Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Apprentissage perceptif olfactif'
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Sandoz, Jean-Christophe. "Apprentissage olfactif chez l'abeille domestique (apis mellifera l. ) etude comportementale et sensorielle." Paris 13, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA132047.
Full textMoreno, Mélissa. "Mécanismes neuronaux sous-tendant l'apprentissage perceptif olfactif chez la souris adulte." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10102/document.
Full textThe olfactory bulb is the target of a well described adult neurogenesis which has been involved in different kinds of learning. We focused on the role of adult neurogenesis on olfactory perceptual learning which consists on an improvement of olfactory discrimination after odor enrichment. We found that experience-driven improvement in olfactory discrimination (perceptual learning) requires the addition of newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb. More specifically, we showed that adult-born neurons are required for perceptual learning by modulating the inhibition of mitral cells by granule cells. Then, we studied the role of noradrenaline on perceptual learning. Direct manipulation of noradrenergic transmission significantly effect on adult-born neuron survival and perceptual learning. Finally, we investigated the effect of aging on perceptual learning. We found that perceptual learning was impaired by aging in line with an alteration of neurogenesis. However, noradrenergic stimulation restores perceptual learning without modulating neurogenesis suggesting compensatory mechanisms. Neural mechanisms underlying perceptual learning involve neurogenesis and noradrenergic system to allow an increase of mitral cell inhibition thanks to the granule cells leading to an improvement of odor discrimination. During aging, perceptual learning can be restored suggesting that the olfactory system is still plastic
Yin, Xuming. "Bases neurales de l’apprentissage olfactif perceptif : plasticité structurale et contrôle noradrénergique." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1182/document.
Full textThe field of neuroscience has experienced explosive growth over the past decade toward understanding the neural correlates of perception. More specifically, the adult brain responds to environmental experience by significant functional and structural modifications, called "neural plasticity" which underlies learning. A main issue in neuroscience is to understand the cellular basis of perceptive plasticity and subsequent behavioral adaptations. Contrary to previously held beliefs about its static nature, the adult brain is in fact capable of generating new neurons that can integrate into its complex circuitry. The birth of new neurons constitutively occurs in two specific regions of the adult mammalian brain (OB and hippocampal dentate gyrus). Adult neurogenesis is a sophisticated biological process whose function has remained a mystery to neuroscience researchers but a role in learning and memory has been proposed. Previous work in our group have shown that perceptive olfactory learning depends on adult neurogenesis. In addition, neuromodulatory systems, including noradrenergic and cholinergic systems massively innervate the olfactory bulb and more specifically the inhibitory interneurons targeted by adult neurogenesis and are long-known for their role in learning and memory. One objective of the present work was to determine the spatial and temporal pattern of the innervation by noradrenergic and cholinergic inputs of developing adult-born neurons and to investigate its modulation by learning. For that purpose, we used behavioral and neuro-anatomical approaches. Another objective was to assess the functional role of centrifugal contacts using an optogenetic approach. Results indicate that the noradrenergic innervation is selectively increased on adult born neurons following perceptual olfactory learning, a phenomenon that was not observed for cholinergic innervation, pointing the noradrenergic system as a key mechanisms involved in perceptual learning. Interestingly, noradrenergic contacts on neurons born during ontogenesis were not affected by learning, suggesting a very specific part played by adult-born neuron in learning associated plasticity. In the same brains, we have analyzed the structural plasticity induced by learning in adult-born and pre-existing neurons. The major finding is that mirroring the increased number of noradrenergic contacts, learning induced an increase in dendritic spines on adult-born, but not on pre-existing neurons
Mandairon, Nathalie. "Modulation fonctionnelle de la neurogénèse dans le bulbe olfactif de mammifère adulte." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10108.
Full textDéglise, Patrice. "Etude des supports neurobiologiques de l'apprentissage olfactif chez l'abeille (Apis mellifera) : approches neuroanatomique et électrophysiologique." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30236.
Full textGrelat, Anne. "Rôle et connectivité des néo-neurones formés à l’âge adulte dans le bulbe olfactif." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS431.
Full textOlfaction is an important sensory modality in rodents. During odor-dependent learning, a positive value is commonly assigned to an odorant, and multiple forms of plasticity are involved when such odor–reward associations are formed. In the olfactory bulb, one of the mechanisms underlying plasticity consists in recruiting new neurons daily throughout life. The aim of this thesis was to determine the specific properties of these adult-born neurons, structurally and functionally. In a first study, we demonstrated that exposure to reward-associated odors specifically increases activity of adult-born neurons. Moreover, adult-born neuron activation during rewarded odor presentation heightens discrimination learning and enhances the ability to update the odor value during reversal association. Together, these results show the specific involvement of adult-born neurons in odor-reward association. In a second study, we investigated whether this functional role could result from a particular connectivity. We used a retrograde tracing technique to label the presynaptic partners of adult-born granule cells. Thus, we showed that centrifugal fibers contacting the adult-born granule cells are more numerous than those contacting their counterparts born during development. Collectively, these results demonstrate that adult neurogenesis endows the olfactory system with the capacity to facilitate associative learning, probably due to a unique connectivity
Sultan, Sébastien. "Régulation par l’apprentissage de la neurogenèse adulte dans le bulbe olfactif et rôle des nouveaux neurones." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10014.
Full textAdult-born neurons are added to the mammalian olfactory bulb, and their number is modulated by learning suggesting that they could play a role in olfactory memory. In this work, we demonstrate that retrieval of an associative olfactory task recruits newborn neurons in odor-specific areas of the olfactory bulb and in a manner that depends on the strength of learning. By blocking neurogenesis during this olfactory task, we then demonstrate that acquisition is not dependent on neurogenesis while long-term retention of the task is abolished by neurogenesis blockade. In a second part, using an ecological approach, we show that behaviorally breaking a previously learned odor-reward association prematurely suppresses newborn neurons selected to survive during initial learning. Our results indicate that the newborn neurons saved by olfactory learning die when the odor looses its associative value, thus confirming that these newborn neurons support the memory trace. Finally, during and after learning, cell death and BrdU positive cells were mapped in the granule cell layer. We find that regions showing high BrdU-positive cell density exhibit the lowest rate of cell death indicating local regulation of cell death shaping the spatial distribution of newborn neurons in the granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb. Taken together, our findings reveal the crucial role of bulbar adult born neurons in olfactory memory
Tempère, Sophie. "Métrologie sensorielle olfactive et apprentissage olfactif appliqués à l’œnologie." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20111.
Full textThe quality of a wine is measured primarily by experts who evaluate its organoleptic features. Their olfactory and gustatory capacities are decisive, but these experts do not appreciate their own sensory abilities. Moreover, although we can give a clear definition of the expertise, several studies have shown that professionals are often confronted with disparities in their wine assessment. Several studies have also shown the differences between experts and novices, but no attention was paid to the diversity of the chemosensory abilities of the experts.At the Oenology Faculty in Bordeaux, with voluntary participation of the professionals, we characterized the olfactory performances of wine professionals and measured their impact on the wine assessment.The results showed significant inter-individual variation in olfactory sensitivities, hedonic ratings and cognitive abilities among the wine professionals. Further, our experiments have suggested that these inter-individual differences, especially concerning the sensitivity and the hedonic appreciation, influence perceptions and judgments of a same wine by the experts. However, the results confirm the possible influence of the cognitive dimensions related to the experience of the subject on their perception and their olfactory training. Finally, this work identifies training needs. We therefore propose and test practical tools for assessment of sensory performances and appropriate sensorial training. This has been an opportunity to highlight the potential role of attention or olfactory mental imagery in the improvement of the olfactory performance
Cabrera, Sébastien. "Implementation of a semi-automatic quantification approach for spatial and temporal study of brain activity. Application to study of neuronal networks involved in various cognitive functions (sleep, olfaction)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10366.
Full textBehaviors are encoded by widespread neural circuits within the brain which change with age and experience. Immunodetection of the immediate early gene c-Fos has been used for decades to reveal neural circuits activated during specific tasks or conditions. While successful, c-Fos method presents two limitations: 1) c-Fos expression is restricted in time, and cannot be used to follow up the same neurons activation over time or in response to different stimuli. 2) Quantifications are time consuming and often performed for a single brain region which restricts spatial information. A first objective of my thesis consisted in addressing challenges associated with whole brain probing of neuronal activity involved in higher sensory information processing. To this end, I developed and benchmarked a workflow that circumvents temporal and spatial limitations associated with c-Fos quantification. I combined c-Fos with c-Fos driven Cre-dependent tdTomato expression (i.e. TRAP2 mice), to perform a direct comparison of neural circuits activated at different times or during different tasks. Using open-source softwares (i.e. QuPath and ABBA), I established a workflow that optimize and automate cell detection, cell classification (e.g. c-Fos vs. c-Fos/tdTomato) and whole brain registration. This automatic workflow, based on fully automatic scripts, allows accurate quantification with minimal interindividual variability. Further, interrogation of brain atlases at different scales (from simplified to detailed) was performed, allowing a gradual zoom on defined brain regions to explore the spatial distribution of activated cells. I finally illustrated the potential of this approach by comparing patterns of neuronal activation in various contexts, i.e. wakefulness, paradoxical sleep and social interaction tasks, in distinct animal groups as well as within the same animals. Finally, BrainRender was used for intuitive representation of obtained results. Altogether, this automated workflow accessible to all labs with some experience in histology, allows an unbiased, fast and accurate analysis of the whole brain activity pattern at the cellular level, in various contexts. As an extension of this work, the second objective of my PhD focused on investigating the interdependence of specific behaviours. To this end, I studied effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on olfactory perceptual learning. This learning task is defined as an enhanced ability to discriminate between two perceptually similar odorants following passive exposure to these 2 odorants for 10 days, a process partially reliant on adult neurogenesis. I used c-Fos immunohistochemistry in combination with tdTomato expression (TRAP2 mice), to visualize neuronal activity before and after perceptual learning. I have implemented a chronic automated paradoxical sleep deprivation for 4 hours per days following the olfactory perceptual learning protocol. Our behavioural data revealed that paradoxical sleep deprivation altered the improvement of odour discrimination. This work lays a solid foundation for future studies, which will extend the automated workflow I developed to evaluate neuronal activity within the olfactory bulb, as well as in higher olfactory centres in the brain. Additionally, the role of adult-born neurons and the potential impact of paradoxical sleep deprivation on their activity patterns will be explored further. In conclusion, the work presented in my thesis provides significant advancements in addressing the limitations of traditional c-Fos quantification methods by developing an automated, whole-brain workflow to visualize and compare neural circuits activated under different conditions. Furthermore, the exploration of the impact of paradoxical sleep deprivation on perceptual learning highlights the intricate relationship between sleep and sensory processing, laying the groundwork for future investigations into the neural mechanisms underlying these processes
Gnaedinger, Amandine. "Le son de la rose : comment le cerveau traite-t-il l'interaction multisensorielle audio-olfactive ?" Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS401/document.
Full textMultisensory interactions are constantly present in our everyday life and allow a unified representation of environment. Cross modal integration is often studied in multisensory associative brain regions, but recent findings suggest that most of the brain could be multisensory. But at this time, we still don’t know how the brain deals with information from different sensory systems. In this project, we want to understand whether the establishment of neuronal oscillations can functionally connect sensory regions and take part of the multisensory integration, and how this connection is built up by learning. For this, we examine changes in the cortical network involved in the acquisition of a multisensory association between a sound and an odor in rats through the analysis of the local field potentials’ oscillations The originality of the project is to sample a large network of brain structures including primary sensory cortex (primary auditory cortex, olfactory bulb) and multimodal areas towards which converge these two senses: the piriform and perirhinal cortices. We have developed a behavioral GO/NO GO test in which the rat must combine simultaneous auditory and olfactory informations to succeed. Data and brain signals obtained in this task suggest that the power of oscillations in beta frequency band within the olfactory areas and the coherences of oscillations between these areas are modified by the multisensory learning
Forestier, Tatiana. "Environnement socio-olfactif et choix alimentaires chez la souris domestique, Mus musculus domesticus." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD003/document.
Full textThe ecological success of the house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, implies a great capacity to adapt its diet to available food resources. The social transmission of food preference (STFP) is an adaptive type of learning observed in rodents allowing them to enlarge their food repertoire at lower risk by getting olfactory information on novel food sources from conspecifics. This social learning takes place directly, during an encounter with a conspecific or indirectly, via olfactory marks. The objective of this thesis work was to determine how mice use their socio-olfactory environment to make food choices. Our results revealed that the absence of the conspecific during the indirect STFP reduces the social constraints associated with an encounter and allows the acquisition of STFP between unfamiliar conspecifics. However, some physical constraints associated with the perception of information in feces may reduce the availability of food information. We also showed that different sex concerns of individuals may affect the prioritization of information present in feces and limit, in males, the acquisition of STFP. Our results suggest that the use of food information in mice varies according to their social and ecological context and involves different processes such as emotion and attention. Under natural conditions, the direct and indirect STFP could be complementary, each of them extending the conditions for the transmission of food information in rodents
Cholé, Hanna. "Apprentissage social et mouvements antennaires chez l'abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS318.
Full textIn honeybees, interactions between individuals are cornerstones for the organization of the colony, especially during recruitment for foraging. Besides learning the location of a food source thanks to the well-known dance, the recruited bees learn the characteristics of odors of foraged flowers through nectar transfer (trophallaxis). The underlying mechanisms are still unclear because this learning can occur without any nectar transfer, suggesting that other, probably social, learning mechanisms are involved. We reproduced this interaction in the lab, using a protocol based on the appetitive olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER). Here, an initially neutral odorant (conditioned stimulus) was associated with a contact with a nestmate (social unconditioned stimulus), without any sugar reward. Our experiments show that this simple social contact between workers can act as a reinforcement for bees. As a result, they show PER to the odor previously associated with a social contact. We further demonstrate that antenna contacts are essential for the effectiveness of this social learning, representing a tactile social cue. We thus developed a system allowing to record bees’ antennal movements accurately and at high frequency (90 hz). We then determined the factors modulating bees’ antennal movements. First, we show that bees display contrasted and reproducible responses to odors of different biological values. Second, the coupling of these recordings with associative conditioning experiments shows that these antennal responses are plastic and modified by individual experience. This work has shed light on a new type of social learning in insects and has furthered our understanding of antennal movements as indicators of the motivational, attentional and physiological state of bees and of the valence of perceived stimuli
Chaillan, Franck. "Implication du cortex piriforme et de l'hippocampe lors d'un apprentissage olfactif associatif chez le rat : approches comportementale et électrophysiologique." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11062.
Full textGuerrieri, Fernando J. "Une étude intégrative de la perception olfactive chez l'abeille Apis mellifera : comportement et imagerie calcique." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30171.
Full textWe studied olfaction in the honey bee, behaviourally and neurobiologically, according to four mainlines: 1) establishing a perceptual space, characterising the odour similarity by the carbon chain length and functional group of each molecule; 2) the demonstration that blocking (impair of learning an odour after learning of a previous one) is neither stable nor dependent on odour similarity, as it was proposed; 3) the characterisation of the effects of pre-exposition to two main components of the alarm pheromones, on two reflexive responses, appetitive and aversive; effects that depend on the component, its dose and the studied response; 4) the research on eventual neural correlate of absolute conditioning, using calcium imaging. This integrative study help us to better understand the behavioural and neural mechanisms of olfaction
Forest, Jérémy. "Impact of adult neurogenesis versus preexisting neurons on olfactory perception in complex or changing olfactory environment." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1326/document.
Full textOlfaction is a key player in behavioral adaptation. To perform tasks accurately, the olfactory system has to perform fine discrimination between very close stimuli. The discrimination performances can be enhanced through perceptual learning and a key cerebral structure in this is the olfactory bulb. This structure is the target of a specific form of plasticity that is adult neurogenesis. In this structure, adult-born neurons differentiate mostly in granule cells that regulate the activity of the relay cells. It has previously been shown that these neurons are required to perform perceptual learning. The central question of this thesis work is to elucidate both the role and the specificity of adult born neurons during complex or changing olfactory learning.We first studied the effect of complex perceptual learning on adult neurogenesis. This study demonstrated the necessity and sufficiency of adult-born neurons for simple olfactory learning. It also showed that when learning becomes complex, a larger neural network is involved requiring preexisting neurons.The olfactory environment is also changing. In a second study we investigated how the memory of an olfactory information is altered by the acquisition of a new one and what is the role of adult neurogenesis in this process. This second study highlighted the role of adult-born neurons in underlying olfactory memory and the importance of delay between learning for memory stabilization.Lastly, an approach relying on computational neurosciences aimed at outlining a computational framework explaining the role of adult-born granule cells in early olfactory transformations and how sharpened sensory representations emerge from decorrelation.To conclude, olfactory perception is changing according to environmental modifications and this plasticity is underlain by an important plasticity of the olfactory bulb circuitry due in large part to adult neurogenesis
Perez, Margot. "Division du travail, apprentissage et perception des odeurs chez la fourmi Camponotus aethiops." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA132001.
Full textAnts in compex societies where different individuals are specialized in particular tasks. In their natural environnement, the majority of ants species rely on olfactory cues. We aimed at understanding division of labour, olfactory perception and learning in the ant C. aetiops. The species forages partly on extra-floral nectaries, therefore uncovering the mechanisms underlying olfactory learning and perception of floral volatiles, is biologically relevant. We reveal interindividual variability in sucrose responsiveness among reproductive and behavioural castes, arguing in favour of models positing that division of labour emerges from differences in sensitivity to task-related stimuli. Sucrose mediates olfactory appetive learning success : the more sensitive to sucrose is an ant, the better it learns the appetive association. Accordingly, foragers, more sensitive to sucrose than nurses, learned better the odour-sucrose association. We show that odour's chemical dimensions (carton-chain lenght ; functional group) and olfactury experience play a significant role in olfactury perception in this ant species. Perceptual similarity between odours belonging to the same functional group was inversely related to the difference in carbon-chain lenght between odours and could be affected by the conditioning procedure. Finally, we demonstrated that binary mixtureperception relies on the combination of functional group and carbon-chain lenght, with generally a larger salience for alcohol over aldehydes and of long carbon-chain lenght over shorter ones. Our study contributes to a better understanding of division of labour, olfactory perception and olfactory learning in ants
Roussel, Edith. "Bases comportementales et neurobiologiques du conditionnement olfactif aversif chez l'abeille Apis mellifera." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr//.
Full textThis work aimed at understanding how the brain differentiates, processes and stores information acquired from positive and negative experiences. We have worked on the honeybee Apis mellifera. Learning and memory studies in the honeybee mostly rely on an appetitive conditioning protocol. We have thus developed an olfactory aversive conditioning, which consists in pairing odorant and electric shock eliciting the sting extension reflex. Bees learn to extend their sting to the odorant (I). This conditioning is indeed aversive because it produces an avoidance of the odorant previously punished when the animal is placed in a Y-maze after conditioning (II). The aversive reinforcement pathway depends on dopaminergic signalling, whereas appetitive conditioning depends on octopaminergic signalling. Bees could master simultaneously appetitive and aversive associations during the same conditioning experiment (I). Responsiveness of bees towards unconditioned appetitive and aversive stimuli are independent in the same bees. The more sensitive to shocks is a bee, the better it learns the aversive association as seen for the foragers, more sensitive to shocks than guards, learn better aversive associations (III). We described an olfactory coding in the lateral horn (IV). In the antennal lobe and lateral horn, we did not found any learning-induced modifications of odour-induced activation during olfactory aversive conditioning (V). Our study contributes to a better understanding of how the brain differentiates and processes positive and negative experiences
Zaoujal, Asma. "Bases neurobiologiques de l'apprentissage et de la mémoire chez l'abeille (Apis meliffera) : Approches neuroanatomiques et neuropharmacologiques du conditionnement olfactif du réflexe proboscidien." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30107.
Full textLagasse, Fabrice. "Modularité et plasticité de l'apprentissage et mémoire olfactive chez Drosophila melanogaster." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717344.
Full textBushdid, Caroline. "Modèles numériques des mécanismes de l’olfaction." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4091/document.
Full textHumans have ~400 genes encoding odorant receptors (ORs) that get differentially activated by a virtually infinite space of small organic molecules. The combinatorial code resulting from this activation could allow the human nose to discriminate more than one trillion different olfactory stimuli. But how is the percept encoded in the structure of a molecule? To understand how our nose decrypts the structure of molecules, numerical models were used to study the main protagonists of olfaction: ORs and odorants. These approaches included machine-learning methods to explore and exploit existing data on ORs, and molecular modeling to understand the mechanisms behind molecular recognition. In this thesis I first review the structure-odor relationships from a chemist's point of view. Then, I explain how I developed a machine learning protocol which was validated by predicting new ligands for four ORs. In addition, molecular modeling was used to understand how molecular recognition takes place in ORs. In particular, a conserved vestibular binding site in a class of human ORs was discovered, and the role of the orthosteric binding cavity was studied. The application of these techniques allows upgrading computer aided deorphanization of ORs. My thesis also establishes the basis for testing computationally the combinatorial code of smell perception. Finally, it lays the groundwork for predicting the physiological response triggered upon odorant stimulation. Altogether, this work anchors the structure-odor relationship in the post-genomic era, and highlights the possibility to combine different computational approaches to study smell
Romagny, Sébastien. "Processus sensoriels, cognitifs et comportementaux impliqués dans la perception des mélanges odorants alimentaires complexes chez le lapin nouveau-né et l'Homme." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS004/document.
Full textWithin each breath, a large diversity of volatiles molecules of the surrounding reaches our olfactory receptors. Despite the chemical complexity of the natural environment, the organisms succeed to represent their world using single odorants or mixtures. The treatment is then based on two processes: the elemental mode, which allows extracting the odor quality of all or some of the elements, or the configural mode which allows the holistic representation of the mixture. In this doctoral thesis, we evaluated the influence of some physicochemical parameters, the number of odorants included in a mixture and the developmental stage of an organism in the perception of mixtures in the rabbit and the Human. The results confirm that the perception of configurations is shared by the two models even if the modality of their emergence can be distinct, at least in part. Our findings support the idea that in mixture, several elements or association of elements can carry a perceptual weight leading to the elemental, or configural perception, respectively. These weights can be influenced by several mixture physicochemical parameters, especially their complexity, but can also be partially modified by experience and development. Finally, these works brings original results allowing to better understand how an organism, at different period of its individual life, achieves the extraction of biologically relevant odorants or mixtures of odorants from the highly chemical environment
Aguiar, Joao Marcelo. "La variation des attributs floraux est-elle liée à la pollinisation des orchidées trompeuses ?" Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30130.
Full textDeceptive pollination, a strategy common among orchids (Orchidaceae) occurs when flowers offer no reward to pollinators and draw them, nevertheless, by means of conspicuous and attractive signals, such as color and fragrance. Having variable attracting signals may improve the efficiency of deception by hindering the establishment of predictions about the absence of reward. This idea was developed by Heinrich (1975), who argued that the more dissimilar are the non-rewarding flowers of a given species, the longer it should take pollinators to learn avoiding that species. Signal variability would thus impair generalization between non-rewarding experiences. In this thesis, we tested this hypothesis by focusing on the interaction between a tropical orchid species (Ionopsis utricularioides) and its floral visitors. We designed a series of cognitive experiments to address the question of what do pollinators perceive and learn when they face variable floral signals. First, we focused on visual information and characterized the intraspecific flower color variation of the orchid. We then trained stingless bees Scaptotrigona aff. depilis (Meliponini) to visit a setup of artificial flowers that were manipulated in color and presence of sugar reward to simulate the deceptive polymorphic flowers. We found that color variability disrupted the learning process, thus resulting in an increase of the number of flowers visited until learning that all flowers lacked reward. We also focused on olfactory information and characterized the intraspecific variation of flower fragrance in the orchid. We used components of the flower odorant profile and performed olfactory conditioning experiments with the honey bee Apis mellifera, a model for the study of learning and memory. Taking advantage of the olfactory conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response (PER), we studied if bees discriminate between floral fragrance isomers, which are common in the fragrance of many food deceptive orchids. We found that honey bees discriminate isomers under specific conditions but tend to generalize between them in most of the cases. Thus, in a pollination context, these odor signals could seldom be used as predictive cues for the presence or absence of food. We also studied if abundant components within a floral bouquet dominate minor components, a cognitive phenomenon called overshadowing. If this were the case, the more abundant odors within an orchid fragrance could be used as salient cues to be learned in association with reward or absence of reward. We found that the major component of the orchid fragrance, was overshadowed by minor components that vary between individual flowers. Overshadowing was maintained even when the concentration of the abundant component was increased relative to those of the other odorants in the mixture. Thus, bees cannot learn the predictive value of the most abundant component of the orchid fragrance, a fact that could help maintaining deceptive pollination. Taken together, our findings show that olfactory and visual variability in deceptive orchids contributes to deceptive pollination by impairing associative learning of the absence of reward. Moreover, they indicate that evaluating pollination from the perspective of pollinator cognition can lead us to a more complete understanding of insect-flower interactions, and to comprehensive analyses of complex problems in pollination studies
Dacher, Matthieu. "Rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques dans différentes formes de mémoire chez l'abeille Apis mellifera." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529094.
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