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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Applied biological science / Dissertations / Theses

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Applied biological science'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Jones, Graeme Angus. "Stereoscopic correspondence processes applied to linear features." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1994. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/7544/.

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2

Diamantas, Sotirios Ch. "Biological and metric maps applied to robot homing." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/161057/.

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Navigation is at the heart of today’s mobile robotic systems. The use of landmarks for the guidance of autonomous systems is an essential part of the process. Shape, size, and colour are some of the properties of the landmarks. In this work biological and other methods have been developed for navigating a simulated mobile robot back to its home. Optical flow which is not a property of the landmarks but a property of the camera motion, has been used for building topological maps which are used to localise a robot. The advantage of this approach is that there is no need for storing or retrieving

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3

Diallo, Abdoulaye. "Inference of insertion and deletion scenarios for ancestral genome reconstruction and phylogenetic analyses: algorithms and biological applications." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40771.

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This thesis focuses on algorithms related to ancestral genome reconstruction and phylogenetics analyses. Specially, it studies insertion and deletion (indel) in genomic sequences, their utilities for (1) evolutionary studies of species families, (2) multiple alignment and phylogenetic trees reconstruction assessment, and (3) functional DNA sequence annotation. Here, the indel scenarios reconstruction problem is presented, in a likelihood framework, and it can be stated as follows: given a multiple alignment of orthologous sequences and a phylogenetic tree for these sequences, reconstruct the m

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4

Anderson, Bruce Edward, and Bruce Edward Anderson. "Forensic anthropology as science: Is there a difference between academic and applied uses of biological anthropology?" Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282649.

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The central issued explored by this research is whether forensic anthropology can be characterized as being fundamentally different from academically-oriented biological anthropology. My view--and thesis statement--is that they are not two fundamentally-differing pursuits. While I recognize that important differences do exist between these fields, I argue that the differences are not sufficient to draw a stark line between academically-oriented biological anthropology and its medico-legal application. The principal source of data marshaled in support of this view is my dozen-plus years experie

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5

Dunn, Nathan A. "A Novel Neural Network Analysis Method Applied to Biological Neural Networks." Thesis, view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251892251&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122- 131). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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6

Bui, Ann. "Beach burial of cetaceans implications for conservation, and public health and safety : a thesis submitted through the Earth & Ocean Sciences Research Institute, and School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfillment [sic] of the degree of Master of Applied Science, March 2009." Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/669.

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Every year hundreds of cetaceans strand on New Zealand beaches. Options for dealing with disposal of their carcasses are few, creating significant problems for the Department of Conservation (DOC). More often than not their carcasses are buried in beaches at or just above high water mark, near where the animals have stranded. The primary objective of this thesis is to determine the effects of cetacean burial on beach sediments, and evaluate potential health and safety risks associated with this practice. A secondary objective of this thesis is to appraise the appropriateness of one location DO

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7

Qin, Yu. "Computations and Algorithms in Physical and Biological Problems." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11478.

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This dissertation presents the applications of state-of-the-art computation techniques and data analysis algorithms in three physical and biological problems: assembling DNA pieces, optimizing self-assembly yield, and identifying correlations from large multivariate datasets. In the first topic, in-depth analysis of using Sequencing by Hybridization (SBH) to reconstruct target DNA sequences shows that a modified reconstruction algorithm can overcome the theoretical boundary without the need for different types of biochemical assays and is robust to error. In the second topic, consistent with t

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8

Hanson-Smith, Victor 1981. "Error and Uncertainty in Computational Phylogenetics." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12151.

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xi, 119 p. : ill. (some col.)<br>The evolutionary history of protein families can be difficult to study because necessary ancestral molecules are often unavailable for direct observation. As an alternative, the field of computational phylogenetics has developed statistical methods to infer the evolutionary relationships among extant molecular sequences and their ancestral sequences. Typically, the methods of computational phylogenetic inference and ancestral sequence reconstruction are combined with other non-computational techniques in a larger analysis pipeline to study the inferred forms an

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9

Manning, Cara Charlotte Marie. "Insight into chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters from dissolved oxygen and inert gas tracers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108917.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 185-213).<br>In this thesis, I use coastal measurements of dissolved O₂ and inert gases to provide insight into the chemical, biological, and physical processes that impact the oceanic cycles of carbon and dissolved gases. Dissolved O₂ concentration and triple isotopic composit

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10

Chuang, Tyler Casey. "Characterization of a family of cysteine rich proteins and development of a MaSp1 derived miniature fibroin." Scholarly Commons, 2014. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/180.

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Spider silk displays a unique balance of high tensile strength and extensibility, making it one of the toughest materials on the planet. Dragline silk, also known as the lifeline of the spider, represents one of the best studied fiber types and many labs are attempting to produce synthetic dragline silk fibers for commercial applications. In these studies, we develop a minifibroin for expression studies in bacteria. Using recombinant DNA methodology and protein expression studies, we develop a natural minifibroin that contains the highly conserved N- and C-terminal domains, along with several

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11

Sheehan, Timothy J. "Modeling Wildfire and Ignitions for Climate Change and Alternative Land Management Scenarios in the Willamette Valley, Oregon." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12184.

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xii, 127 p. ： ill. (some col.)<br>I developed software to incorporate the FlamMap fire model into an agent-based model, Envision, to enable the exploration of relationships between wildfire, land use, climate change, and vegetation dynamics in the Willamette Valley. A dynamic-link library plug-in utilizing row-ordered compressed array lookup tables converts parameters between polygon-based Envision data and grid-based FlamMap data. Modeled fires are determined through Monte-Carlo draws against a set of possible fires by linking historic fire data to future climate projections. I used cla

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12

Doody, J. Sean, and n/a. "The ecology and sex determination of the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta, in the wet-dry tropics of Australia." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050404.101052.

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Much of what we know about temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) in reptiles stems from constant temperature incubation studies in the laboratory. In recent years, as TSD studies moved into the field it became evident that TSD was much more complex than previously thought. The present study attempted to reveal the complexity of TSD, as it relates to other features of the species' biology and physical characteristics tractable only in the field, such as fluctuations in incubation temperature and reproductive life history. To this end I studied the ecology of the turtle Carettochelys ins

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13

Easson, Donald Davidson 1961. "A recombinant DNA approach to the design and synthesis of novel polysaccharides." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16497.

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14

Morrill, Joyce Catherine. "Characterization of the down regulation of antibody production in high cell density perfusion culture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32602.

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15

Zimmerman, Joseph James Francis. "Purification and properties of heparinase from Flavobacterium heparinum." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16500.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Applied Biological Sciences, 1988.<br>Title as it appeared in M.I.T. Graduate List September 1988: Heparin degrading enzymes from Flavobacterium heparinum.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>by Joseph James Francis Zimmerman.<br>Ph.D.

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16

Buser, Claudia Waltraut. "Molecular dynamics of monoclonal antibody production in high density perfused bioreactors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43915.

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17

Sánchez-Ruiz, Sergio A. "Studies on cell disruption and cell debris removal in downstream bioprocessing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16502.

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18

Tyo, Michael Alexander. "The biochemical dynamics of monoclonal antibody production in high density perfused fermentors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43916.

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19

Cariello, Neal Foster. "Mutational spectra of MNNG and ICR-191 in human cells." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16499.

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20

Glacken, Michael W. (Michael William). "Development of mathematical descriptions of mammalian cell culture kinetics for the optimization of fed-batch bioreactors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16493.

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21

Jamas, Spiros. "Controlled biosynthesis of yeast glucans." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16492.

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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Applied Biological Sciences, 1986.<br>Title as it appeared in M.I.T. Graduate List June 1987: Control of the structure-function properties of yeast glucans.<br>Bibliography: leaves 166-171.<br>by Spiros Jamas.<br>Sc.D.

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22

Chiou, Tzyy-Wen. "A modified airlift fiber-bed bioreactor for animal cell culture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16508.

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23

Lindell, Per Ingemar. "Dynamic operation of mammalian cell fed-batch bioreactors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16509.

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24

Lin, Tzann-Feng. "Studies on the formation of Monascus red pigments." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16504.

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25

Wang, Sy-Dar. "Fundamentals of biopolymer accumulation in immobilized acinetobacter calcoaceticus system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16496.

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26

Yu, Heewon. "Pseudopoly(amino acids) : a study of the synthesis and characterization of polyesters made from α-L-amino acids". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16498.

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27

Tay, Sew Wah. "Factors affecting the thrombin inhibiting activity of heparin when immobilised to hydrogels by covalent bonding." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16490.

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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Applied Biological Sciences, 1986.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.<br>Bibliography: leaves 157-166.<br>by Sew-Wah Tay.<br>Sc.D.

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28

Bryant, Matthew S. (Matthew Scott). "Estimation of human exposure to the carcinogenic aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl via hemoglobin dosimetry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16491.

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29

Follettie, Maximillian Todd. "DNA technology for Corynebacterium glutamicum : isolation and characterization of amino acid biosynthetic genes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16501.

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30

Volkin, David B. (David Bernard). "The upper limit of protein thermostability." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67104.

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31

Dordick, Jonathan Seth. "Unusual catalytic properties of horseradish peroxidase." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16488.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Applied Biological Sciences, 1986.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE<br>Bibliography: leaves 217-231.<br>by Jonathan Seth Dordick.<br>Ph.D.

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32

Park, Hongwoo. "A rapid, simple solid-phase immunofluorometric assay : development and characterization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16503.

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33

Hwang, Christopher. "The analysis of intracellular and extracellular redox states in cell culture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16507.

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34

Rose, Stanley David. "Regulation of pituitary function by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/95537.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Applied Biological Sciences, 1985.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.<br>Vita.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>by Stanley David Rose.<br>Ph.D.

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35

Wittenberg, Ralf W. "Models of self-organization in biological development." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17405.

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Bibliography: p. 297-320.<br>In this thesis we thus wish to consider the concept of self-organization as an overall paradigm within which various theoretical approaches to the study of development may be described and evaluated. In the process, an attempt is made to give a fair and reasonably comprehensive overview of leading modelling approaches in developmental biology, with particular reference to self-organization. The work proceeds from a physical or mathematical perspective, but not unduly so - the major mathematical derivations and results are relegated to appendices - and attempts to f

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36

Rowe, Suzanne J. "QTL mapping technology using variance components in general pedigrees applied to the poultry industry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3135.

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The subject area for this thesis is detection of chromosomal regions or QTL causing complex variation at the phenotypic level. In particular, the differentiation of sources of additive and non additive variation. Unlike QTL mapping using divergent or inbred lines, this study aims to explore methods within populations, facilitating direct application of techniques such as marker assisted selection. Specifically, objectives were to evaluate a linear model or variance components (VC) approach to explore the existence and magnitude of variation caused by additive, dominant and imprinted QTL segreg

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37

Dowling, Ruth. "Biofilm formation in clinical and laboratory strains of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2006. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21822/.

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Biorilms are structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymeric matrix that are adherent to an inert or living surface. Their growth on the surface of catheter lines, artificial joints and other surgical implants is of major medical concern. As many laboratory strains have become accustomed to standardised conditions, they are not necessarily representative of clinical strains. This study investigated the effect of horse blood, human blood and human blood components on biofilm. formation by clinical and laboratory isolates of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jeju

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38

Pagan, Wendy. "The characterisation of nickel resistance in sewage-borne Enterobacteriaceae." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2001. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21973/.

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This thesis is a continuation of experimental work conducted by Pickup el al. (1997) analysing nickel resistant bacteria isolated from effluent discharged from a sewage outfall in the Lake District, Cumbria. Its aim is to further characterise the nickel resistance determinant ftom Enterobacter cloacae FBA30. FBA30 was found to harbour a 55-60 kb plasmid designated pFBA30 which confers nickel resistance on its host and in laboratory strains of E. coh. pFBA30 is transferable to enteric relatives, but not to non-enteric species and is considered to have a narrow host range. A 10.2kb Sad restricti

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39

Fragkoulis, Nikolaos D. "Differential regulation of cytokine secretion in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2007. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20521/.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the human nervous system affecting nearly 1 million people worldwide every year. Current treatments for first-line nontoxic therapy of the relapsing-remitting form of the disease are two forms of recombinant IFN(3, Ia and 1(3 andglatiramèr acetate. The pathogenesis of MS is highlighted by an inflammatory response and myelin destruction. Several recent studies have reported alterations in immune variables such as cytokine concentrations, immune-related molecules such as MHC and adhesion molecules and ch

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40

Sails, Andrew David. "Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in high risk foods and environmental waters using the polymerase chain reaction." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2000. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/19041/.

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Nucleic acid amplification methods (PCR) were investigated for the detection of Campylobacter species in foods and environmental waters. A novel species-specific PCR was adapted into a high-throughput, colorimetric end-stage detection format (PCR ELISA). The sensitivity of detection of the PCR ELISA assay was equivalent to one genome copy and was demonstrated to be 100-fold more sensitive than a conventional gel electrophoresis-based PCR method. The novel species-specific PCR assay was adapted into a quantitative real-time format (TaqMan) for accurate quantification of the numbers of C. jejuni

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41

Das, Bratati. "Neuroendocrine regulation of broodiness in the domestic hen." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2008. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/19281/.

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Broodiness in the domestic hen is characterized by incubation of eggs and subsequent care of the young. Incubation behaviour is initiated by increased plasma progesterone and oestrogen from maturing ovarian follicles that induce nesting behaviour. This is subsequently transformed into incubation behaviour by increased plasma prolactin in association with decreased gonadotrophin and ovarian steroid secretion. Gonadotrophin secretion is under the stimulatory and inhibitory control, respectively, of gonadotrophin releasing hormone-I (GnRFI-I) and gonadotrophin inhibitory hormone (GnIH). Prolactin

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42

Ahmed, Ijaz. "Effects of Momordica charantia fruit juice on experimental diabetes and its complications." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1999. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20106/.

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Momordica charantia fruit is traditionally used as a vegetable in the Indian subcontinent and is claimed to have hypoglycaemic effects in human and experimental diabetes. The oral administration of M. charantia fruit juice was investigated for its effects in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. The results of this study have revealed that the fruit juice administration reduced the blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance and increased blood insulin levels and body weights in STZ-induced diabetes in rats. However, the treatment of fruit juice did not completely normalize these

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43

Clark, Judith Anne. "The neurobiology of central dopamine and progesterone in the reproductive cycle of the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria)." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1999. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20204/.

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The ring dove (Streptopelia risoria) is a usefUl animal model for the identification of neural and hormonal determinants of reproductive behaviours. Studies were undertaken to investigate the role of dopamine and progesterone in the expression of sexually differentiated patterns of behaviours during the breeding cycle, and provide the first mapping of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (Til-ir) structures in the ring dove brain. Quantitative analysis revealed increased TFJ-ir cells, in male and female brooding doves, in the nuclei periventricularis magnocellularis, dorsomedialis anterior thal

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44

Zayed, Reem. "The epidemiology of congenital hypothyroidism in the United Arab Emirates." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2006. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20760/.

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The newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CR) started in the West in the sixties. The guidelines for screening were introduced in the majority of western countries some 30 years ago and were adapted in 1997 by the World Health Organization. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) started newborn screening for CH in 1998 and was considered one of the leading countries in the Middle East to apply this programme nationwide. Before newborn screening for CH in the UAE, little was known about the epidemiology of the disease in this part of the world which shares the same epidemiological pattern of

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45

Mohammed, Kulthum Karama. "A study of gene expression in human normal and carcinogenic cell lines using qRT-PCR." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2007. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20252/.

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The susceptibility of human lungs to carcinogens depends on the metabolic balance between activation and detoxification pathways, though for the tumour to develop depcnds on activation of cell immortalisation pathway. The correlation of these pathways has not been reported. The present study described the correlation in transcription of genes of two phases of drug metabolism pathways and immortalisation pathway in four lung cell lines namely; a normal lung cell line (CDD32Lu), alveolar adenocarcinoma (A549), pleural adenocarcinoma (1-1460), and a drug resistance large cell carcinoma (COR-L23/5

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46

Danby, Simon G. "Expression of the multi-drug efflux genes acrAB of Escherichia coli." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2005. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20903/.

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The action of AcrAB-ToIC, a multidrug efflux system of Escherichia co/i, is largely responsible for the increased intrinsic resistance of this organism to many antimicrobial agents. The level of mRNA specific to the acrAB efflux genes is elevated by six-fold during exponential phase of growth in LB broth. In MOPS minimal medium supplemented with 0.4 % (w/v) glucose, levels of acrA mRNA remain higher for a prolonged period of time concurrent with the delayed onset of stationary phase, suggesting that transcription of this gene is linked with active growth. A case for transcriptional activation

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47

Sabri, Sufyan Mustafa. "Association between socioeconomic factors and hypertension in Al-Ain, UAE." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2005. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20989/.

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The United Arab Emirates (UAE), like many other developing countries, has witnessed a rapid development in many aspects of life during the last three decades. The discovery of oil in the middle of the last century has contributed to significant social change and UAE, along with other Gull Arab States, have experienced a rapid transition in its socio-economic status. Rapid economic growth in IJAE has brought about marked changes both in lifestyles and in patterns of health and disease. With the greater availability of housemaids, cars, televisions and other sophisticated household appliances, t

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48

Mahay, Sukhbinder Kumar. "The effects of ageing and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus on the rodent parotid gland." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2005. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20990/.

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Xerostomia (dryness of the mouth) is a prevalent condition amongst elderly and diabetic populations which leads to marked alterations in oral health. The parotid glands play major roles in maintaining salivary secretions to assist in the lubrication and protection of the oral cavity and in digestion. This study investigated the effects of ageing and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on the structure and function of the rat parotid gland. Rats (2-6, 12, 16-18 and 22-24 months old) were obtained from a recommended Home Office supplier and diabetic rat models were achieved by employing STZ. T

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49

Hengenius, James B. "Quantitative modeling of spatiotemporal systems| Simulation of biological systems and analysis of error metric effects on model fitting." Thesis, Purdue University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3687049.

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<p> Understanding the biophysical processes underlying biological and biotechnological processes is a prerequisite for therapeutic treatments and technological innovation. With the exponential growth of computational processing speed, experimental findings in these fields have been complemented by dynamic simulations of developmental signaling and genetic interactions. Models provide means to evaluate "emergent" properties of systems sometimes inaccessible by reductionist approaches, making them test beds for biological inference and technological refinement.</p><p> The complexity and interc

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50

Toner, Mehmet. "Thermodynamics and kinetics of ice nucleation inside biological cells during freezing : as applied to mouse oocytes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29199.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University--Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Program in Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, 1989.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 372-393).<br>by Mehmet Toner.<br>Ph.D.

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