disease presenting a high mortality of about 40% in intensive care units. It is the consequence of different pulmonary aggressions generating hypoxemia and pulmonary edema, which are radiologically expressed as infiltrations observable as opaque regions in the lung. The treatment of ARDS requires mechanical ventilation, which may deteriorate the state of the patient if the ventilation parameters, namely volume and pressure, are not correctly adjusted. To adjust the parameter settings to each individual case, lung aeration - in response to ventilation - needs to be assessed. This assessment can be done using computed tomography (CT) images. However, it requires the segmentation of the lung-parenchymal tissue, which is a challenging task in ARDS images due the opacities that hinder the image contrast. In this thesis we aim to provide the required tools for the experts to analyze the aeration in the images acquired within an ARDS project using an animal model
Tacelli, Nunzia. "Perfusion tumorale en TDM thoracique dynamique : application à l’évaluation de la néoangiogénèse des cancers broncho-pulmonaires non à petites cellules." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S017.
Full textRecent advances in molecular biology have dramatically accelerated our understanding of tumoral lesions and triggered development of novel targeted therapies. Among them, antiangiogenic drugs represent a promising strategy for non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). These agents are more cytostatic rather than cytotoxic, explaining the limitations of tumor response assessment based on morphological criteria, such as the RECIST criteria (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors). The purpose of this thesis was to investigate tumoral perfusion using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) CT, a novel technology enabling whole-tumor analysis with 64 slices per rotation. Our first study validated the pathological substratum of quantitative CT information on tumoral blood volume (BV) and capillary permeability (CP) in 15 NSCLC treated by surgery. Confident interpretation of CT data sets then allowed us to investigate changes in tumoral neovascularisation of NSCLC under chemotherapy. DEC-CT showed significant reduction in BV and CP of tumors treated by standard chemotherapy combined with antiangiogenic drugs (bevacizumab) (Group 1; n=17), not observed in tumors treated by standard chemotherapy alone (Group 2; n=23). In Group 1, the reduction in BV after one cycle of chemotherapy was significantly higher in responders than in non-responders (p=0.0128), response to treatment being only defined after 3 cycles of chemotherapy. DCE-CT can depict early changes in lung cancer vascularity, before tumour shrinkage, that may help predict response to antiangiogenic drugs
Henriques, de Figueiredo Bénédicte. "Evaluation de l’integration des donnees issues de la tomographie par emission de positons en radiotherapie : application à deux modèles cliniques : les cancers ORL et les cancers pulmonaires." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22125/document.
Full textObjective: To study the impact of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) data on radiotherapy (RT) planning through two clinical models: the head-and-neck cancers (HNC) and the pulmonary cancers. Methods and Materials: For HNC, after a previous phantom study in order to determinate an automatic segmentation method with adaptive thresholding, two series of nine and 15 patients selected for RT, underwent PET with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 18F-Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO). The impact on RT target volumes (TV) and dosimetries was evaluated. For FMISO-PET, several time acquisitions and several segmentation methods were assessed. For pulmonary cancers, the use of a four-dimensional (4D) FDG-PET with partial volume effect (PVE) correction and several segmentation methods was evaluated through the first seven patients enrolled in the PULMOTEP protocol performed by the CHU of Bordeaux. Results: For HNC, FDG-PET led to a RT TV reduction of 40%, with mismatches between PET and CT data. For FMISO-PET images, a better contrast was obtained 4h after FMISO injection. However, segmented volumes obtained at 3 and 4h were not statistically different allowing PET- acquisitions at 3h in routine clinical practice. The use of FMISO-PET allows considering « dose escalation » on hypoxic TV with an increase of tumour control probability by 18,1% without excessive increase of toxicities. For pulmonary cancers, there was no impact of the respiratory motion correction but only one patient on seven presented a mobile tumour. PVE correction had impact on RT TV with an increase of the maximal tumoural activity by 27% and a volume reduction of 15%. Conclusion: For HNC, the validation of these results needs clinical and prospective studies. For pulmonary cancers, the use of 4D-PET must be decided case by case. On the other side, the implementation of automatic software for PVE correction seems interesting
Serrier, Hassan. "Théories et méthodes d'évaluation du coût social de facteurs de risque professionnels en France : application au cas des cancers d'origine professionnelle." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00704550.
Full textPavelescu, Adriana. "Echocardiography for the noninvasive study of the pulmonary circulation: applications to the study of right ventricular effects of targeted therapies of pulmonary hypertension, limiting factors to exercise capacity, and detection of early pulmonary vascular disease in healthy subjects." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209616.
Full textEn intégrant les mesures obtenues dans une approche physiopathologique, et en exploitant les nouvelles possibilités d’échocardiographes portables, techniquement performants, nous avons analysé les effets d’un inhibiteur de la phosphodiestérase-5 et d’une prostacycline, pour tenter d’en identifier d’éventuels effets introtropes intrinsèques, nous avons exploré le concept de réserve vasculaire pulmonaire comme facteur limitant de l’aptitude aérobie et indice potentiel d’une atteinte vasculaire pulmonaire précoce, et obtenu des résultats préliminaires permettant d’identifier une hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) latente. Nos principaux résultats peuvent être résumés comme suit :
1. Chez le sujet sain, en normoxie ou dans un modèle expérimental d’HTAP induite par l’inhalation d’un mélange gazeux hypoxique, le sildenafil per os ou l’epoprostenol par voie intraveineuse, à des doses utilisées en clinique pour le traitement de l’HTAP, améliorent les indices de la fonction ventriculaire droite en proportion de leurs effets vasodilatatoires pulmonaires, sans effets inotropes intrinsèques détectables.
2. La consommation d’oxygène maximale du sujet sain augmente en raison directe de son volume capillaire pulmonaire (calculé à partir de sa capacité de diffusion pour l’oxyde nitrique et le monoxyde de carbone) et en raison inverse de sa résistance vasculaire pulmonaire, non seulement en altitude, mais aussi au niveau de la mer. Ce résultat suggère qu’une plus grande réserve vasculaire pulmonaire est propice aux efforts aérobiques intenses, probablement par moindre postcharge ventriculaire droite.
3. Des mesures réalisées chez un petit nombre de sujets suggèrent que la distensibilité vasculaire pulmonaire, calculée à partir d’une relation débit-pression vasculaire pulmonaire, est typiquement réduite chez des porteurs asymptomatiques de la mutation BMPR2, qui est actuellement le facteur de risque le plus élevé connu de l’HTAP. La mutation BMPR2 pourrait aussi être associée à une réactivité vasculaire pulmonaire accrue à l’hypoxie.
Nos résultats suggèrent indirectement que l’échocardiographie Doppler, de repos ou de stress, pourrait être davantage développée dans la mise au point de patients à risque d’HTAP./
Novel advances in echocardiography offer the opportunity to reliably characterize pulmonary circulation in terms of pressure-flow relationship, and to better understand the coupling of right ventricular (RV) function with normal and abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics. Moreover, when combined with the measurement of pulmonary capillary blood volume, this renewed methodological approach may help to understand the concept of pulmonary vascular reserve as a limiting factor of exercise capacity and potential sensitive marker of early vascular disease.
In the present work we used a model of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction to analyse the effects of two targeted therapies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) on the RV function. We showed that the beneficial effects of these drugs are mainly driven by a decrease in RV afterload and not an enhanced myocardial inotropic state. Whether this is transposable to abnormal RV-arterial coupling in PAH patients remains to be investigated.
Echocardiography may be useful to explore the pulmonary vascular reserve as an important limiting factor of exercise capacity. We showed that a higher pulmonary vascular reserve, defined by a decreased PVR and increased lung diffusing capacity, allows for an improved aerobic exercise capacity (as assessed by a higher peak oxygen consumption), at a lower ventilatory cost, at sea level and at high altitude.
Stress echocardiography may detect an abnormal pulmonary vasoreactivity. We showed that asymptomatic relatives of patients suffering from idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, and who carry a bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 mutation (BMPR2) present with a decreased pulmonary vascular distensibility and an enhanced pulmonary vasoreactivity to hypoxia, which are identifiable by echocardiography examination. However, the predictive value of these findings is not known.
Thus echocardiography may represent, in experienced and dedicated hands, a noninvasive, safe, widely available, applicable at the bed-side as well as in extreme environment (e.g. high altitudes), less expensive alternative for the evaluation of the pulmonary circulation, either by the interrogation of pressure-flow relationship (stress echocardiography), by the investigation of the right ventricle global and regional function in relation to its afterload (standard and Tissue Doppler Imaging), or by a combined approach with the measurement of lung diffusing capacity (DLNO / DLCO) to assess the pulmonary vascular reserve.
The present data are encouraging for further development and implementation of echocardiography for the detection, but also the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bannier, Élise. "Développements méthodologiques pour l'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique de l’hélium 3 hyperpolarisé et applications." Thesis, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10003.
Full textThis work deals with the design, on a clinical scanner, of new protocols for helium3 MRI and with their application to preclinical and clinical studies. Allowing for a virtually unlimited number of acquisitions, helium3 MRI is well adapted for longitudinal or pediatric studies. Acquisitions, however, are mostly performed under breath-hold, precluding the application to non cooperative patients. The first part of this thesis addresses the use of a free-breathing protocol, validated in vivo on rabbit and optimized using a model of gas exchange. A second study tackles the joint use of helium3 and proton MRI to study acute diseases, using a rabbit model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Finally, the third study demonstrates the sensitivity of helium3 MRI and evaluates the influence of chest physical therapy on cystic fibrosis children with normal respiratory function