Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Applications photoniques'
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Gaufillet, Fabian. "Cristaux photoniques à gradient : dispositifs et applications." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112295.
Full textArtificially structured materials that are photonic crystals are commonly used for their dispersive properties. Their dielectric constant varies periodically across the wavelength in two or three directions with a sufficiently high index contrast. The resulting dispersion relation ω = ω(k) of the periodic variation has the form of a band structure within which there are photonic bandgaps in which the propagation of the electromagnetic field is prohibited. Outside of these bands, i.e. in the photonic band, there are the dispersion properties of the photonic crystals.The aim of this thesis is to design, fabricate and characterize graded photonic crystal devices. These devices were designed to be applied in areas ranging from microwaves to optics. We designed devices from photonic crystals with dispersive properties which make them similar to linear, homogeneous and isotropic media (LHI). In the unit cell of the LHI photonic crystal, we applied a gradient to achieve 1D graded lenses. Important results regarding the design, manufacturing and experimental characterization of a flat lens GRIN operating in X-band microwaves are deferred. This lens focuses an incident plane wave and collimates the wave emitted by a point source located in its focal plane. If this lens is itself a demonstrator and validates the approach implemented for the design, its potential applications particularly concern antennas. We also carry several 2D graded lenses including Lüneburg and Half Maxwell Fisheye lenses; their applications to the antennas are important. We are also interested in making optical graded index lenses called "SELFOC®".In order to confirm the remarkable dispersive properties that have been identified, we continued in that direction by revisiting a classic experiment that highlights the existence of evanescent waves: the "double right angle prism". We also highlight the phenomenon of "frustrated total internal reflection" and the shift discovered by Goos and Hänchen suffered by the reflected wave on the interface. It's these two points – frustrated total internal reflection and Goos-Hänchen effect - that we check in the case of LHI photonic crystals
Bahriz, Michaël. "Lasers à cascade quantique et leurs applications aux cristaux photoniques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00285503.
Full textBeznasyuk, Daria Vyacheslavovna. "Nanofils à hétérostructures axiales GaAs/InAs pour applications photoniques sur Si." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY032/document.
Full textCombining direct bandgap III-V compound semiconductors, such as InAs and GaAs, with silicon to realize on-chip optical light emitters and detectors at telecommunication wavelengths is an important technological objective. However, traditional thin film epitaxy of InAs and GaAs on silicon is challenging because of the high lattice mismatch between the involved materials. These epitaxial thin films exhibit a poor quality at the interface with silicon, limiting the performance of future devices. Nanowires can overcome the mismatch challenge owing to their small lateral size and high aspect ratio. Thanks to their free, unconstrained surfaces, nanowires release the mismatch strain via elastic lateral relaxation. In this context, my thesis aimed at growing axial GaAs/InAs nanowire heterostructures on silicon substrates to realize on-chip, integrated, single-photon emitters. In this experimental work, I grew nanowires by gold-assisted vapor liquid solid mechanism in a molecular beam epitaxy reactor. The nanowires were then characterized using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate their composition and crystalline structure. Strain distribution was studied experimentally using geometrical phase analysis and compared theoretically with finite element simulations, performed with the COMSOL software. During this thesis, I tackled different challenges inherent to axial nanowire heterostructures, such as kinking during material exchange, compositionally graded interfaces, and radial overgrowth. First, I developed an optimized a growth protocol to prevent the formation of kinks. Kinks usually appear when the gold catalyst at the nanowire tip has been destabilized. By keeping a high supersaturation in the gold droplet during the entire growth procedure, straight InAs-on-GaAs nanowires were achieved with a yield exceeding 90%. By a careful tuning of the material fluxes supplied during growth, I significantly improved the interface sharpness between the InAs and GaAs nanowire segments: the use of a high In flux during the growth of the InAs segment resulted in a 5 nm composition gradient at the InAs/GaAs interface. Through the careful analysis of the nanowires’ chemical composition, I observed that the nominally pure InAs segments grown on top of GaAs are in fact ternary InxGa1-xAs alloys. I found out that Ga incorporation in the nominal InAs segment is due to the diffusion of Ga adatoms thermally created on the GaAs nanowire sidewalls and on the two-dimensional GaAs layer grown on silicon substrate. I demonstrated that the use of large nanowire diameters prevents Ga diffusion along the nanowire sidewalls, resulting in the growth of pure InAs segments on top of GaAs. Finally, I studied how 7% mismatch strain at the InAs/GaAs interface is distributed along the nanowire, depending on the nanowire diameter and interface sharpness. I observed that nanowires with diameters below 40 nm are free of misfit dislocations regardless of the interface sharpness: strain is fully, elastically released via crystalline planes bending close to the nanowire sidewalls. On the other hand, nanowires with diameters above 95 nm at the interface exhibit strain relaxation, both elastically and plastically, via plane bending and the formation of misfit dislocations, respectively. In conclusion, I have successfully fabricated highly mismatched heterostructures, confirming the prediction that axial GaAs/InAs interfaces are pseudomorphic below a certain critical diameter. These findings establish a first step towards the realization of high quality InAs quantum dots in GaAs nanowires on silicon: a promising system for on-chip single photon emission
Moret, Matthieu. "Hétérostructures GaN/AlGaN obtenues par MOCVD : applications de types photoniques et électroniques." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20197.
Full textOurir, Abdelwaheb. "Applications de matériaux à bandes interdites photoniques et de métamatériaux en télécommunications." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112249.
Full textBerry, Florian. "Nanostructuration et cristaux photoniques à base de pérovskites hybrides pour applications photovoltaïques." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEC022.
Full textPerovskite material has many advantages: excellent optoelectronic properties, low raw material costs and a wide range of deposition techniques. This makes it a promising candidate for photovoltaic applications. Perovskite solar cells have seen their efficiency increase from 6% to 25% in less than 10 years. However, the perovskites present a direct gap, and the absorption in this material drops suddenly when the wavelength passes above λgap. Using photonic crystals based on periodic structures allow, to improve the absorption around the gap of the material. The objective of this thesis is to study the integration of a photonic crystal in a perovskite solar cell.We have first optimized the perovskite deposition process in order to obtain a uniform and continuous layer. Then, we have carried out different imprint tests on the layers. This process, by applying a pressure, makes it possible to structure a material according to the inverted shape of a mold. Two types of imprint have been studied and optimized: flat compression, which, using a flat mold, makes the perovskite less rough and allows to obtain a better crystallization; and nanoimprint, using a nano-structured mold. An increase in grain size compared to simple annealing of perovskite without imprint has also been noticed. For nanoimprint, we have tested and optimized the impact of pressure and temperature on the perovskite structuration. After development and optimization of this technique on perovskite, we have shown that it is applicable to a wide range of molds, with patterns of different sizes and dimensions. We were able to make a photonic crystal in the perovskite layer to improve its absorption. Finally, we have realized solar cells using the imprint process (flat compression and nanoimprint) applied on the perovskite layer. By obtaining a conversion efficiency for the two types of cells, we have demonstrated the feasibility of such cells
Pommarede, Xavier. "Circuits photoniques intégrés III-V/Si pour les applications en télécommunications optiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC020/document.
Full textIn order to follow the new needs in terms of optical bandwidth, optical fiber communications require the elaboration of numerous building blocks: laser, modulator, photo-detector...and their integration with signal processing circuits. This thesis has for objective the conception and caracterisation of various active and passive building blocks using the hybrid III-V/Si technology. These building blocks are then used in photonic integrated circuits (PIC) with all the necessary emission and reception functions. This enables a reduced footprint, a lower power consumption and fabrication cost.After an introduction section, several passive elements are studied in detail in the second part: waveguides, bends, power splitters, waveguide crossings and hybrid 90°. All these designs present good performances compatible with their integration in PICsThe third part treats the problem of wavelength (de)-multiplexing. Three types of device were studied: a demultiplexer based on ring resonators, echelle gratings and arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG). For the echelle gratings, state-of-the-art performances were demonstrated, first on a sample with 16 channels separated 100GHz and on the other hand a sample with 4 channels separated 20nm with a flettened profile. A simulation method for the AWG was presented with experimental and theoretical results to support the method.The last part is about "active" devices and the integration of all the previous designs in PICs. The studied active components are the lasers, semi-conductor optical amplifiers (SOA), electro-absorption modulators (EAM) and finally silicon PN junctions used as phase modulators. Two generations of a tunable laser integrated with an EAM were studied with a transmission at 10Gbit/s over 50km. The next section studied I/Q modulators with an integrated tunable laser source, using either PN silicon junction modulators or EAM with a target speed of 25Gbaud/s.A general conclusion is drawn at the end of the thesis. Short term and mid-term perspectives were also drawn
Hofman, Maxence. "Composants optiques à base de cristaux photoniques pour applications à l'imagerie infrarouge." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10051/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the « superlens », a photonic device issued from dispersion engineering concepts. A brief review of the basic concepts of two dimensional photonic crystals for band structure formation is given, followed by a presentation of the different regimes of ultra-refraction which can be evidences by exploiting the isotropy and/or anisotropy of the dispersion branches. The negative refraction properties of a fully dielectric heterostructure aimed to operate at 1.55 µm are detailed, as well as a full study of a photonic crystal based flat lens. In that case, efforts are devoted to the optimization of the resolution and to the device matching to its environment (collaboration : Fresnel Institute in Marseille). The fabrication process for such a lens, which makes use of advanced tools of nanoelectronics, is then presented. The originality of our process stands in its simplicity since only one mask level is used, for the lithography and the deep etching, to transfer the full design on the sample. Characterization is done using a SNOM (ICB / Dijon University) ant the images are interpreted using three-dimensional simulation results. Then, we explore a specific application in the domain of target detection and imaging, using tools of reflecting tomography, for which the flat lens could bring an added value compared to classical approaches. Finally, devices exploiting a local dispersion index engineering (concepts of transformation optics) like “gradient index lenses” or “magical carpets” are envisaged to enlarge the field of applications
Liu, Bo. "Gravure de l'InP par plasma chloré à couplage inductif : applications aux cristaux photoniques." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2015.
Full textThis project is carried out in collaboration with LEOM (Laboratoire d’Electronique, Optoélecronique et Microsystème) of l’Ecole Centrale de Lyon. It concerns the InP etching by the chloride ICP plasma discharge. This kind of processes is considered as a key in the photonic crystals devices manufacturing. In order to understand the physical and kinetic mechanisms of the ICP discharge and their effects on the geometrical and structural properties of etched InP materials, we have studies, in first time, the electric and transport phenomena in plasma using Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy. These studies showed the effect of certain reactor parameters, such as RF power and gas pressure, on the electric and transport properties for two plasma types: pure chlorine and Cl2/Ar mixture. On the other hand, the surface analyses of etched InP have carried out using XPS, AFM and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that, contrary to InP etching by CH4/H2 plasma in which the etched surfaces are in phosphorus depletion, the InP etching by chloride plasma presents, in the most case, the indium depletion on the surface. In parallel to this experimental study, we have developed a kinetic model for two types of plasma: pure chlorine plasma and Cl2/Ar plasma. This model is based on the global approach that allows to calculate the average densities and fluxes or reactive species in the plasma discharge by resolving the mass balance equations. The results obtained by the kinetic model have been compared to those of experiment. A good agreement has observed for the pure chlorine plasma and Cl2/Ar plasma
Ayenew, Getachew Tilahum. "Investigation of photonic properties of self-assembled nanoparticule monolayer : applications to photonic crystals and patterned organic light emitting diodes." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA132062/document.
Full textWe investigate the in-plane photonic properties of monolayer of self-organized nanostructures. We aim at investigating the contribution of photonic self-organized nanostructures to organic photonic crystal (PhC) cavities, and novel organic light sources.The first chapter presents bulk opals and inverse-opals made of self-organized nanoparticles and their optical properties. In a second part, photonic crystals are introduced as well as the physics and the numerical tools to quantify them.The second chapter deals with the study of photonic properties of two-dimensional periodic array of monolayer of self-organized dielectric nanoparticles. The in-plane optical transmission and the existence of photonic band gap are systematically studied by using the 3D finite-difference time domain (3D FDTD) method. The structures studied are monolayer of dielectric spheres surroundedby air ('opals') and air spheres infiltrated with dielectric material ('inverse opals') in triangularlattice, with and without glass substrate. The dependence of photonic band gaps (PBGs) on therefractive index and on the compactness of spheres is studied. For self-sustained structures, PBG isobserved for relatively low refractive indices of materials. However, the presence of a glasssubstrate reduces the PBGs. Defect microcavity designed in opals and in inverse opals are then considered. The best quality factor are obtained with inverse-opals when the compactness (r/a ratio) is around 0.32. An experiment to measure the in-plane propagation in monolayers of opals is presented. In the third chapter of this study, we present a new approach of two-dimensional patterning based on self-organized nanoparticle photolithography for nanostructuration of organic light emitting diodes. This technique uses conventional photolithography, a reusable photomask made of self organized micro nanoparticles, and a conventional photoresist. The mask consists of micro and submicronsized SiO2 or Polystyrene mono-dispersed spheres deposited in a self-organized manner on aquartz substrate. The principle of operation is similar to the one of conventional photolithography except that two configurations can be distinguished : The hard-contact mode and the soft-contact mode. In the first configuration, each microsphere acts as a micro ball-lens that focuses the light and expose the part of the photoresist underneath the spheres. The resulting pattern reproduce the triangular lattice arrangement of the spheres with the same period. In the soft contact mode a phase mask behavior is obtained which results in lattice periods being the half of the sphere diameters. Lattice periods and hole diameter as small as 750 nm and 420 nm respectively are demonstrated with a 405 nm light source. Eventually, this new two-dimensional patterning technique is applied to the nanostructuration of OLEDs. As an example, green and red patterned OLEDs are demonstrated
Benoit, Florence. "Développement de cristaux photoniques par voie sol-gel pour des applications laser de puissance." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4029/document.
Full textThree-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) are periodic materials with a modulated refractive index on a length scale close to the light wavelength. This optical property allows the preparation of specific optical components like highly reflective mirrors. Moreover, these structured materials might have a high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) in the sub-nanosecond range compared to multi-layered dielectric mirrors. This property is obtained because only one high LIDT material (silica) is used. In this work, we present the development of 3D PCs with narrow-sized colloidal silica particles, prepared by sol-gel process and deposited with Langmuir- Blodgett technique. Different syntheses routes have been investigated and compared regarding the optical properties of the PCs. A numerical model based on an ideal opal network including defect influence is used to explain these experimental results
Stiller, Birgit. "La diffusion Brillouin dans les fibres à cristaux photoniques : fondements et applications aux capteurs optiques." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690640.
Full textBourdin, Marie. "Poudres et films à base d'oxyde de tungstène WO3 pour applications photoniques : photochromisme et électrochromisme." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0013.
Full textIn this study, polyol synthesis is used in order to obtain nanostructured tungsten oxides with a slight oxygen sub-stoichiometry (WO3-x). The particles obtained are blue and have interesting optical properties due to the presence of W5+ ions. The heat treatments of these particles at different temperatures or under different atmospheres allow the modification of their chemical composition and so their optical properties, therefore their color; their hue is ranging from pale yellow for compounds annealed under an oxidizing atmosphere and having only W6+ ions, to black for particles annealed under a reducing atmosphere creating free electrons. Electrochromic and photochromic properties have been characterized on thick or thin films. Thus, the thick films of blue, black and yellow particles show different electroactivities when an electric current is applied. The study of the thin films of WO3-x and “sandwich” film of WO3-x + Ta2O5 reveals an astonishing capacity of our films to absorb in the near infrared range during the photoreduction of the W6+ ions into W5+ ions under UV irradiation. The absorption curves show that photochromism is associated with three absorption phenomena of different energies for the WO3-x film and two phenomena for the “sandwich” film. The study on the reversibility of the phenomenon has also shown a very good ability of our films to reoxidize (discolour) in the ambient air without any thermal or chemical treatment
Combrié, Sylvain. "Etude et réalisation de structures en cristaux photoniques pour les applications de traitement du signal optique." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112019.
Full textMy PhD work was focused on III-V semiconductor guiding structures based on photonic crystals in the context of microwave signal processing for optical carriers. We fabricate them by dry etching techniques, exploiting a new etching technique known as “ICP”: the plasma density is controlled independently from the ion kinetic energy. We first realised deeply etched holes with a large aspect ratio, useful in view of monolithic integration of a plurality if functions. The particular heterostructure used for supporting photonic crystals is GaInP/GaAs/GaInP, an aluminium-free stack. Measurements did validate these technology synergies. During these technological efforts in TRT, we proposed a method for realising suspended GaAs membranes with high perfection. Although membranes are challenging when it comes to integration with other functions, they specifically give rise to “quasi lossless” modes when branches of the dispersion diagram may lie below the “light line”. A collaboration with LPN made it possible to define long guides (> 1mm), whose transmission could be safely measured. Exploiting the results, we evidenced (i) very low losses and (ii) a decrease in group velocity down to c/11. Correspondingly, we showed that these structures were indeed able to induce substantial dephasings (tens of degrees) onto GHz signals, dephasing that could be controlled in future miniature delay lines. Finally, we have integrated a cavity in the vicinity of such a guide, and we could evidence the resonant transfer with a coupled quality factor of ~28000. Analysis further suggests that they correspond to intrinsic quality factors of 43000, hence at level with worldwide state-of-the-art
Bourdin, Marie. "Poudres et films à base d’oxyde de tungstène WO3 pour des applications photoniques : hotochromisme et électrochromisme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40148.
Full textDans cette étude, la synthèse en milieu polyol est utilisée afin d’obtenir des oxydes de tungstène nanostructurés et présentant une légère sous-stoechiométrie en oxygène(WO3-x). Cette sous-stoechiométrie associée à la présence d’ions W5+ donne lieu à une coloration bleue soutenue de la poudre. Les traitements thermiques des particules à différentes températures ou sous différentes atmosphères permettent de contrôler « à façon » la sous-stoechiométrie en oxygène et donc leurs propriétés optiques (et leur couleur) ; leur teinte allant du jaune pâle pour les composés recuits sous une atmosphère oxydante et ne possédant plus que des ions W6+, au noir pour des particules recuites sous une atmosphère réductrice conduisant à la présence d’électrons libres. Les propriétés électrochromes et photochromes ont été caractérisées après dépôt de films épais ou minces. Les films épais de particules bleues, noires et jaunes montrent des électroactivités différentes lors de l’application d’un courant électrique. Les films issus des particules bleues sous-stoechiométriques en oxygène, présentent une forte variation de couleur allant du blanchâtre au bleu foncé lors de l’insertion d’ions Li+, et la formation d’ions W5+, lors de l’application du courant électrique. L’étude des films minces obtenus à partir des mêmes particules de WO3-x révèle quant à elle une étonnante capacité de nos films à absorber dans le domaine du visible (forte coloration bleue du film) et du proche infrarouge lors de la photo réduction des ions W6+ en ions W5+ sous irradiation UV. Un traitement des courbes de transmission permet de montrer que, dans ce type de film, le photochromisme est associé à trois phénomènes d’absorption, d’énergies différentes, provenant à la fois de de deux énergies liées à l’intervalence entre W6+ et W5+ (phénomène« polaronique ») et de la formation d’un gaz électronique sous irradiation (phénomène plasmonique). L’étude sur la réversibilité du phénomène a de plus montré une très bonne aptitude de nos films à se réoxyder (se décolorer) à l’air ambiant sans avoir recours à un traitement thermique ou chimique. Enfin, la réalisation de films « sandwich » obtenus en superposant des couches de WO3-x et une couche de matrice amorphe de Ta2O5 a permis de mettre en avant une variation de l’absorbance uniquement dans le proche infrarouge sous irradiation UV. Dans ce cas, le traitement des données de spectroscopie optique révèle que le photochromisme se décompose uniquement en deux phénomènes polaroniques, le phénomène plasmonique, associé à la formation d’un gaz électronique avec l’irradiation étant supprimé par la présence de Ta2O5.
In this study, polyol synthesis is used in order to obtain nanostructured tungsten oxides with a slight oxygen sub-stoichiometry (WO3-x). Due to the presence of W5+ ions to compensate the sub-stoichiometry of oxygen, the particles powder exhibit a characteristic blue color. The heat treatments of these particles at different temperatures or under different atmospheres allow the modification of their chemical composition and so their optical properties, therefore their color; their hue is ranging from pale yellow for compounds annealed under an oxidizing atmosphere and having only W6+ ions, to blackfor particles annealed under a reducing atmosphere creating free electrons. Electrochromic and photochromic properties have been characterized on thick or thin films Thus, the thick films obtained from blue, black and yellow particles show different electroactivities when an electric current is applied. Films from blue particles show astrong variation in color from whitish to dark blue during the insertion of Li+ ions, associated with W5+ ions creation for charge compensation, while the electric current isapplied. The study of the thin films obtained using the same WO3-x nanoparticle reveals an astonishing capacity of our films to absorb in the visible range (strong blue coloration of the film) and the near infrared during the photoreduction of the W6+ ions into W5+ ionsunder irradiation UV. The absorption curves show that, in this type of film,photochromism is associated with three phenomena with different absorption energies combining two intervalence mechanism between W6+ and W5+ (polaron) and the formation of an electronic gas under irradiation (plasmon). The study on the reversibility of the phenomenon has also shown a very good ability of our films to reoxidize (discolour) under an ambient air atmosphere without any thermal or chemical treatment. Finally, the elaboration of “sandwich” films obtained by superimposing layers of WO3-xand a layer of amorphous Ta2O5 highlighted the possibility to obtain a photochromic behavior limited to the near infrared under UV irradiation. In this case, the optical spectroscopic studies reveal that photochromism is composed of only two phenomena, the phenomenon associated with the formation of an electronic gas with irradiation being suppressed by the presence of Ta2O5.
Ounnas, Badreddine. "Étude et optimisations de jets photoniques pour des applications non conventionnelles dans les domaines optique et hyperfréquences." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STET4009/document.
Full textThe work of this thesis is devoted to the study and optimization of a particular case of the scattering of electromagnetic waves. Particularly, it is about a phenomenon called the "photonic jet or electromagnetic jet (EM jet)". This is a narrow light beam concentrated in near-field with remarkable physical characteristics. In this work, a waveguide terminated by a tip with special form is used to generate the photonic jet. This thesis performs the electromagnetic modeling, the experimental characterization and the optimization of photonic jets for applications in optic and microwave field. A robust and fast method was developed to calculate the electromagnetic field generated by a dielectric object or by a waveguide terminated with a tip. It is based on the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) which uses the second Green identity. Experimental characterization of photonic jets was conducted in the microwave field around 30 GHz. The ability to generate a single and double EM jet using a tipped waveguide has been shown experimentally and theoretically by BEIM method. The single and double EM jets were used for the detection of metal objects with a size smaller than the wavelength and for imaging through opaque structures in near field. An optimization procedure based on the coupling between the BEIM and genetic algorithms has been developed to generate photonic jets with properties well defined. Optimizations of photonic jets generated by a dielectric object and by a tipped waveguide have been realized for laser micro-etching and RF imaging
Boyer, Flore. "Intégration de contacts compatibles CMOS sur matériaux III-V pour des applications photoniques sur silicium en 300 mm." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT068.
Full textIn the present context of the Big Data era, the requirement for higher density data transmission is of the utmost importance, since the demand in terms of data exchange has been growing for over 20 years. As a result, innovative means of communications have inevitably emerged, such as optical devices and interconnections. The later consist in technologies such as emitters (laser) and receptors (photodetector), made from III-V materials and integrated onto 300 mm CMOS Si-based circuitry: this what Silicon photonics is about. The latter indeed offers the possibility to meet the growing demand in data exchange, while (i) leveraging the benefits offered by the maturity of the 300~mm CMOS Si fab-line, such as high-volume production and low cost, combined with (ii) the use of optical circuitry made from III-V materials, granting reduced power consumption and high-performance chips. In the scope of optimizing the performances of such optoelectronic circuit, an innovative integration scheme has been developed in collaboration with STMicroelectronics and CEA-Leti. It consists in the full integration of the III-V emitter, which is a III-V/Si hybrid laser, onto a silicon wafer in a 300-mm CMOS-compatible clean room. One of the key components required for such integration is the development of CMOS-compatible contacts on both n-InP and p- In0.53Ga0.47As, which are the n- and p- contact layers of the III-V/Si hybrid laser, necessary for the generation and amplification of the optical signal. In this way, the goal of this PhD thesis lies in the development of these innovative contacts, meeting specific requirements, and allowing the full integration of the III-V/Si hybrid laser onto a 300 mm Silicon Photonics wafer. In this way, the eligibility of four metallization, hence eight systems, are thoroughly investigated. The systems are namely Ni/InP, Ni/In0.53Ga0.47As, Ni0.9Pt0.1/InP, Ni0.9Pt0.1/In0.53Ga0.47As, Ti/InP and Ti/ In0.53Ga0.47As. To do so, the formation phase sequence, layer morphology, element distribution and electrical properties of the enounced systems are studied. In addition, a reliability study has been performed on the systems, providing valuable and exclusive information regarding the evolution of the properties of the systems throughout subsequent process steps such as W-plug-filling and Back-End-Of-Line, as well as throughout the emulation of long-term thermal stress. Ultimately, a promising and reliable metallization is proposed for the full integration of the III-V/Si hybrid laser onto a 300~mm Si fab-line
Levaufre, Guillaume. "Circuits photoniques intégrés incluant des lasers hybrides III-V sur silicium pour applications en télécommunication très haut débit." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS304/document.
Full textThe work conducted in this thesis focuses on the development of Photonic Integrated Circuits based on the technological platform of heterogeneous integration of III-V materials on silicon. The benefits brought by this approach, in which the optical gain from III-V materials is coupled with the low propagation losses of silicon waveguide, are in particular a low manufacturing cost, high compacity and scalabity, and a wide range of achievable functionalities. In this way, we aim to exploit this technology to develop hybrid laser devices which meet the performance objectives of high-bit-rate optical fiber transmission networks. From the recent transformations initiated in transmission networks to face the data global traffic increase, two technical solutions have been investigated during this thesis. First, we detail the architecture and the design elements of a WDM emitter with 4 DFB lasers and 4 Electro-Absorption Modulators integrated in a III-V on silicon hybrid Photonic Circuit. This circuit addresses short-distances 100Gb/s transmissions challenges (<2km) in datacenters applications. We specifically studied the optimization of modal transition from the III-V on silicon optical gain section of the laser cavity to the passive silicon circuit, for both quantum wells and quantum dots structure. The use of this architecture for the design of devices including N directly modulated DFB sources with integrated chirp management is also introduced. Static and dynamic characterization results of this laser source emitting at 1,3µm as well as the electro-absorption behavior at modulation rate up to 32Gb/s is reported . The improvement routes of the structure are also discussed to enhance device global performances. The second solution studied in this thesis is a directly modulated tunable laser source, emitting around 1.55µm with integrated ring resonators, for the deployment in the Next-Generation Passive Optical access Networks (NG-PON2). After the description of the structure, thermal problematic, wavelength tunability, and dynamic behavior of these hybrid cavities are presented. Finally, we report the performances of a packaged device for direct modulation transmissions at 10Gb/s over 40km. The thesis ends up with general conclusions, and provides an overview of the short and medium terms possibilities offered by this research
Diacon, Aurel. "Polymers functionalized with chromophores for applications in photovoltaics, photonics and medicine." Angers, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976715.
Full textThe thesis entitled "Polymers functionalized with chromophores for applications in photovoltaics, photonics and medicine" is structured in three chapters dealing with: a) the obtaining of chromophores and new materials for dye-sensitized solar cells; b) the obtaining of new fullerene-C60 derivatives with increased absorption; c) the obtaining of a platform allowing the attachment of lightharvesting dyads PDI-C60 including a free functional group for further applied developments of which one consisting in grafting onto a polymeric chain for increased processability; d) the obtaining of polymer photonic crystals and the utilization in dye emission modification and the building of complex heterostructures with chemosensor capabilities. In the first chapter new materials for hybrid dye-sensitized solar cells are presented with the aim of constructing solid state solar cells using polymers to replace the liquid electrolyte. Furthermore, strategies for improving the cell efficiency by using a dye with better anchoring on the TiO2 layer capacity, and the use of quantum-dots particles for the increasing of the electron injection rate have been tested. In the second chapter the obtaining of new fullerene based light-harvesting antennas is presented. Fullerene-phthalocyanine adducts were obtained and electron transfer was proven through fluorescence spectroscopy. A PDI-C60 dyad was successfully attached onto a polymeric chain for increasing processability for applications in bulk-heterojunction solar cells. In the third chapter the optical properties and use as chemosensor of polymer photonic crystals and complex heterostructures modified with fluorescent dyes was investigated
Bétourné, Aurélie. "Conception et caractérisation de nouvelles fibres optiques à cristal photonique dites hybrides et applications à l'optique non linéaire." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10170/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses both on theoretical and experimental studies of a recent class of Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCF): the solid-core PCF which guide light thanks to a Photonic BandGap (PBG) effect. The main goal of this work is then to better understand their propagation mechanisms (in order to improve their transmission properties) as well as to explore their potentials for non linear purposes. The study of these fibers (dispersion diagrams interpretation, emphasis of a scaling law and also of a light level of bend losses restrictive for their practical uses) leads us to develop a new kind of PCF for which wave guidance is a combination of PBG effect and more common Total Internal Reflexion (TIR). These fibers, called hybrid PCF, are made here by adding air holes in the all-solid structures previously studied. Particularly, two hybrid structures are proposed and fabricated, exhibiting a huge reduction of confinement and bend losses. Finally, we show that their unique disoersive properties enable to obtain a phase index matching between two fundamental modes (one is guided by PBG and the other by TIR) for second or third harmonic generation, and to effectively generate a supercontinuum for which the spectral broadening can be controlled by the opto-geometrical properties of the structure
Noual, Adnane. "Modélisation des structures nano-plasmoniques et photoniques : applications aux phénomènes de filtrage et à la conception de capteurs bioplasmoniques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10081/document.
Full textThis work concerns the modeling and simulation by the finite difference method (FDTD) of plasmonic and photonic structures at the submicron scale. In the first part of the thesis we studied the propagation of electromagnetic-waves through two different dielectric nanoscale waveguides (made out of air and SiO2), sandwiched between two metallic plates (Metal-insulator-Metal). The excitation of surface plasmon-polariton at the interfaces of such waveguides enables light waveguiding at the subwavelength domain. We did study the waveguiding properties in the visible and near infrared ranges of frequency. Coupling of the main waveguide with a nano-resonatorwas investigated to achieve optical operations as filtering (in rejection and selection) and demultiplexing. These same optical functionalities were studied in a submicron photonic structure which is constituted by waveguides of InP surrounded by air, coupled to several cavities. Such nano and microstructures are essential for the design of new all-optical integrated circuits. The second part of the thesis concerns modeling of electromagnetic-waves interaction with metallic (gold) nanoparticles deposited on a glass substrate (SiO2) and covered with a dielectric layer. These structures are promising for the conception of plasmonic nanosensors, which would be used to characterize small amount of biological molecules deposited on the dielectric layer surface. We have shown that the frequency of the plasmonic resonance of metallic particles exhibits an oscillatory variation with the thickness of the layer, with an amplitude reaching tens of nanometers. One investigated this phenomenon according to geometrical parameters of the gold particles and the refractive index of the dielectric layer covering the particles. The aim of such study is to understand how the physical and geometrical parameters influence the frequency range of the plasmonic resonance of the particles and the sensitivity of the nanosensor. This theoretical work was confronted with experimental results realized by Bio-interfaces team of IRI (Interdisciplinary institute of research, University of Lille 1)
Désévédavy, Frédéric. "Fibres optiques micro-structurées à base de verres de chalcogénures pour applications dans le domaine des télécommunications et le moyen IR." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S063.
Full textThe work reported in this thesis deals with the experimental investigation of chalcogénide glasses microstructured fibres also known as photonic crystal fibre (PCF). Chalcogenide glasses are original materials with a large transparency window in the mid-infrared, high linear and non linear refractive indices. PCF are a new class of optical fibres which show novel optical properties and lead to great interest in the scientific community. First of all an efficient way of purification of these glasses is developed, as a result single index fibres with low attenuation are obtained (<1 dB/m). Then, the chalcogenide glasses FCP fabrication process we developed during this work is demonstrated to work and to be repeatable. Near and mid infrared optical characterizations are made on these fibres and compared to numerical simulations. Non linear effects as Raman scattering or self phase modulation are demonstrated at 1. 55 µm. Their strength shows the advantages of the chalcogenide glasses and PCF combination. Finally the first hollow core chalcogenide glasses PCF are fabricated and a pretty good control of their geometry is obtained
Nguyen, Thi Thanh Ngan. "Fabrication and optimization of polymer-based photonic structures and applications to nonlinear optics." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0040/document.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the fabrication of various polymer-based photonic structures(PSs) and their applications in nonlinear optics. In the first part, we have demonstratedthe fabrication of desired PSs by interference lithography technique. The two-beam interferencemethod is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated as a best choice forfabrication of all kinds of PSs with large and uniform area. Desired 1D, 2D, and 3D,periodic and quasi-periodic PSs are successfully fabricated on SU8 photoresist. We alsodemonstrated a way to overcome the material’s absorption effect, which imposes a limitationof PSs thickness. By adding one more exposure of a uniform laser beam in oppositedirection of two interfering beams, the fabricated PSs became more uniform and theirthickness increased to 25 μm. A tentative of using low one-photon absorption techniquewas also realized showing the possibility to obtain a PS with a thickness upto 600 μm.Furthermore, by using the interference technique combined with mass transport effect,we have demonstrated the fabrication of desired surface relief grating structures, with acontrollable depth, on passive polymer (SU8) and active polymer (DR1/PMMA). In thesecond part, we applied these fabricated structures for enhancement of nonlinearity ofpolymer materials by two different ways: quasi-phase-matching (QPM) and waveguideresonance grating (WRG). Both theoretical calculation and experimental realization ofthese techniques have been investigated. The QPM structures allowed to overcome thephase mismatch of fundamental and harmonic waves, thus increasing the conversion efficiency.The second-harmonic generation (SHG), one of the most important applicationsof frequency conversion, is significantly enhanced thanks to the QPM condition. Anothermethod basing on the WRG structures allowed to increase the intensity of fundamentalwave, thus enhancing the SHG signal by a factor of 25
Carrara, David. "Étude et réalisation de sources photoniques intégrées sur InP pour les applications télécoms à hauts débits et à 1,55 µm." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767407.
Full textHiraoui, Mohamed. "Étude et réalisation de nano-structures photoniques anti-résonantes à base de silicium poreux oxydé et fonctionnalisé : applications aux biocapteurs." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1E007.
Full textQiu, Wentao. "Study of photonic crystals on thin film lithium niobate for sensing applications - design, fabrication and characterization." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2060/document.
Full textLight is incredibly versatile for measuring all kinds of physical quantities :temperature, electric field (E-field), displacement and strain etc. Photonic sensors are promising candidates for the new generation of sensors developments due to their virtues of high sensitivity, large dynamic range and compact size etc. Integrated and on-fiber end photonic sensors on thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) exploring the electro-optic (EO) and pyro-electric effects are studied in this thesis in order to design E-field sensors and temperature sensors (T-sensors). These studies aim to develop sensors with high sensitivity and compact size. To achieve that aim, sensors that are made of photonic crystals (PhC) cavities are studied by sensing the measurand through the resonance wavelength interrogation method. In integrated sensor studies, intensive numerical calculations by PWE method, mode solving technique and FDTD methods are carried out for the design of high light confinement waveguiding structures on TFLN and suitable PhC configurations. Four types of waveguide (WG) structures (ridge WG, strip loaded WG, slot WG and double slot WG) are studied with a large range of geometrical parameters. Among them, slot WG yields the highest confinement factor while strip loaded WG is an easier option for realizations. Bragg grating is designed in slot WG with an ultra compact size (about 0.5µm×0.7µm ×6µm) and is employed to design PhC cavity. A moderate resonance Q of about 300 in F-P like cavity where the mirrors are made of PhC is achieved with ER of about 70% of the transmission. Theoretical minimum E-field sensitivity of this slot Bragg grating structure can be as low as 200 µV/m. On the other hand, Si3N4 strip loaded WG is designed with 2D PhC structure and a low resonance Q of about 100 is achieved. Fabrications of nano-metrical WG such as ridge WG Si3N4 strip loaded are demonstrated. However, the realization of nanometric components on LN presents a big challenge.In the on-fiber end sensor studies, guided resonance, oftentimes referred to as Fano resonance due to its asymmetric lineshape, is studied with different PhC lattice types. A Suzuki phase lattice (SPL) PhC presenting a Fano resonance at the vicinity of 1500 nm has been studied and demonstrated as temperature sensor with sensitivity of 0.77 nm/oC with a size of only 25 µm × 24 µm. In addition, guided resonances on rectangular lattice PhC have been systematically studied through band diagram calculations, 2D-FDTD and 3D- FDTD simulations
Kenny, Tommy. "Nouvelles versions organométalliques du polyaniline contenant des dérivés substitués de quinone diimine, para-diaminebenzène, anthraquinone diimine et 9,9'- anthracènediamine pour des applications photoniques." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5754.
Full textDo, Mai Trang. "Fabrication of submicrometer 3D structures by one-photon absorption direct laser writing and applications." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0001/document.
Full textThis work deals with a novel microscopy technique based on the ultra-low one-photon absorption (LOPA) mechanism of photosensitive materials for fabrication of arbitrary two- and three-dimensional (2D, 3D) submicrometer structures. First, we theoretically investigated the intensity distribution at focusing region of a high numerical aperture objective lens as a function of various working conditions, such as propagation of light mismatched refractive index and/or absorbing media. We demonstrated that when working with refractive index mismatch-free and very low absorption conditions, the light could be focused deeply inside the material, allowing a 3D optical manipulation. We then demonstrated experimentally the use of this simple technique for fabrication of desired structures. Different 2D and 3D structures, with a feature as small as 150 nm, have been created in SU-8 photoresist by using a low power and continuous-wave laser emitting at 532 nm. Furthermore, we demonstrated that it is possible to fabricate a polymer-based photonic structure containing a single nanoparticle (NP), by using a double-step method. Indeed, the LOPA microscopy allowed us first to accurately determine the location of a single gold NP and then to embed it as desired into an arbitrary SU-8 photonic structure. The coupling of a gold NP and a polymer-based photonic structure was theoretically and experimentally investigated showing a six-fold photons collection enhancement as compared to that of a NP in unpatterned film
Dellinger, Jean. "Imagerie hyperspectrale en champ proche optique : développement et applications à la nanophotonique." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00908824.
Full textLacatena, Valeria. "Fabrication and thermal conductivity characterization of phononic engineered silicon membranes for thermoelectric applications." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10045/document.
Full textIn the last twenty years, the continuous seek for alternative energy sources to power micro- and nano-electronic devices has marked the rise of interest toward thermoelectricity. Thermoelectric materials can turn directly, by Seebeck effect, the temperature difference into useful electric power. The energy lost as waste heat can be re-used as a power source. It is known that, to improve thermoelectric efficiency, an important role is played by material’s electronic properties and its thermal conductivity. Silicon exhibits very good electrical conductivity and Seebeck parameter, but its lattice thermal conductivity represents the bigger obstacle for thermoelectric applications, preventing its direct integration as bulk material. It has been demonstrated that nanostructuring silicon in thin films enables the reduction of thermal conductivity down to one order of magnitude. Furthermore, a supplementary decrease of thermal conductivity is possible by periodical patterning of the silicon thin film in a photonic-like way, creating Phononic Crystals (PnCs). In our work molecular dynamics simulations are performed to confirm the trend envisaged and allow the definition of an optimal design for the patterned membranes. Moreover, our experimental work lists different fabrication methodologies of silicon phononic engineered membranes integrate into a metrology platform. Several characterization techniques (Electrothermal , Raman thermometry, Scanning Thermal Microscopy) are used to determine the membranes thermal conductivity. A considerable reduction of κ is obtained for silicon, paving the way for a prospective integration of those membranes into a thermoelectric converter
Dossou, Michel. "Les modes de résonance acoustique dans les fibres optiques microstructurées - Applications aux capteurs répartis." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00614250.
Full textAlcotte, Reynald. "Epitaxie en phase vapeur aux organométalliques de semiconducteurs III-As sur substrat silicium et formation de contacts ohmiques pour les applications photoniques et RF sur silicium." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT005/document.
Full textWith the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT), diversification of communication means and rise of processors’ computational power, the requirements in data exchange never stopped rising. These technologies need to combine on integrated circuits, optical and RF purposes fabricated from III-V compounds with silicon logical functions. However, as preliminary for the achievement of such devices, III-V semiconductors with good crystal quality have to be obtained on silicon substrates and formation of n & p type contacts with low resistivity is required. The purpose of this thesis is to integrate GaAs on silicon because this semiconductor is frequently used for the fabrication of emitters and receptors for wireless communication as well as in LEDs and lasers’ conception. With this is mind, this PhD work focuses on the growth of GaAs on 300 mm silicon substrates by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition and the formation of n & p type contacts with low contact resistivity on this GaAs. Firstly, efforts will put on the removal of the crystalline defects being the most prohibitive for the use of such materials: antiphase boundaries and threading dislocations. Then, structural (X-ray diffraction, FIB STEM), morphological (AFM), electrical (Hall Effect) and optical (photoluminescence) characterizations will highlight the quality of the epitaxial films. Finally, the evolution of GaAs properties (optical and transport) and the formation of n & p-type contacts with low resistivity will be discussed
Perrier-Cornet, Romain. "Précipitation de particules polymères réticulées : applications comme supports fonctionnels et propriétés interfaciales." Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13603.
Full textSantini, Guillaume. "Conception fabrication et caractérisation d’un photorécepteur cohérent en filière PIC InP pour les applications 100-400 Gbit/s." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TELE0024/document.
Full textThis work focuses on the design, manufacturing and characterization of a coherent photoreceptor in PiC InP for 100-400 Gbit/s applications. The chosen solution is a preamplified coherent receiver with an SOA to improve the responsivity compared to a conventional coherent receiver. In addition, this receiver is made in buried technology to allow operation over a wider range of wavelengths. Finally, a coherent receiver without SOA is also produced to be able to evaluate its impact on the performances of our receiver. The first part of this study is devoted to reminders about very high speed optical transmissions, about state of the art on coherent receivers, about a presentation of the different photodetectors and a presentation of the 90° hybrid which is the core component in coherent receivers. Secondly, we present the various choices made for the design of our receiver. The study of two 90° hybrids simulated in ridge or in buried technology is detailed. We also comment the choices of photodiodes and SOA used for our component. The third chapter is devoted to the different technological steps used to build our preamplified receiver. We start with a description of the different epitaxial techniques used. Then, we present in detail the 22 technological steps required to realize our receiver. Finally, we group all the characterizations preformed on our coherent receiver. We characterize the unitary components of our receiver (hybrid 90°, UTC photodiodes and SOA). Finally we present the static and dynamic characteristics of our receiver and we compare its performances with the state of the art. This thesis demonstrates the feasibility of a preamplified receiver using a SOA in buried InP technology with a record of reponsivity of 5 A/W. This represents a gain of 12.5 dB compared to an ideal coherent receiver and a gain of 15,5 dB compared to the state of the art. In addition, the consumption generated by this integration remains very low (240 mW). Finally, we have demonstrated a 32 Gbauds demodulation with a Q factor of 14dB and the 40 GHz bandwidth of our photodiodes is compatible with 56 Gbauds applications. It can be improved for 100 Gbauds applications by reducing the size of our photodiodes. This thesis opens the way for a new preamplified coherent receiver for 400 Gbit/s applications
El, bassri Farid. "Sources lasers déclenchées nanosecondes : Applications à la spectroscopie Raman cohérente sous champ électrique." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0060/document.
Full textThanks to their compactness, robustness and low cost, pulsed nanosecond microlasers are particularly attractive sources for different detection and analysis systems, particularly flow cytometers or devices for CARS (Coherent Anti Raman Stokes Scattering) spectroscopy. However, these applications require reduced time jitter and increased repetition rate. The first part of this thesis proposes novel solutions to achieve the required performance from passively Q-switched microlasers, which are based on an hybrid coupled-cavity and intensitymodulated pump wave. A repetition rate greater than 30 kHz with jitter remaining lower than 200 ns is reached. Pulsed fiber microlasers operating by gain switching are also studied, showing that pulses with low timing jitter, at a repetition rate of more than 2 MHz can be obtained. The last part is devoted to the development and the implementation of a new system of CARS spectroscopy assisted by a high-voltage electrical stimulation. This device, based on an amplified microlaser, allows to substract the non-resonant background noise in the measurements. Thus, a fine spectroscopic analysis of the response of different environments of interest in continuous or pulsed field can be achieved. It may lead to a new method for field microdosimetry. Various applications, including granulometry at the micro or nanometric scale and the identification of markers for biology, are shown
Samsel, Marcel. "Métrologie photonique et photonique de puissance applications biomédicales et industrielles /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609692p.
Full textSamsel, Marcel. "Metrologie photonique et photonique de puissance : applications biomedicales et industrielles." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13122.
Full textMarcaud, Guillaume. "Intégration d'oxydes fonctionnels pour applications en photonique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS513/document.
Full text21st century stands out as a new numeric area, particularly due to the development of Internet of Things. The exceptional growth of produced, transmitted and stored data all around the world led to new emerging technologies such as silicon photonics. However, silicon has intrinsic limitations for photonic applications including indirect bandgap and centrosymmetry of its lattice.In parallel, functional oxides family exhibits an impressive panel of properties such as ferroelectricity or piezoelectricity. The epitaxial growth is the main limitation for their integration in silicon photonics. Indeed, the lattice mismatch between most of the oxides and silicon induces high defects density which strongly degrades their properties. Nevertheless, one of these oxides, Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), can be used for the lattice transition. The objectives of the PhD work was then to study the YSZ growth mechanisms and to determine its properties in integrated optics.First, the epitaxial growth of YSZ, using Pulsed-Laser Deposition (PLD), as well as the fabrication and characterization of photonics structures have been developed on sapphire substrate. We reported the role of substrate annealing before deposition, on the orientation and quality of YSZ thin film. The optimization of the epitaxial growth, and the development of a fabrication process, allowed the demonstration of YSZ-based waveguides with propagation losses as low as 2 dB/cm. We also characterized more complex passives structures, in particular ring resonators, micro-disks and Bragg filters. Furthermore, third-order optical nonlinear properties in YSZ waveguides were experimentally determined for the first time. The n2 value, obtained experimentally, is in agreement with theoretical calculation and is in the same order of magnitude than the value reported for silicon nitride SiN, a well-known nonlinear material.Due to lattice mismatch and thermal expansion coefficient difference, the growth of YSZ is expected to induce large strain in silicon, breaking its crystal centrosymmetry. Recent experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated the possibility to exploit second-order optical nonlinear effects in strained silicon, usually vanishing in this material. To probe the strain distribution, seen by an optical mode propagating in a silicon waveguide, we developed an innovative Raman-based experimental technique for integrated optics. Even if typical phonons behaviors have been revealed, theoretical modeling of experimental data did not lead to strain values comparable to the simulation predictions and complementary studies are required.Finally, three approaches have been tested for the integration of YSZ in silicon photonics. The first and second one include the growth of YSZ on silicon waveguides, buried or not in a silica layer. The third one involves the fabrication of waveguides in a YSZ thin film, deposited on a flat silicon substrate. No strains in the silicon have been observed, justified by the silica interfacial layer between YSZ and silicon. Propagation losses of hybrid YSZ/Si waveguides, initially more than 250 dB/cm, have been reduced to 7.5 dB/cm thanks to YSZ growth optimization and an adapted waveguides geometry
Li, Cheng. "Nouvelle filière nanotechnologique sur silicium poreux : Application à des dispositifs photoniques." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0033/these.pdf.
Full textPorous silicon is a very interesting material for biosensing applications : 1. It is a biocompatible material, 2. Its huge specific surface enhanced by many orders of magnitude the sensibility, 3. The refractive index could be easily and continuously tuned over a wide range. All these reasons make this material suitable for photonic devices. In a previous work, it has been shown that simple multiplayer devices could be used to realize a surface wave sensor that is by a least one order of magnitude more sensitive to equivalent surface plasmon devices. In this thesis, we want to go a step further by using photonic crystal structures. Using such structure, it is expected to increase the sensitivity and to realize more compact devices. However, etching a photonic crystal structure on porous silicon is a real technological challenge. The aim of this work is to confront this challenge
Gorbovyi, Pavlo. "Elaboration des matériaux photosensibles organiques-inorganiques pour les applications en photonique." Paris 13, 2012. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/intranet/edgalilee_th_2012_gorbovyi.pdf.
Full textThe presented study is devoted to the elaboration by sol-gel process of nanoparticulate TiO₂ hybrid materials with well-defined morphology and improved photonic sensitivity. The new approach to the fabrication process has been proposed, which includes 3 main stages: (i) size-selected nanoparticles preparation, (ii) surface groups exchange and (iii) organic polymerization. Three types of hybrids, (1) pHEMA-TiO₂ and (2) pMAPTMS-TiO₂ with the inorganic component in form of isolated 5-nm nanoparticles and (3) pHEMA-TiO₂with the nanoparticles assembled in gel chains were realized. The nanoparticles kinetics was studied by DLS/SLS method. The materials were characterised by SEM/TEM, FTIR, Raman, XRD, NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy methods. The most homogeneous optical-grade hybrids (3) were obtained at high nanoparticle loadings CNP≥8•10¹⁷ cm⁻³. The quantum yield of photoinduced charges separation and charges storage capacity (e⁻/Ti) attain respectively 75% and 25% in best of these systems (3). One- and two- photon laser polymerization has been applied to realise 3D microstructures in the hybrid materials. The obtained structures keep their photochromic properties. The obtained HEMA-TiO₂ hybrids show better efficiency in 2D/3D micropatterning, related to the photoinduced Ti⁴⁺ -Ti³⁺ centres conversion (reversible), whereas MAPTMS-TiO₂hybrids are better suited for 2D/3D micromachining, related to 2-photon laser polymerisation. Further studies of electronic, optic and magnetic properties of the irradiated domains may enable the material applications in photonics, optoelectronics, biomedicine, etc
Carletti, Luca. "Photonique intégrée nonlinéaire sur plate-formes CMOS compatibles pour applications du proche au moyen infrarouge." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0013/document.
Full textIntegrated photonics offers a vast choice of nonlinear optical phenomena that could potentially be used for realizing chip-based and cost-effective all-optical signal processing devices that can handle, in principle, optical data signals at very high bit rates. The new components and technological solutions arising from this approach could have a considerable impact for telecom and datacom applications. Nonlinear optical effects (such as the optical Kerr effect or the Raman effect) can be potentially used for realizing active devices (e.g. optical amplifiers, modulators, lasers, signal regenerators and wavelength converters). During the last decade, the silicon on insulator (SOI) platform has known a significant development by exploiting the strong optical confinement, offered by this material platform, which is key for the miniaturization and realization of integrated optical devices (such as passive filters, splitters, junctions and multiplexers). However, the presence of strong nonlinear losses in the standard telecom band (around 1.55 µm) prevents some applications where a strong nonlinear optical response is needed and has motivated the research of more suitable material platforms. The primary goal of this thesis was the study of material alternatives to crystalline silicon (for instance hydrogenated amorphous silicon) with very low nonlinear losses and compatible with the CMOS process in order to realize integrated photonics devices based on nonlinear optical phenomena. Alternatively, the use of longer wavelengths (in the mid-IR) relaxes the constraints on the choice of the material platform, through taking advantage of lower nonlinear losses, for instance on the SiGe platform, which is also explored in this thesis. This work is organized as follows. In the first chapter we provide an overview of the nonlinear optical effects used to realize all optical signal processing functions, focusing on the key parameters that are essential (optical confinement and dispersion engineering) for integrated optical components, and presenting the main models used in this thesis. This chapter also includes a review of the main demonstrations reported on crystalline silicon, to give some benchmarks. Chapter 2 introduces the use of photonic crystals as integrated optical structures that can significantly enhance nonlinear optical phenomena. First we present photonic crystal cavities, with a demonstration of second and third harmonic generation that makes use of an original design. In the second part of the chapter, we describe the main features and challenges associated with photonic crystal waveguides in the slow light regime, which will be used later in chapter 4. In chapter 3, we report the experimental results related to the characterization of the optical nonlinear response of integrated waveguides made of two materials that are alternative to crystalline silicon : the hydrogenated amorphous silicon, probed in the near infrared, and the silicon germanium, probed in the mid-infrared. The model presented in chapter 1 is extensively used here for extracting the nonlinear parameters of these materials and it is also extended to account for higher order nonlinearities in the case of silicon germanium tested at longer wavelengths. This chapter also includes a comparison of the nonlinear properties of these two material platforms with respect to the standard SOI. In chapter 4, we combine the use of a material platform that is better suited than SOI for nonlinear applications with integrated photonics structures that are more advanced that those used in chapter 3. Here we describe the design of (slow) modes in photonic crystal waveguides made in hydrogenated amorphous silicon fully embedded in silica. [...]
Bonnefois, Jean-Jacques. "MODELISATION D'EFFETS NON LINEAIRES DANS LES CRISTAUX PHOTONIQUES, APPLICATION A LA LIMITATION OPTIQUE." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260364.
Full textDans ce but, de nouvelles méthodes de simulation numérique ab-initio, évolutions de la Fast Fourier Factorization (FFF), et de la Matrix Scattering Method (MSM), sont développées et utilisées. Elles permettent de traiter rigoureusement le cas d'inclusions nonlinéaires inhomogènes ainsi que de traiter l'échauffement d'un CP lors d'une illumination par impulsion laser nanoseconde.
Dans la dernière partie du mémoire, la précision de l'approximation homogène est étudiée et partiellement remise en cause. Finalement, une solution de limiteur optique à cristal photonique est donnée.
Collin, Stéphane. "Résonances photoniques dans les réseaux métalliques : théorie et application à la photodétection ultrarapide." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142103.
Full textNous avons mis en oeuvre un calcul original des courbes de dispersion complexes des réseaux métalliques, basé sur une méthode modale et un formalisme de matrice S. Le calcul des structures de bandes photoniques complexes et de la répartition spatiale du champ électromagnétique a permis de décrire précisément les résonances de surface horizontales et verticales, leurs conditions d'excitation ainsi que leurs durées de vie radiatives et non radiatives. Leurs propriétés de confinement et de transmission de la lumière dans des fentes très fines devant la longueur d'onde offrent de nouvelles possibilités en optoélectronique.
Nous proposons en particulier deux structures de type métal-semiconducteur-métal pour la photodétection ultrarapide, dans lesquelles le confinement de l'absorption permet de repousser le compromis habituel entre rendement et vitesse. La première structure est un réseau métal/semiconducteur dans lequel la lumière est absorbée entre les électrodes. La seconde structure permet une absorption efficace dans une fine couche sous le réseau métallique. Ces deux photodétecteurs, dont la distance inter-électrode est d'environ 100 nm, ont été fabriqués sur substrat de GaAs. Le bon accord des mesures de réflectivité et de photocourant avec la théorie a permis de valider cette approche, qui pourra notamment être appliquée aux longueurs d'onde des télécommunications.
Les dimensions mises en jeu rendent possibles des fréquences de coupure de plusieurs centaines de GHz, avec un rendement théorique de 75 % indépendamment de la polarisation de la lumière. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à une nouvelle génération de photodétecteurs ultrarapides.
Bonnefois, Jean-Jacques. "Modélisation d'effets non linéaires dans les cristaux photoniques, application à la limitation optique." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100131.
Full textWe present here a discussion about the use of optical nonlinear material in photonic crystals (PCs) for optical limiting purpose. The link between cubic (Kerr) nonlinearities or phase transition and the complex diffraction phenomenon occurring inside a PC can allow ultra-frit and self-triggered switching from a transparent state towards an opaque one. To study this, we developed new ab-initio numeric methods evolved from the Fast Fourier Factorization (FFF) and the Matrix Scattering Method (MSM). Those methods allow the rigorous simulation of nonlinear inhomogeneous inclusion and the thermal behaviour of a CP while illuminated by a nanosecond laser pulse. In the last part of this document, the precision of the "homogeneous approximation" will be discussed and partially questioned. Finally, a CP based optical limiter solution is proposed
Collin, Stéphane. "Résonnances photoniques dans les réseaux métalliques : théorie et application à la photodétection ultrarapide." Paris 6, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142103.
Full textBlin, Candice. "Développement de cristaux photoniques en diamant : modélisation, technologie et application à la biodétection." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066020/document.
Full textThe ability to fabricate optical devices enabling the real time detection of chemical interactions,avoiding the use of markers, has motivated a growing interest. In particular, photonic crystals (PhC)based structures are promising candidates for such applications. Unlike silicon, that has currentlybeen used for most of these demonstrations, diamond offers a high stability and a versatile carbonsurface that can be functionalized to covalently bond specific organic or bio-molecules on its surface.In this context, this thesis aims at studying the interests of diamond for the realization of novel 2DPhC dedicated to biodetection applications. A fully monolithic compact photonic platform, integratedon silicon and optimized to work at wavelength of 1.55 μm was developed. A geometry consistingin a slotted cavity was chosen in order to maximize the sensitivity of such photonic structures totheir environment. Numerical methods allowed to determine the geometrical parameters of the PhC.Diamond microstructuration processes of polycrystalline diamond films deposited on two-inch siliconwafers were developed and optimized for the realization of PhC cavities with quality factors up to6500. Two technological processes specifically dedicated to polycrystalline diamond were developed : asmoothing process and a diamond layer on insulator integration by wafer bonding technology process.The optical sensitivity of diamond PhCs to simple surface modifications was studied and showed that,depending on the chemical surface termination, these diamond PhCs exhibit a strong modification oftheir spectral features. A proof of concept for surface detection in a water environment was realizedusing the biotin/streptavidin biorecognition system. The detection limit of the system was estimatedto be 10 μg/mL. Finally, first steps to detection in the visible range were made with the realization ofPhC working at 600 nm and exhibiting Q factors exceeding 1500
Baudoin, Romain. "Analyse du bruit lors de la génération de somme de fréquences dans les cristaux de niobate de lithium périodiquement polarisés (PPLN) et applications en régime de comptage de photons." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0068/document.
Full textThe sum frequency generation process is used in differents applications to convert signals from infrared wavelengths to the field of visible wavelength. This allows to benefit of more efficient technologies in terms of detection and propagation. This thesis describes the study of noise phenomena generated by this process in crystals of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) for frequency up-conversion applications in photon counting regime. The first part of the manuscript shows the advantage of sum frequency generation process in the technological environment of the infrared detection on single photon counting regime, using the concept of hybrid detection. The theoretical elements and the state of the art associated with hybrid detection will also be presented in this first part. The second part deals with a comparative study between different PPLN for hybrid detection at 1550 nm. A detailed experimental analysis of the noise process is performed. The results of this study are used for applications in astronomy and microscopy. The third part deals with an application of the sum frequency in stellar interferometry. The results of PPLN’s characterization are involved in optimizing an instrument for astronomy called sum frequency interferometer. The results of observation on the astronomical site of Mount Wilson and the prospects of this instrument are presented
Mytskaniuk, Vasyl Iuriyovych. "Endoscopie non-linéaire : instrumentation et applications." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0553/document.
Full textWe present the development of a fiber-based, scanning-tip endoscope for nonlinear imaging. The flexible endoscope developed in the framework of this thesis, has an outer diameter of 2.2 mm. The innovation of the technology lies in its high scanning speed (8 frames/second) and large field-of-view (FOV>300 microns). The miniaturized endoscope enables high resolution coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS), 2photon fluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging contrasts. We show the potential of the endoscope to image different biological samples and specimens with and without endogenous labeling. We have obtained CARS images of fresh, label-free human colon ex-vivo and SHG images of collagen from rat tail tendon. Finally, we managed to perform in-vivo imaging of calcium flow indicators from hippocampal neurons labeled with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). We are convinced that this imaging device will have a strong impact on biomedical imaging
Lérondel, Gilles. "Propagation de la lumière dans le silicium poreux : application à la photonique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10253.
Full textDiacon, Aurel. "Polymères fonctionnalisés avec des chromophores pour des applications en photovoltaïque, photonique et médecine." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976715.
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